Test "Simple one-part and incomplete sentences" (Grade 8). One-part sentences: examples, types. One-part impersonal sentence: examples
One-part sentences- sentences with one main member only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. There is only one main member in a one-part sentence, and it cannot be called either a subject or a predicate. This is the main member of the proposal.
One-part sentences can be common and non-common, depending on whether the main member is explained with additional words or not. One-part sentences are of two types: verbal and substantive.
Verb one-part sentence. A distinctive feature of one-part verbal sentences is the absence of a subject: the subject of the action is not represented in them, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary verb or a linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; Outside the window they sing; You won't fool him; He was having fun; Do not pass here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal suggestions- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs singular or plural.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of the Siberian ores keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting the subject into the sentence. me, you, we or you.
Indefinitely personal sentences- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example:
In the village they say that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol);
An elephant was led along the streets ... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain ... (V. Vysotsky);
It's okay that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school actively addresses the problem of academic achievement; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have secondary members, i.e. indefinitely personal sentences, as a rule, are common. As part of indefinitely personal sentences, two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: They sang in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth, they often strive to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now he will be brought here (M. Gorky).
Generalized personal sentences- these are one-part sentences in which the verb-predicate denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of people.
The verb-predicate in a generalized personal sentence is in the same form as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences. Proverbs are a prime example.
You can't even catch a fish from a pond without effort.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized personal sentences - sentences in which the action is timeless, refers to any, every person, to a group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
impersonal proposals- These are one-part sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, the involuntary nature of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal I couldn't sleep; He is cold); condition environment (It's getting dark; Pulls with freshness); the state of affairs ( Bad with frames; Experiments cannot be delayed.), etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences have a “tinge of passivity, inertia”.
According to the school classification, impersonal sentences also include infinitive sentences (that is, sentences with a main member-predicate expressed by an independent infinitive).
The main term can be expressed:
Form of the 3rd person singular of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
The neuter form: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
Word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will not): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you were not and are not more obedient (N. Gumilyov).
The combination of the word of the category of state (with a modal meaning) with the infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that it is impossible to laugh, then - then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
Brief passive participle of the middle gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); I have not tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); For a long time to sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed by the form of the noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they are not even supposed to act. Depending on the meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
denominations.
Nominative proposals assert the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. The outside. Flashlight. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional coloring. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
denominations- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominal sentences is expressed by the form of the nominative case of the noun and the phrase, which includes the nominative case. In principle, the use of a pronoun is also possible, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" Ariel said as she floated into the living room.. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Therefore, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.
Types of nominal sentences
Nominative existential state the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
denominative indexes point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, there are pointer particles HERE or OUT: Here is a sofa for you, spread yourself out to rest (Gr.).
Estimated denominative evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: Well, night! Here's to you, grandmother and St. George's day.
Desirable-naming express desire anything. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, there are particles ONLY, ONLY WOULD, IF: If only not the control.
Incomplete a sentence is called that is characterized by an incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (main or secondary), which, even without naming, are clear from the context or setting.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this respect incomplete sentences differ from unsaid sentences, which are interrupted for one reason or another by statements, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won't work like that...(B. Paul); - I'm, mother. Am I... People say that she...(B. Paul.).
Correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. It is they who point to the "empty" positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language, they are widely used in fiction both in the transmission of the dialogue and in the description.
Types of incomplete sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. contextual incomplete sentences are called with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context: in the next sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Contextual suggestions include:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or minor members (separately or in groups). Absence of subject:
- Wait, who are you? Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Paul.).
Absence of predicate:
- You left your wife, Mikola?
- Not,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!I answered her(M. G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstance: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Ferret - to people, to society(T.).
Absence of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Paul.).
The absence of a minor member of the proposal (additions, circumstances) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother gave the father carrots, but forgot to give the gloves.I handed my father(S. Bar.).
Compound sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What is it to you? You say, not mills? - Where? What do you mean "where"? Here. - Where is it? -Where do we go(Cat.). The main part is not named in the last sentence.
Incomplete sentences that are part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - a kukan with a fish(Sol.). In the second part of the complex sentence, the main members that are in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, I saw how the lead aircraft, absurdly falling on the wing, dressed in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence, when he raised his head, the subject was not named, which is common with the main part.
In a non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - so with jogging(Sol.). In the explanatory part of the complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
situational incomplete sentences with unnamed members are called, which are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: Somehow, after midnight, he knocked on Zhuravushka's door. She threw back the hook ... -Can?he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a whine somewhere. Apparently not close.
- Calmed down- peacefully said my neighbor(S. Bar.). While I was waiting for my turn, printing presses began to scroll behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!I warned and ran to my car.(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical of dialogic speech., which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogical sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech as additional components, along with words, extralinguistic factors also act: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are called, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions are distinguished.
Suggestions-replicas are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:
- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won't be saved anyway.(New-Rev.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:
- What's in your knot, eagles?
"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
They can be answers to a question requiring confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a grandmother?
- Not at all.
- And the mother?
- There is(New-Rev.).
Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What have you not tried - to fish or to love?
- First(M. G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in the village? Stepan replied and chuckled.(Ch.).
INDECOMPOSIBLE PROPOSITIONS
Indecomposable sentences are a special structural type of a simple sentence, which is characterized by syntactic incompatibility. They consist of one word (they are also called "word-utterances").
Structurally indecomposable sentences expressed by particles, modal words and interjections are called indecomposable. The specificity of these proposals is that they do not include either main or minor members suggestions. their structural basis is formed by words devoid of nominative meaning: particles, modal words and interjections. Sentence words express the assertion or denial of the facts that the interlocutor is talking about. (So. No. Okay) motives and appeals (Down with! Stop!), assessment of facts or phenomena (Wow!).
According to the meaning of the words-sentences are divided into several groups:
1. Affirmative sentence words serve to express approval of the expressed thought:
The black. You don't know where he is, but you write letters?
Alenka. So,(T. Kolomiets).
Are you from the village? Yeah ... (Ostap Cherry).
2. Negative sentence words express disagreement with the opinion expressed:
-Did you know? - Not!(G. Staritsky).
3. Incentive words-sentences are used to express the motivation to perform an action or transition to any state:
Is he the same? God knows what you're thinking! It's embarrassing to listen to. - Tsits- but! - someone interrupted(A. Svidnitsky). - Away! Away! Chose my children! Left the woman hungry(V. Samchuk).
4. Interrogative sentence words serve to encourage the interlocutor to explain his thought and clarify it. They are predominantly expressed in affirmative or motivating words:
- They were healthy, grandfather! - Ha? - asks grandfather Timofey(Ostap Cherry).
5. Emotionally evaluative words - sentences serve to express emotions (admiration, indignation, fear): - Oh! And beauty! - exclaimed the hunter (Ostap Cherry).
6. Sentence words expressing greeting, request, gratitude, apology: -Good evening, Uncle Martin! And God help! .. - they shout from a distance to Martin (V. Samchuk).
Indecomposable sentences do not include any member of the sentence. Taken separately, they do not express anything.
So, the following cannot be classified as indecomposable: a) one-word sentences that have in their composition any member expressed by a multi-valued part of speech: - And what about Dmitry? Bad (K. Motrich); b) sentences in which full-valued words are used after particles, and particles are used to provide an opinion of the appropriate shade: - What happened, can you finally say? - That is OK. Go to sleep(Kol. Motrich).
INCOMPLETE TWO-PART AND SINGLE-PART SENTENCES
Incomplete are called simple sentences in which one or more members necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence are missing, which is easily established from the context or situation. For example: The saber hurts the head, and the word hurts the soul(N. tv.). The highlighted sentence is incomplete, the predicate is missing (it hurts).
Only those members can be considered missing, the absence of which predetermines the semantic or structural incompleteness of the sentence: Alone in love with old letters. Those - to the music * And those - to red volumes. Such a life... (B. Oleinik). The second and third sentences are perceived without the first as meaningless, the predicate is missing in them. Incomplete sentences are used both orally and in writing literary language to give the statement stylistic harmony, natural sound and logical economy.
According to structural and semantic features, among incomplete sentences, the following varieties are distinguished: a) sentences are structurally and semantically incomplete; b) the sentences are structurally incomplete, but semantically complete.
The main group of incomplete constructions consists of sentences that are structurally and semantically incomplete, they are divided into contextual and situational.
Contextual sentences are incomplete sentences, the omitted member of which helps to establish the adjacent text: Merges into the Dnieper Sula, people's lives - in history(A. Yushchenko); It was a bitter winter. Still such a cold and snowy people did not know(Panas Mirny).
Incomplete sentences are called situational, the missing member of which helps to establish the situation: The partisan intelligence officer met the Nazis. - To the village? - they ask (Yu. Zbanatsky).
2. Structurally incomplete, but semantically complete, elliptic sentences are called. In these sentences, there is an omitted predicate that is not established from the context or situation. We get an idea about this predicate from our own content and structure of these sentences, or rather, from semantics. Forms of dependent obligatory secondary members of the application or circumstances: And he himself - a backpack on his shoulders, a stick in his hands - from village to village (A. Golovko).
So, elliptic sentences are structurally incomplete. Semantically, they are complete, because in the absence of a lexically expressed predicate, the semantic load falls on the semantically and structurally obligatory, secondary members of the sentence - circumstances and additions that depend on the "zero predicate" 19 .
Elliptical sentences are used to make speech expressive, emotional, expressive both in oral and written forms of the literary language. They are used as appeals, slogans: All for the election!
Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete. Therefore, one-component full sentences, in which there is never a subject (impersonal, generalized-personal, indefinitely-personal, marked-personal, infinitive), should not be confused with incomplete two-part sentences in which the subject is omitted; one-part complete sentences in which there is never a predicate (nominative), with two-part sentences in which the predicate is omitted.
The omitted subject or predicate in two-part sentences is established from the context, situation, or existing secondary members, and in one-part sentences, the presence of one main member of the sentence is their essential structural feature.
One-part sentences are simple sentences, the grammatical basis of which is represented by only one main member, which expresses a sign of predicativity.
Definitely, indefinitely and generalized personal one-part sentences.
Sentences with a non-verbalized subject.
Definitely personal suggestions
The predicate - the personal form of the verb - indicates a specific person. This is the 1st or 2nd person in the present or future tense - and never 3 face or past tense! As well as verbs in the imperative mood: Let's think Read poetry
Indefinitely personal sentences
Here the subject is not defined - it is a certain group of persons that is known to the speaker or is not important for him. In such sentences, the speaker's attention is focused not on the subject of the action, but on the action itself. The predicate is expressed in the form of the 3rd person plural (They say, they said, they will say, they call you, knocking on the door, pushing in the subway)
Varieties of N.L.P:
Instructive: They don't smoke here, It's cooked like this,
The rest - They brought a bouquet of lilacs and put them on the table
NLP never describes the actions of objects!
Generalized personal sentences
The predicate denotes an action that can be attributed to all people in general, and to the speaker among them, that is, to a generalized subject, although the form of the verb itself can be 1st, 2nd or 3rd person (you come and see - ..., we willingly give what we ourselves do not need, etc.)
Types of O.L.P. :
Proverbial (chickens are counted in the fall, live a century - learn a century)
Narrative-usual (you enter and see, there are days when you give up)
Evaluative-characterizing (you are always waiting for you, but you won’t get through to her, you won’t meet a living soul here)
Impersonal offers.
The predicate names a spontaneous, involuntary process (state) that does not have a doer, that is, it is subjectless. The absence of an active figure is important (he cannot sleep, his grandmother is sad, he was killed by lightning).
infinitive sentences.
In infinitive sentences there are signs inherent in the impersonal. The predicate is expressed by a grammatically independent infinitive: You will not see such battles!
The semantics of infinitive sentences is the designation of a possible or impossible, necessary or inevitable action, but the action is always potential. Infinitive sentences are expressive. The main sphere of use, in addition to fiction, is colloquial speech.
Nominative (nominative) sentences.
Sentences in which there is only a subject expressed in the nominative case of the nominal part of speech. Nominative sentences reflect only the present.
There are the following types of nominal sentences:
Proper-existential, which name phenomena, that is, that which has a temporal duration ( Petersburg twilight);
Object-existential, which name objects located in space; laundresses, troughs
Demonstrative-existential - contain particles here for close objects , and out for distant ;
Evaluative-existential - contain evaluative particles (well, what kind, what: What an ear!).
incomplete sentence is a sentence with lexically unreplaced syntactic positions. The following positions may not be replaced:
1.main members:
Predicate (Dad took the newspaper. Mom - a book)
Subject (- Where is Petya? - Sitting in the library)
2.propagating members:
Additions (-Where is the book? - The neighbor took it)
There are no members of the sentence here, restored from the context. The main distinguishing feature of incomplete sentences is that they are incomprehensible in isolated use, i.e. outside the situation of communication or without context. In accordance with where the information about the word missing in the sentence comes from, they are divided into:
-Contextually incomplete: those that are understandable from the context. Example: Road spoon to dinnerand denunciation - to the elections.
-Situationally incomplete: those that are understandable in the situation of communication; understood only by the participants in the situation (those who speak and those who observe). May be perceived inaccurately; exist mainly in oral. Example: (in a furniture store, a person points to a cabinet: - Eight thousand? = Does this closet cost eight thousand?)
A dash is usually put in place of a word omitted in an incomplete sentence (I write with a pen, and he writes with a pencil).
Incomplete sentences can be either one-part or two-part, depending on which structural scheme they correspond to:
God, what did you break the window with? - With a mousetrap (= I broke the window with a mousetrap - two-part incomplete);
What are you missing? - Attention (= I lack attention - one-part impersonal incomplete)
Elliptical proposals
Elliptical offers - special kind incomplete offers. They always lack a verb-predicate. They differ in that they are understandable without context and without a situation. In elliptical sentences, it is not customary to put a dash at the gap.
Verbs can ellipse:
verbs of being, being in space. what? who? → where? example: The book is on the table. (lies)
movement verbs. who? → where? where? Examples: We are going to school. We are from school. Tatyana into the forest, the bear follows her. (Let's go)
verbs of speech, thought. who? → about what? about whom? examples: Who is talking about what, and lousy about the bath. (dreaming, thinking)
verbs of energetic, aggressive action. whom? → what? for what? examples: And you would have him by the hair! Board them, board! As the redhead passes, I immediately hit him in the eye! (grab, hit)
Parceling
Parceling is the division of a single sentence in a language with the help of a dot into a series of statements. Example: He promised to come. And arrived. (package that is not an independent offer)
Can be packaged:
Homogeneous members (including predicates)
Minor members
Parts of a complex sentence
Purposes of use: rhythmization of the text; highlighting important pieces of information;
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
but) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow melts; |
| 2) Composite nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
but) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
but) to me sorry to leave with you; |
but) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the form of a singular, neuter gender. |
Closed . |
The store is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form genitive will change to the nominative case (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
A large number of errors in the analysis simple sentences associated with a misunderstanding of the specifics of one-part and incomplete sentences, with the inability to distinguish between these types of structures.
One-part sentences- these are sentences in which the grammatical basis consists of one main member. This main member in the sentence is grammatically independent and is expressed verb forms, noun, and adverb. Grammar and lexical meaning principal term is such that the presence of a second principal term is excluded.
The type of a one-part sentence is determined by the value of the main member. All one-part sentences are divided into two types: verbal and nominal. The verbs include definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal sentences. The nominal type is represented by denominative sentences.
IN definitely personal offers the main member indicates that the action belongs to a certain person - the speaker or the listener. Only verbs of 1 or 2 persons have such a meaning in Russian: Go hunting. Give, Jim, for good luck paw to me.
IN indefinite personal sentences the main member has the value of an indefinite person: Unpainted floors are washed with grit here. The value of an indefinite person allows you to correlate the action with a single person, and with a large group of people. The meaning of the verb form is, as it were, generally abstracted from the concretization of the carrier of the action. Such a meaning in Russian is capable of receiving verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural, verbs in the form of the plural of the past tense and the subjunctive mood.
Generalized personal sentences have a head member whose value represents the action as referring to all persons without exception. Such meanings are widely represented in sentences-proverbs, sentences-aphorisms: You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without difficulty.. Generalized personal meaning is expressed in Russian by verbs of the 2nd person singular of the present tense and the imperative mood, as well as by verbs of the 3rd person of the plural of the indicative mood: They don’t go to a foreign monastery with their charter.
The expression of this type of meaning with the help of the verb form of the 2nd person leads to the fact that the speaker, among all the persons to whom he refers the action, involuntarily singles out himself and his interlocutor. Therefore, conventionally, the value of a generalized personal type can be represented as "I + you + all others".
It is no coincidence that sentences of this type are not used in a scientific and official business style.
impersonal offer has a main member that expresses an action or state regardless of the person: The streets are clean; The bus tossed up more and more often; It's already getting dark.
Impersonal meaning in Russian can be expressed by impersonal verbs, personal verbs in impersonal meaning, adverbs. Some of these adverbs can only be used as the main member of an impersonal sentence: it is possible, it is necessary, it is a pity, it is time and etc.
Nominative sentences speak of the existence, being of an object.
The main member of nominal sentences is expressed by a noun in the nominative case:
Night. the outside, flashlight, pharmacy, meaningless and dim light.
Nominative sentences may include indicative particles:
Here is the house Petrovs.
Of the minor members of the sentence in denominative sentences, one can most often find agreed and inconsistent definitions.