2 defining sentences. Clauses

4. Stylistic use of attributive clauses

IN colloquial speech, especially in her oral, we mainly use simple sentences, and very often - incomplete (the absence of certain members is made up for by facial expressions, gestures); less commonly used complex (mainly demonic).

The use of complex sentences is a hallmark of book styles. At the same time, with The most common are sentences with a definitive adnexal part (33,6%). Complex sentences are, as it were, “adapted” to express complex semantic and grammatical relationships that are especially characteristic of the language of science: they allow not only to accurately formulate a particular thesis, but also to support it with the necessary arguments, to give scientific justification.

In the official business style, in second place in terms of frequency after attributive clauses, there are conditional clauses. IN various types texts, the ratio of types of complex sentences, of course, changes, but the strong predominance of conditional clauses in genres of a legal nature and a rather significant percentage in others determines the overall quantitative and qualitative picture of this functional style.

If in bookstores functional styles the choice of one or another type of complex sentence is associated, as a rule, with the logical side of the text, then in expressive speech its aesthetic side also becomes important: when choosing one or another type of complex sentence, its expressive possibilities are taken into account.

The master of the stylistic use of complex syntactic constructions was Leo Tolstoy. Simple, and especially short sentences, are rare in his work. Compound sentences are usually found in Tolstoy when depicting specific pictures (for example, in descriptions of nature):

"The next morning rising bright sun quickly ate the thin ice that tugged at the water, and the whole warm air trembled from the vapors of the revived earth that filled it. The young grass, old and emerging with needles, turned green, the buds of viburnum, currant and sticky spirit birch puffed out, and on the vine sprinkled with golden color, an exposed flying bee buzzed.

The writer's appeal to the life of society suggested to him a complicated one. Recall the beginning of the novel "Resurrection":

No matter how hard people tried, having gathered in one small place several hundred thousand, to disfigure the land on which they huddled, no matter how they stoned the earth so that nothing would grow on it, no matter how they cleaned off any breaking grass, no matter how they smoked with coal and oil, no matter how they pruned the trees and drove out all the animals and birds, - spring was spring even in the city. The sun warmed, the grass, reviving, grew and turned green wherever they scraped it off, not only on the lawns of the boulevards, but also between slabs of stones, and birches, poplars, bird cherry blossomed their sticky and odorous leaves, lindens puffed out bursting buds, jackdaws, sparrows and doves were already joyfully preparing their nests in the spring, and flies buzzed against the walls, warmed by the sun. Both plants and birds were cheerful ", and insects, and children. But people - big, adult people - did not stop deceiving and torturing themselves and each other. People believed that it was not this spring morning, not this beauty of the God's world, given for the benefit of all beings, that was sacred and important - beauty, conducive to peace, harmony and love, and what is sacred and important is what they themselves invented in order to rule over each other.

On the one hand, complicated constructions, on the other hand, simple, “transparent” ones, emphasize the contrasting juxtaposition of the tragedy of human relations and harmony in nature.

It is interesting to touch upon the problem of A.P. Chekhov and Tolstoy. Chekhov found an aesthetic justification for the famous novelist's adherence to the complicated language. S. Shchukin recalled Chekhov's remark: “Did you pay attention to Tolstoy's language? Enormous periods, proposals piled one on top of the other. Do not think that this is an accident, that this is a disadvantage. This is art, and it is given after labor. These periods give the impression of strength." Chekhov's unfinished work "Letter" expresses the same positive evaluation Tolstoy's periods: "...what a fountain gushing from under these "whom", what a flexible, slender, deep thought hides under them, what a screaming truth!

Tolstoy's artistic speech reflects his complex, in-depth analysis of the depicted life. The writer seeks to show the reader not the result of his observations (which could easily be presented in the form of simple, short sentences), but the search for truth itself.

Here is how the flow of thoughts and the change of feelings of Pierre Bezukhov are described:

“It would be nice to go to Kuragin,” he thought. But at once he remembered his word of honor given to Prince Andrei not to visit Kuragin.

But immediately, as happens with people who are called spineless, he so passionately wanted to once again experience this dissolute life so familiar to him that he decided to go. And immediately the thought occurred to him that this word meant nothing, because even before Prince Andrei, he also gave Prince Anatole the word to be with him; finally, he thought that all these words of honor were such conditional things, having no definite meaning, especially if one realized that perhaps tomorrow either he would die, or something so unusual would happen to him that there would be no more neither honest nor dishonest ... He went to Kuragin.

Analyzing this passage, we could transform it into one short one: Despite the word given to Prince Andrei, Pierre went to Kuragin. But it is important for the writer to show the hero's path to this decision, the struggle in his soul, hence the sentences of a complicated type.

At the same time, it is indicative that in the late period of Tolstoy's work he puts forward the demand for brevity. Since the 1990s, he strongly advises to carefully study the prose of A.S. Pushkin, especially Belkin's Tales. “The presentation always wins from the reduction,” he says to N.N. Gusev. The same interlocutor records interesting saying Tolstoy: “Short thoughts are good because they make you think. I don’t like some of my long thoughts, everything is chewed up in them too much.

Thus, in artistic speech stylistic use complex syntactic constructions are largely due to the peculiarities of the individual author's style of writing, although the "ideal" style seems to be laconic and "light"; it should not be overloaded with heavy complex structures.

5. Mistakes in the use of attributive clauses

In examination papers in the Russian language, there are often tasks where the attributive clause is incorrectly used. For example :

An official came to the city who was in charge of financing the project.

In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.

It is necessary to see the mistake and correctly use the attributive clause.

The official who was in charge of financing the project came to town.

Oh, the bug has been fixed.

In the speech of native speakers and in creative works students also encounter other errors when using sentences with relative clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given below.

1. Unjustified omission of the demonstrative pronoun:

She was rescued by someone she helped in the past.(Right: She was rescued by someone she helped in the past)

2. Incorrect agreement of the new word with the main word:

Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea. (Right: Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea.)

3. Logical and semantic connections are not observed:

People opened their mouths in surprise, which were amazed at the action taking place.(Right: People who were amazed by the action, opened their mouths in surprise.)

6. Definitive clause and participial turnover

Sentences where there is a participial phrase are semantically similar to the complex m, which has a definitive clause. For example:

Oak, planted by great-grandfather (definition expressed by participial turnover)

Oak, planted by great-grandfather , turned into huge tree. (defining clause)

Participial Always can be replaced by the attributive clause m without losing its meaning. In the artistic style, preference is given to participle turnover, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.

Oh but s change in the sentence of the attributive clause by participial turnover is possible not always.

IT IS FORBIDDEN replace the attributive clause with participle turnover:

1) those clauses in which the new word WHICH is used with various prepositions (in which, with which, with which, etc.) or before it is any noun not in the nominative case

The Idiot is a novel in which Dostoevsky's creative principles are embodied to the fullest extent, and the amazing mastery of the plot reaches its true flowering.

2) the subordinate clause already has a subject, and the word WHICH is not in the nominative case:

In the forest I saw a small yellow deer accompanied by a mother deer.

3) in the main part there is a demonstrative pronoun (that, that, those, that, etc.) or in the subordinate clause there is a participial turnover that cannot be removed.

When I remember Adeline Patti, I relive the state that I experienced while listening to her coloratura.

4) in the sentence, instead of the word WHICH, there are new words WHERE, WHERE, FROM, WHEN:

Not far from the house where the writer lived, a tall poplar grew (= Not far from the house where the writer lived, a tall poplar grew).

Some difficulty in learning the Russian language is created by a complex sentence with an attributive clause. This article will be devoted to the consideration of issues related to this section.

Complicated sentence with an attributive clause

A complex sentence is a language construction in which there is more than one grammatical basis - the subject and the predicate. Moreover, a complex sentence with an attributive clause is distinguished by the presence of a main part and a dependent one. The subordinate clause denotes a sign of the subject named in the main clause, and answers the questions "which, which."

In speech, complex sentences are often found. Examples can be given as follows.

The dog ran across the meadow (which one?), which was full of flowers.

Tatyana was reading a book from Nikolai's library (which one?), which was already the twentieth book in a row.

Why are complex sentences necessary?

Some people find that all their thoughts are easy to express in short sentences, "without troubles". They argue that a complex sentence with an attributive clause should be replaced by two monobasic simple ones.

In some cases they are right. Especially when it comes to "multi-story" constructions with several subordinations, participial and participle turns. It is difficult to read such constructions, it is even more difficult to understand the meaning of what was said. But what can happen if you constantly replace all complex sentences with several simple ones? We will try to convert the examples given above into simplified versions.

The dog ran across the meadow. The meadow was full of flowers.

Tatyana was reading a book from Nikolai's library. She was already the twentieth in a row.

The proposals were quite understandable and easy to read. We just had to replace allied words with nouns or pronouns. However, in the first case, there is a repetition of the word in adjacent sentences, which is undesirable. Yes, and by ear, this option is more like material from a primer for kids learning to read, and not like beautiful Russian speech.

Parsing a complex sentence

To correctly place punctuation marks in complex grammatical constructions, requires the ability to find grammatical foundations in their parts. For example, consider a proposal.

The bird perched on a branch of a tree that was hunched over under the weight of the snow.

Main part - bird perched on a tree branch, Where bird- subject, and villages- predicate. subordinating clause here is this: "TOhunched over under the weight of the snow". Union word " which" can be replaced by the word " tree". Then you get a full-fledged simple sentence: “ The tree hunched under the weight of the snow", where the grammatical basis is " the tree is hunched over". Therefore, when parsing a subordinate clause, it is indicated by the subject " which"- this word is the main one here.

It will help to understand more accurately the scheme of a complex sentence. The main part is indicated by a rectangle, the subordinating part is indicated by a circle. You should also indicate in the diagram a connecting allied word and place punctuation marks.

Communication in a complex sentence with a subordinate clause

If the author uses this construction in speech, he connects the main part with the secondary one using allied words "which", "whose", "which", "when", "who", "what", "where", "where", "where". The parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. And the words " whose, which, what"are the main ones, and all the rest from the list are non-main ones, indicating the attribute of the subject indirectly. But they (non-main linking allied words) can always be replaced by the main one" which».

I love the house in the village where I spent my childhood.

IN given design union word " Where" is easily replaced by the word " in which". You can put a question to the subordinate " I adore the house in the village (which one?), where I spent my childhood.

Often in the main part there are demonstrative words “that” (“that”, “that”, “those”), “such”, “each”, “any”, “any”.

I respect those people who defended their Fatherland with their breasts.

Where and when is a comma placed in complex sentences

• In speech constructions, where there are subordinate clauses, a comma is placed between the main part and the dependent.

Here is the cinema where they kissed on the last row.

Black clouds gathered over the forest in which we gathered mushrooms.

• Sometimes the presence of reinforcing-restrictive words (unions or their combinations, particles, introductory words) is found in the subordinate clause. These are especially, in particular, in particular, even, including, and also, namely, and (but) only, just, only, exclusively, only and others. They are attributed to the subordinate clause, and the comma is placed in such a way as not to separate the reinforcing-restrictive words from the subordinate clause itself.

It is good to relax in the village, especially next to which the river flows.

• If we have complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, unrelated connecting or disjunctive unions and (yes), or, either, then a comma separates all simple sentences.

The stream ran past a beautiful fairy-tale lawn, which was full of flowers, over which bright butterflies fluttered.

When is a comma not used in compound sentences?

• There are complex sentences with several subordinate clauses that are homogeneous and are interconnected by single connecting or disjunctive unions and (yes), or, or.

I like to watch kids playing in the sandbox or looking at the pictures in the book with enthusiasm.

• It is not necessary to separate with commas the subordinate clause, consisting of one word.

I would take a book, but I don't know which one.

• The subordinate clause is not singled out with a comma if there is a negative particle before the subordinating allied word " Not".

I had to see not what kind of work it was, but why and by whom it was written.

The position of the linking word in a complex sentence

Difficulty in parsing may appear when the connecting allied word is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle of it or even at the end.

Cautiously, Christmas morning was approaching, which all the kids were looking forward to.

All listeners were subdued by that singer, applause was not spared for which.

However, the scheme of a complex sentence, in which the connecting allied word is not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, is constructed in such a way as if it were immediately after the comma.

Stylistic errors in complex sentences with a subordinate clause

Quite often, people make frank mistakes in speech. And what complex sentence will have a distorted meaning?

Where there is an incorrect location of the attributive clause relative to the word from the main part, the sign of which is indicated. If the definition is placed far from it, the whole construction may take on a distorted meaning.

A phrase can become completely absurd if, between the word being defined and the attributive clause, members of the sentence that depend on other words are placed. For example:

Tatyana loved to eat jam with a spoon that her grandmother had prepared.

From the sentence, we can conclude that the grandmother was a craftswoman in terms of making spoons. And this is not so at all! Grandmother made jam and never made kitchen utensils. That's why the right option will be like this:

Tatyana loved to eat with a spoon the jam that her grandmother had prepared.

But in those cases when between the subordinate and the defined word there are members of the sentence that depend on it, then the construction has the right to exist.

Tatyana loved to eat jam with a spoon, painted with bright ornaments, which her grandfather gave her.

Here the phrase “painted with bright ornaments” is dependent on “spoon”, so the blunder did not work out.

Yes, the Russian language is diverse and difficult! Complex sentences take not here last place. However, the ability to correctly use them in speech and accurately punctuate them, you can achieve a beautiful and vivid description.

Members of a sentence, parsing a sentence, means of connecting sentences - all this is the syntax of the Russian language. The attributive clause is an example of one of the most difficult topics in learning Russian syntax.

Relative clause: definition

An integral part of a complex sentence is the subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is that part of a complex sentence that is dependent on the main one. Lying in the fields White snow when they went to the village. Here is the main suggestion There was snow on the fields. It asks a question to the dependent part: lay (when?) when they went to the village. The subordinate clause is a separate sentence, since it has a predicative stem. However, being connected with the main member semantically and grammatically, it cannot exist independently. This is the difference between the main part of a complex sentence and the subordinate clause. Thus, a subordinate clause is a part of a complex sentence, dependent on the main part.

Relative clause: types

In the syntax of the Russian language, four types of subordinate clauses are distinguished. The type of the dependent part is determined by the question asked from the main sentence.

Correctly determining the type of subordinate clause is the task that the student faces.

Relative attributive clause

A complex sentence (CSP) with attributive clauses, examples of which are given in the table, consists of two or more parts, where the main part is characterized by a subordinate clause. The attributive part refers to one word from the main clause. It is either a noun or a pronoun.
The attributive clause is an example of the formation of definitive relations between the main and dependent parts. One word from the main part is consistent with the whole subordinate clause. For example, Victor looked at the sea, in the vastness of which a ship appeared. (The sea (what?), in the expanses of which the ship appeared).

Definitive clause: features

There are some peculiarities in NGN with attributive clauses. The examples in the table will help you understand.

Relative clauses

Compound sentences with a subordinate clause have one more feature. If in the main part of the NGN the subject or nominal part of the compound nominal predicate expressed by a definitive or demonstrative pronoun, on which the subordinate definitive part depends, then such a part is called correlative (pronoun-defining). That is, sentences in which there is a ratio of the pronoun in the main part and the allied word in the dependent one are sentences where there are pronominal-defining clauses.

Examples: He was only told what happenednecessary(ratio that + that). The woman swore so loudly that the whole square could hear(ratio so+that). The answer was the same as the question itself.(ratio such+what). The captain's voice was so loud and stern that the whole unit immediately heard and formed(ratio such+that). hallmark pronominal-defining clauses is that they can precede the main clause: Those who have not been to Baikal have not seen the true beauty of nature.

Definitive clause: examples from fiction

There are many variants of complex sentences with a subordinate clause.
Writers actively use them in their works. For example, I.A. Bunin: The northern county town (which one?), where my family stayed, ... was far from me. At an early dawn (what?), when the roosters are still crowing and the huts are smoking black, you will open the window, it used to be ...

A.S. Pushkin: In one minute, the road skidded, the neighborhood disappeared into the mist (what?) ... through which white flakes of snow flew ... Berestov answered with the same zeal (what?) With which the chain bear bows to the gentlemen on the orders of his leader.

T. Dreiser: We can only console ourselves with the thought (what?) that human evolution will never stop... She was flooded with feelings (what?) that the outcast feels.

The relative attributive sentence (examples from the literature illustrate this) introduces an additional shade of the meaning of the main word, having a wide descriptive ability, allows the author of the work to colorfully and reliably describe this or that object.

Violation of the construction of sentences with a subordinate clause

In the examination work in the Russian language, there are tasks where the attributive clause is incorrectly used. An example of a similar task: H The clerk came to the city, who was in charge of financing the project. In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.
It is necessary to see the error and correctly use the attributive clause. Example: The official who was in charge of financing the project came to town. An error has been corrected in the proposal. In the speech of native speakers and in the creative works of students, there are other errors when using sentences with attributive clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given in the table.

Definitive clause and participial turnover

Sentences where there is a participial phrase are semantically similar to a complex sentence in which there is a definitive clause. Examples: The oak planted by my great-grandfather turned into a huge tree. - The oak that my great-grandfather planted turned into a huge tree. Two similar sentences have different shades of meaning. In the artistic style, preference is given to participle turnover, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.

Lesson topic: Complex sentences with adverbial clauses.

(Autumn in poetry, painting and music of our compatriots.)

Lesson Objectives:

Tutorials:

Finding attributive clauses in a complex sentence;

Correctly punctuate (highlight subordinate clauses with commas);
- draw up schemes of sentences with subordinate clauses.
- make their synonymous replacement where necessary and possible;
- correctly use these types of sentences in speech;

Developing:

Develop research skills.

To develop interest in poetry - to help evoke visual images when reading poetry, to understand the moods, feelings of poets;

Educators:

To cultivate a positive attitude towards knowledge in general and the study of the Russian language;

Cultivate a tolerant and respectful attitude towards the opinions of other people in the conditions of working in groups,

To cultivate love for the motherland through touching the beautiful.

Lesson design and equipment:

Computer;

video projector

On the board: (in slides)

Lesson topic, epigraph:

I love these days...

When everything is so clear in nature, so clear and quiet around.

Y. Levitansky

During the classes

Organizing time

Repetition of theoretical information on the example of an epigraph.

Define SPP.

What are the parts of the SPP? What are these parts called?

Where can the subordinate part be located in relation to the main one? Give examples.

How can subordinate clauses be added to the main clause?

How to distinguish subordinating conjunctions from an allied word? (Allied words: pronouns: who, what, which, which, whose; adverbs: where, where, where, why, why, how much, how much. Allied word: 1) is a member of the sentence 2) logical stress falls on it 3) its can be replaced by another significant word 4) it cannot be excluded from the sentence.

Give examples (I told the boys I was lost. I don't know what happened.

What words are in the main part of the NGN? What are they needed for? (indicate the presence of a subordinate clause, demonstrative words: that, there, there, from there, then, so much, etc. Do not talk about what you don’t know)

Today we will get acquainted with the main groups of SPP, we will try, plunging into the secrets of nature, to get acquainted with SPP with relative attributive clauses.

First we write vocabulary dictation

Golden reflections. Frozen in a daze. Blossomed the last color. Annoying rain, silent forest, farewell circle of cranes, washed away by rains, breathes peace, bright sadness, quiet joy, perfect charm, destiny, lyrical season, landscape lyrics.

LANDSCAPE "F, a, m. [fr. paysage].

1. A picture of nature, a view of some kind. terrain (book). A wonderful item was opened to the eyes of the travelers. 2. A painting, a drawing depicting nature (painting). Exhibition of landscapes. || Description of nature in literary work(lit.). P. in the novels of Turgenev. In the end, I feel that I can only paint a landscape, and in everything else I am false and false to the marrow of my bones. Chekhov.

(Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov, 1935-1940)

Let's watch over the following sentences and define secondary members in them:

1 The heart foresaw (what?) bad.

2 (Whose?) My house is in a new area.

3 We reached our destination (when?) in the evening.

Let's pick syntactic synonyms for these sentences - we will restructure them so that they become NGN.

1 My heart had a premonition that something bad was about to happen.

2 The house I live in is in a new area.

3 We reached our destination when evening came.

Let's put questions for subordinate clauses:

1 had a premonition (what?)

2nd house (what?)

3 arrived (when?)

Conclusion:

Adventitious clauses are similar in meaning to the second members. We have recorded 3 main groups of NGN: similar to the definition - NGN with relative clauses; similar to additions - NGN with subordinate explanatory clauses; similar to the circumstance - circumstantial.

How do we determine which minor member in front of us? (on the issue)

Similarly, we will define the type of the subordinate clause. The key here is to ask the right question.

Let's turn to the text.

In every season of the year, the great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky found his charm. He loved clear autumn days when you can wander through the rustling carpet of fallen yellow leaves and look for porcini mushrooms under birches and firs. He liked the cold autumn time when it rains for a long time. Moods and feelings that were inspired by pictures of nature, he expressed in his music. Listening to her, we are imbued with love for native nature which gives us unforgettable moments of high enjoyment of beauty.

(From the periodical press)

Work with text:

What is the topic of the text? What (whom) is it talking about? (The text refers to the great composer)

What is the main idea? (Tchaikovsky loved autumn and managed to convey this love in his music)

Read the sentence that contains the main idea. Let's write it down. Commented letter.

(Listening to her, we are imbued with a deep love for our native nature, which gives us unforgettable moments of high enjoyment of beauty.)

Highlight the main and subordinate parts graphically.

How difficult is the main part? (Gerential turnover)

From what word do we ask a question to the subordinate part? What is this part of speech? (From the word nature, it is a noun).

From what word do we ask a question to the subordinate part? (Which?)

Let's highlight the grammar.

Let's build a proposal.

Let's find other SPP sentences in the text. Let's analyze verbally. Let's build diagrams. The main thing here is not allied words, but the right question

How is a subordinate clause attached to the main clause? (Allied words)

Is it possible to swap the subordinate clause and the main thing? (No)

So let's fill in the table:

(Compilation of a reference diagram and its entry in the Directories.)

Tell us, using the reference diagram, about the attributive clause.

IV. Consolidation.

Read the theoretical material of the textbook - paragraph 10

What new did you learn from the textbook article

Pronominal-defining adjuncts are close to relative attributive clauses. They have a subordinate relation to pronouns used in the meaning of a noun: that, all, everything, everyone, etc.

Still worried about everything (what exactly?) What happened.

Who seeks (who exactly?) He will always find. (unlike the adjectives of the def. s, the pronominal-def. s can also appear before the word being defined.

Designing proposals

And the gray rock looks into the depths, where the wind shakes and drives the wave.

On days when there is stuffiness and silence over the sleepy sea, a wave barely moves in the foggy expanse.

We are responsible for those whom we have taught.

At the bottom of the forest ravine where we came, a stream ran along a rocky bed.

The most beautiful thing in the world is what is created by labor, by a smart head.

From an egg that lies on the ground, a bird will fly into the sky.

From the PP, compose an NGN with a subordinate definitive

In front of me is a swamp. Rare grassy hummocks stick out from the swamp.

The autumn grove is dear to me. Every leaf rustles above me

Is the sentence structured correctly?

We drove into the village, which was located in a hollow, which began immediately after the forest.

The trees near which we camped stood alone in the midst of an open field that was sown with rye and buckwheat.

On the table was a bouquet of roses, the fragrance of which filled the room, which had a festive air.

The jets of the fountain, which sparkled in the sun and seemed to hit the very sky, refreshed the air.

A huge cloud that slowly moved and covered the sky made us refuse to walk.

Which students did not hand over their books, let them come to the library

The house stood on a hillock, which overlooked the river.

V. Oral work:

Replace the participial phrase with a clause:

1. The air was full of sharp freshness, which happens only after rain. (Stanyuk)(which)

2. The bitter smell of wormwood, mixed with the delicate aroma of autumn flowers, was poured into the morning air.. (What)

3. The sun illuminated the tops of the lindens, already yellowed under the fresh breath of autumn. (M.Yu. Lermontov) ( which)

And now the reverse work. In which sentence the clause of NGN cannot be replaced by participial turnover. Such tasks are sure to meet you on the exam:

1. Artistic media, which were used when writing the "Village", gravitate towards the classic traditions.

2. The autumn panorama that opens from the steep bank of the Tsna is unique in its beauty.

3. But there are distant lands in the world, to which migratory birds are so eager.

(In 1-2 sentences, the verb of the subordinate part can be replaced by the participle that characterizes the last noun, and in the 3rd sentence, the subordinate clause cannot be converted into a synonymous sentence with a participle. Even if we replace the verb strive participle, the participle will not characterize the noun the edges .)

VI. Creative work.

Let's return to the epigraph of our lesson. Why do you think I took these words? (About autumn, NGN sentence with attributive clause)

Listen to an excerpt from a poem by Yuri Levitansky, our compatriot who lived and worked in the middle of the last century, was a participant in the Great Patriotic War.

The forest becomes more and more transparent, exposing such depths,

That the whole secret essence of nature becomes apparent, -

Everything is more spacious, everything is quieter in autumn forest- the musicians leave -

Soon the last violin will fall silent in the violinist's hand -

And the last flute will freeze in silence - the musicians leave -

Soon, soon the last candle in our orchestra will go out...

I love these days, in their cloudless, in their turquoise frame,

When everything is so clear in nature, so clear and quiet all around,

When you can easily and calmly think about life, death, glory

And there are many other things to think about, many other things.

What will you think about when you see Levitan's unsurpassed canvases dedicated to autumn and hear P.I. Tchaikovsky's composition "October" from the "Seasons" cycle.

Write a miniature essay on the topic« Autumn is eternal poetry” or “What do I feel when plunging into the secrets of autumn”. Use as reference words from the dictionary dictation. I would like NGN with adjectival clauses to also find their place in your work.

(..., which were spinning yesterday in an unpretentious dance.

... who rejoice in the last warm rays.

... that dazzles on the withering grass.

... that smell fresh.

…, which is filled with a sense of hopeless sadness.

... who seems to regret something.)

Let the guys of the 1st option make up 3-4 sentences, using the given clauses and being inspired by the reproduction of Levitan's painting.

VI. REFLECTION AND SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

What new did we learn at the lesson today?

Which tasks aroused the greatest interest or difficulty?

What did you especially like?

Learned:

1) find attributive clauses in a complex sentence;
2) make their synonymous replacement where necessary and possible;
3) correctly use these types of sentences in speech;
4) correctly punctuate (highlight subordinate clauses with commas);
5) draw up schemes of sentences with subordinate clauses.

Members of a sentence, parsing a sentence, means of connecting sentences - all this is the syntax of the Russian language. The attributive clause is an example of one of the most difficult topics in learning Russian syntax.

Relative clause: definition

An integral part of a complex sentence is the subordinate clause. The subordinate part is the part that is dependent on the main part. There was white snow on the fields when they drove to the village. Here is the main suggestion There was snow on the fields. It asks a question to the dependent part: lay (when?) when they went to the village. The subordinate clause is a separate sentence, since it has a predicative stem. However, being connected with the main member semantically and grammatically, it cannot exist independently. This is the difference between the main part of a complex sentence and the subordinate clause. Thus, a subordinate clause is a part of a complex sentence dependent on the main part.

Relative clause: types

There are four types of subordinate clauses. The type of the dependent part is determined by the question asked from the main sentence.

Correctly determining the type of subordinate clause is the task that the student faces.

Relative attributive clause

Attributive, examples of which are given in the table, consists of two or more parts, where the main part is characterized by a subordinate clause. The attributive part refers to one word from the main clause. It is either a noun or a pronoun.

The attributive clause is an example of the formation of attributive relations between the main and dependent parts. One word from the main part is consistent with the whole subordinate clause. For example, Victor looked at the sea, in the vastness of which a ship appeared. (The sea (what?), in the expanses of which the ship appeared).

Definitive clause: features

There are some features in the Examples from the table to help you figure it out.

Relative clauses

Compound sentences with a subordinate clause have one more feature. If in the main part of the NGN the subject or the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by a definitive or demonstrative pronoun, on which the subordinate definitive part depends, then such a part is called correlative (pronoun-defining). That is, sentences in which there is a correlation between the pronoun in the main part and in the dependent part are sentences where there are pronominal-defining clauses.

Examples: He was only told what happenednecessary(ratio that + that). The woman swore so loudly that the whole square could hear(ratio so+that). The answer was the same as the question itself.(ratio such+what). The captain's voice was so loud and stern that the whole unit immediately heard and formed(ratio such+that). A distinctive feature of pronominal clauses is that they can precede the main clause: Those who have not been to Baikal have not seen the true beauty of nature.

Definitive clause: examples from fiction

There are many variants of complex sentences with a subordinate clause.

Writers actively use them in their works. For example, I.A. Bunin: The northern county town (which one?), where my family stayed, ... was far from me. At an early dawn (what?), when the roosters are still crowing and the huts are smoking black, you will open the window, it used to be ...

A.S. Pushkin: In one minute, the road skidded, the neighborhood disappeared into the mist (what?) ... through which white flakes of snow flew ... Berestov answered with the same zeal (what?) With which the chain bear bows to the gentlemen on the orders of his leader.

T. Dreiser: We can only console ourselves with the thought (what?) that human evolution will never stop... She was flooded with feelings (what?) that the outcast feels.

The relative attributive sentence (examples from the literature illustrate this) introduces an additional shade of the meaning of the main word, having a wide descriptive ability, allows the author of the work to colorfully and reliably describe this or that object.

Violation of the construction of sentences with a subordinate clause

In the examination work in the Russian language, there are tasks where the attributive clause is incorrectly used. An example of a similar task: H The clerk came to the city, who was in charge of financing the project. In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.

It is necessary to see the error and correctly use the attributive clause. Example: The official who was in charge of financing the project came to town. An error has been corrected in the proposal. In the speech of native speakers and in the creative works of students, there are other errors when using sentences with attributive clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given in the table.

Definitive clause and participial turnover

Sentences where there is a participial phrase are semantically similar to a complex sentence in which there is a definitive clause. Examples: The oak planted by my great-grandfather turned into a huge tree. - The oak that my great-grandfather planted turned into a huge tree. Two similar sentences have different shades of meaning. In the artistic style, preference is given to participle turnover, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.