Standalone application: example. Standalone application: sample sentences. Offers with separate applications. How to identify and what is a standalone application

Questions about separate applications are quite common in exam tasks for the USE and GIA, and many examinees are unable to answer them correctly. How to learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly identify it?

What is an application?

An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application can designate completely different qualities of objects, provide information about the profession, nationality, age, and many other signs of a person or object.

There are isolated applications and non-isolated ones. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.

Standalone application: example and analysis

Common applications that are expressed by a noun with dependent words and which themselves belong to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located after the word being defined and very rarely before it. For example: "Father was joking more, a man with gray whiskers."

In this case, the application "a man with gray whiskers" refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. Constructions of the following type can also be isolated: “The engineer spoke, he is one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky.”

Single Application

An uncommon application can be isolated if it is behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached a number of additional explanatory words to itself. They come across in speech much less often, so it is much easier to find separate applications with examples.

Even more rarely, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is located with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, preventing merging with defined words, for example: “Father, disabled, fed and clothed from an early age , and himself."

Applications with hyphens

A stand-alone common application, examples of which can be found in in large numbers reference literature, can be attached to a common noun with a hyphen: heroine mother, teen boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenation becomes possible when there is a definition that explains common sense sentence, it can refer to the whole sentence or only to one word.

Hyphenization is possible after proper names (very often this happens when specifying geographical names), for example: Moskva-river. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name, this is possible when the application, together with the name, is able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.

When can't hyphens be used when using apps?

There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equated in its lexical meaning with. Another principle is also used if, when combining two common nouns, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - of a specific one (with the exception of terms).

If the appendix or the noun being defined is itself written with a hyphen, no additional separation is needed here. Next to the noun being defined, two non-common applications can stand at once, in this case they will also not be isolated.

Offers with stand-alone applications: examples

Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated from both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: "This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, was talking about yesterday's incident." If an application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand apart: "Confident in himself, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations."

A separate application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, takes place in a sentence if it has an explanatory character or is used to clarify a common noun: “Masha’s dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect from them his mistress." Quite often, double punctuation is possible here, everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.

Application + unions

A stand-alone application, examples of sentences with which quite often stupefy inexperienced native speakers, in fact, does not pose any particular difficulty. So, it can join with the help of the union “how” and combinations like “by last name”, “by nickname”, etc. For example: “Kate, how smart girl, I wanted to get the perfect groom.

If the union has the lexical meaning "as something", then the turnover that will be joined with the help of it cannot be considered an application, much less separated from all others by commas. Also, applications that have the union “as” are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A standalone application, an example of which can be found in the sentence "He never got used to her as an actress", will not be separated by commas.

Application + pronoun

A separate agreed application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, are always distinguished by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, various options for separation are possible. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.

The comma may not be placed in those sentences where, together with the pronoun, they are behind the noun, but before the application. The spelling in this case is controversial, now the largest linguists involved in the study of the issue are trying to come to any consensus.

Difficult cases

Even if you know what standalone application(examples of sentences with it do not scare you), be prepared for the fact that various kinds of exceptions will appear. For example, an application may refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but is implied by the context.

Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence; as a rule, it is suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: “Always, bitch, I don’t drink, but for such an occasion I’ll definitely drink.” Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the pronoun "I" is missing in the sentence.

Dash instead of comma when separating

In some cases, a separate application, examples of sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, can be highlighted in the letter not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the general meaning of the sentence.

Also, a dash is placed before an application located at the end of a sentence, provided that the nature of the application is explained with the help of a punctuation mark. A dash may be used to be explanatory. For example: "Some kind of boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - hung a hole in the wallpaper."

A dash is set as if a comma is located after a separate application. For example: "With the help of special diving equipment - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed."

A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading specialists - heads of departments spoke at the meeting”, - in this case expresses the concretizing meaning of the word being defined, which has more general meaning, from which it is impossible to conclude who exactly it is.

Sentences with stand-alone applications, examples of which might look like this: " main man department - Tatyana Petrovna, said that we will not go anywhere today, ”are constructed so that the application is in front of the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.

A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, specifying its meaning. For example: “Father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” complicated by a separate application, examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.

Also, a dash can be used to separate homogeneous applications that are located before the word being defined from each other. For example, "The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables - Alexei Petrovich decided to suddenly change his activity, and became interested in skydiving and diving."

Also, a dash can be used in constructions of the following type: "Pushkin - Bezrukov was great." In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the sentence it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was played by an equally famous actor.

Conclusion

A stand-alone application, an example of which can help you understand difficult question in the exam, really is not too difficult to comprehend. If necessary, any student can use reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to correctly highlight it inside any structure.

Always separated by commas in writing:

1. common application, standing after defined word: … × , Appendix , ...

• Good-natured old man, hospital caretaker , let him in at once.
• (L. N. Tolstoy)
• Eagles, troop satellites , they rose above the mountain, looking out for their prey from a height.
• (A. S. Pushkin)
• To complete the picture there was no lack of rooster, a harbinger of changeable weather.
• (N. V. Gogol)

2. common application, standing front defined by the word is isolated only if it has additional adverbial meaning(causal, conditional, concessive, temporary): … , reasons / concessions , × ...

• Renegade of tempestuous pleasures ,
• Onegin stuck at home...
• (A. S. Pushkin)

… × (personal pronoun) , Appendix , ...

… , Appendix , × (personal pronoun) ...

• We , guys , we don’t leave him, we beg, - well, he treated us.
• (John Steinbeck)
• He , Chelkash , felt empowered to turn this life around this way and that way.
• (According to M. Gorky)

6. separates single application, standing after defined word, before which has already definition:

… × , Appendix , ...

• We have an interesting neighbor, Professor .

If front defined word no definition , a single application can be isolated for strengthening the semantic role (so as not to merge intonation with the word being defined).

• BUT enemies, fools , think we are afraid of death.
• (A. A. Fadeev)

7. separates Appendix, standing in postposition, expressed and explanatory the meaning of the word being defined. Before such an application without changing the meaning, you can put the words i.e , namely :

… × , property name. , ...

• third brother, Ivan , studied at the teacher's institute and, living there in a boarding school, was at home only on holidays.
• (A. M. Gorky)
• Master, Ivan Nikolaevich Bulgakov , was a great hunter for horses, greyhounds and riding.
• (S. T. Aksakov)

8. separates common application, pertaining to the word being defined absent in a sentence, but easily retrieved from context.

• Silent guest , dumb ,
• I enter, Nature, into your castle...
• (V. Ya. Bryusov)

9. separates Appendix with union how, if it has additional causality value:

… , how(causal meaning) , × ...

… × , how(causal meaning) , ...

• Yesenin, like the last poet of the village , knew peasant life well.
• (V. Fedorov)

(= Since Yesenin was the last poet of the village, he knew peasant life well.) turnover how is not an application and is not isolated if it matters "as".

• Wed:As a stylist, Chekhov is inaccessible.(M. Gorky)
• (= As a stylist, Chekhov is out of reach.)

10. always separates app with words by name, by surname, by birth, that is, namely, even, including, for example, or:

... adv. noun , by name / by last name / nicknamed , ...

• With him was a huge black dog unknown breed , named Arapka.
• (A.P. Chekhov)

With absence excretory intonation the application is not isolated.

• He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha.
• (K. G. Paustovsky)

A21, B5. Standalone Applications

APPENDIX is the definition expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. Application is always used in the same case, which is the noun to which it refers. The application may be uncommon(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) went to the sledge, railroad worker(I.p.).(Appendix railroad worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), harsh man(I. p.), was not happy with either the guests or the profit.
(Appendix harsh man common, refers to a noun master)

Some applications may be used with union HOW.

For example: Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.

Isolation cases.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:

a) if worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (you can insert a union before such an application namely)
For example: Only a watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members to avoid mixing application with homogeneous member:
For example: At the table sat the hostess of the house, her sister - my wife's friend, two faces I don't know, my wife and me.

c) to highlight with two sides applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid net.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the word being defined: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence rages in the forests.

Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotation marks, are NOT separate!

For example: Girls- teenagers on the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched ballet "Swan Lake".

A21, B5. Separate agreed definitions

Separate definition is a definition that stands out with intonation and commas.
The definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are AGREED and NOT AGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participle turnover (Path, overgrown with grass led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Satisfied with your success he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

APPS WITH UNION HOW

Appendix- this is a definition expressed by a noun, which gives another name that characterizes the subject.

The application is in the same case as the word being defined.

The application has grammatical meanings: different qualities of the subject, emotionally expressive assessment ( villainess-trap, nightingale-singer); nationality ( french teacher); age, family relations (old watchman, aunt Dasha); profession, social class (women navigators, orphan soldiers); names denoting the names of newspapers, magazines, enterprises, works of art etc . (newspaper " TVNZ»); proper name (Neva River).

Of the two words - common noun and own - the application is:

1. common noun, if a person names a proper name (doctor Aibolit)

2. own, if it names an object (city Moscow)

Applications are consistent and inconsistent. In consistent applications, the case form changes when the main word changes (seagulls-fishermen-gull-fishermen)

IN inconsistent applications the case form does not change when the main word changes (the story "Snowstorm" - in the story "Snowstorm").

1.A common application is isolated, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun (most often such an application comes after the word being defined): The old woman, Grishka's mother, had died, but the old men, father and father-in-law, were still alive.

2. Single Application, standing after a common noun, is isolated if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it: One girl, a polka, took care of me.

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single defined noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merge intonation with the word being defined: And the enemies, fools, think that we are afraid of death.

Note! Application is written with a hyphen.

1.Single Application usually joins to a definable common noun by means of a hyphen: hero city, winter sorceress.

If there is an explanatory word in the application, two punctuation is possible:

The lecture will be read by a well-known professor-chemist. The lecture will be read by a famous professor, chemist.

2. Hyphen spelled after own name(more often - geographical name, acting as an application for a generic name): Moscow river. But without the hyphen, the appendix is ​​written in reverse word order: Moskva river.(Expressions like Mother Russia, Mother Earth are stable expressions).

3. The hyphen is not written:

a) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to an adjectival definition : handsome man handsome man), an old father (old father), a giant plant (but a giant plant), a poor shoemaker, a predatory wolf, an expert cook.

b) if in a combination of two common nouns the first of them denotes a generic concept, and the second is specific: chrysanthemum flower, boletus mushroom. But if such a combination forms a scientific term, the hyphen is written: hare, stag beetle, field mouse, general practitioner, landscape painter.

C) if the first element of the combination are words comrade, citizen, sir, our brother, your brother: comrade teacher.

2. The application is isolated referring to a proper name, if it comes after the noun it defines : The suitcase was brought in by the coachman Selifan, a short man in a sheepskin coat, and the footman Petrushka, a young man of thirteen. Sergei Nikanorovich, the barman, poured out five glasses of tea.

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything, Ilya remained stubborn in teaching(cause). A renowned scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man that he was at the first meeting.(concessionary meaning). BUT!lieutenant royal army Vasily Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland(without additional adverbial value).

3. The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as a stand-alone application, if it explains or clarifies a common noun (before such an application, you can insert the words "namely", "that is" without changing the meaning): The daughter of Darya Mikhailovna, Natalya, might not like it at first sight. And the brothers Anya, Petya and Andryusha, schoolboys, tugged at his tailcoat from behind.

4.Separate application can join union how(with additional cause value), as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and etc.: Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and redo everything himself. As an old gunner, I despise this kind of cold decoration. This student, named Mikhail, an enthusiast and a poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky. Yermolai had a cop dog, nicknamed Valet.

BUT! If union how has the meaning as, then the turnover attached to it is not isolated: The received answer is considered as consent.

Not isolated also an application with union how, describing an object from one side : The reading public managed to get used to Chekhov as a comedian.

5. The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun: Should he, a dwarf, compete with a giant?

6. A separate application may refer to a word missing in this sentence, if the latter is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema! (meaning burbot)

7. Instead of a comma, when separating applications, use dash in the following cases:

a) if before the application it is possible to insert words without changing the meaning namely: She drew ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city of Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins.

b) before a widespread or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given: My path went past the settlement - the refuge of Pugachevsky.

c) to highlight applications on both sides that are explanatory in nature: The overseer of the rooming house, a retired soldier, followed the owner. Light cramps are a sign strong feeling ran across his broad lips.

d) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal: At the table sat the mistress of the house, her sister - a friend of my wife, two faces unfamiliar to me, my wife and I.

e) to separate homogeneous applications from the word being defined before the word being defined: Our greatest poet, the founder of Russian literary language, largest representative national literature - Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in the history of the development of Russia.

e) if the application explains another application: All of us, educators - teachers and counselors - must take into account age features in working with children.

Separate circumstances

Participle constructions

1. The adverbial turnover or single adverb is isolated, which preserves the meaning of verbality, regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: A match struck, for a second illuminating the hanging nets, hay, and the old man.

The shepherd walked, singing, behind a flock of greedy sheep. After taking a breath, he prepared to leave. Mother, puzzled, smiled. He. smiling, squinting from the light. Out of breath, I jumped over the ditches.

2. Participial turnover, standing after the union, separates From him comma: Our father was from the cantonists, but, having served the rank of officer, he left us a hereditary nobility and estate. It became audible how, counting the seconds with the accuracy of a metronome, water dripped from the tap.

An exception are those cases where a gerund or a single gerund is worth after an adversative union a: An urgent decision must be made, and once it is made, it must be implemented.. but when contrasting homogeneous members connected by a union but, a comma is placed after it: Do not stand still, but, overcoming one difficulty after another, always strive forward.

3. Two adverbial turnovers, connected by a non-repeating union and, commas are not separated like the others homogeneous members in such cases: I sat on the wood, swaying slightly and continuing my song.

Adverbial phrases are not isolated:

a) if the turnover (with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: She sat with her head tilted back a little.. (it is not important that she "sat", it is important " sat with her head thrown back»). We lived without meeting anyone(it is important that we lived "Without dating»). This exercise is done standing on outstretched toes.

b) if the turnover is phraseological unit: And day and night through the snowy desert I rush to you headlong.

c) if before participle turnover costs amplifying particle and: You can live without bragging about the mind. You can leave without waiting for an answer.

d) if the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which the as part of an adjunct defining sentence: To the right was a door, through which you can get into the corridor.

e) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning: The post office is less than a hundred meters from here. I'll be home beginning with seven o'clock in the evening.

But the turnover with words beginning with is isolated if it is in the nature of a clarification, a passing explanation or is not related to the concept of time: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with India and Egypt. Prizes for the best athletes have been awarded since the 19th century in Los Angeles.

Turnover with words based(in meaning "based") not included in the adverbial construction and does not separate: The table is compiled based on the information received.

But the turnover with words based on separates, if semantically refers to the producer of the action, which can "come from something"»: The calculator made a calculation based on the established tariff rates.

Turnover with words according to(in meaning "depending on something", "in accordance with something"), acting as a complex preposition and not having the meaning of a gerund, does not separate: We will act according to the circumstances. But if the turnover is refinement value or accession, then he separates: I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification).

4. Two single gerunds are separated, acting as homogeneous circumstances: The mists, swirling and wriggling, crawled along the wrinkles of the rocks.

BUT ! At that very moment old woman came in singing and dancing.(close connection with the predicate) My coachman tears silently and slowly (the gerund has turned into an adverb, similar to words such as lying, sitting, standing, slowly).

Examples of non-isolated single circumstances:

Cranes usually sleep standing up. The girl ran into the room crying. He lived with his grief without hiding. He hid the money in his wallet without counting. The trolley passed without stopping. Sergei sat leaning over. The mountain road was winding. They left without saying goodbye. I took the book without looking. Shot without aiming.

5. Separation and non-isolation of a single gerund may depend on the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: the same word at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence can be isolated, but not at the end: He stammered. He added, stammering, a few words of his own. She walked slowly - On the way, slowly, they picked berries.

6. The isolation of a single gerund may be influenced by its type: more often, gerunds of an imperfect form (on -a, -z) are not isolated, because usually they express the circumstance of the course of action. Whereas the perfective participles (on -v, -shi) have other shades of meaning (time, reasons, conditions, concessions), which often leads to their isolation: Listened without interrupting. By refusing, he will miss his chance.

7. A single gerund with the meaning of the mode of action, standing at the end of the sentence, is isolated if it has the meaning of clarification: He walked without looking back (without looking back) - He walked hurriedly without looking back. The machine gun chirped non-stop (non-stop) - The machine gun chirped continuously, non-stop.