Tell about the gerund participle. Participle turns

1) Arrange punctuation marks, graphically highlight the adverbial and participial phrases (sign over them: adverb or adverb)

1. Having rested from the evil chase, feeling their homeland, the Don horses already drink the Arpchai stream.
2. An eagle from a distant rising peak soars motionless with me on a par.
3. I sat down in a chair and, while relaxing, watched how he fell silent as he went out.
4. The clerk sitting there gave one of the soldiers paper soaked in tobacco smoke.
5. The house surrounded by an old garden looked like a country palace.
6. The low-hanging sun was crushed in the foliage of trees.
7. The city shrouded in mist makes a quiet noise.
8. He worked tirelessly.
2) Choose the correct answer - a grammatically correct sentence with participle turnover:
1. Seeing me ....
2.it was fun.
3.my friend smiled.
4. the walls of the houses seemed familiar to me.

1) Write down the sentences. Mark the boundaries of participial revolutions, underline them as definitions. Specify the defined words. Pattern: Cloud x,

hanging over the tops of the poplars / was already pouring rain. - // the participial turnover is highlighted, x is the main word.

1. The park descended to the river, overgrown with green reeds. 2. The thick fog that descended on the sea broke for a few minutes. 3. Large electric bulbs hanging from the ceiling in the center of the long hall went out one by one. 4. Not big light eyes, burning with an alarming fire, were serious.

2) Change two_three sentences so that the participial phrase comes before the word being defined. Do I need to put a comma in this case?

Sample: / Hanging over the tops of poplars / cloud x was already pouring rain. - // the participial turnover is highlighted, x is the main word.

Insert the missing letters. Break out the commas. Underline the definition expressed by the participial phrase.

I know Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin as a person in love ... with every flower, every bush, every tree .. in our Russian forest and field rivers .. vniny.

Task number 4
Make 5 sentences with participles or participles.

1) Find the definition of participial turnover.

a) two or more participles in a sentence,
b) participle with dependent words,
c) participle with a defined word.
2) What is the participial turnover in the sentence?
a) subject, b) definition, c) addition.
3) Find a sentence in which the participial turnover is not separated by commas:
a) I listened to the murmur of water flowing in the banks overgrown with sedge.
b) Suddenly I noticed two birds flying straight towards the waterfall.
c) The detachment was built on the edge of the forest approaching the school site.
d) Surrounded by a gray mist, the birds went astray.
a) The conversation started, interrupted too early, was not resumed.
b) In some places, ice floes sparkling in the sun swayed smoothly on the waves.
c) From the recently awakened valleys, fragrant freshness blew.
d) A small wooden house, painted with pink paint, stood in the middle of the garden.
a) Two scouts / paving the way for the infantry / went to the nearest approaches to the Vistula.
b) Volodya caught with a spoon / a steaming potato /.
c) The sky was all in the stars / emitting an even quiet light /.
d) / Strawberries covered from above / with needles are difficult to notice at first glance.
a) Alexey lies on a striped mattress stuffed with straw.
b) As an old friend, who found the pilot in the forest, Sanka walked solidly behind the stretcher.
c) Fedka looks greedily at the pieces of sugar whitening on the table, and noisily sucks in his saliva.
d) Grandfather looked at the shore, flooded with sun and poorly bordered by rare bushes.
a) Motherland! I see her vast fields rippling with harvest.
b) The country that gave birth to us is vast and diverse, rivers are inexhaustible and full-flowing, mountains are high.
c) The sultry steppes are wide, the Siberian taiga is impassable, stretching out over the ocean, the cities scattered in our country are crowded.
d) Many languages ​​are spoken by the people who inhabited this majestic country, spacious blue distances, calls and wonderful songs of the people living in it.
Behind their house was a rather large garden (1) ending in a grove (2) long abandoned (3) and heavily overgrown.
a) 1, b) 1.2, c) 2.3 d) 1.3.
Test "participial turnover".
Option number 2.
1) Indicate the correct condition for the separation of participial turnover:
a) comes before the word being defined
b) comes after the word being defined,
c) always, regardless of the place in the sentence.
2) What is a short participle in a sentence?
a) subject, b) definition, c) predicate.
3) Find a sentence in which the participial turnover is separated by commas:
a) Through the eyes of my father, I saw the majestic world unfolding before me native nature.
b) In the withered grass, yellowed from rain and wind, a fox carefully made its way.
c) The heavy door of the yurt upholstered with horseskin lifted up in the wall.
d) The smoke that corrodes eyes and nostrils still stood above those uprooted from the ground deciduous trees.
4) Find a sentence with a punctuation error.
but) human life can be compared with a stream, originating in the bowels of the earth.
b) A flock of guys stood at the fence, knocked together from signs.
c) A tall geologist walked in front in a sun-bleached suit.
d) Once the shepherds noticed crows slowly circling over the ravine.
5) Indicate in which sentences the boundaries of participle turnover are incorrectly indicated (punctuation marks are not placed):
a) Ivan suggested climbing a clay mound / overgrown with bushes / and looking at the river.
b) /Brightly flaming sparks/ looked like big stars.
c) Occasionally, night rustles / sounds muffled by the forest / were heard.
d) The instinct / developed in him during the days of forest life / alarmed him.
6) Indicate the sentences in which punctuation marks are correctly placed:
a) The plane was standing behind the forest on the ice of a forest lake, melted from the edges, but still strong.
b) The light reflected by the snow blinded Alexei.
c) Near the stretcher, he saw a restrained smiling face of the commander.
d) The forest, having finally shaken off the remnants of the night darkness, stood up in all its grandeur.
7) Indicate sentences with a punctuation error:
a) They say that there is no tastier than our bread, especially Moscow pastries just brought from bakeries.
b) Tasty hot pastries breathing unique aromas.
c) Here are different rolls, sprinkled with poppy seeds, challah, rye bread, bagels, snapped up instantly.
d) The road turned to the right, and a path leading into the distance appeared to the left.
8) Indicate the numbers in place of which you need to put commas.
The sun was bright and high above the bay (1) playing with (2) standing ships and (3) moving sails.
a) 1, b) 1.2, c) 2.3 d) 1.3.

So what is it? How to distinguish it from an accomplice? What punctuation marks does it stand out in writing? What questions does it answer? What difficulties can arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The adverbial turnover, like the participial, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerund and related dependent words. Answers the questions of the participle: what are you doing? having done what? and denotes an additional action of the object / person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the proposal he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.

Dot-dash (dash-dot) is underlined. You can also ask questions of circumstance:

• how?
• when?
• for what purpose?
• why?

They can be given both from the predicate, and in some cases from participle or participial turnover.

Examples

Commas when using a participial phrase in a sentence

The adverbial turnover, in contrast to the participle, always separated with commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define the boundaries. The participle turnover includes all dependent words related to this participle.

For example, in the sentence "The opponent who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind" it is the expression "ahead of me at the start", and not just "ahead of me." Since the words "at the start" are also dependent on the participle, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it is at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if it is located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sentence completion sign.

The exceptions are the adverbial phrases that are part of phraseological unit. When a turnover is a part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the union “and” do not fall under this rule on setting commas. Then there are no commas. With punctuation marks, everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with the incorrect use of adverbial phrases.

Construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it says that an additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you can't say, "As I approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door." After all, the subjects here are a growl and a howl, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But there was no way they could approach the house, it was some other person who did it.

Thus, this sentence can be restructured into a more grammatically correct complex sentence: "When I / he / she approached / approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door."

You need to be careful when using the adverbial turnover in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by the infinitive, and in the second - by the verb of the third person. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is built incorrectly, since the participle implies the action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial turnover can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, everything grammatical norms will be observed, since the person who performs both the main and side effects, missing. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, "I need to do this work as soon as possible, using all possible materials."

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the adverbial turnover with the basis of the sentence. They can often be found in our speech, as we sometimes do not attach due importance to this. But in vain, because the inaccurate use of the adverbial turnover leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is independent part speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how the action is performed by the verb-predicate, has an additional effect. If the gerund in a sentence is not alone, but has words that depend on it, then this set of words is called a gerund. The article will tell about how and when the separation of gerunds in a sentence is made.

What is isolation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of the proposal that are secondary can be isolated, and this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Separations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the ongoing action. Not only stand-alone gerunds, but also gerunds can be isolated.

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated circumstance does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. While writing a proposal this part speeches are always separated by commas on both sides.

The location of the participle in the sentence can be any. Here are examples of the correct selection of single gerunds with commas:

1. As she stared, she couldn't utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you can not achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were allocated with a comma:

• staring;
• returning;
• without exercising.

There are several repeated participles in the letter. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas among themselves and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such proposals:

1. Laughing, singing and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Laughing and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous participles in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separation by commas of single gerunds

Separation of single gerunds occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in the sentence. Stores the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause, or time of an action, but not its image. Having escaped, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests departed without calming down.
2. If you can check the sentence in your mind by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex sentence out of a simple one. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests after the holiday, though not calmed down, but dispersed.

Separation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya got down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the mode of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya tears silently and in no hurry.
3. If a single participle can be replaced by a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Isolation of single gerunds depending on their location in the sentence

Separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the separation of the participle with commas is not done, since it is represented by the circumstance of the mode of action. It can be replaced by the word - "slowly".

In the second sentence, the participle is the circumstance of the reason ("because I was in no hurry").

How is an adverbial turnover formed?

If the sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “what are you doing?”, “what are you doing?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a gerund participle.

In a sentence, this turnover always performs the function of a circumstance and refers to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or object that performs the main actions.

Examples of adverbial phrases

The separation of participles and participles occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the verb-predicate. For example:

1. All day dark clouds were moving across the sky, now opening the sun, then closing it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her with surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I watched the sunrise without taking my eyes off it.
5. The kid, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What should be remembered when using the gerund and participle in a sentence?

The basic rules for using adverbial phrases when writing a text are as follows:

1. Expressed by the verb-predicate, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the adverbial turnover, must refer to the same person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the adverbial turnover.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of a circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participles not separated by commas?

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the union "and" with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his attentions. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances converge with adverbs. They lose their added value and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• gerunds, which have become phraseological turns (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But: rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the tub. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• gerunds that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The "adverb" of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group homogeneous members- adverbs and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. without embarrassment is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds in the composition having the dependent word "which" in all its variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should be distinguished from verbal participles

Separating the participles, many do not think that these can be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• clover;
• sneak;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying and others.

The gerunds identical with these words retain an additional effect. This happens during the formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do the job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participle in the first sentence and the homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

From the prepositions they distinguish: starting with, based on. Commas are not put, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. Snowing starting from the night (goes from the night).

Separation of participles and participles: what is the difference?

Participial and participle turnovers perform different functions in a sentence and have their own following morphological differences:

1. The participial turnover or single participle refers to the word being defined (noun or pronoun). The participle or participle turnover is closely related to the verb-predicate. At the same time, the participle changes in numbers, genders, cases, has a full and short form, and the gerund is an invariable word form.
2. The participial turnover and the participle perform the function of definition in the sentence, and the gerund and participle turnovers act as different circumstances.
3. Participles and participles are different with suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -usch-(-yusch-), -ashch-(-yashch)- -vsh-, -sh- of real participles and -om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- in the suffering. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If there is a union in the sentence next to the adverbial phrase, then they are separated by a comma. Unions and are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home. An exception is the union "a", which stands before the adverbial turnover. In this case, it is included in the turnover. For example: A person needs to understand what is the meaning of life, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If the sentence consists of several adverbial phrases or single adverbial adverbs, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand, and kept the other on her belt.
3. If in one sentence there are several adverbial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, paying no attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The adverbial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Separation of gerunds will not cause problems if you learn how to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How can you help your child consolidate what they have learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be invited to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children should work orally with sentences and learn to find adverbial phrases and single adverbs in them. After that, students should be asked to write sentences and arrange them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in the arrangement of commas.

After the children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding a participle or a single participle, one should highlight the grammatical basis.

Make the task difficult compound sentences, which have several grammatical bases and homogeneous adverbial phrases.

Participial turnover

A turnover consisting of a participle and words dependent on it. From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun.(Korolenko). The adverbial turnover indicates the action related to the subject of this sentence. The deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicisms or the result of influence vernacular... Having the right to choose weapons, his life was in my hands(Pushkin). Passing on the way back for the first time in the spring familiar birch grove, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat from a vague sweet expectation.(Turgenev),

a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person. His house was always full of guests, ready to amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements.(Pushkin);

b) if it refers to a participle or gerund, denoting an action, the subject of which does not coincide with the subject of the action expressed by the predicate. She did not answer him, thoughtfully following the play of the waves that ran up to the shore, swaying the heavy longboat.(Bitter). But Klim saw that Lida, listening to her father's stories, pursed her lips, did not believe them.(Bitter);

c) if used in an impersonal sentence with an infiative. It would be good now to lie undressed, covered with an overcoat, and think about the village and about our own people.(Kuprin). In these cases, the sentence has neither a grammatical nor a logical subject. If the latter is presented in the form of a dative subject, but there is no infinitive in the sentence to which the adverbial turnover could be attributed, then its use violates the norm (“Come to the forest, I feel cold”). Writers have similar constructions individual character. Convinced that he could not understand this, he became bored(L. Tolstoy). After reading the story carefully, I think that there are no editorial amendments in it.(Bitter). Participle turns are mainly part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage in comparison with their parallel subordinate adverbial clauses lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in knitting. fiction.. This feature of adverbial constructions is evident from the following example. The writer D. I. Grigorovich, talking about his literary undertakings, recalls that his essay "Petersburg Organ Grinders" earned the approval of F. M. Dostoevsky, but the latter did not like one place in the chapter "The Organ Grinder's Public". “For me,” writes Grigorovich, “it was written like this: When the barrel organ stops playing, the official from the window throws a nickel, which falls at the organ grinder’s feet. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not at all! It turns out too dry for you: the nickel fell at your feet ... I should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing ... ”This remark - I remember very well - was a whole revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it comes out much more picturesque, finishes the movement ... ”

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "participle turnover" is in other dictionaries:

participial turnover- s. In syntactic style: a semi-predicative isolated phrase with the main member a gerund. Formally, grammatically, the participle adjoins the predicate (usually the conjugated form of the verb), and by meaning it also refers to the subject, ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

participial turnover- 1) A syntactic construction containing a gerund and dependent words. 2) One of the stylistic means used in book styles of speech, in particular, in scientific speech. For example: Moreover, knowing this, you can also compose ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Turnover, m. 1. Full circle of rotation, circular turn. Wheel turnover. The shaft makes 20 revolutions per minute. || Moving back and forth, returning to the starting point. Accelerate the turnover of wagons. 2. A single stage, a complete process in a sequential ... ... Dictionary Ushakov

Same as construction. Participial turnover. Infinitive turnover. Participial … Dictionary of linguistic terms

TURN, ah, husband. 1. see wrap, sya, turn, turn, turn, sya. 2. Use, use. Let in about. anniversary coin. Went into Fr. new word. 3. Separate part, a separate link, a stage of what n. activities, the development of which n ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

turnover- but; m. see also. reversible, turnover 1) a) Full circle of rotation; circular turn. Rev/t wheels. The number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns... Dictionary of many expressions

BUT; m. 1. Full circle of rotation; circular turn. O. wheels. The number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns. // Spec. Flipping from one side to the other, reverse. Plowing with seam turnover. // pl.: revolutions, ov. Specialist. unfold ABOUT… … encyclopedic Dictionary

participle- see gerund; oh, oh. A gerund / participle (a circumstance expressed by a gerund with words that depend on it) ... Dictionary of many expressions

Separate circumstances

Separate circumstances- 1. The adverbial turnover, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looked at him with curiosity and surprise (Bitter); The joy of entering into one... A guide to spelling and style

Books

• A set of tables. Russian language. Morphology. 15 tables, . Educational album of 15 sheets. Art. 5-8681-015. Morphological analysis words as parts of speech. Selection morphological features nouns and adjectives by comparison.…

School. Traditionally, children learn gerunds as a special part of speech. The gerund has the meaning of an additional action with the main action. gerunds imply a combination of signs of action and mode of action. For example, "reading". To this word, you can ask the question “What are you doing?”, Which, however, from a linguistic point of view, will not be entirely correct, or you can ask the question “How?”. These questions illustrate the dual nature of the participle. Adverbs can be perfect or imperfect. The former speak of an action taking place in this moment or about what is to be done in the future. The second is about actions that occurred in the past (compare: “looking” and “looking”).

Now proceed to the search for adverbial phrases. Participles are called participles with dependent words. The main mistake in the search is usually made precisely in the search for dependent words - for the adverbial turnover are taken related to another member of the sentence. In order not to make mistakes, carefully follow the word from which the question is asked. For example, consider the sentence: The girl ran along the cobblestone pavement, singing a song. Find . In this case, the word is "singing". Now we need to find dependent words. Ask questions: “Humming… what? Song." “Humming… how? Joyfully." This means that the words “song” and “joyfully” will be dependent on the gerund, which means that all together they form a gerund. The adverbial turnover in is a separate circumstance and is always distinguished by commas on both sides.

Sources:

• When are adverbial phrases not separated by commas?

Participial turnover - syntactical device which gives speech expressiveness and simplifies it. IN oral speech these designs are rare. But it is correct to build sentences with adverbial phrases, find them in finished texts and highlight in writing and intonation any literate person is obliged.

Instruction

If you want to economically express a thought when referring to several actions taking place at the same time, use simple sentences with adverbial phrases. Such syntactic constructions are usually used in bookish speech. When communicating, people use synonymous options: complex sentences with adnexal part having time, mode of action. In works of fiction, gerunds vividly and visibly “finish” the actions of characters.

Adverbial phrases have important feature: in writing, the boundaries of this syntactic construction are indicated by commas, in oral speech - by accentuating intonation. In order to accurately cope with the punctuation task, it is necessary to accurately determine the boundaries of turnover.

Find words in the sentence that are relevant to the action. First, pay attention to the predicate -, it contains the main action of the subject. Then turn to pointing to an additional action - these will be gerunds. Questions "what are you doing?" or “having done what?” help you understand this part of speech. For example, in the sentence “Having described a large circle, the glider smoothly soared up”, the verb-predicate is “soared”, and the gerund is “having described”.

Pay attention to the gerund: it can be used in the sentence “alone” or with dependent words to form a construction called a gerund. It is important to clearly define its boundaries.

Analyze carefully subordination words in the gerund: it is not necessary that all included in it will depend only on the gerund, they can spread each other. Consider the example: "The wind was picking up, shrouding the city in a veil of sea fog." The gerund "wrapping up" has dependent words: (what?) "city" and (what?) "veil". Further along the chain, a connection is established: “veil” (what?) “mists” (what?) “sea”. All these words are participles.

Composing a syntactic unity, the adverbial turnover is one member of the sentence - a circumstance (usually of time or manner of action). In addition to the basic questions, you can ask him questions “when?” or "how?", "how?".

When defining adverbial phrases in sentences, do not forget that they are very close in structure phraseological turns(“turning up his nose”, “breaking his head”, “reluctantly heart”). But such stable combinations are not related to the additional action, they are not distinguished by commas in the letter. They denote a sign of action and can be replaced by other words (usually adverbs). For example, in the sentence "We worked hard," you can replace: "Friends worked hard."

Sentences with several adverbial phrases require special attention. Their clear boundaries will help to correctly apply the punctuation rule. Participle phrases can represent rows of homogeneous members in a sentence, therefore a comma is not placed between them if there are non-repeating unions “and”, “or”, “or”. (“The lovers sat for a long time, holding hands and silently thinking about future happiness”).

There are non-isolated adverbial phrases. Constructions that are not separated by commas are either closely connected by the content with the predicate, or are part of the subordinate part of a complex sentence, where the means of communication “which” is a word included in the structure of the turnover.

Sources:

• Russian language. 8th grade. Textbook for educational institutions, Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., 2011
• Separate circumstances

The Russian language is famous for the richness of its structure, which is created through the use of many constructions that require compliance with special rules. One of these constructions is the adverbial turnover.

The participle turnover is a construction formed on the basis of the participle.

gerund

A participle is a special part of speech formed on the basis of a verb. It denotes the so-called additional action, that is, one that complements the main action performed by the subject. You can identify the participle by finding out what part of speech it is. In case it is a gerund, these will be the questions “What are you doing?” for the present tense and "Having done what?" - for the past.

Most often, the gerund, denoting an additional action, is in the sentence in close proximity to the verb that it explains. For example, the following sentence is structured like this: "He told me about it, laughing." In this case, “laughing” - which answers the question “What are you doing?”. In a letter, it is usually separated by commas.

Participial turnover

If a gerund is a separate word, then a gerund is a construction formed on the basis of a gerund, supplemented by dependent words. In general, its functions and characteristics are similar to the gerund itself: it also answers the questions “What are you doing?” and "Having done what?" and denotes an additional action specifying the way the main action is performed. In terms of meaning, the adverbial turnover is an extended gerund: for example, such a turnover can be used in the sentence "He told me about it, laughing loudly and contagiously."

At the same time, when using a participle in the Russian language, there are a number of rules that should be remembered in order to use this construction correctly. The first of them is connected with punctuation when using the adverbial turnover: in writing, in most cases it is separated by commas.

When constructing a participial turnover, it is worth remembering common mistakes when using it, which must be avoided. So, one of them is the situation when the main verb and the adverbial phrase complementing it refer to different subjects. An example of such a misuse of the turnover is the sentence "This story was told to me, laughing loudly and contagiously." In this case, the main verb in the sentence refers to the story being told, and the adverbial phrase refers to the narrator: thus, they are not related to the same person or thing, which is a requirement for using this construction.

Sources:

• Participle turnover in 2019