A small fish of the perch family. Classification and characteristics of the main families of fish. Where does perch live?
In perch fish, the anal fin contains 1-3 spines. The dorsal fin consists of two parts: spiny and soft, which are connected in some species and separate in others. The jaws have bristle-like teeth, among which in some species sit fangs. Scales ctenoid. The perch family includes 9 genera and over 100 species. Perch are common in fresh and brackish waters of the northern hemisphere. The most widespread species are perch (North America, Europe and Northern Asia), followed by pike perch (North America and Europe) and ruffe (Europe and Northern Asia). Chops, sculpin perch and percarina are found only in the Azov-Black Sea basin; pepper, ammocrypt, eteostom - only in North America.Fish of the genus Perch (Regs) have two dorsal fins, and their caudal fin is notched. The cheeks are completely covered with scales. The opercular bone has one flat spine, the preopercular bone is serrated at the back, with hooked spines at the bottom. The setaceous teeth are located in several rows on the jaws, vomer, palatine, extrinsic, and pharyngeal bones. The genus of perch contains 3 species: common perch, yellow perch and Balkhash perch.
Fish of the genus Pike-perch (Pike perch) have an elongated body, the ventral fins are spread wider than those of perches, the lateral line is extended onto the caudal fin, and there are usually fangs on the jaws and palatine bones. There are 5 species of pike perch in the genus: common pike perch, bersh, sea pike perch - in the waters of Europe, Canadian pike perch and light-finned pike perch - in the eastern part North America. American pike perch are closer to sea pike perch than to common pike perch and bersh.
The genus Ruffa (Aevppa) is characterized by the fact that the spiny and soft parts of the dorsal fin are fused together, there are large cavities of sensitive canals on the head, and the teeth on the jaws are bristly.
Arabadzhi A.A., Kryukov V.I. Fish farming. Practical guide to identifying fish in the Oryol region. Tutorial for universities. -Orel: Publishing house "Autograph", 2009. -68 p. Other fish farming tutorials on the page
http://www.labogen.ru/20_student/600_fish/fish.html website www.labogen.ru
Chops (Aspro) differ from ruffs in their fusiform-cylindrical body shape, the presence of two noticeably spread dorsal fins, and the smooth lower edge of the preoperculum.
In the Oryol region there are 3 species of perch (common perch, pike perch and ruff). They are found everywhere in rivers, and ruff and perch are also found in ponds.
Source: Arabadzhi A.A., Kryukov V.I.. Fish farming. Practical guide to identifying fish in the Oryol region. Textbook for universities. - Orel: Publishing house "Autograph". -68 s.. 2009(original)
or perciformes (lat. Percidae) - a family of ray-finned fish from the order Perciformes. The body is covered with ctenoid scales. Bone edges operculum(usually preopercular and opercular) are almost always serrated or equipped with spines.
Usually two dorsal fins; less often one, consisting of two parts - prickly and soft. The anal usually contains 1-2 spines. Pelvic fins located on the chest - under the pectorals or slightly behind them.
Fish perch family distributed in fresh and brackish waters of North America, Europe, western and northern Asia; within Russia - almost throughout the entire territory.
Common perch or river perch (lat. Perca fluviatilis), chekomaz (on the Don), ostryachok, ostrechonok (young, in the northwestern part of Russia), alabuga (Kazakh); khakhynai, alygar (Yakut); ahven, ahun (Estonian); asaris (Latvian); aserys (lit.); perch (English); Barsch (German); aborre (Norwegian); trench (POLISH); biban (Romanian); ahven (fin.); perche (French); abborre (Swedish). - a fish of the genus of freshwater perches of the perciform family (Percidae) of the order Perciformes...
Sea pike perch (lat. Sander marinus), bernie (Azerbaijan), pike perch (Turkmenistan), Bugovets (Dnieper-Bug Estuary) is a species of ray-finned fish from the perch family (Percidae).
Signs. The dorsal fin has no more than 18 branched rays. The forehead is wider than the transverse diameter of the eye. The spines of the anal fin are weak and closely adjacent to the soft part (unlike the pike perch, L. lucioperca, and bersha, L. volgensis), the cheeks are bare or almost bare. There are fangs (difference from L. volgensis). Side line 75-88...
Bersh (lat. Stizostedion volgensis), bernik, secret (Dniester, Dnieper, Don), podsulok (Don), calf, kelysh, Kovzhsky pike perch (on Sheksna and Beloozero). - a species of ray-finned fish from the perch family.
Signs. The dorsal fin has more than 18 branched rays. The forehead is narrower than the transverse diameter of the eye or equal to it (difference from sea pike perch). There are no fangs or weak ones (in young people). The cheeks are completely covered with scales. The upper jaw reaches the vertical of the middle of the eye or a little further (difference from pike perch and pike perch)...
river spiny fish
Alternative descriptionsA bony fish with spiny fins from the perch family
Common name for incompatible or poorly digestible mixtures of various strong drinks
Serrated nail, notched, for strength; obstinate, grumpy person
A mixture of vodka and beer, quickly intoxicating
Lamp glass cleaning brush
Nail or crutch with jagged edges
Trash fish
Scorpena
River fish as a result of mixing beer with vodka
Colloquial name for a mixture of incompatible drinks
Previously, this was what they called a large nail with jagged edges: if you hammer it in, you won’t be able to pull it out, but now this is what they call fish
Beer without vodka is a waste of money, but beer with vodka - what will happen?
. "fish" for bottles
spiny fish
Fish of the perch family
Both the fish and the brush
. bristling perch
. "fish" for bottle washing
Beer with vodka
Serrated nail
Fish from Russian cocktail
Cocktail with a fish name
Cocktail in Russian
Prickly, but will go in your ear
What kind of fish can you drink?
Spiny and snotty fish
Cocktail with a fish name
What kind of fish is brushfish called?
. "toilet" fish
Boat "Shch-303"
A spiny relative of the perch
Vodka and beer cocktail
. fish cocktail
Stunning "fish"
Alcoholic cocktail
floating thorn
Pure Russian cocktail
. "intoxicating" fish
Scorpionfish is a marine...
River fish of the perch family
Bottle cleaning brush
. (colloquial) a mixture of vodka with beer or wine, causing rapid intoxication
Serrated nail
Fish of the perch family
A small bony river fish of the perch family with spiny fins
. "Intoxicating" fish
. "Bristling" perch
. "Fish" for bottle washing
. "Fish" cocktail
. "Toilet" fish
. "fish" for bottles
What kind of fish is the brushfish called?
What kind of fish can you drink?
Spiny and snotty fish
Boat "Shch-303"
M. fish brome, beaver, nail, Acerina cernua; its type, rissica, Kalma and Kalman, also bodir, etc. A serrated nail, with a notch, for strength. An obstinate, grumpy person. Become a ruff, resist, resist. Ruffs rose up all over my body, a chill ran through me, and I felt a twitch of goose skin. Ruff in the first hall, to an unsuccessful fishery. There would be a ruff in the ear, and bream, (and whitefish) in the pie. Here's a brush for you, cook a pot of fish soup! Ruff is an indispensable food: you can eat it for a penny, but you can spit it out for a dime of bread. All are ruffs, but not a single roach! i.e. everything evil people. A ruff hit a dashing bream with its forehead, from a fairy tale. He fought like a bream with a ruff, the same thing. Survived like a ruff of bream, the same. He went to Ersheva Sloboda and drowned. Sea ruff, Chernomorsk Scorpaena porcus. Ruff, related to ruff. Ruffy, rough, stubborn, obstinate, Ershenik m. Eucalyptus plant. Rough nails, notch, make notches, notches. Rough up the bolts. A rough or dead nail. -sya, be stubborn, resist. Ersheeds, nickname of the Belozersk, Ostashians and Pskovians
Beer without vodka is a waste of money, but beer with vodka - what will happen?
Scorpionfish is a marine...
Stunning "fish"
Prickly, but will go in your ear
Cocktail made by a Russian man
UIn perch fish, the first two rays in the anal fin are in the form of spines. The dorsal fin consists of two parts: spiny and soft, which are connected in some species and separate in others. The jaws have brush-like teeth, and some species have fangs. Ctenond scales. This family includes over 160 species belonging to nine genera. Perch are inhabitants of fresh and brackish waters of the northern hemisphere.1 - Common ruff (G. cernua),
2 - Common chop (A. zingel),
3 - Common pike perch (S. lucioperca),
4 - Bersh (S. volgensis),
5 - Balkhash perch (P. schrenki),
6 - Common perch (P. fluviatilis),
7 - etheostomy (E. Pallidida),
8 - percarina (P. demidoffi). In this family, two subfamilies are distinguished - perch-like (Percinae) and pike-perch (Luciopercinae). The differences between them are determined by the degree of development of the interhemal ossicles, spines in the anal fin, and lateral line. Parallel evolution led to the appearance in each of the subfamilies of convergently similar small benthic fish with a reduced swim bladder. In representatives of the perch-like subfamily (ruffs, perches, percarines, North American darters), the anterior interhemal ossicle is more developed than the others, the spines in the anal fin are strong, and the lateral line does not extend onto the caudal fin.
The most widespread species are perch (North America, Europe, Northern Asia), followed by pike perch (North America and Europe) and ruffe (Europe and Northern Asia). Chops, sculpin perch and percarina are found only in the Azov-Black Sea basin, darters - in North America.
Fish of the genus Perch (Regs) have two dorsal fins. The cheeks are completely covered with scales. The opercular bone has one flat spine, the preopercular bone is serrated at the back, and has hooked spines at the bottom. The setaceous teeth are located in several rows on the jaws, palatines, extrinsic pterygoids, and on the pharyngeal bones; no fangs. This genus includes three species of perch: common, yellow and Balkhash perch.
Common perch (P. fluviatilis) is found in Europe (except Spain, Italy, Northern Scandinavia), in Northern Asia, up to the Kolyma basin, but it is not found in lakes Balkhash, Issyk-Kul and in the Amur basin, with the exception of Lake Kenon near Chita , where he is installed in early XIX c., settled down well there and became commercial fish. At the end of the last century it was introduced into the waters of Australia. It lives in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, flowing ponds, brackish and even high mountain lakes(at an altitude of 1000 m). In some lakes it is the only representative of the ichthyofauna.
The perch is beautifully and brightly colored: dark green back, greenish-yellow sides dotted with 5-9 dark transverse stripes; caudal, anal, ventral fins are bright red, pectoral fins are yellow. The first dorsal is gray with a large black spot in the back, the second is greenish-yellow. The eyes are orange. However, depending on the body of water, its color changes. In forest peat lakes, for example, it is completely dark.
In large lakes and reservoirs it forms ecological forms, confined to different parts of the reservoir: small coastal, grass perch and large deep. Grass perch grows slowly in its diet great importance has zooplankton and insect larvae. Deep perch is a predator and grows quickly. The largest individuals reach a length of 40 cm and a weight of more than 2 kg (a perch with a length of 55 cm and a weight of 3 kg was noted). Large perches look humpbacked, as they grow more in height and thickness than in length. They reach sexual maturity early: males at 1-2 years, females at 3 years and later. The latter, depending on the size, lay 12-300 and even 900 thousand eggs. They spawn at temperatures from 7-8 to 15°C. Eggs are laid on last year's vegetation, driftwood, roots, willow branches and even on the ground. The masonry is a hollow mesh tube made of gelatinous substance, the walls of which have a cellular structure. The eggs are located 2-3 pieces on each side of the cell. The diameter of the developing egg is about 3.5 mm. The yolk contains a large drop of fat. The masonry, hung on various objects, resembles lace ribbons. The length and width of the clutch depends on the size of the female. In small ones its length ranges from 12 to 40 cm, in large ones it reaches 1 m or more. In the coastal zone, short clutches are more common, and larger clutches are found at depth. This can be judged by measuring clutches laid on spruce brooms lowered to different depths in advance, which are artificial spawning grounds. The gelatinous substance in which the eggs are enclosed probably protects them from saprolegnia (a mold) and enemies - various invertebrates and fish. In some lakes, which are not very deep and fairly transparent, it is possible to count the number of eggs laid and thus determine the absolute number of females in the spawning part of the herd. In the first year of life, small perch - “sharp perches” in rivers stay in coastal thickets, in lakes and reservoirs they show wide ecological plasticity in relation to food choice. Some behave like true planktivores, feeding in the pelagic zone, others stick to coastal thickets, feeding on invertebrates there or being predators. Perch can move to carnivorous feeding already at a length of 2-4 cm, but usually becomes a predator at a length of more than 10 cm. It feeds on both the young of other species and its own; its cannibalism is especially pronounced in lakes, where it is the only representative of the ichthyofauna. It takes 5.5 kg of other fish to grow 1 kg of perch.
Perch makes small movements to spawning and feeding grounds. From large rivers and lakes it often rises into tributaries to spawn and spawns in the flood. After spawning, it makes feeding migrations, for example, to the lakes of the Meshcherskaya Lowland, located in the floodplain of the Ira and Oka rivers; in July it comes to fatten numerous young fish. In winter, perches leave the lakes, as due to the decrease in oxygen content in the water, the living conditions in them sharply deteriorate.
Wide distribution and high numbers have made perch an accessible prey for many fish (catfish, pike, pike perch, burbot). Birds (gulls, terns) also attack it. Perch is caught in significant numbers, up to half the fish catch in some lakes. Due to the enormous gluttony and behavioral characteristics of the perch, amateur fishermen catch it during all year round a variety of gear: float rods, mugs, jig line, vertical lure. The perch takes it willingly; Often, having fallen off the hook, he grabs the bait again and again until he is completely hooked. This fish is insensitive to pain. Fishermen have seen how a perch, having caught its eye on a hook and thus lost it, soon fell for the same hook, deceived by its own eye. He is not afraid of noise. In the Neman delta, they even use a special method of winter fishing, in which they are lured by hitting an oak board with the end lowered into the hole. To catch large perch, fishermen on lakes Leningrad region They make a noise with the rod, slightly reminiscent of the noise of a jumping fish. Perch often stays among the piles of destroyed mill dams, near large stones, and hides near flooded snags. Small perches climb inside cans and even bottles placed at the bottom. This is how small fishermen catch them.
In lakes, reservoirs and ponds rich in valuable commercial species (whitefish, trout, bream, carp, pike perch), perch is a trash fish: it feeds on the same food as commercial fish and eats the eggs they lay. In such reservoirs it is necessary to reduce the number of perch - increase its catch, and most importantly, limit reproduction. For this purpose, artificial spawning grounds are placed in the reservoir, which are then removed with the perch eggs laid on them.
In the second half of the 19th century. ordinary perch from Great Britain was transported to the waters of Tasmania, Australia, and somewhat later New Zealand, and everywhere it took root well. Spawning is taking place in early spring- in July - August, at a water temperature of 10-12°C. Regulation of rivers contributes to the growth of its numbers. It is valued as an excellent sport fishing site. Introduction of perch into some water bodies South Africa turned out to be unsuccessful, although in the first years after the introduction there was an outbreak of its numbers.
Balkhash perch (P. schrenki) is common in Balkhash and Alakul, in the Ili River and the lakes of its floodplain. It differs from the ordinary perch in its lighter color, more protruding body, absence of a black spot on the dorsal fin and transverse dark stripes in adult fish, a lower first dorsal fin, protruding lower jaw. He lives in the most different conditions, found both in fast semi-mountain rivers and in heavily overgrown ponds. In Balkhash it forms two forms: pelagic and coastal. Coastal perch feeds on zooplankton and benthos, grows slowly, at the age of 8 years has a length of 12-15 cm, weight 25-50 g. Pelagic perch at this age reaches a length of 30-36 cm and a weight of 500-800 g, there are specimens weighing more than 1 kg. By the nature of its feeding, this species is a predator; it feeds on loaches and juveniles of other species, but especially often eats its own juveniles. When the water warms up to more than 20°C, the feeding intensity of the perch decreases and it moves away from the shores. In autumn, it feeds on young-of-the-year perch, which form significant accumulations in the coastal zone, but stops feeding in winter. Spawning in the Western part of Balkhash occurs in April, in the Eastern part - in May. The main spawning grounds are desalinated shallow areas along the coastline, as well as in the Ili delta. Balkhash perch reaches a length of 50 cm and a weight of 1.5 kg. Near the borders of its range it interbreeds with common perch. Such hybrids have been found in a number of lakes Northern Kazakhstan. In Balkhash, before the introduction of pike perch, perch was a commercial fish; it was caught and prepared in salted, dried and frozen form. Pike perch introduced into Balkhash large quantities consumes perch, as a result the latter's numbers have greatly decreased.
Yellow perch (P. flavescens) is distributed in North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, the northern limit of its range is Great Slave Lake, James Bay. Nova Scotia: southern - Kansas, upper Missouri. Along the Atlantic coast, the range extends south and borders Florida and Alabama. In structure and lifestyle, this species is very close to the common perch, but differs from it in color. Olive on the back, it fades to golden yellow on the sides and white on the belly. There are eight transverse dark stripes along the body. Maximum weight up to 1.6 kg. Fertility - 75 thousand eggs. It is an important sport fishery, especially in the Great Lakes, throughout the seasons. The usual catch of fishermen is perches weighing 100-300 g; in some lakes perches weighing 400-800 g are quite often found. northern lakes, where the average weight of perch in catches is 200 g and above, commercial fishing is developed.
The genus of ruffe (Gymnocephalus) is characterized by the fact that the spiny and soft parts of the dorsal fin are fused together, there are large cavities of sensitive canals on the head, and the teeth on the jaws are bristly. There are four known species of ruffe: common, Danube, privet, and striped.
The common ruffe (G. cernua) is distributed in Europe, west to France, and in Northern Asia, up to Kolyma. It is not found in Spain, Italy, Greece, Transcaucasia and the Amur basin. Inhabits bays of large rivers, small tributaries, lakes, and flowing ponds. Prefers slow-moving waters and avoids northern fast-flowing rivers.
Its back is gray-green with blackish spots and dots, its sides are somewhat yellowish, and its belly is whitish. Dorsal and caudal fins with black dots. The color of the fish depends on its habitat: the ruffe is lighter in rivers and lakes with a sandy bottom than in those with a muddy bottom. The eyes of the ruff have a dull purple, sometimes even bluish iris. The usual length is 8-12 cm, weight 15-25 g, sometimes reaches a length of more than 20 cm and a weight of more than 100 g. Large specimens are found in Siberian rivers, the Ob Bay, and some Ural lakes. In most reservoirs, the ruffe matures at 2-3 years, sometimes males spawn at the age of one year. In the reservoirs of Karelia, the Bukhtarma Reservoir, the Yenisei reaches sexual maturity at 3-4 years, and in the Gulf of Ob - even at 5 years. Life expectancy increases accordingly. The age limit for ruffe in catches from different reservoirs ranges from 7 to 12-13 years. Its spawning usually begins at a temperature of 6-8 and ends at 18-20°C. In one spawning season, females spawn several portions of eggs. The total fertility of individuals 15-18 cm long is up to 100 thousand eggs. Caviar with a diameter of about 1 mm has a large fat drop and a sticky shell. Females disperse eggs, which attach to grains of sand, pebbles, and less often to underwater plant roots and woody debris. Immediately after hatching, young ruffes feed on zooplankton, but soon switch to feeding on benthos. The activity of the ruffe increases at dusk and at night, at which time it goes out into shallow water and actively feeds. At a time, it consumes 14.4 g of chironomid larvae per 1 kg of mass, which is 6 times more than bream.
It feeds throughout the year. Early maturation and high fertility ensure rapid growth of its numbers in the reservoir. The ruff has a detrimental effect on the feeding conditions of valuable commercial fish, especially bream.
Keeping ruffes in an aquarium allows you to monitor some aspects of its behavior. The ruffs released into the aquarium immediately hid in the corners, and some hid in a specially placed shelter - a flower pot. Soon a struggle began between the fish for possession of the shelter. They drove each other out, hitting the enemy with their snouts, pulling fins, tearing off scales. After several days of struggle, one of the ruffs firmly took possession of the shelter and did not allow any of its relatives, who huddled in the corners of the aquarium and soon died, to get close. The remaining ruff almost never left the shelter, jumping out only for a moment to grab food. A perch that lived in the aquarium for some time sometimes climbed into his shelter, and they spent the whole day peacefully, side by side. The ruff did not notice any other fish in the aquarium: crownfish, minnows, silver bream. With the onset of spring, he perked up and began to show aggressiveness towards other fish. When he saw food with its fins spread out, he jumped out of the shelter, drove away all the fish and did not let anyone near the food until he had eaten his fill. It is possible that in a reservoir the ruffe also drives other fish away from its feeding areas. It is known from fishing practice that in places rich in ruff, no other fish except perch are found. An increase in the number of ruffe in water bodies is very undesirable. To combat it, it is necessary to maintain a high number of predatory fish, primarily pike perch, and also to actively catch ruffe on spawning grounds.
The nosary, or privet (G. acerina) differs from the ruff in its long snout and smaller scales. Found in the basins of the Black and Azov seas, in the Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Don, Kuban and Donets on a fairly fast current, where the common ruffe is usually absent. The body color is yellowish, the back is mostly olive-green, the belly is silvery-white, and on the sides of the body and the dorsal fin there are several rows of dark spots, which makes the fish seem very motley. The privet is somewhat larger than the ruffe, its usual length is 8-13 cm; privet 16-20 cm long are quite common. They spawn in the spring, before the ruffe, in fast-flowing rivers, on clean sandy soil. The caviar is bottom-based, sticky, with a large drop of fat. Development is slow due to the low water temperature. At a temperature of 14°C, hatching occurs in 7-8 days. The hatched larvae are slightly larger than 4 mm and spend a significant part of their time in the bottom layers. The yolk is absorbed after 9-10 days, during this period the larvae are light-loving, lead a pelagic lifestyle and are carried down the river by the current. The privet feeds on various bottom invertebrates and small fish. Privet meat is tender; fishermen highly value privet fish soup.
The striped ruffe (G. schraetser) is distributed in the Danube, from Bavaria up to the delta, and is found in the Black Sea before the mouth of the Danube, in the Kamchia River (Bulgaria). It has 3-4 black longitudinal stripes on its sides. The length of the striped ruffe is 20-24 cm. Like the privet, it prefers fast-flowing waters with a sandy and rocky bottom.
The Danube ruffe (G. baloni) is found only in the Danube basin and, like the common ruffe, prefers the slow-moving waters of the plains.
The genus Percarina (Percarina) with one species (P. demidoffi) is close to ruffs, but differs in that these fish have two dorsal fins, although they touch. The lid is equipped with spikes along the edge. The posterior edge of the operculum overlaps the spine located on the upper part of the cleithrum. The scales are thin and fall off easily. Perkarina lives in the northern, slightly saline parts of the Black and Azov Seas. This small fish (maximum length is about 10 cm) has a yellowish body color with a pinkish-purple tint on the back, silvery sides and belly. there are several dark spots on the back at the base of the dorsal fin; all fins are transparent, without spots.
Perkarina begins to reproduce in the second year of life, lays eggs in portions, and spawns throughout the summer, from June to August. The eggs are small and stick to the substrate at the bottom. The hatched larvae first lie on the bottom, then begin to float up from time to time, and after two days they rise to the surface and switch to a pelagic lifestyle. The juveniles feed on small invertebrates, then exclusively on the crustaceans Calanipeda and mysids, and upon reaching a length of 4 cm, on juvenile gobies and sprat. IN different time day percarina feeds different organisms: during the daytime it consumes crustaceans, and at night it mainly consumes sprat. Perkarina hunts for sprat, guided by the organs of the lateral line, which are well developed in it. This trash fish, it secretes a lot of mucus and therefore, when caught together with sprat, the value of the latter’s catches is greatly reduced. Perkarina feeds on pike perch.
American darters belong to three genera: Percina, 30 species, Ammocrypta, five species, and Etheostoma, 84 species. Distributed in the eastern part of North America: the western border of their range lies near the Rocky Mountains, the northern - in southern Canada, the southern - in northern Mexico. Darters are small fish, their usual length is 3-10 cm. Only a very few reach 15-20 cm. The preopercular bone is completely smooth along the edge or in some is slightly serrated, the mouth is small. Two dorsal fins, the first spiny usually lower than the second, supported by soft rays. The caudal fin is rounded. The pectoral fins are very large, they help to stay on the ground and make quick throws when moving. Due to the bottom lifestyle, a reduction in the swim bladder is observed, which is completely absent in species of the genus Etheostoma. The coloring of most species is very bright, variegated, as a result of a combination of different shades of pink, red, yellow, green and dark spots.
Darters are found in various types of reservoirs, but most of them prefer streams and small rivers with fast current. They stay near the bottom, hiding under stones or, if the soil is sandy, burrowing into it. When danger approaches, they quickly, like an arrow from a bow (hence their English name darter), take off, move a short distance and, just as suddenly stopping, hide again under stones or in the ground.
Life expectancy is no more than 5-7 years. They become sexually mature in the third year of life. Females have a genital papilla, which is especially well developed in large individuals. During spawning, males of many species appear in nuptial plumage: epithelial tubercles develop on the lower part of the sides of the body and on the belly, and the brightness of the color increases. Many darters form pairs, and among them there are peculiar spawning games and fights between males. Species take care of their offspring by protecting their eggs. Others do not directly protect the eggs, but, being near the spawning ground, they are always ready to protect their spawning area from the invasion of other individuals. But there are species that, having buried their eggs to a depth of several millimeters, leave the areas and never visit them again.
Darters feed mainly on insect larvae: chironomids, mayflies and stoneflies. The lightning speed of their movements and ability to hide make it difficult for other fish to hunt them. But in some reservoirs they are an important food for sport fish, especially trout. They are used as bait when fishing. Some artificial baits imitate appearance darters. The species diversity of darters is enormous; their fauna has not been fully studied.
Subfamily pike perch (Luciopercinae). They have interhemal ossicles of the same size, spines in the anal fin are weak, and the lateral line extends onto the caudal fin. Pike perch-like species include pike perch, chops, and Romanian sculpin perch.
Genus of pike perch (Stizostedion, or Lucioperca). Pike perches have an elongated body, the ventral fins are spread wider than those of perches, the lateral line continues onto the caudal fin, and there are usually fangs on the jaw and palatine bones. The genus includes five species: common pike perch, bersh, sea pike perch live in the waters of Europe; Canadian and lightfin pike perch - in the eastern part of North America.
Common pike perch (S. lucioperca). Pike perch have 19-24 branched rays in the second dorsal fin, and 11-13 in the anal fin, the cheeks (preoperculum) are bare or partially covered with scales, and the fangs on the jaws are strong. This is the most major representative perch fish, reaching a length of 130 cm and a weight of 20 kg. The usual length of pike perch is 60-70 cm, weight 2-4 kg. The back of the pike perch is greenish-gray, with 8-12 brown-black stripes on the sides. The dorsal and caudal fins have dark spots, the rest are pale yellow. Pike perch is common in the Baltic, Black, Azov and Aral Sea and in the Marina River, which flows into the Aegean Sea. The range of pike perch is expanding due to active human activity. At the end of the 19th century. it has been introduced into some UK lakes. In the 50s of the 20th century, pike perch was introduced into lakes Issyk-Kul, Balkhash, Biylikul, Chebarkul (Chelyabinsk region), and into the Ust-Kamenogorsk reservoir. Within its natural range, it is resettled in reservoirs where it was previously absent: in some lakes in Karelia, Latvia, in reservoirs named after. Moscow, Moskvoretskaya system and other reservoirs.
According to their way of life, two forms of pike perch are distinguished: residential, or semi-anadromous, and semi-anadromous. Residential pike perch inhabits rivers and clean lakes. In lakes and reservoirs it lives in the pelagic zone, where it stays at different depths depending on the location of the main objects of its food, the oxygen content and the temperature of the living water. Pike perch prefers a temperature of 14-18°C. Avoids bodies of water with unfavorable oxygen conditions. Semi-anadromous pike perch is common in the brackish waters of the southern seas of Russia and rises to the Dnieper, Volga, Ural, Don, and Kuban rivers to spawn. Becomes sexually mature at 3-5 years, residential slightly later - at 4-7 years. Its eggs are small, its fertility is high, for example, the Kuban pike perch has from 200 thousand to 1 million eggs. Spring spawning occurs in the coastal zone, at dawn. The male chooses a place for laying eggs and cleans it of silt. The spawning substrate can be very different. In the Don, Kuban, and Volga, the female lays eggs on vegetation, in many lakes and reservoirs - on sand, and in the Curonian Lagoon of the Baltic Sea - on stones. This plasticity of pike perch in relation to the substrate contributes to the fact that this fish successfully lays eggs on artificial spawning grounds (spruce branches, bast, synthetic fibers sewn to burlap, on slate sheets). The male guards the laid eggs, protects them from silting, washing away the settling silt with frequent and strong movements of the pectoral fins. Actively protects eggs from other pike perch, but pays almost no attention to other fish scurrying nearby: roach, perch, stickleback; Moreover, roaches often lay eggs in a pike perch’s nest, which is a kind of “nest parasitism.” If the “guard” pike perch leaves the nest, it is sometimes replaced by another.
The rate of development of eggs depends on the temperature: at 9-11 ° C the larvae hatch after 10-11 days, at 18 (20 - after 3-4 days. After absorption of the yolk sac, the larvae feed on zooplankton. In the second month of life, pike perch switches to feeding on large invertebrates : mysids, cumaceous crayfish, as well as juvenile fish. If juvenile pike perch is provided with suitable food, they grow quickly and reach a length of 10-15 cm by autumn. Pike perch feeds on relatively small prey, the main length of the prey of a large pike perch is 8-10 cm. Usually it swallows runaway fish, so its favorite food in northern lakes is smelt, roach, in central lakes - ruffe, perch, bleak, roach, in the southern seas - sprat, gobies. Thus, pike perch feeds mainly on low-value fish. Per 1 kg mass, it consumes 3.3 kg of other fish. This is less than what is required for pike and perch. Therefore, it is readily bred in different reservoirs. The growth rate of pike perch in different reservoirs is different. In northern lakes and reservoirs it grows much worse than in southern, semi-anadromous walleye grow faster than most resident walleye populations. Accordingly, the age of puberty varies greatly. Semi-anadromous pike perch becomes sexually mature on average at the age of 3-5 years, residential - later - at 4-7 years. Pike perch also have enemies. Invertebrates, especially cyclops, feed on its larvae. Young pike perch are consumed by perch, pike, eel, and catfish.
Pike perch is a very valuable commercial fish. Amateur fishermen also catch it. It is better to catch it in the morning, in the evening or at night. After regulating the flow of rivers in the southern seas of Russia, the natural conditions for spawning pike perch deteriorated. Currently most of pike perch is reproduced in special fish farms. It becomes an important commercial fish in reservoirs of the European part of Russia, as well as in lakes Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, and in the Bukhtarma reservoir.
Bersch (S. volgensis) differs from pike perch in that it has no fangs on the lower jaw and the preoperculum is completely covered with scales. The length of the bersh is less than that of the pike perch: it reaches 45 cm and weighs 1.2-1.4 kg. Lives in the rivers of the Caspian, Azov and Black moraines, mainly in the lower and middle reaches. This is mainly a fish from the lower reaches of rivers, but it enters the Caspian Sea and is common in the southern reservoirs - Tsimlyansk, Volgograd, Kuibyshev. But as they move north, the timing of spawning shifts from April - May in the Volga delta to May - June to the Kuibyshev Reservoir. After hatching, the larvae feed on small zooplankton, and when they reach a length of 40 mm or more, they switch to feeding on benthos. The transition to predatory feeding on fish (underyearlings of carp and perch fish) is observed in bersha in the second year of life. Bersch, more than 15 cm long, feeds exclusively on fish. Due to the lack of fangs and a relatively narrow throat, it is unable to grasp and swallow big catch. The length of the prey ranges from 0.5 to 7.5 cm, but usually 3-5 cm. Adult bershi are intensively fed in the spring by overwintered yearlings and in the fall by grown-up fingerlings of fish; in the summer the intensity of its feeding decreases.
The sea pike perch (S. marina), like the common one, has fangs on its jaws, but it differs in the number of branched rays on the anal fin, of which it has fewer (15-18 versus 19-24). Sea pike perch, common in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, occasionally enters the mouths of the Danube and Bug; pike perch, living in the middle and southern Caspian Sea, avoids desalinated areas. Its length reaches 50-60 cm, weight up to 2 kg. Sexual maturity occurs at 2-4 years. The caviar is larger than that of ordinary pike perch. Depending on the size, fertility ranges from 13 to 126 thousand eggs. For breeding it approaches the shores. Spawns in spring on rocky ground. Sea pike perch cares for the eggs and protects them from being eaten by numerous gobies. This fish is a predator whose food consists of sprat, silverside, juvenile herring, and shrimp. Commercial significance its small.
North American pike perch - lightfin (S. vitreum) and Canadian pike perch (S. canadense) - in a number of morphological characteristics, are closer to sea pike perch than to common pike perch. In terms of distribution, relative to salinity and size, the lightfin pike perch is to some extent an analogue of the common pike perch, and the Canadian pike perch is similar to the bersha. The range of the former extends along the Atlantic coast, from Quebec, through New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, then along the western slope of the Appalachians going south to Alabama and east to Oklahoma. In the north and along the Mackenzie River, lightfin pike perch almost reach Arctic waters. The range of Canadian pike perch is narrower. From the north it is limited by the basin of the Saskatchewan River and James Bay, in the east - western part Virginia, in the south by the Tennessee River in Alabama and the Red River in Texas. The western border is in the states of Kansas, Wyoming and Montana. Both species prefer large rivers and lakes. Lightfin pike perch enters the desalinated areas of some bays of the Atlantic Ocean.
The dull yellow-olive color on the back and sides of the lightfin pike perch turns white on the belly. There are 6-7 transverse stripes on the sides. The presence of a dark spot at the caudal fin and on the back of the first dorsal fin, and the peculiar silvery or milky-white color of the end of the lower lobe of the caudal fin make it easy to distinguish it from the Canadian pike perch. They differ from each other in the number of pyloric appendages. The sparrowfin has three and they are long, while the Canadian pike perch has 3-9 (usually five) and is short. The maximum weight of lightfin pike perch in catches is 4.8-6.4 kg, with the exception of 8 kg, and Canadian - 3.2 kg.
The fertility of light-finned pike perch is 25-700 thousand eggs. Spawning usually occurs at night; after spawning, pike perch leave the spawning area and do not care about the laid eggs. Depending on feeding conditions, juveniles grow up to 10-30 cm over the summer. In the southern part of the range they mature in the third year and live no more than 6-7 years. In the north it grows more slowly, matures at 4-5 years, life expectancy increases to 12-15 years. This fish is a favorite object of sport fishing. Much about the life of pike perch has become known thanks to the observations of amateur fishermen. It turned out that they prefer to stay in the bottom layers of water, near sand spits, forming small clusters. Actively takes bait after sunset; bait that closely imitates the live fish it feeds on in nature is the best.
The genus chop (Zingel, or Aspro) differs from ruffes in the fusiform-cylindrical shape of the body, two noticeably spread dorsal fins, and the smooth lower edge of the preoperculum. The genus includes three species: common, small and French chop. The common chop (A. zingel) lives in the Danube and its tributaries, from Bavaria to the delta, and in the Dniester. The body color is grayish-yellow, with four dark brown stripes on the sides. Reaches a length of 30-40 cm, maximum length 48 cm. It stays near the bottom, in big rivers found in the riverbed part; feeds on bottom invertebrates and small fish. It spawns in March-April in the river bed, on pebbles. The caviar is small and sticky. Small chop (Z. streber) is common in the Danube and its tributaries, like the common chop, and in the Vardar River (basin Aegean Sea). Compared to an ordinary chop, it has a more runny body; stays in areas with even faster currents. The French chop (Z. asper) lives in the Rhone basin; in appearance and lifestyle it is close to the small chop.
Sculpin perch (Romanichthys) with one species R. valsnicola. First described in 1957 from small tributaries of the upper section of the Arges River (Danube basin). Shows significant convergent similarities with the American Darter. The preopercular bone has a smooth edge. The pectoral and ventral fins are quite large, there are two dorsal fins, and the genital papilla (genital papilla) is well developed. The sculpin perch reaches a length of 12.5 cm. It lives in mountain rivers, usually hiding under stones, its food is the larvae of stoneflies and other rheophilic species. Probably, it can already be classified as an endangered species, as the construction of dams, deforestation, use of land for agricultural crops, water pollution chemicals greatly changed the ecological situation in its habitat. The reduction in its numbers was facilitated not only by abiotic factors, but also by the aggravation of competitive relations with some loaches and cyprinid fish, which turned out to be more adapted to the changed conditions.
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Perciformes are the largest, numbering more than 10,000 species, distributed throughout different bodies of water on the planet. The most common are the perch fish family. Some species have pelvic fins, which are located under or in front of the pectoral fins. The fins of perciformes, as a rule, have spines. The number of rays is no more than six. The bases of the pectoral fins are placed obliquely or perpendicular to the axis of the body. Perciformes lack an adipose fin. unconnected to the intestines or completely absent. The order includes 160 families and 20 suborders.
Which fish belong to the perch family?
The perch family is found in fresh and salt waters of the Northern Hemisphere:
- in European countries, with the exception of Northern Scotland, Spain and Italy;
- in Norway, Greece;
- in Northern Asia, not counting Kamchatka and Chukotka;
- in North America.
The dorsal fin is divided into a soft and spiny part; in some individuals they are combined, while in others they are located separately. The bristle-like teeth on the jaws are arranged in several rows, and some even have fangs. The gill membranes are free from the interbranchial space. The scales consist of thin, round, translucent plates with a serrated outer edge. The family of perch fish has ten genera and more than one hundred species, 7 of which inhabit the waters of Russia. Perches are more widespread, followed by pike perch, pipe cleaners and chops.
In the Azov-Black Sea basin they catch sculpin perch and percarina, as well as chop. Etheostoma, pepperina and ammocrypta can be found in North America.
Rod Okuni
There are three types of perch: river (ordinary), yellow and Balkhash.
River perch is one of the most popular fish species. It lives in most reservoirs, as well as in mountain lakes, which are located at an altitude of several thousand meters.
The perch has a striking color - a rich green back, and the sides with dark stripes of a yellowish-green hue. The pectoral fins are yellow, and the pelvic fins are reddish. Round eyes of orange hue. The color of the common perch depends on environment, for example, in forest lakes it takes on a dark color.
Females become sexually mature after three years, and males already at one or two years. Female eggs are laid on silt and driftwood. There are 200-300 thousand eggs, the number depends on the size of the female.
Newly born perches live in the coastal zone, trying to stay together, and feed on zooplankton. A young perch becomes a predator when its body grows to 10 cm in length, and then it begins to eat small fish.
For pike and pike perch, perch is considered an easy and tasty prey.
Common perch makes up the bulk of the total catch in some waters. It is eaten with pleasure. Perch is very voracious, so anglers catch it throughout the year using various gear.
Perca flavescens, Perca schrenkii
Yellow perch is very similar to river perch in all respects.
It lives in eastern North America and is considered an important sport fishery.
Balkhash perch, unlike river perch, has an elongated body. It does not have dark spots on its dorsal fin. Balkhash perch is a predatory fish that happily devours small fish, but does not disdain its own fry. Perch grows slowly, growing up to 50 cm in length and weighing up to one and a half kilograms.
Perch is considered a game fish. It is dried, smoked, and frozen.
Genus zander
The genus of pike perch has long body, the lateral line captures the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are widely spread, and the jaws usually have fangs.
The following types are distinguished:
- ordinary;
- bersh;
- nautical;
- light-feathered;
- Canadian.
The pike perch has about 20 branched rays that are located on the dorsal fin. Strong fangs are located on the jaws. There are very large fish, weighing 11 kg and 115 cm long. Mostly pike perch with a body length of 60 cm and weighing 3 kg. Pike perch, the largest species of the perch fish family, is widely known and popular in the waters of the Baltic, Azov and Caspian seas. The back is grayish in color, with black stripes on the sides.
Residential and semi-anadromous pike perch - these are two biological forms. The first prefers clean lakes and rivers. Feels comfortable at a water temperature of 16-17 degrees. The migratory fish prefers brackish water. Approximately 90% of the total catch is semi-anadromous pike perch. The eggs are small and fertile. Enemies: perch, eel, pike. River pike perch is considered a valuable commercial fish.
Sander volgensis
The Volga pike perch (bersh), unlike the common one, does not have fangs, the preoperculum is entirely covered with scales. The weight of pike perch is 1.3 kg and the length is 45 cm. It is popular in the rivers of the Azov and Black Seas, usually in the middle reaches.
Volzhsky - freshwater fish, but sometimes enters the Caspian Sea. Volga pike perch lives in Sheksna, Kama, and can also be found in southern reservoirs. The farther from the south the habitat of pike perch is, the later spawning is postponed. When born, pike perch begins to feed on small-sized zooplankton, and as soon as it grows to 40 mm, it begins to eat benthos. In the second year he switches to carnivorous feeding - perch fish. Pike-perch, which are longer than 15 cm, eat exclusively fish. They don't have fangs, so they can't catch big fish. Pike perch swallows fish from 0.5 to 7 cm. In the spring it begins to fatten up with yearlings, in the summer the feeding intensity decreases, and in the autumn it feeds on older fish.
Sander marinus
Sea pike perch, unlike the Volga pike perch, has smaller eyes. The length of pike perch is 600 mm. This fish is especially popular in the middle and southern Caspian Sea, in the west
Pike perch, which lives in the Caspian Sea, practically does not enter rivers. In spring it is time for spawning. The eggs are larger than those of river pike perch. Fecundity depends on the size of the female and varies from 13 to 126 thousand eggs. At two years old, pike perch are ready to breed. Sea pike perch prefers to eat young herring, gobies, sprat, and shrimp. The fishing role is small.
Rod Ershi
In the genus of ruffs, the fins on the back, consisting of a spiny and soft part, are interconnected, there are cavities of receptive canals on the head, and bristle-like teeth on the jaws. The following types are distinguished: common, privet and striped ruff.
Gymnocephalus cernuus
The common ruffe is popular in large rivers, mainland lakes and flowing ponds. Beware of rivers with fast flowing water. The body of the fish is covered with scales and mucus, compressed from the sides. The back is gray-green with dark, almost black spots, the belly is white and the sides are yellowish. There are black dots on the dorsal and caudal fin. The eyes are large, the iris is dull purple. The color of the ruffe depends on its habitat. In reservoirs with a muddy bottom, the color shade is darker than in waters with a sandy bottom.
The fish is from 10 to 15 cm in length, weighing 20-25 g. There are individuals up to 30 cm in length, weighing up to 200 g, mainly in reservoirs of Siberia and the Urals. In spring the spawning period begins. At this time, females are able to lay eggs repeatedly. The ability to reproduce occurs at two years. Rapid maturation and excellent fertility contribute to a rapid increase in population.
After birth, the common ruffe feasts on zooplankton, but after some time it switches to feeding on organisms that live at the bottom of the reservoir. The ruffe has a peak of activity at night, and it begins to feed intensively. The maximum life age of the ruffe has been recorded as 10 years.
The privet, unlike the ruffe, has a longer body and small scales. It can only be found in bodies of water with fast currents. The body color is yellow, the back is greenish-yellow, the belly is white, slightly silver, and several dark spots are visible on the sides. It goes to spawn in the spring. It eats mainly benthic invertebrates and small fish. Privet makes a very good ear.
The striped ruffe lives in fresh waters with a sandy bottom and saturated with oxygen. It feeds on crustaceans, eggs, and worms. Body shape is elongated, big head, the dorsal fin has a small notch. The fish is slippery to the touch. There are black longitudinal stripes on the sides of the body. The body is pale yellow, the belly is whitish-silver, the sides are golden-yellow. Spawns in early spring.
Rod Chopy
Chops also belong to the family of perch fish, but, unlike ruffs, they have a fusiform-cylindrical body shape, two spread dorsal fins, and a smooth lower edge of the preoperculum.
There are the following types of chops: ordinary, small, French.
The common chop has a cylindrical, slightly flattened body of a yellowish-gray color. There are distinct brown stripes on the sides. Popular in the Danube and its tributaries. The size of the fish can reach 48 cm. Specimens are mainly found with a length of 25 cm. Chop prefers to be at the very bottom, feeding on small fish and bottom invertebrates. It spawns in March-April. The eggs are mostly small and sticky.
Zingel streber
The small chop is popular in the Danube and the Vardar River, which flows into the Aegean Sea. Chop prefers twilight.
As a rule, it feeds at night on larvae, worms, mollusks and crustaceans. The body length is 20 cm, and the weight is approximately 200 g. It spawns in April-May. Fertility can reach 10 thousand eggs. The eggs are small and stick to the substrate.
Zingel asper
French chop leads mostly nightlife. Lives at the bottom of reservoirs. It feeds mainly on various bottom animals. The length ranges from 15 to 20 cm.
The body of the fish is grayish-yellow in color. The belly is white, and there are three brown stripes on the sides. They spawn from March to April. The lifespan of a French chop is approximately 3.5 years. Chop - a small fish of the perch family common in the pool
Family Stavridae
Horse mackerel have two dorsal fins: the first is spiny, small in size, with small spiny rays, and the second is long. Some species have bony shields on the lateral line. This type of fish has a thin caudal peduncle. Horse mackerel live in warm waters. Most fish have great value in fishing. The family includes about 20 genera with two hundred species of marine fish.
The most popular species is considered to be the horse mackerel genus. The perch family has an oblong body, which is slightly compressed at the sides. The head is covered with scales, and the eyes have fatty eyelids. Horse mackerel has small teeth and feeds on zooplankton and small fish.
Perch have spread almost throughout the globe. They are of greatest value when consumed fresh, frozen or canned.