A simple sentence complicated by definitions examples. The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence

A.F. Priyatkina highlights the following signs, which distinguish a complicated sentence from an uncomplicated one (hereinafter - OP and NP):

1. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are only such elements that are expressed by non-duplicating word forms. A complicated sentence has special syntactic positions: the position is duplicated, that is, the sentence contains two (or more) subjects, objects, etc. for example: In our city in winter especially in January ice is very common. The selected component creates a complicated sentence, since there is a duplication of the syntactic position of the circumstance (“in winter, especially in January”).

2. Uncomplicated and complicated sentences differ in syntactic relations. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are two types of syntactic relations: predicative and subordinating. In a complicated sentence, syntactic relations of other types are necessarily present: semi-predicative, explanatory, clarifying, etc.

3. The difference between uncomplicated and complicated sentences is also manifested in syntactic connections. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are two types of connections - predicative and subordinal subordinates (coordination, control, adjacency). In a complicated sentence, in addition to these links, there are necessarily links of other types: coordinating, explanatory, bidirectional links, formalized by the actual syntactic indicators.

4. The fourth distinguishing feature is formal indicators that form syntactic links. In an uncomplicated sentence - only morphological and syntactic indicators (word forms and non-derivative prepositions). In a complicated sentence - morphological-syntactic and proper syntactic indicators.

The latter include conjunctions - coordinating and subordinating, derivative prepositions of the "union" type (with adverbial meanings such as "despite", "contrary", with comparative-extractive meanings such as "except", "instead of"), various analogues of unions - particles, introductory-modal words, as well as word order and intonation.

The role of word order and intonation is especially great in the absence of other formal indicators. for example : At the end of May, the artist Petrov arrived. - At the end of May, Petrov, the artist, arrived. The first sentence is uncomplicated, the second is complicated. Complications are word order and intonation.

Types of complication of a simple sentence.

SIMPLE COMPOUND SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are "complicating elements" that express an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the proposal and isolated members of the proposal; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals and interjections.

Therefore, the following types of complications are distinguished:

1) with homogeneous members,

2) with separate members,

3) from introductory and plug-in structures,

4) with appeals.

HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF THE OFFER are members of the same name, bound friend with another coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating unions and are pronounced with the so-called enumeration intonation.

Homogeneous can be both main and minor members suggestions, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, groves have already stretched along the banks.- homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds- homogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous members of the proposal can be non-common and common, i.e. may include explanatory words: Every year he comes fresh, taut, bathed in southern showers.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be morphologically heterogeneous: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, slept badly.

Availability not considered homogeneous members sentences when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going to the open field. Or in fr. expressions: no light, no dawn, no fluff, no feather.

HOMOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to designate hallmarks various objects: red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for my sister.

b) to denote various features of the same subject: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.

Definitions are NON-HOMOGENEOUS if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined: The sun disappeared behind a forward low broken cloud.

NON-HOMOGENEOUS definitions characterize the subject from different angles, in different ways, for example: big leather briefcase (size and material).

Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The whole estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them.

SEPARATION - semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element: He woke up from a horse's clatter, suddenly escaping from behind a hillock.

There are so-called semi-predicative relations between the isolated members and the words being defined, as a result of which the isolated members, in their semantic load and in intonational design, approach subordinate clauses.

There is also an intonation-semantic selection of words that can be not only secondary, but also the main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.

CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of the concept, its limitation: Ahead, near the road, a fire burned.

Most often clarifying are the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the manner of action: Quietly, fearfully, she said something strange to him.

Definitions often act as clarifying members: He examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long, to the toe, overcoat.

EXPLANATION is the designation in this context of the same concept by another word or other words.

Explanatory can be both secondary and main members of the sentence, for example: I only need one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Quite different, city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment- the definition is explained.

Proposals with separate definitions, applications, circumstances, additions - independently.

INTRODUCTORY WORDS, PHRASES AND SENTENCES are not grammatically related to members, are not members of a sentence and express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed.

Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole, or to its individual members: Luckily no one noticed me; - ... Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately, not in a deep place.

According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories:

1. EVALUATION by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of the reported: of course, without any doubt, it can be: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health.

2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of what is being reported: fortunately, unfortunately, a strange thing, etc.: But, unfortunately, at that time the governor turned up.

3. The connection of thoughts, SEQUENCE OF STATEMENT is indicated by introductory words and phrases firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, was an incessant service.

4. INDICATION OF THE SOURCE of what is reported: according to, according to opinion, they say, according to psychologists, in my opinion, from the point of view: According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away.

INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information, incidental remarks, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence. They are usually not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed, do not contain an assessment of the message, an indication of its source, a connection with other messages, etc. Plug-in constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual firmness, and his grief ( usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints.

APPEAL is the name of the addressee whose attention the speaker wants to attract: Tanya, turn on the light! Vasya, did you call me? It is spoken (or written) to establish contact. Such an appeal is not a member of the proposal. The appeal can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: Sergey Sergeyevich, is that you!

The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, for this purpose, the vocative case was used, which in modern language sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you want, old man? Lord, forgive me! Our Father, have mercy! Very rarely, words that name the sign of the person to whom the speech is addressed act as an appeal: Hey, in a white scarf where can i find the chairman?

A simple complicated sentence is a sentence that includes syntactic constructions that do not have a grammatical basis. Among the constructions that complicate a simple sentence, introductory words, inversions and insertions stand out.

The concept of a simple compound sentence

Often, a simple complicated sentence in its semantics is very similar to a complex one, but it is not. In order to find out whether a sentence is complex or simple complicated, it is necessary to determine the grammatical basis of this sentence.

In a simple compound sentence, the compounding component never has a grammatical basis, but is an additional statement that depends on the main clause.

For example: Anton Olegovich, let us draw a wall newspaper.

In this simple complicated sentence, the complicated construction of the appeal is interconnected with the main sentence and acts as an addition to it.

Complicating components of a simple compound sentence

Most often, homogeneous members of the sentence act as a complicating component of such sentences.

For example: No new toys, no delicious cake, nor funny Games- nothing pleased the birthday girl. We see that the homogeneous members of this sentence - toys, cake, games - do not form part of the grammatical basis. Introductory words also complicate a simple sentence.

For example: Natasha is likely to watch a movie today. Among the complicating components are appeals.

For example: Oh, Peter, Ivanovich, let me be frank today. The clarifying members of the sentence complicate a simple sentence.

For example: Near the house, on a pile of old sedges, Vasya and Petya were already waiting.

Separate definitions as complicating elements

Simple sentences are very often complicated by separations. In Russian philology, four main groups of isolations are distinguished, which are included in a simple sentence, thereby complicating it. Among them:

1. Separate definitions. Example: A path paved with fine gravel went up.

2. Separate additions. Example: The entire team, excluding Pavel Petrovich, was assembled.

3. Standalone Applications. Example: We lawyers know the value of the law.

4. Separate circumstances. Example: Cyril, despite the intervention of his father, arranged everything at his own discretion.

Simple sentences may or may not be complicated. Complications can be different.

1. Sentences complicated by homogeneous members

Homogeneous are two or more terms that answer the same question, refer to the same word and, therefore, perform the same syntactic role. For example: American, European and Russian entrepreneurs are actively interacting with each other.
All members of a sentence can be homogeneous. Homogeneous members are equal in rights and do not depend on each other.
They can be common: The snow fell quietly and melted on warm earth; and uncommon: The snow was falling and melting.
Homogeneous members are separated from each other by a comma. When homogeneous members are separated by commas, and when not, see the section: "Punctuation".
We would like to answer a very complex issue, which definitions are called heterogeneous. Heterogeneous definitions:
- characterize the subject from different angles, for example: In the corner stood an old German grand piano;
- one of the definitions refers to the phrase word + another definition, for example: Autumn quiet dream of nature(autumn refers to the phrase quiet sleep);
- do not have enumeration intonation;
- often belong to different categories of adjectives;
- they cannot be combined with the union And: Old german table(the table cannot be old on one side and German on the other)

The use of prepositions with homogeneous members

The preposition is repeated
- If homogeneous members are connected by repeating and comparative unions, for example: Collective farms in those days experienced a great shortage in cars, and in tax, and in inventory, and in people; He tried not so much for his own well-being, but for the good of the common cause.
- If the absence of a preposition can cause confusion in understanding the sentence, for example: Tutorials on literary reading and according to the literature delivered to school library (if there was no pretext, one might think that they brought one kind of textbook, and not two).
- With a significant distribution of homogeneous members, for example: Dust lay in a thick layer on a table upholstered in green cloth, on a leather sofa with a wide back, on an old armchair.

The preposition is not repeated in the interests of euphony if the next word begins with the same consonant as the preposition, for example: Canvas sleeves were rolled out to a pond or a well.

Errors in the use of homogeneous members

a) Combination of real incomparable concepts, for example: blushed from embarrassment and from running; compared to eternity and Mont Blanc. AT literary texts such combinations are used to create comic effect.
b) Lexical incompatibility of one of the homogeneous members with a common word for them, for example: During the debate, a number of proposals and comments were made (comments are not made, but made).
c) Generic and specific concepts are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: Our store has a large selection of cakes, confectionery, fruits and wines (the second includes the first).
d) An error is a construction in which the controlled word can be assigned to different rows of homogeneous members, for example: Training of hunters for the extermination of wolves and those responsible for carrying out this event.
e) Dissimilar morphological categories, such as a noun and an infinitive, are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: We have made commitments: improve product quality, decline cost, raise performance(it was necessary to use one form in all cases, either an infinitive or a noun).
f) If there is a generalizing word in the sentence, homogeneous members must agree with it in the case, for example: This information is distributed in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books(cf .: in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books).
g) Do not combine as homogeneous syntactic elements the members of the sentence (participles and adverbial phrases) and subordinate clauses, For example: Speakers in the debate, without objecting to the main provisions of the report, however, consider it incomplete; The father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech..

2. Sentences complicated by separate members

Separate, i.e., highlighted commas, are called secondary members of the sentence (they can be expressed in one word or a group of words), highlighted in meaning and intonation. Any minor members of the sentence can be isolated. Usually they: have greater semantic independence than non-separate members; contain some additional message and are logically underlined; clarify and concretize the idea expressed by the main members; add expressive coloring to the sentence.
For example: Actions, taken yesterday, gave a positive result; Boy, taller than me, confidently walked forward; There was no one else in the house besides us; We stood looking at that how the company is being torn apart, and could not do anything.

3. Comparative turnovers

Comparative phrases express comparison, comparison, identification and are part of a simple sentence, they are not a separate member of the sentence, they carry the meaning of an attribute of an object or an attribute of an action: daffodils, like bars of silver, shimmering from the blooming carpet. They are also isolated, that is, they are separated by commas.

4. Sentences complicated by words that are not members of the sentence

These are offers with appeals and introductory words.
An address is a word or phrase that names the person or object to which the speech is addressed. The appeal is always separated by commas. For example: Maria Ivanovna We invite you to the concert, which will take place on January 24.
Introductory words (phrases, sentences) are words expressing the speaker's attitude to the statement: Unfortunately, We lost.

5. Proposals complicated by plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions are words, phrases, sentences related to the content of the sentence and containing additional information, remarks made along the way, corrections, clarifications. They have a special intonation, they can explain both the whole sentence and part of it, they are placed in the middle or at the end of the sentence, they do not indicate the source of the message, emotions. In writing, plug-in constructions are distinguished by brackets, sometimes by a dash. For example: He ( Pavel Ivanovich) was excited.

In this article:

Simple sentences are varied. They can be complicated. Complication mechanisms are different, complicating components are of different nature. The offer can be complicated:

1) homogeneous members,
2) separations,
3) introductory words and sentences,
4) insert structures, appeals.

Here we consider the complication of a simple sentence by homogeneous members.

§one. Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous Members- these are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question. Examples:

I love ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies, cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

simple two-part extended sentence

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members

Any member of the sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous. Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated in different ways. For more details, see: Chapter 10. Homogeneous members of the proposal.

§3. Introductory words and sentences. Plug-in structures

Introductory words and sentences, and even more plug-in constructions, are complicating components that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence and are not members of the sentence. They are necessary because with their help the speaker can express a wide range of meanings: confidence-uncertainty, various feelings, emotions, assessments, degree of reliability, possibilities, confidence, indicate the source of information, build speech consistently, activate the interlocutor's attention, etc. Introductory words and sentences, as well as plug-in constructions, are varied. It is important to recognize them and not to confuse them with homonymous members of the sentence.

Fortunately, my mother did not ask what time I returned, and there was no unpleasant conversation.

Fortunately- introductory word, separated by a comma

Dishes beat fortunately.

Fortunately- addition, syntactic connection - control: beats (for what?) fortunately

§4. Appeal

Appeal is a word or combination of words that names the person or group of people to whom the speech is addressed. The appeal is not a member of the offer.

Son, listen, I'll tell you a story.

son- appeal

Dear Anna Sergeevna, hello!

dear Anna Sergeevna- appeal

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. I don't like lemons.?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

2. Complicated or not is a sentence: I don't like lemons, oranges and grapefruits.?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

3. Complicated or not is a sentence: I don't like citrus fruits: lemons, oranges and grapefruits.?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

4. Complicated or not is a sentence: It's nice to look at the roses blooming on the porch.?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

5. Complicated or not is a sentence: It's nice to look at the roses blooming on the porch.?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

6. Complicated or not is a sentence: Luckily, the tram arrived quickly..?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

7. Complicated or not is a sentence: Without any doubt, he should be the captain of the team.?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

8. Complicated or not is a sentence: Anna Petrovna, will you be at school tomorrow?

   • complicated
   • uncomplicated

Simple sentences can be complicated by homogeneous and isolated members, introductory words and sentences, appeals, interjections.
HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF THE OFFER
Homogeneous are such members of a sentence that are the same member of the sentence, refer to the same member of the sentence and are connected to each other by a coordinating connection: A person always has the right to study, rest and work (V. Lebedev-Kumach).
Homogeneous members are usually expressed in words of one part of speech, but can also be expressed in words different parts speech, for example: The work was done quickly, with amazing dexterity.
Homogeneous members can be common, that is, have dependent words with them, and non-common, for example: And he came up, spread his wings, sighed with all his chest, flashed his eyes and - rolled down (M. Gorky); The frost grew stronger and pinched the ears, face and hands (A. Serafimovich).
The sentence may contain not one row of homogeneous terms, but two or more, for example: Multi-colored lights in front of the house

flared up, spun, rose up with ears, palm trees, fountains, rained down with rain, stars, faded away and flared up again (A. Pushkin) - here are homogeneous predicates: they flared up, spun, rose, fell down, faded away, flared up; a group of homogeneous additions refers to the predicate rose (up), and the second - to the predicate fell down.
Note. In some sentences, the words may be repeated: Winter was waiting, nature was waiting (A. Pushkin); White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (A. Kuprin). Words waited, waited; back, back are not homogeneous members. They are used in a sentence in order to emphasize the multitude of objects, the duration of the action, its repetition, etc., as well as for greater expressiveness of the message. Such combinations of words are considered as one member of the sentence.
Homogeneous members are connected with the help of coordinating unions and enumerative intonation, or only with the help of such intonation.
Homogeneous definitions occur when each of them refers to the word being defined, i.e. when they are interconnected by a coordinating link (they allow the insertion of the union and) and are pronounced with enumerative intonation, for example: Red, yellow, blue flowers grew in the meadow.
Definitions are heterogeneous when they characterize an object from different angles. In this case, there is no composing connection between the definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation, for example: Dense tall spruce trees stood all around the clearing (M. Prishvin).
Homogeneous members of a sentence can be connected by coordinating unions:

1. connecting: It is necessary for a person to know, and

love and protect your land (V. Peskov); Aspen is chilly,
Yes, the river is narrow, and the blue forest. Yes, yellow fields, you are dearer than all, dearer than all, Russian, loamy, hard earth! (A. Surkov); Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs (I. Goncharov);

1. dividing: Either you, my friend, are tired of the howling storm, or you are dozing under the buzz of your spindle (A. Pushkin); Either rain or snow, either it will or it won't (proverb); All night the fire of the fire flares up, then goes out (K. Paustovsky); Black arable land stretches beyond the plain, over which rooks, or jackdaws, are full of either (A. Chekhov);
2. objectionable: In the mornings I practiced translations, and sometimes writing poetry (A. Pushkin); You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen (N. Nekrasov); The forest is not a school, but it teaches everyone (proverb); Our shelter is small, but calm (M. Lermontov).

With homogeneous members, there may be generalizing words that are the same members of the sentence as homogeneous. Generalizing words stand either in front of homogeneous members or after them, for example: Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts (A. Chekhov); Your living silence, your dashing bad weather, your forests, your meadows, and the lush banks of the Volga, and the joyful waters of the Volga - everything is sweet to me (N. Yazykov); Long shadows ran from the house, from the trees, from the dovecote, from the gallery (I. Goncharov); The sea, the port, the city, the mountain - everything turned into a deaf, intermittent darkness from the wind (K. Paustovsky).
Notes. 1. After generalizing words, before homogeneous members, there may be words somehow, namely, for example, indicating the following enumeration: Not only birds, but also animals belong to the number of game, such as: bears, deer, wild boars, wild goats and hares (S. Aksakov); The entire estate of Chertop-hanov consisted of four dilapidated log cabins of various sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn and a bathhouse (I. Turgenev).

1. After homogeneous members, before the generalizing word, there may be words that have the meaning of the total - (in a word, in one word), for example: Among birds, insects, in dry grass - in a word, everywhere, even in the air, autumn was felt (V. Arsenyev).