What rivers flow out? Rivers flowing from Lake Baikal. The only river flowing from Lake Baikal. Where is Baikal

Surrounded by high mountains there is a lake of tectonic origin. His cup filled with crystal clean water, goes 1600 meters deep. The rivers of Baikal, consisting of hundreds of arteries, flow into the waters of the lake. It is recognized as the deepest sea reservoir on the planet with the greatest natural reserves. fresh water.

Tributaries and drainage of Lake Baikal

It is not known for certain how many rivers flow into Baikal. The numbers vary from 335 to 546 permanent and temporary watercourses. These include large, small rivers and even streams. The difficulty in calculating tributaries is caused by the periodic disappearance of small watercourses. There is a version that more than 150 streams disappeared irrevocably under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
Numerous tributaries form a drainage area of ​​589 thousand km. The main flow falls on the eastern bank - 61%, 39% flows in from the west.
They carry their own into the pond fast waters large rivers.

Their list includes:

• Selenga;
• Turk;
• Barguzin;
• Snezhnaya;
• Sarma;

The Upper Angara is a major tributary. Rapids in the upper reaches, the river does not calm down even on the plain. Uniting into a single channel with passing rivers, the Upper Angara again shows its power. It calms down near the shores of the lake, forming a shallow bay of Angarsky Sor. In the lower reaches, ships sail along the water surface. It should not be confused with the reservoir of the same name - the Angara, which, unlike the Upper Angara, is a watercourse flowing from Lake Baikal.
The full-flowing Barguzin is the third largest tributary. From 1300 meters of the ridge of the same name, the stream rushes into the depths of the lake, covering a drainage area of ​​21 thousand square meters. km. Upstream of this river is located on protected area. A stormy temper grabs hold of everything it comes across. Pebbles, wood, and silt “goodies” are brought to Baikal by Barguzin.
At the foot of the Khamar-Daban ridge, the watercourses of Snezhnaya, Utulik, Selenginka and other rivers begin.
Small tributary arteries are designated as Pokhabikha, Cheremukhovaya, Klyuevka, Goloustna. The Durnya River first merges with the Kotochik River. Next it flows into Turku, and it already flows into Baikal. The Turka is a river that flows into Baikal and rushes to the lower reaches with great speed from a height of 1431 m.

Tributaries of Baikal on the Map

The contours of the lake, reminiscent of the Muslim crescent, are easily remembered by their location on the map. Geographically, the lake stretches from southwest to northeast for 640 km. Sandwiched between mountain ranges, Baikal seems to be squeezing through rocks and crevices. The Baikal and Primorsky ridges adjoin the reservoir on the western side. The eastern and southeastern coasts are protected by Ulan-Burgasy, Khamar-Daban and the Barguzin massifs. Nature has created a natural landscape that is perfectly harmonious.
The tributaries of the rivers that flow into and out of the lake, indicated on the map, create the impression of a miraculous ensemble. The elongated area of ​​the lake gives the illusion of a single body of water with the Upper Angara - a continuation of the river.

Small and large drainages of the reservoir create the 8th wonder of the world. Natural world The lake and its surroundings are unique and unique. The place attracts caring, inquisitive researchers and simply lovers of relaxation on Lake Baikal.

Angara

What rivers flow from Baikal? The answer to this question is contained in natural phenomenon Hangars. Since ancient times, people have called her the Daughter of Baikal. Swift and mighty power bursts out of the expanses of water and reaches the right bank of the Yenisei, becoming its tributary. Thanks to the Angara, the Yenisei has become a significant water artery Siberian region.
The Angara stretches for 1,800 kilometers, forming a basin together with the Baikal waters of about 1,050 thousand square meters. m. About 40 large and small tributaries feed the Angara basin. Among them, the most significant ones are distinguished: Taseeva, Kata, Irkut, Kamenka, Ilim, Biryusa, Oka.
The strong current of the Angara makes early freezing difficult, despite the harsh climate. Another reason lies in the warm climate of the water area. At the beginning of winter, the places at the source are covered with steam. Birds gather for the winter at numerous polynyas. At the source there are up to three dozen species of fish, attracting fishermen from all over the area.

Selenga

The largest river flowing into Lake Baikal begins in the Mongolian steppes. It was formed as a result of the confluence of the rivers Ider and Muren. The journey of the Selenga ends in the depths of Baikal.
There is a version that in ancient times the Angara and Selenga were an inextricable natural reservoir. According to another legend, the river fed Lena. The centuries-old river flow reaches a volume of 30 km³ of water. It provides up to 50% of the water flow.
The pool area is 450 thousand square meters. km. Closer to the lake, the water element breaks up into a delta, which seems incredibly large. Its area is 690 sq. km. cut through by numerous sleeves.
Among the rivers that flow into the Selenga are famous reservoirs:

• Jida.
• Temnik.
• Khilok.
• Egin Gol.
• Chica.
• Orkhon (Mongolia).

The lower reaches of the river are in Buryatia, where it stretches for 410 kilometers. The total length of the Selenga is 1025 kilometers.
Most of it flows through the territory of the Mongolian steppes.
Rains are the main source of filling the watercourse.
Large cities have found refuge on the banks of the Selenga:

• Ulan-Ude is the capital of Buryatia.
• Sukhbaatar - Mongolia.

The neighboring country is preparing plans to build a power plant on its part of the Selenga. The Russians abandoned this idea due to the senseless damming of the river's flat waters.

- deepest lake. Depth of Baikal about 1700 meters. In the world only one lake can be compared in depth with Lake Baikal. This lake Tanganyika in East Africa. Its depth is about 1400 meters. Depth of Lake Baikal comparable to the depth of the Northern Arctic Ocean, the average depth of which is 1220 meters.

Baikal - the most big lake in Asia. Water surface area Lake Baikal more than 30 thousand square kilometers.

Lake Baikal water- his main value. Lake Baikal – the most large fresh water storage facility in the world. Baikal contains approximately one-fifth of the world's reserves.

Deepest Bay Lake Baikal- Barguzinsky. The depth of the Barguzinsky Bay is almost 1300 meters.

The largest bay Lake Baikal- Barguzinsky. The area of ​​the bay is 725 square kilometers.

The youngest bay of Baikal– Proval Bay. Proval Bay was formed after a powerful earthquake in 1862. A part of the Selenga delta with an area of ​​about 200 square kilometers went under water. This earthquake also caused the formation the youngest cape of Baikal- Cape Oblom.

Most big Island Lake Baikal- Olkhon. The island is located in the middle part Baikal and divides lake to the Big and Small Seas. The length of the island is 71 kilometers, the width reaches 12 kilometers.

At Cape Kotelnikovsky there are the most. The water temperature in the mineral springs of Cape Kotelnikovsky is plus 81 degrees Celsius.

Basin of Lake Baikal – deepest continental depression. Bottom of Lake Baikal lies approximately 1200 meters below sea level.

Biggest influx Lake Baikal- Selenga River. The Selenga has a length of about 1000 kilometers. About half of all water that flows into lake, it is Selenga that brings.

The largest peninsula Lake Baikal- Holy Nose. The peninsula measures about 50 kilometers long and about 20 kilometers wide.

Depth of Lake Baikal

Baikal basin consists of three rather separate parts. The middle basin is the deepest. It is here on the eastern shore of Olkhon Island depth of Lake Baikal reaches almost 1700 meters. Depth southern basin Lake Baikal approximately 1432 meters. Largest measured depth northern part Lake Baikal 890 meters. Average lake depth is also very large - more than 700 meters. The biggest depth Small Sea - near the northwestern coast of Olkhon Island. It is approximately 250 meters. The smallest depth in the open Baikal- about 30 meters. Northern and middle basins Lake Baikal divides the underwater Academic Ridge. Lake depth in these places it is about 260 meters. Between the middle and southern basins Lake Baikal The Selenginskaya jumper is located. The smallest depth here 360 ​​meters.

Where is Baikal?

Baikal is located in the middle of Asia in the south of Eastern Siberia between the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region Russian Federation. Close to lakes The cities of Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude are located.

Length, extent, width of Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal- this is a fault earth's crust, filled with water. Water in lake carry several hundred large and small streams. Lake Baikal stretches from south to northeast: length or length of Baikal about 640 kilometers. Greatest width of Baikal 80 kilometers. Small earthquakes constantly occur in the vicinity of the lake. Large ones happen occasionally. Shores Baikal moving away from each other at a rate of 2 centimeters per year – Baikal growing!

Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body of water in the world by volume. More than 23,000 km³ is stored in its depths for future generations. clean water, which is 4/5 of Russian reserves the most important liquid on the planet and 1/5 of the world's total. Its dimensions are amazing: the length from southwest to northeast is more than 700 km, the width is 25-80 km. Baikal is a unique holiday destination. There are many legends and songs about the reservoir. Hundreds of thousands of travelers from Russia and dozens of other countries around the world want to come to him.

Where is Lake Baikal located?

It is located in the center of Asia, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. The border between the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia runs along the water surface of the lake. The coordinates are as follows: 53°13′00″ N. w. 107°45′00″ E. d. Distance from south coast The reservoir to the border with Mongolia is 114 km, to the border with China – 693 km. The city located nearby is Irkutsk (69 km from the reservoir).

Flora and fauna

The nature of Baikal pleasantly surprises travelers. The water reservoir is home to more than 2,600 species of animals and birds. More than 50% of them can be found only on this lake. On the banks of the reservoir there are:

• the Bears;
• hares;
• wolves;
• wolverines;
• foxes;
• stoats;
• tarbagans;
• red deer;
• proteins;
• moose;
• wild boars

Of the sea animals, only seals or seals, as the Buryats call them, adorn the natural necklace. The reservoir abounds in fish. Swimming in the depths of the lake:

• omuli (salmon fish);
• grayling;
• roach;
• sturgeon;
• burbot;
• taimen;
• lenki;
• perches;
• sorogs;
• ide and pike;
• Golomyanka

The last representatives of the fauna are unique in that they have special swimming feathers stretching the entire length of their body. The tissues of their loin consist of one third of fat. Almost all of the fish described above can be caught from Lake Baikal if available. special equipment(rods, nets, etc.) and desires.

The fauna of the lake itself and its coast is also unique. Pines, spruces, cedars, firs, birches, larches, balsam poplars and alders grow near the reservoir. Common shrubs include bird cherry, currant and Siberian wild rosemary, which every spring delights people with its beautiful pink-purple color and intoxicating aroma.

At any depth in the lake you can find freshwater sponges - animals that consist only of individual tissues and cellular layers.

Lake Baikal has a large volume not due to its huge area. According to this indicator, the natural reservoir ranks only 7th in the world. Water safety is ensured enormous depths lake basins. Baikal is the deepest lake on planet Earth. In one place the bottom is 1642 meters away from the water surface. The average depth is 730 meters. To completely fill the reservoir, it would be necessary to force all the rivers of the world to release their flow within 200 days.

According to official data, more than 300 rivers flow into Lake Baikal. But most of them are very small. The width of the flowing rivers does not exceed 50 meters. There are only 3 large streams that carry their waters to the lake. Only one river flows out of the lake - the Angara.

There are 36 islands scattered across the water surface. The area of ​​the largest piece of land, Olkhon, is 730 km². On its banks there are 2 fishing villages: Yalga and Khuzhir.

The Circum-Baikal Railway runs along the southern coast - the most difficult engineering structure, during the construction of which several dozen tunnels, viaducts and bridges were erected.

The main problem of the lake is the difficulty of protecting flora and fauna from poachers. Because of large territory reservoir and adjacent lands, the presence of many small bays and bays on the coast, it is very difficult to track down lawbreakers even with modern technical means of searching for watercraft and people.

Holidays in 2019 on Lake Baikal

Several dozen resort towns and villages are scattered along the shores. The largest of them are:

• Listyanka- a village located at the source of the Angara. It houses the only museum dedicated to the lake. Also in the village and its surroundings, tourists will enjoy the St. Nicholas Church, built in the 19th century, and the Taltsy architectural and ethnographic complex, where you can learn birch bark weaving and clay modeling.
  
• - a small town on the southwest coast. It is famous in Russia due to the presence of a station built of marble - the starting point of the Circum-Baikal railway and the Mineralogical Museum.
  
• Goryachinsk– the oldest resort of the lake. It was founded in late XVIII century by order of Catherine II. Its springs are perfect for healing, and its picturesque sandy bay is perfect for taking great photographs. Pictures of this resort can be found in guidebooks published in the 19th century.
  
• Big Cats- a village located several kilometers from Listvyanka. It boasts the aquarium of the Institute of Biology and old vertical mines where gold was mined more than 100 years ago.
  
• - a unique place, the only corner of the Mediterranean climate in Siberia. It is perfect for summer holidays for “savages” in tents, with fires and guitars.
  

Buses run regularly to these health resorts or commuter trains. Other points can only be reached by car or minibus taxis. The distance of the resort from major transport hubs also dictates the price level. Thus, the highest cost of accommodation in guest houses and recreation centers is observed in Slyudyanka, the lowest in populated areas on the northeastern coast of the lake.

What to do on and near the pond?

Drink mineral water. Some of the resorts of Lake Baikal (Goryachinsk, Khakusy, Dzelinda) are balneological. People with diseases of the musculoskeletal system, nervous, genitourinary, and cardiovascular systems can take healing baths and drink mineral water in these places.

Take excursions. The routes of several hundred excursions have been laid along the shores of Lake Baikal. Conventionally, all walks conducted by guides from the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia can be divided into:

• ethnographic;
• local history;
• historical;
• natural history.

Most of the excursions are conducted by residents of the shore of the reservoir. They are happy to show travelers places where they can take great photos.

Go hiking. Hikes of all difficulty levels are offered along hiking trails through forests and mountains located near Lake Baikal. They last from 2 to 30 days. Such tests make it possible to see with your own eyes all the beauty of nature and gain a lot of pleasant impressions and acquire some skills necessary for survival (learn to make fires, cook food on outdoors, cross rivers).

Have a nice time on cruises. Several thousand cruises take place on the surface of the lake every year. Some of them have the goal of showing tourists the most Beautiful places reservoirs and attractions that are located on the shores of Lake Baikal, and some are entirely dedicated to fishing. The routes of cruises of the first type are designed so that travelers can explore the waters and bays, and visit the most famous museums located near the reservoir. The price of the second type of tour includes the rental of fishing equipment and the services of experienced huntsmen who know where to find the most valuable and delicious Baikal fish.

Swim and sunbathe. The beaches of Baikal are places that are great for swimming and getting an even tan. Most of the cozy corners of the coast are covered with fine-grained sand. In summer, when the water near the beaches warms up to +17-19 °C, everyone has the opportunity to swim and own body feel the purity and power of this great lake.

Learn extreme sports. Baikal is one of the favorite places of Russian extreme sports enthusiasts. In summer, amateurs train on the water surface of the lake:

• surfing;
• windsurfing;
• kiting;
• diving;
• snorkeling.

Every year in March, competitions are held on the ice of the reservoir in:

• karting;
• motocross;
• quadcross;
• speedway;
• enduro.

At this time, parachuting competitions are taking place in the skies above Lake Baikal.

Baikal- a lake of tectonic origin located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, on the border of the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region

Baikal itself

Lake Baikal stretches from southwest to north for 636 kilometers. The width of the lake varies from 25 to 80 km. The water surface area is 31,722 km. sq. Length coastline is 2100 km. Baikal is the deepest lake on earth - its maximum depth 1642 meters. The lake has huge reserves of fresh water - 23,615 km. cubic meters, which is 20% of all world reserves.

Area around

Lake Baikal is surrounded on all sides by hills and mountain ranges. At the same time, the western coast is steep and rocky, while the eastern coast is flatter. 336 streams and rivers flow into the Lake. The largest tributaries: Upper Angara, Selenga, Turka, Barguzin, Sarma, Snezhnaya. Only one river flows out of the lake - the Angara. There are 27 islands on Baikal, the largest of the islands is Olkhon, which is 71 km long and 12 km wide, the largest peninsula is Svyatoy Nos

Climate

Huge water mass Baikal renders strong influence on the climate of the coastal area. Summers here are cooler, and winters, on the contrary, are milder. Spring comes 10-15 days later compared to surrounding areas, and sometimes lasts longer. climate features are determined Baikal winds who even have proper names- sarma, barguzin, kultuk, verkhovik.

When to go to Baikal

Characteristics

Briefly the main characteristics of Baikal

• Length - 363 km.
• Width - 79.5 km.
• Area -31722 sq. km.
• Volume - 23615 cubic meters. km.
• The average depth is 744 meters.
• The maximum depth is 1637 meters.
• There are 27 islands on Lake Baikal.
• 29 fish species are endemic

Depth

Lake Baikal is the deepest in the world - 1637 meters, the depth was established in 1983. Moreover, the average depth is also very large - 744 meters. In 2002, these data were confirmed and a depth map was compiled.

• The area of ​​Baikal is equal to the area three countries- Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands.
• Baikal is the deepest lake on earth
• The lake contains 19% of the world's fresh water

One of the largest and deep rivers Siberia. A powerful water stream more than a kilometer wide flows out of the lake, follows the south of the Central Siberian Plateau and through the Angara Ridge, heads north, but downstream from Ust-Ilimsk turns west. Near the mouth above the city of Yeniseisk, near the village of Strelka, there is the Strelkovsky rapids, popular among watermen. The Angara basin is 1039 thousand km².

Where does the name Angara come from?

One of the ancient Buryat words, anga, means “open”, “gaping”. Initially, in the Middle Ages, local peoples called the river Ankara Muren. Cossacks and Russian settlers called it Upper Tunguska. For a long time Cossacks on the Yenisei believed that the Upper Tunguska and Angara were different rivers. Among some peoples in the Cis-Baikal region, anga means “gorge”, “cleft”.

Hydrological regime of the Angara

Angara water consumption per year is 143 cubic meters. km. At the source of the river the flow rate is 1,855 m³/s, at the confluence with the Yenisei 4,530 m³/s. Observations by specialists at the Tatarka gauging station, not far from the mouth, for 46 years recorded an annual minimum flow of 3,767 m³/s (1964), and a maximum flow of 5,521 m³/s (1995). In 1966, the May flow was a record 12,600 m³/s. Regulation of the main flow is carried out by reservoirs and waterworks.

Tributaries of the Angara

The Angara has numerous tributaries originating in the surrounding mountains. The flow of the entire Lake Baikal passes through the Angara watercourse, so the largest of the tributaries is the Selenga, which flows into deepest lake. The Angara basin concentrated up to 6 thousand lake reservoirs. The left tributaries are the Kova, Irkut, Iya, Taseyeva, Belaya, Kitoi, Oka, Mura. The right tributaries are the Ilim, Kata, Osa, Kamenka, Ida, Kuda, Irkineeva.

Economic use of the Angara
Angara is an example large river with a water regime regulated by three reservoirs. In the upper reaches there is a 55-kilometer reservoir of the large Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, then a 570-kilometer reservoir of the giant Bratsk power plant, and then a 300-kilometer Ust-Ilimskoye reservoir. Thus, water regime Hangars are more lake than river.
History of human activity along the Angara
Archaeologists discovered parking lots on the Angara primitive people, dating back 50 thousand years ago, ancient household items and petroglyphs. Glaciation 5-6 thousand years ago led to the formation of the Neolithic cave culture, boats, tamed dogs, bows and arrows with jade tips, hunting skis, axes and knives made of stone appeared.

In the Bronze Age, under the Glazkov culture, shamanism arose here. The modern peoples of the Angara were formed during a long period of mixing of different ethnic groups. First of all, these are the Turkic and Mongolian indigenous ethnic group, a small number of peoples, and later the Russian Cossacks from the 17th century.
With quite complex natural conditions The population density in the Angara region is lower than the average density in Russia. The overwhelming majority of people living here, up to 80%, are Russians, the rest of the population is represented by Evenks, Buryats, and small nations. Of the religious beliefs, Orthodoxy predominates here, but the indigenous peoples have retained Buddhism and shamanism. The indigenous population is engaged in traditional activities of hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding.

Settlements on the Angara

More than 70% of the residents of the Angara region live in major cities, Angarsk, Svirsk, Irkutsk, Usolye-Sibirsk, Bratsk, Kodinsk, Ust-Ilimsk, all cities are not millionaires. Large settlements and railway stations are Osinovka, Ust-Uda, Balagansk, Meget, Khrebtovy, Zheleznodorozhny, Boguchany, Strelka, Shiversk, Novoangarsk.

Ecology of the Angara

Basic environmental problem for the Angara are industrial wastes with a high concentration of enterprises on its banks. In terms of such flows, the Angarsk basin is right behind the Volga. Recycling water supply for production is rarely used; there are not enough treatment facilities. The river and reservoirs are polluted with oil products, heavy metals, and organic substances. According to the ecological classification, the waters of the Angara are moderately polluted, in some places very dirty.