Floating nuclear power plant Academician Lomonosov Russia: photos and videos. Floating nuclear power plant: project participants, all the pros and cons. Floating nuclear power plant "Akademik Lomonosov"

In mid-August of this year, it became known: the world's first floating power unit, PEB-1, will be built not in Severodvinsk, but in St. Petersburg. The Government of the Russian Federation terminated the general contract with the Sevmash plant and entered into a new one with the Baltic Plant, and accordingly the project delivery date was postponed from 2010 to 2011. The motivation for such castling is simple: Sevmash is in Lately has become very busy with military orders: we are talking about the creation in the very near future of a group of nuclear submarines of a new generation, and in a somewhat more distant future - five or six aircraft carriers.

At the same time, such a transfer should give a little push to the stalled implementation of the idea of ​​a floating nuclear power plant. Discussions about them have been going on for more than ten years, and the stated date - 2010 - has so far remained rather a good wish of the state corporation Rosatom and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Concern Rosenergoatom. The new deadline - 2011 - is already being called a specific and real date for commissioning of the first station. An indirect confirmation of the seriousness of these intentions can be the renaming of the future owner of the station from FSUE Concern Rosenergoatom to OJSC Concern Energoatom, almost simultaneously with the transfer of the contract from Severodvinsk to St. Petersburg.

The original idea was expressed back in 1991-1994 and seems completely simple and obvious: if you take an ordinary Russian nuclear icebreaker and lay it up near the shore, then all the energy that it spends on breaking ice can be used to heat houses and generating electricity for them. At the same time, hot on the heels of Minatom (reformed into Rosatom in 2004), the first projects of floating stations were proposed, but things went slowly: no resources were allocated for their further development and serial construction, they had serious opponents both in the Duma and in the government. Now the political difficulties have been overcome; only technical and economic difficulties remain to be overcome. Sevmash began construction of the first station, called Akademik Lomonosov, back in 2007. And if after the start of operation it proves its profitability, then seven more similar stations will be built almost immediately.

The advantages of floating stations for Russia are obvious. Only European part The country can be considered developed in energy terms, and beyond the Urals - in Siberia, the Far East and the Far North - the situation with the supply of heat and electricity is very deplorable. Existing thermal power plants often find themselves without fuel at the beginning of winter; the development of normal energy infrastructure is hampered by permafrost and low population density.

Idle at coastline The FPU will be a 140-meter non-self-propelled barge with a displacement of 20 thousand tons. Two standard mobile nuclear reactors KTL-40S of 35 MW each will be able to not only produce sufficient electricity for a city with a population of about 100 thousand inhabitants, but also provide them with 150 Gcal /h heat. The idea of ​​autonomously supplying energy to a large industrial enterprise looked especially attractive to the designers - in the original version, Sevmash actually acted as such an enterprise. The energy generated by the Akademik Lomonosov would be used to create new submarines. But for some reason this scenario was not implemented.

The mobility of FPUs presupposes a fundamentally new tactic in the energy sector: the station is not built at all in the place where it will be operated. They are delivered to objects in need of generated energy by tow. Such an object may itself be “wandering” - for example, if we are talking about explored but still undeveloped mineral deposits. In this case, experts believe, the ability to adjust the position of the “energy center” of a construction site provides important technological advantages. So, if things go well with the Akademik Lomonosov, then by 2015–2016 floating nuclear power plants will be waiting off the coast of Vilyuchinsk, Pevek and Nakhodka. In addition, Rosatom officials are counting on active exports under a leasing agreement for the services of such stations to Asian countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam) and Africa (Algeria, Namibia), and, subject to the launch and operation of a floating nuclear power plant in Russia, an application for supply of electricity and fresh water from the government of Cape Verde.

From a technological point of view, the very idea of ​​floating nuclear reactor does not raise any special questions - similar units have long been used on Russian nuclear icebreakers. However, there are two specific problems that need to be solved along the way, and it is with them that the main objections to the entire project as a whole and the concerns of human rights activists are associated. The first difficulty is in transferring energy to the consumer. It is assumed that the floating power unit will be installed at a specially equipped pier-terminal, to which power and heat transfer lines will be connected to transport energy to consumers. Among other things, the terminal must also ensure reliable fastening of the power unit near the shore. The station is serviced on a rotational basis by 60 to 140 specially trained personnel. The duration of the shift is about four months.

The second difficulty is more difficult to overcome. It is connected with the need to somehow ensure the safe operation of the station. First of all, you need to regularly load nuclear fuel and unload radioactive waste. Fortunately, this can be done quite rarely: once every 12–15 years, remove the station from lay-up, replacing it with another if necessary, and send it to the factory for reboot. In this, it is quite similar to a nuclear submarine, with the only difference being that after a decade and a half of inactivity, this “boat” may have additional reasons to drown along the way. The life of the FPU will also end in complete analogy with the life of a nuclear submarine by cutting out the reactor and burying it in a conventional nuclear burial ground.

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Floating nuclear power plant Akademik Lomonosov location: Russia, city of Severodvinsk (place of construction) – world nuclear power plant map,

Status: Nuclear power plants under construction

Floating nuclear power plant Lomonosov in Russia

Floating nuclear power plant (abbreviated as FNPP) Academician Lomonosov – Russian project for the construction of Russia's first mobile floating low-power nuclear power plant.

Floating power plant includes both a non-self-propelled vessel itself and reactor installations KLT-40S icebreaker type. The dimensions of the floating nuclear power plant vessel Akademik Lomonosov are 144 meters by 30 meters, the displacement of the floating nuclear power plant vessel is 21,500 tons.

The purpose of building a floating nuclear power plant is to produce electricity and heat, as well as desalination sea ​​water– from 40 to 240 thousand tons per day in conditions where it is impossible to build a land-based nuclear power plant, for example, this is a seismically active territory or conditions permafrost(relevant for Russia). The electrical power of one reactor (there are two of them at the nuclear power plant) is 35 MW, the thermal power is 140 gigacalories per hour. The service life is 36 years - 3 cycles of 12 years with overloading of the reactor cores. To date, the first reactor was built in 2010. Further development The project is complicated by the ongoing crisis in Russia and the saving of public funds. At a time when people check the ruble exchange rate online every five minutes, large investment projects are being frozen in the country. The falling exchange rate of the ruble also affects the cost of new nuclear power plants, since some of the equipment used is foreign-made.

Planned areas of use:

1. The northernmost city in Russia is Pevek in Chukotka
2. Closed military port of Vilyuchinsk on Kamchatka
3. Republic of Cape Verde (negotiations underway)
4. Offshore China, oil and gas fields
5. Gas fields of OJSC Gazprom in Taimyr

On September 15, 2011, permission was received for a project to use a Russian floating nuclear power plant near the city of Pevek to replace the capacity planned for closure in 2019-2021. In October 2016, construction of onshore infrastructure for the floating nuclear power plant began in the city of Pevek in Chukotka. The reactor is planned to be installed in its regular location in September 2019. In the same year, it is planned to put the Pevek nuclear power plant into operation. The cost of the first power unit in Pevek will be 16.5 billion rubles, of which 14.1 is the cost of the power unit itself, the remaining amount is the construction of onshore and hydraulic structures.

The history of the use of floating reactors in the world tells us about the United States, which used floating reactors to power the Panama Canal in 1966 - 1976, as well as the American base in Antarctica in 1962 - 1972.

Floating nuclear power plant Academician Lomonosov Russia: photos and videos

Floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) is a project for the production of a series of transportable low-power nuclear power plants. The development of the installations is carried out by the state corporation Rosatom in cooperation with OJSC Malaya Energy, OJSC Baltic Plant and a number of other enterprises. Floating nuclear power plant entitled " Academician Lomonosov"is the first such installation in the whole world. The power unit of the station will be prepared for transportation and commencement of operation by September 2016. After this, the first tests of the installation will take place.

Characteristics and purpose of floating nuclear power plants

The power plant of the station has a thermal power of 140 gigacalories per hour, a maximum electrical power of 80 megawatts and consists of two KLT-40S reactors. The creator and manufacturer of reactor plants with a total capacity of 300 MW is design department named after I.I. Afrikantova. The basis of the station is a non-navigable ship with a smooth deck on which reactors and other structural elements are located. The length of the vessel is 144 meters, width - 30 meters, displacement reaches 21.5 thousand tons.

Floating nuclear power plant was developed on the basis of a serial power plant of nuclear icebreakers, the effectiveness of which was tested in the Arctic based on the results of long-term operation. The station is designed to provide electricity and heat to various facilities, including:

1. Manufacturing plants.
2. Gas and oil production complexes.
3. Port cities.

floating nuclear power plant optimized for operation in hard-to-reach places on the coasts of seas or rivers located at a great distance from unified power supply systems. In Russia, such places include the Far North and Far East, which need affordable and efficient energy sources. The capacity of the Akademik Lomonosov station will be sufficient to reduce the strong need for the placement of thermal power plants, which are necessary for the purpose of constant economic development and achieving high-quality living conditions.

For coastal areas of territories where drought periodically occurs, a floating option has been created nuclear complex, which is used for desalination of sea water. In 24 hours of continuous operation, the installation is capable of producing from 40 to 240 cubic meters clean water. The water desalination complex is capable of operating using reverse osmosis technology or using multi-stage evaporation structures. This complex will be especially useful in African countries, as well as in some Asian and European countries where there is a clear shortage drinking water.

Features of the floating station

The construction of the floating power unit is carried out in factory conditions, which makes it possible to minimize the time and cost of work, while simultaneously meeting all quality requirements. The cost of the first power unit was 16.5 billion rubles, taking into account the costs of construction, purchase of equipment and onshore structures. The price of the energy block itself was 14.1 billion rubles.

Any costly construction works at the station location are excluded. If necessary, the entire floating power unit can be transported from one location to another.

The enrichment of the fuel used in the equipment of the floating station does not exceed the maximum value that was established in order to comply with the non-proliferation regime nuclear weapons. Thus, the use of floating energy sources will be carried out taking into account international legislation in all countries, including developing ones. According to current standards safety, a floating nuclear power plant is designed with a certain safety margin that exceeds the maximum possible loads. The hull of a smooth-deck vessel and its equipment are capable of withstanding strong waves, collisions with structures on the coast or with other vessels.

The duration of operation of the floating station will be at least 36 years. Between three twelve-year cycles, the reactor cores will be reloaded. Repair of the power unit and reloading of fuel will be carried out with the help of existing enterprises specializing in technological maintenance of nuclear ships. After the end of the service life of the energy unit, it will be replaced with a new one, and the old one will be sent for recycling. During operation and upon completion of work from the floating energy station"Akademik Lomonosov" will not remain dangerous to humans and surrounding nature substances.

Floating nuclear power plants in Russia - a project of domestic designers to create low-power mobile units. The state corporation Rosatom, the Baltic Plant enterprises, and a number of other organizations are involved in the development.

Historical reference

On initial stages During the development of the industry, nuclear energy was considered mainly in relation to the military industry. However, over the past few decades, the advantages of mobile sources suitable for operation in remote and undeveloped areas have become increasingly obvious. To a greater extent, the change in priorities was due to the development of civilian nuclear technologies and the installation of reactors on military ships, icebreakers, and submarines.

For the first time, mobile installations began to be used in the United States. They also provided energy for the American research base in Antarctica.

Relatively recently, the media asked the question of whether a floating nuclear power plant would be installed in Crimea. Opinions on this matter vary. However, there have been no statements from the state corporation coordinating the program regarding this issue. Some experts say that a floating nuclear power plant is not needed in Crimea. They explain their position by the fact that such installations are designed for operation in remote, hard-to-reach areas. The peninsula can be supplied in other ways. For example, an energy bridge is being built from the mainland of the country.

Domestic industry

According to the federal target program "Energy Efficient Economy" 2002-2005. and for the future until 2010, a tender was held for the creation of a low-power floating nuclear power plant. In mid-May 2006, the winner was the Sevmash enterprise. The following year, 2007, the administration of the Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University and the Federal Atomic Energy Agency reached an agreement that the institute would act as a base university for training relevant specialists. In 2008, the project coordinators announced that part of the orders for units and components would be transferred to the Baltic Plant. However, the Sevmash plant announced a little later that the floating nuclear power plant would be commissioned 5 months later than planned. In this regard, the entire order was transferred to the Baltic Plant.

Start of construction

As Sergei Zavyalov, deputy head of Rosenergoatom, stated in 2010, the first floating nuclear power plant was created in accordance with the schedule. The installation was planned to be ready at the end of 2012, and commissioning was expected in 2013. In June 2010, the first power unit was launched. This happened at the Baltic plant. But at that time the turbogenerator and reactor were not installed. Installation work was supposed to be carried out on a floating power unit. In September 2011, the project in Pevek received a positive conclusion from the environmental assessment. It is currently at the investment feasibility stage. At the end of September - beginning of October 2013, steam generating blocks weighing 220 tons, produced according to OKBM designs. Afrikantov, were transported to the outfitting embankment from the boathouse of the sixth workshop of the Baltic Plant. There, in the presence of Rosenergoatom representatives, they were loaded into the reactor compartments by a floating crane. In accordance with the terms of the contract, the St. Petersburg plant must deliver the FPU, prepared for transportation to the site of operation, on September 9, 2016. Last news about the floating nuclear power plant indicate that it should be fully operational in 2018.

Key project

In the series of mobile, transportable low-power installations, the floating nuclear power plant "Akademik Lomonosov" is considered the main one. Its maximum power is more than 70 MW. The installation includes two KLT-40S reactors. The chief designer is JSC "Afrikantov OKBM". The same enterprise is the main manufacturer and supplier of reactor equipment. In particular, it includes pumps, fuel handling units, control and control systems, auxiliary machines, etc. The floating nuclear power plant "Akademik Lomonosov" was created on the basis of serial installation, used in icebreakers, proven over long-term operation in Arctic conditions.

Purpose

Performed by enterprises and research institutes Rosatom's design activities have shown the possibility of constructing energy sources of a qualitatively new class on the basis of already mastered ship reactors. They will be used to produce desalinated water, electricity, domestic and industrial heat. It is planned to distribute floating nuclear power plants with a capacity of 3.5 to 70 or more MW. They are intended to supply port cities, large industrial enterprises, gas and oil production complexes located in the shelf zone.

Specifics

Mobile nuclear power plants are autonomous objects. They are completely created at the shipyard as a non-propelled vessel. Finished units are transported by river or by sea to the operation site. The customer receives the object in working condition. Floating nuclear power plants include a complex of living quarters and complete infrastructure that provides accommodation for personnel operating and maintaining the installation. Thus, the manufacturer and supplier complete the order on a turnkey basis. Factory construction ensures maximum reduction of construction time. At the same time, the Russian floating nuclear power plant meets all international requirements requirements for quality and safety.

Advantages

A floating nuclear power plant is best suited for operation in hard-to-reach areas along the banks of rivers or seas, remote from central systems supplies. In the Russian Federation these are primarily regions Far East and the Far North. These regions do not have a unified energy system. Economically viable and reliable sources of supply are needed here. Currently, the need for several dozen low-power stations in these regions is very acute. installations will stimulate economic activity and ensure an adequate standard of living for the population.

Safety

The floating nuclear power plant meets all international environmental requirements. Fuel enrichment does not exceed the maximum level for compliance with the nuclear non-proliferation regime. Since operation is expected in the coastal zone of the world's oceans, the question of the installation's resistance to the effects of extreme conditions is quite relevant. natural factors(tornadoes, tsunamis, etc.).

OKMB Afrikantov has a complex of innovative technologies, due to which the floating nuclear power plant will withstand any level of dynamic load specified in the project. The layout of the future installation is created with a certain “margin of safety”. It exceeds the maximum possible loads in the operating area. For example, the possibility of a tsunami wave or a collision with a coastal structure or other vessel is provided for. After 40 years of operation, the main power unit of the floating nuclear plant will be replaced with a new one. In this case, the old one will be returned to the processing plant for recycling. During operation and after its completion, there will be no environmental impacts in the area where the floating vessel was installed. hazardous waste. Repairs and fuel reloading will be carried out in the conditions of existing domestic specialized enterprises. Everything is present on them necessary equipment, and also employs qualified personnel.

Nuclear expert: floating nuclear power plants. Good catch

Currently, many articles are being published on the topic under consideration. Many of them present some of the developments of a number of leading research and design institutes. For example, in 2015, the concept of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was highlighted. It is believed that a floating nuclear power plant (a photo of the installation can be seen in the article) is one of the most promising supply options settlements, in which there are insufficient resources of the coastal zone. The concept of the institute combines two fairly well-known technologies. In particular, the design of a deep-sea oil platform is considered.

The order to begin mooring tests was signed the world's first floating power unit (FPU) "Akademik Lomonosov". According to the FPU construction schedule, tests will begin on July 1, 2016.

Carrying out mooring tests on order is the most important stage of construction, determining the beginning of its final stage. Mooring tests will be carried out according to a special technological scheme and will be combined with outfitting work in the premises of the transshipment complex, equipment and engine rooms, which will require high organization and increased safety measures from the plant.

The tests will be carried out sequentially to prevent the combination of construction and testing in the same areas and premises of the FPU under construction.The planned completion date for mooring tests is October 30, 2017.

After this, the Akademik Lomonosov floating nuclear power plant will leave the factory as a finished object, which will be delivered along the Northern Sea Route to the place of work and connected to the coastal infrastructure being built in the port of Pevek . The readiness of the power unit for transportation should be achieved by the end of 2017. In September 2019, Rosenergoatom plans to begin installing the power unit at its regular location, and at the end of autumn 2019, begin testing the floating nuclear power plant and put it into operation.

Project 20870 FPU "Akademik Lomonosov" is a non-self-propelled vessel with two KLT-40 nuclear reactor units on board, designed to provide electricity and heat to hard-to-reach objects in northern seas, as well as for desalination of sea water. According to the technical characteristics, the FPU is capable of delivering up to 70 MW of electricity and 300 MW of thermal energy to the coastal networks in nominal mode, which is enough to support the life of a city with a population of 200,000 people.

The operating life of the power unit is forty years. Moreover, every three years it is necessary to recharge the reactors. The FPU will be operated by a permanent crew of 69 people.

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“Akademik Lomonosov” of project 20870 is designed to operate as part of a floating nuclear power plant (FNPP). The station is equipped with KLT-40S reactor units, which are capable of generating up to 70 MW of electricity and 50 Gcal/h of thermal energy in the nominal operating mode.

Floating power unit will replace the generating capacities that are retiring in Chukotka by 2019 - the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant and the Chaunskaya Thermal Power Plant, which is important from the point of view of guaranteed and sustainable energy supply to the region.

The Russian Federation is an absolute global monopolist in the field of floating nuclear power plants, which are promising for use in coastal infrastructure construction.

Currently, the floating nuclear power plant "Akademik Lomonosov" (project 20870) is being completed at the Baltic Plant. According to the plan, it should be completed in September 2016., but given the “experimental nature” of the first floating nuclear power plant, the final deadlines for its completion and budget remain “floating.” Despite the agreement with Baltic Plant on the commissioning of the floating nuclear power plant in the fall of 2016, Rosatom admits that there is potentially time until 2019 for completion and testing.It is expected that the floating power unit will be towed from the Baltic Shipyard to Murmansk to the Rosatomflot site in the spring of 2018, where loading will take place in the fall nuclear fuel into the reactor and physical start-up of the power unit.

The very idea of ​​using nuclear energy in transport installations is not new. Similar projects were developed in England, Germany and the USA. But these countries have now abandoned floating nuclear power plant projects, considering them unpromising.

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Floating reactors were first used in the United States to power the Panama Canal (1966–1976) and the American research base in Antarctica (1962–1972). For example, the US floating station Sturgis (10 MW) has been moored in Virginia since 1976 and was recently towed to Galveston for disposal.

Recently, the Chinese corporation CGN (China General Nuclear Power Corporation) announced the official launch of the project of a floating station with a low-power reactor ACPR50S.

According to corporation spokesman Huang Xiaofei in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, South China, CGN has entered into an agreement with Dongfang Electric Corporation to purchase the pressurized reactor vessel.

The ACPR50S project is considered the most optimal solution for the combined supply of heat, power and fresh water for marine resource development, as well as for power supply and emergency response in island and coastal areas.

In the 1980s, the Soviet Union developed a project for a floating nuclear power plant, Volnolom 3, with an ABV-6 reactor (power 12 MW) for use at the Moscow Region test site on Novaya Zemlya. However, work on the creation of this floating nuclear power plant was stopped at the initial stage.

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The first civilian floating nuclear power plant project in Russia appeared in the early 90s. In the course of implementing the Russian Government Decree No. 389 dated June 9, 1992 on ways to overcome the crisis in the fuel energy complex of the Far East and Eastern Siberia, a group of Minatom experts in 1993 proposed the use of low-power nuclear power plants (100–180 MW) based on marine and naval nuclear reactors power plants. Commissioned by the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy in the period 1992–1994. a number of competitions were held for best project low-power nuclear power plant, organized by Malaya Energy JSC. In the class of reactor installations over 50 MW, first place in the competition was awarded to a nuclear power plant project based on a floating power unit with two reactor installations of the KLT-40S type.

The active phase of construction of the lead floating power unit for the first Russian floating nuclear power plant began in 2007.Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, India, and Vietnam have shown great interest in the project, and Rosatom plans to lease the FNPP to these countries. Rosatom also considers the countries of South America as a promising market.