Presentation on geography on the topic "natural areas of Eurasia." Altitudinal zonation (vertical zonation) Presentation on the topic high zonality

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On the Arctic islands and along the Northern coast. Arctic approx. Arctic deserts and tundras stretch, framed from the south by a narrow strip of forest-tundra. To the south - taiga (mainly dark coniferous in the west and light coniferous in the east), giving way to the south by mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes and steppes. Semi-deserts and deserts are especially well expressed in the interior regions of the Iranian Plateau (Deshte-Lut, Dashte-Kevir, etc.), in Wed. and Center. Asia (Karakum, Kyzylkum, Gobi, Taklamakan), in the South. Asia (Thar). Semi-deserts and deserts are especially well expressed on the Arabian Peninsula (Nefud, Rub al-Khali). In the subtropics of the West. Asia - Mediterranean vegetation in the East. Asia - monsoon mixed and deciduous forests. IN tropical latitudes East and Yuzh. Asia - monsoon deciduous forests and savannas, on the windward slopes of the mountains - evergreen forests. In equatorial latitudes (mainly in Indonesia), multi-tiered swamp forests are called hylea. Why is everything expressed in Eurasia? natural areas peace? Since Eurasia is the largest continent. Since Eurasia has varied climatic conditions. Since Eurasia is washed by all 4 oceans of the Earth.

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Features of the distribution of natural zones in Eurasia: Eurasia is located in all climatic zones northern hemisphere. In Eurasia there are all types of natural zones of the Earth. As a rule, the zones are extended from west to east. But the complex structure of the continent’s surface and atmospheric circulation. Uneven moisture. different parts continent Complex zonal structure - natural zones do not have a continuous distribution or deviate from the sublatitudinal distribution A large percentage of altitudinal zones.

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In addition to sparse moss-lichen vegetation, perennial cold-resistant grasses (sedge, cotton grass, dryad, buttercups, dandelions, poppies, etc.) are widespread in the tundra. The sight of the tundra blooming in spring makes an indelible impression with its variety of colors and shades, caressing the eye to the very horizon. Tundra and forest-tundra Types of tundra shrub tundra, moss-lichen tundra

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Forests formed by trees with small leaves - aspen, birch, gray alder. Forests temperate zone. Taiga Light coniferous taiga Dark coniferous taiga Tree species can form pure (spruce, larch) and mixed (spruce-fir) stands. The taiga is characterized by the absence or weak development of undergrowth (since there is little light in the forest), as well as the monotony of the grass-shrub layer and moss cover. Trees with large broad-leaved leaves and hardwood– oak, linden, maple, ash, beech. They dominate in the southern part of the forest zone. Animals of the forest

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Mediterranean subtropics. MEDITERRANEAN, natural country, including the islands and peninsulas of the Mediterranean and the adjacent territories of Eurasia and Northern. Africa. Special climate: Warm rainy winters, Hot dry summers,

Geography lesson presentation " Altitudinal zone" 8th grade.

Goals: form an idea of ​​the patterns of change natural conditions and PTK in the mountains.

1. Educational:

Organize student activities to study altitudinal zones;

Create conditions for students to get acquainted with the technical training of alpine and subalpine meadows, forming an image of the mountains;

It is planned that by the end of the lesson, students will be able to build spectrograms of altitude zones and determine from them geographical position and the name of the mountains.

1. Educational:

To promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory, thinking, cognitive activity;

To provide conditions for improving the ability to work with a map and applying the acquired knowledge in practice.

1. Educational:

Help foster love and careful attitude to the surrounding world.

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"presentation "Altitudinal zonation""

Altitudinal zone

Geography. 8th grade.

FGKOU secondary school No. 162

Teacher Zrazhva V.I.

Repetition of covered material

Plant community dominated by conifers

Taiga

A plant community consisting of forbs forms on chernozems with insufficient moisture

Steppe

The science that studies PTC

Landscape science

Solontsy

Saline soils, in which readily soluble salts are large quantities contained in the soil are located at a depth of 20-50 cm.

Types of soils in which salts are present in large quantities in the surface layer

Serozems

A flat clayey place, devoid of vegetation in dry times, is broken into polygons by cracks

Takyrs

Sand acacia grows on sand, can send out branches from its roots, and adventitious roots from its branches, and grow vice versa

Juzgun

Plants with short term growing season

Ephemera

Bustard

The biggest flightless bird steppes

Frontal survey

• Where is the steppe zone located?

(in the south of the East European Plain, in the south of the Urals and in the south of Siberia)

• Why don't trees grow in the steppe?

(insufficient hydration)

• Why do steppe soils have high fertility?

(a significant amount of plant residues remains in them and humus is formed)

• Where can you see trees in the steppe?

(in river valleys)

• What soils are in a semi-desert?

(brown)

• Why is it impossible to determine the age of saxaul by rings?

(salsaul forms several rings throughout the year - from 7 to 18, depending on the number of precipitations)

• Which dangerous phenomena maybe in the steppes?

(droughts, hot winds, dust storms)

• Why does the taiga change to mixed and broad-leaved forests?

(air temperature rises, humidity decreases )

Lesson Objectives

1. Educational:

• organize student activities to study the patterns of changing natural zones in the mountains;
• create conditions for students to become acquainted with the technical training of alpine and subalpine meadows;
• It is expected that at the end of the lesson, students will be able to read spectrograms of altitude zones.

• Educational:

• promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory,

thinking, cognitive activity;

• provide conditions for improving the ability to work with a map and apply the acquired knowledge in practice;

• Educational:

- contribute to the education of love and respect for nature.

The concept of altitudinal zonation

• Altitudinal zone - natural change of soils, flora and fauna with the concept of mountains

Changing the components of nature with climbing into the mountains

Height change

Changing of the climate

Changes in soils, flora and fauna

Group 1. Practical work

• Using contour map and templates place the spectra of altitudinal zones in accordance with mountain systems.

Patterns of location of natural zones in the mountains

Write them down in your notebook.

• 1. The higher the mountains, the larger the set of natural zones (multi-story).
• 2. The closer to the equator, the more diverse natural complexes in the mountains.
• 3. The change of natural zones in the mountains is similar to the change of natural zones on the plain, from south to north.
• 4. The change of natural zones on the northern and southern slopes is different. Snow on the northern slopes begins at a lower altitude.
• 5. The first natural zone at the foot is the one in which the mountains are located.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Natural zones of Eurasia Eurasia is not only a museum of climates, but also a museum of natural zones

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Arctic deserts typical for many islands Arctic Ocean(Franz Josef Land, the northern island of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the northern New Siberian Islands and partly Wrangel Island). On the mainland they are found only in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula. The climate in this area is very harsh, with perpetual snow and glaciers widespread. Most animals are Marine life(seals, walruses, polar bears, arctic foxes). Arctic desert

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The tundra stretches in a continuous strip from west to east of the continent in the northern part. It is in many ways similar to the tundra North America, but there is no musk ox here, because he died out. On the Taimyr Peninsula they are re-bred (from Canada). The most numerous inhabitants are reindeer, lemming, arctic fox, wolf, many birds. Tundra

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Zone coniferous forests(taiga) stretches from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. Climatic conditions in the zone change from west to east, therefore different species composition trees. In the west, pine and spruce predominate on podzolic soils, in Western Siberia in conditions severe swampiness fir and Siberian cedar, in Eastern Siberia, larch is common on frozen-taiga soils, and on the Pacific coast - dark coniferous taiga of Daurian larch, fir, and Korean cedar. In the taiga there are many valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, ermine, marten), among large animals - elk, brown bears, lynxes, many birds. Taiga

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Mixed and deciduous forests located only in the west and east of the temperate zone, it does not form a continuous strip. The most typical types of European broad-leaved forests are oak and beech, maple and linden, hornbeam and elm. The animal world of forests is in many ways similar to the taiga. The main decoration is the mighty forest bull bison. In the east in conditions monsoon climate there is a process of mixing northern and southern species. Birch and bamboo coexist here, vines and wild grapes climb through the pines, a brown bear can meet a tiger, and in Japan there are monkeys. Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, oak, and linden grow. Mixed and broad-leaved forests

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Located in central parts continent, where precipitation decreases and evaporation increases. Steppes are treeless spaces with herbaceous vegetation, under which fertile chernozem soils are formed. They are almost completely plowed, and only in nature reserves their natural landscapes are presented. The predominant animals are rodents (gophers, voles, mice). In the past there were wild horses– tarpans, and wild bulls– tours. Forest-steppe and steppe

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Semi-deserts and temperate deserts Semi-deserts and temperate deserts lie in the central parts of the continent, where there is very little rainfall, hot summers and Cold winter. The vegetation (wormwood, solyanka, sandy sedge) is sparse, and there are desert areas with shifting sand. The only woody plant is saxaul. It has no leaves, instead there are scales, so saxaul looks like a dry, dead tree. The predominant animals are reptiles and rodents, which hibernate during the winter. Previously, there were wild kulan donkeys, Przewalski's horses, and wild camels.

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Located in the western part of the subtropical zone. Thanks to the mild and wet winter, plants grow here all year round, however, lack of moisture during the most intense period solar radiation led to the emergence of adaptations in plants that reduce evaporation. The vegetation is represented by forests of evergreen holm oak, wild olives, noble laurel, pine, cypress, myrtle, and strawberry trees. The zone is characterized by brown and red soils, which are fertile and suitable for cultivating subtropical crops. Hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs

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Deserts and semi-deserts of the subtropical zone Subtropical deserts and semi-deserts are located east of the Caspian Sea, on the highlands of Western Asia. Nature of the zone tropical deserts reminiscent of desert nature North Africa. Of the vegetation, there are especially many ephemerals, which, over a period of short spring rains manage to go through the entire development cycle. Among the animals that live here are antelopes, hyenas, fennec foxes, etc.

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Evergreens monsoon forests In the east of the subtropical zone there is a zone of evergreen variable-humid forests. The forests consist of laurel trees, camphor trees, magnolias, tung trees, and bamboo thickets (a giant grass up to 10 m high) growing on yellow earth and red earth soils. There are almost no wild animals left. There are deer, wild buffalo, tigers, leopards, himalayan bear, a lot of monkeys, incl. gibbons. The most famous animal is big panda– emblem of the World Fund wildlife(WWF).

Characteristics of natural zones of EurasiaNatural
zones
Klm. belts
Flora (4 species)
Fauna (4 species)
soil
Arctic
empty
Arctic
Mosses,
lichens,
polar poppy
Polar bear,
lemming, scribe,
reindeer.
Perennial
permafrost
Tundra
Forest-tundra
Taiga
Mixed width
natural forests
Steppes
Deserts

Arctic deserts

Lasts up to 150 days polar night. Summer is short and
cold. Frost-free period with temperatures
above 0°C lasts only 10-20 days, very rarely up to 50
days. Placers of coarse clastic
material. Soils are thin, underdeveloped,
rocky.

Arctic deserts

It is devoid of trees and
bushes. It's wide here
scale deposits are common
lichens on the mountains
rocks, mosses, various
algae on rocky
soils, only some
flowering
Animal world zones
Arctic presented
polar bears,
arctic foxes, polar
owls, deer. On
rocky shores in summer
seabirds nest,
forming " bird markets».

Tundra

The surface of the tundra western regions is
an endless plain with numerous rivers,
lakes and swamps.

Tundra

Animals of the tundra
adapted to
harsh conditions
existence. Many of
they leave the tundra for
winter; some
(eg lemmings)
are awake under the snow,
others hibernate
polar owl
Reindeer
muskox
arctic fox
Leming
cowberry

Forest-tundra

The average July temperature here is +10-14°C. Annual
the amount of precipitation is 300-400 mm. Precipitation
significantly more than can evaporate, so the forest-tundra
- one of the most swampy natural areas.

Forest-tundra

reindeer
white partridge
blueberry
lynx
cloudberry
In the fauna of the forest-tundra
dominate
lemmings too
different types in different
longitudinal zones,
reindeer, arctic foxes,
white partridge
polar owl and
big variety
migratory,
waterfowl and
small ones settling in
bushes, birds
The tundra is rich
berry
shrubs -
lingonberries, cranberries,
cloudberries, blueberries.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

The climate of the taiga is characterized by relatively warm and fairly humid
in summer and cool, and in some places cold winter. Average annual
precipitation from 300 to 600 mm (in Eastern Siberia it even decreases
up to 150-200 mm). The air temperature in summer often exceeds +30 °C;
In winter, frosts reach 30...50°C.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

By species
composition
differentiate
light coniferous
(pine
ordinary,
some
American
types of pine,
larches
Siberian and
Daurian) and more
characteristic and
common
yu dark coniferous
taiga (spruce, fir,
cedar pine).
spruce
larch
fir
pine
cedar

Taiga (coniferous forests)

Taiga fauna
richer and
more diverse than
animal world
tundra
Numerous and
wide
common: lynx,
wolverine,
chipmunk, sable,
squirrel, etc. From
ungulates
meet northern
and red deer,
elk, roe deer;
numerous
rodents: hares,
shrews, mice. From
birds are common: capercaillie,
hazel grouse, nutcracker,
crossbills, etc.

Broadleaf forests

BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS - deciduous tree-shrub communities with wide leaves of trees in different
combination - oak, beech, maple, linden, elm (elm), chestnut, ash and others.;

Broadleaf forests

maple
Linden
oak
birch
chestnut
ash

Broadleaf forests

Forest-steppe

Forest-steppe is a natural area of ​​the Northern
hemispheres characterized by a combination
forest and steppe areas.

Forest-steppe

Steppe

Steppe - a plain overgrown with grassy vegetation, in
moderate and subtropical zones northern and southern hemispheres.
A characteristic feature of the steppes is the almost complete
lack of trees

Steppe

Feather grass steppe
goitered gazelle
meerkat
camel
bustard

Semi-deserts and deserts

Temperate semi-deserts stretch across Eurasia
wide strip (up to 500 km) from the western part
Caspian lowland, through Kazakhstan, Mongolia
to Eastern China.

Semi-deserts and deserts

scorpion
turtle
fennec fox
monitor lizard
viper
camel
long eared hedgehog

hard-leaved forests,
subtropical evergreen forests mainly from xerophilic,
hard-leaved species. The tree canopy is single-tiered, with a dense
undergrowth from evergreen shrubs.

Hard-leaved, evergreen forests and shrubs

butcher's broom
Olive Tree
laurel
lemon
mandarin
ficus

Southern natural areas

Savannas and woodlands
Altitudinal areas
Variably wet and monsoon forests

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Flora and fauna The fauna of Eurasia is very diverse. Distribution of modern wild fauna over the territory depends on the characteristics of natural conditions and on the results of human activity. Most common large mammal tundra - reindeer. Arctic fox, lemming and mountain hare are also found in the tundra. The most common birds are white and tundra partridges. In the summer, seagulls, loons, eiders, geese, ducks, and swans fly to the tundra. The fauna of the forest zone is best preserved in the taiga. Wolves, brown bears, moose, lynxes, foxes, squirrels, wolverines, and martens live here. Birds include black grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse, and crossbill. Steppe animals - steppe ferret, gophers, various mice. Of the large animals, the saiga has survived. There are a variety of birds - larks, swallows, falcons. Semi-deserts and deserts are dominated by reptiles, rodents, and ungulates. IN Central Asia live bactrian camels, wild donkeys - kulans. In the mountain forests of Southern China, the bamboo panda bear, the Himalayan black bear, and the leopard have been preserved. They still live in Hindustan and on the island of Sri Lanka wild elephants. India and Indochina are characterized by an abundance of monkeys, a large number of various reptiles, especially poisonous snakes. Many animals living in Eurasia are listed in the Red Book: bison, Ussurian tiger, kulan, etc.

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