Service parts of speech: unions. Spelling unions

Unions are:

• simple - consisting of one word (how, so that, when, etc.);
• compound - consisting of two or more words (due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, etc.).

Unions are divided into:

• coordinative - bind homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex one (and, then);
• subordinating - connect simple sentences in a complex sentence, of which one is subordinate to the second in meaning (so that, when, because).

The coordinating and subordinating, in turn, are divided into groups.

Composing:

• connecting - and, yes (in the meaning of and), not only .. but also, how .. and;
• adversative - a, but, yes (meaning but), but even, but;
• dividing - or, or .. or, either, then .. that, not that .. not that.

Subordinate:

• causal - because, because, since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc .;
• target - so that, so that, in order to, in order to, etc .;
• temporary - when, only, just, while, barely, etc .;
• conditional - if, once, how soon, etc.;
• comparative - as if, as if, as if, exactly, etc .;
• explanatory - what, to, how, etc.;
• concessive - despite the fact that, although, no matter how, etc.

Examples

Subordinating conjunctions

Causal
We all must love our fatherland, because here we received life, for the first time we saw the light (A.N. Tolstoy).
Target
To fall in love with music, one must first of all listen to it (D. Shostakovich).
Temporary
Everything was ready when the familiar stooped figure of the teacher (N. Garin-Mikhailovsky) appeared at the end of the corridor.
Conditional
How well all the people in the world could live, if they only wanted to, if they only understood! (A. Fadeev).
Comparative
Nature must be protected, as we protect the very life of man (K. Paustovsky). Thick fog, like cotton wool, lay throughout the forest (V. Arseniev).
Explanatory
Vladimir saw with horror that he was driving into an unfamiliar forest (A. Pushkin).
concessions
An irresistible, although quiet force attracted me (I. Turgenev). In the steppe it was quiet, overcast, although the sun has risen (A. Chekhov).

Coordinating conjunctions

Connecting
The stars fade and go out (N. Nekrasov). The grass is also full of transparent tears, and the thunder rumbles in the distance (A. Blok). Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature (I. Petryakov).
opposing
There is a short but marvelous time in the initial autumn (F. Tyutchev). A hot face with anguish was looking for the wind, but there was no wind (I. Turgenev).
Dividing
Or are you weary, my friend, like a howling storm, or are you dozing under the buzz of your spindle? (A. Pushkin). Clubs of either mist or small splashes are rushing (S. Mikhalkov).

A service part of speech that connects homogeneous members and simple sentences as part of a complex one. Depending on their role, unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating .

writing unions can bind:

A) homogeneous members V simple sentence: Stars fade and fade (N. Nekrasov); Now to the right, then to the left, then behind was the rumble of falling trunks (K. Paustovsky);

b) equal simple sentences as part of a complex (complex): Young leaves babbled, and here and there finches sang, and turtledoves cooed all on the same tree. (I. Turgenev); Either it will rain in the morning, or suddenly sleet will fly.

Subordinating unions connect such simple sentences as part of a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence (main) you can put a question to another (dependent): For the hundredth time I regretted about what? ) that was not born an artist (K. Paustovsky); You have to put your life in such conditions, ( which? ) for labor to be necessary (A. Chekhov).

Unions are also divided into simple(consist of one word: a, and, but, or, how, when, barely, to) and composite(consist of several words: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, despite the fact that, in order to).

Groups of coordinating conjunctions

Group	Connecting	opposing	Dividing
	and, yes (= and), not only...but also, as...and	but, yes (= but), however (same), but	or, or ... or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that
Connects like members	Not only in July, but also in August the weather is warm.	I did not rest, but I managed to prepare for the test.	It must be done either today or tomorrow.
Links equal offers	Not only children played football, but adults also willingly joined them.	It was hot all day, but in the evening a strong thunderstorm began.	Either you keep your promise, or you will no longer be trusted.

Sometimes there are also group of affiliated unions (also, also, and, moreover, moreover: attach additional information) And group of explanatory conjunctions (that is, namely, or in the meaning of that is).

Groups of subordinating conjunctions

Group (question from the main sentence)		Example
1. Causal (why?)	Because, because, since, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that	Due to the fact that in the valley good woods, there are preserved animals.
2. Target (why?)	In order to (in order to), in order to, in order to, in order to	In order to connect with our comrades, we need to swim across the river.
3. Temporary (when?)	when, barely, only, just, while, before, after, while	As soon as I entered, the clock struck eight.
4. Conditional (under what condition?)	If (would), once, whether, how soon, if, if, when, if soon	If there were no envy in the world, there would be no wars.
5. Comparative (how?)	Like, like, like, like, exactly, like	Nature must be protected, as we protect our lives.
6. Explanatory (question of indirect case)	What to, how	Everyone asked him to sing. She was often told that she was very good.
7. Concessions (in spite of what?)	Despite the fact that, no matter how, although, for nothing that	No matter how sad, but we must part.

The union is a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members, simple sentences as part of a complex one, as well as sentences in the text.

Conjunctions are simple, for example: and, but, when, if In some cases, the concretizer connected to a simple union becomes a component of a compound union: namely, and also. compound for example: because; not only but; because; as if A typical way of concretizing subordinating conjunctions is to combine them with prepositional combinations, for example: after, because, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, not like that, like that; as a result of such a connection, a compound union is formed;

In addition to the concretizers directly connected to the union, correlates take part in the formation of the connection between words and sentences - service elements that are positionally not connected with the union, forming with it a double allied connection. They differ: 1) semantically non-specialized correlates then, so (if - then, if - so), indicating only the syntactic connection of sentences, and 2) specialized correlates: then, here (colloquial), means to know (simple), therefore, therefore (simple.) Both of them can be used together, forming a composite correlate, within which a component with a specialized meaning takes the position of a qualifier: (if) - then; (if) means; (because) - then therefore; (times) - so be it.

Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating. 1. Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members and simple sentences equal in meaning as part of a complex sentence, which is called a compound sentence. 2. Subordinating conjunctions connect simple sentences in a complex sentence, which is called a complex sentence. In such a complex sentence, one is subordinate in meaning to another, that is, one can raise a question from one sentence to another.

A comma between simple sentences in an allied complex sentence A comma is placed between simple sentences in an allied complex sentence.

Coordinating unions By meaning, coordinating unions are divided into three groups: 1. connecting: and, yes (=and), not only - but also, how - so and; 2. adversative: a, but yes (= but), however (same), but 3. divisive: or, either this - that, not that - not that.

Note: Parts of some compound unions (like - - and, not only - - but also, not that - not that, etc.) are with different homogeneous members or in different parts complex proposal. A comma is placed before the second part of such unions, for example: It either rained with snow, or snow with rain.

Subordinating unions By meaning, subordinating unions are 1. causal (because, because, since, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), 2. target (to (to) , in order to, so that, etc.), 3. temporary (when, barely, only, while, etc.), 4. conditional (if, if, once, whether, how soon, etc.), 5. comparative (as if, as if, as if, exactly, etc.), 6. explanatory (what, to, how, etc.).

Note: In a sentence with an explanatory conjunction, as from the first part of the complex sentence to the second, you can raise the question of the indirect case.

Consolidated spelling unions also, too, so that Unions also, too, so that (to) are written together. They should be distinguished from combinations in the same way (adverb with a particle), the same as (pronouns with particles). In these combinations, particles, as a rule, can be omitted or rearranged to another place. Unions can also be replaced by the union and, and the union to can be replaced by a compound union in order to. The father also (=and) studied at the institute (it cannot be omitted). The son studied as well as the father (you can also omit it).

1. Union as part of speech.

2. Meanings of unions.

3. Syntactic relations expressed by unions.

4. Types of unions by structure.

§ 1. Union as a part of speech.

Unions are service words expressing syntactic relations between sentence members, parts of a complex sentence and individual sentences: 1) Mother listened to his weak, tremblingAnd brittle voice. His speech was heavyBut free(Bitter). Unions and but connect the same members of a sentence. 2) The sky was still grayBut there was no rain,And through a dense veil of clouds the sun could be seen(N. Nikitin). Unions but also connect parts of a complex sentence. 3) The intention to find his son did not leave him.But it matures in jerks - it will ache the heart, then it will quiet down and be forgotten(Fedin). Union But connects separate sentences.

Unions occupy a strictly defined place in the sentence, but are not members of the sentence. Like prepositions, they express various syntactic relations.

Being immutable words, conjunctions do not have special morphological indicators for expressing syntactic relations and are not used in morphology. Conjunctions are not isolated from other categories of words. They are formed on the basis of various parts of speech (pronouns, adverbs, modal words and particles, etc.). In modern Russian, the replenishment of conjunctions at the expense of other parts of speech is a living and active process. In this regard, "in the Russian language, the categories of hybrid or transitional words and expressions that combine the meanings of conjunctions with the meanings of other grammatical categories are expanding and multiplying." So, they peculiarly combine the meanings of modal words and conjunctions on the contrary, however, nevertheless, as if, exactly, at the same time, besides etc., meanings of adverbs and conjunctions then, but, barely, for now, for now etc. It is not always easy to draw the boundaries of polysemy and homonymy here, as evidenced by the materials of explanatory dictionaries.

Finally, unions can move to other parts of speech. For example, union But , denoting "objection, obstacle", is used in the function of an indeclinable noun: There is a smallBut . NoneBut -follow the order.

In the function of unions, many independent words related to various parts of speech (allied, relative words) are used: who, what, how much, which, which, whose, where, where, when, why, where, why and etc.

§ 2. Meanings of unions.

Unions express abstract syntactic relations. In their semantics, as in the semantics of prepositions, lexical and grammatical meanings are combined. Grammatical (categorical) meaning unions is a general indication of the connection of syntactic units, the nature of the syntactic connection between them. By grammatical meanings, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

Lexical meaning unions is an indication of concrete types syntactic relationships. Such are spatial, temporal, target, causal, determinative, comparative, etc. meanings and their shades. For example, in the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov, the union or characterized as follows: 1. separating. Links two or more sentences, as well as homogeneous members of the sentence that are in a mutually exclusive relationship. Heor I. Il and she will leaveor you won't see me again... 2. connecting. Use when attaching the last member of the enumeration, when complementing the previous one. Look carefully on the table, on the shelvesor in the closet. 3. opposing. Otherwise, otherwise. go awayor I'll tell you too much. 4. interrogative. Use at the beginning of a sentence in is it, is it(colloquial). Or don't you know about it?... 5. explanatory. Use to connect different names of one concept in meaning. "otherwise". Airplane, or airplane".

Lexical polysemy is especially developed among simple, non-derivative conjunctions. The circle of relations expressed by them is very wide. The weakness of the lexical and morphological weight of such unions is compensated by their semantic-syntactic loading. For example, in the dictionary ed. D. N. Ushakov union Yes fixed in the connector (DayYes night-days away. proverb), connecting (Shel I one,Yes still at night) adversative (A crow perched on a spruce tree, I was quite ready to have breakfast,Yes thought about it. Krylov) values; And used in conjunction (She forgot the shameAnd honor. Pushkin), connecting (Yesterday I received a money order,And very handy, because he was without money), enumerative (AND nashch, And arrow, And crafty dagger spare the winner years. Pushkin), narrative (Once upon a time there were three brothers,And they lived very poorly.AND found a mountain of gold. Tale), amplifying (AND this bastard dares to assure of his conscientiousness! Pushkin), concession (AND I want to go to a friend, but there is no time), adversative (Man,And crying!) values.

Subordinating conjunctions are also polysemantic: union What expresses comparative, temporal, explanatory, quantitative, investigative, causal meanings, How : temporary, comparative, conditional, causal, connecting and other meanings.

Unions are the words of the service part of speech, which serve to connect homogeneous members of a simple sentence and parts of a complex sentence - compound and complex: Old age walks cautiously and looks suspiciously (P.); Everyone knew her, and no one noticed (P.); He realized that the story still needs to be completed so as not to arouse even more suspicion (Greene).
By structure, unions are divided into simple and compound.
Simple conjunctions (non-derivatives and, but, but also others and derivatives when, if, etc.) are indivisible and inconsistent in modern Russian with significant parts of speech. Compound unions, for example: while, because, since, etc., correlative with nouns, pronouns and adverbs, are divided into separate components.
By syntactic functions, unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as parts of compound sentences. According to their meaning, these unions are divided into

• connecting: and, yes (in the meaning of and); and...and, neither...nor;
• comparative: not only ... but also, both ... and;
• adversative: a, but, yes (meaning but), however, the same, but;
• dividing: or, or ... or, either, or ... either, then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... or;
• connecting: yes and, also, too.

Subordinating conjunctions usually connect parts of complex sentences, although sometimes, relatively rarely, they can also be used in a simple sentence to connect sentence members. For example: He is known as a good foreman; She is like a song to me.
Some subordinating conjunctions can break into two parts, for example, because, since and others: one part forms correlative word in the main part of the sentence, the other is the union in the subordinate clause.
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into

• temporary (when, barely, only, so far, for the time being, so far, only, since);
• causal (because, because, as a result of

What);

• target (to, in order to);
• consequences (so);
• conditions (if, if, if);
• concessive (although, let it be, despite the fact that);
• comparative (as if, as if, as if);
• explanatory (what).

The difference between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, both morphologically and syntactically, is not stable. So, the union, although (at least) can connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence: He shot quickly, although not accurately .; Although the eye sees, the tooth is numb.
In the function of unions, pronouns can be used, which in this case are called allied words. Fulfilling the role of unions, i.e. serving as a means of communication, allied words, unlike unions, are members of the subordinate part of the sentence. Wed: What you sow, you will reap. (What is a relative word, addition); I'm stupid to be angry (what is a union).
By use, unions are of three types:

1. single, used once. Of the coordinating unions, the union but is typical in this respect (subordinating unions are usually single). For example: A small scientist, but a pedant (P.);
2. repeating: and ... and, or ... or, either ... either, neither ... neither, then ... then, etc. For example: No response, no word, no greetings (Apukhtin);
3. double, the components of which are mutually related in use. Coordinating unions can be double (both ... and, not only ... but also): Pushkin created various works both in poetry and in prose; or subordinating conjunctions (if ... then; since ... then, just ... like, etc.). For example: And if anyone is to blame, then I am alone (L.T.).