Nikolaev A.I. Fundamentals of literary criticism. Syntactic means of artistic expressiveness of speech

The expressiveness of Russian speech. means of expression.

Fine- means of expression language

TRAILS -use of the word in figurative meaning. Lexical argument

FIGURES OF SPEECH

A generalized name for stylistic devices in which the word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily appear in a figurative sense. grammatical argument.

DESIGN POSSIBILITIES OF VOCABULARY

Lexical argument

EXPRESSIVE-EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY

ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

grammatical argument

AUDIO EXPRESSION

ARTISTIC SYNTAX CAPABILITIES

grammatical argument

Tests.

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) On that white April night Petersburg I saw Blok for the last time... (E. Zamyatin).

a) metaphorab) hyperbolav) metonymy

2.Then you get cold in the shine of moonlight,

You moan, doused with foam wounds.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) alliteration b) assonance c) anaphora

3. I drag myself in the dust - and I soar in the sky;

Alien to everyone in the world - and the world is ready to embrace. (F. Petrarch).

a) oxymoron b) antonym c) antithesis

4. Let it fill with years

life quota,

costs

only

remember this wonder

tears apart

mouth

yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) hyperbolab) litotave) personification

5. Choose the correct answer:

1) It was drizzling with beady rain, so airy that it seemed that it did not reach the ground and haze of water dust floated in the air. (V. Pasternak).

a) epithet b) comparison c) metaphor

6.And in autumn days the flame flowing with life in the blood is not extinguished. (K. Batyushkov)

a) metaphorab) personification) hyperbole

7. Sometimes he falls passionately in love

In my elegant sadness.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

a) antithesab) oxymoron c) epithet

8. Diamond is polished with a diamond,

The string is dictated by the string.

a) anaphora b) comparison c) parallelism

9. On one assumption of such a case, you would have to pull out the hair from your head and emit streams... what am I saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans tears!

(F.M. Dostoevsky)

a) metonymy b) gradation c) allegory

10. Choose the correct answer:

1) Black tailcoats rushed apart and in heaps here and there. (N. Gogol)

a) metaphorab) metonymy c) personification

11. The idler sits at the gate,

mouth wide open,

And no one will understand

Where is the gate, and where is the mouth.

a) hyperbolab) litotave) comparison

12. C impudent modesty looks into the eyes. (A. Blok).

a) epithetb) metaphorav) oxymoron

Most supreme manifestation the skill of public speaking is contact with the audience, that is, a common mental state speaker and audience. This community arises on the basis of joint mental activity, similar emotional experiences. The attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech, his interest, conviction evoke a response from the listeners. As the saying goes, the word belongs half to the one who speaks and half to the one who listens. You need to feel the audience and be able to adjust your speech depending on its reaction. The speaker must have a wide range of knowledge on many issues, and be able to lead a discussion on any topic.

The main indicators of mutual understanding between the communicants are a positive reaction to the words of the speaker, the external expression of attention from the listeners (their posture, focused gaze, exclamations of approval, head nods, smiles, laughter, applause), "working" silence in the hall. Contact is a variable value. It can be complete (with the whole audience) and incomplete, stable and unstable in different fragments speech utterance.

To win an audience, you need to establish and constantly maintain eye contact with it. The speaker usually looks around the audience slowly.

Before the start of speech, a short psychological pause is maintained - 5 - 7 seconds. The speech of the speaker should not be monotonous. Phrases should be pronounced with different intonation. They are separated by pauses.

For modern public speaking is a characteristic combination of logical-analytical and emotional-figurative linguistic means.

No matter how interesting the topic is, the attention of the audience dulls over time. It must be supported by the following oratory techniques:

· Question and answer reception. The speaker raises questions and answers them himself, raises possible doubts and objections, clarifies them and comes to certain conclusions.

· The transition from a monologue to a dialogue (controversy) allows you to involve individual participants in the discussion process, thereby activating their interest.

· Reception of creation of a problem situation. Listeners are invited

a situation that raises the question: "Why?", which stimulates their cognitive activity.

Reception of novelty of information, hypotheses makes the audience assume, reflect.

・Reliance on personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.

· Showing the practical significance of information.

The use of humor allows you to quickly win over an audience.

· A short digression from the topic gives the listeners the opportunity to "rest".

· Slowing down with a simultaneous decrease in the strength of the voice can draw attention to the responsible places of the speech (reception "quiet voice").

Reception of gradation - an increase in the semantic and emotional significance of the word. Gradation allows you to strengthen, give them emotional expressiveness to a phrase, a formulated thought.

· Reception of inversion - a speech turnover, which, as it were, deploys the usual, generally accepted train of thought and expressions to the diametrically opposite one.

Receiving an appeal to one's own thoughts.

Among the techniques of oratory, which significantly increase its effectiveness and persuasiveness, lexical techniques should be highlighted. In almost all guides to oratory, among lexical devices, it is recommended to use the so-called paths.

Trope- (from the Greek tropos - turn, turn of speech), the use of a word or expression in a figurative, figurative sense; in a narrower sense - word transformation, through which the aesthetic effect of expressiveness in speech is achieved (artistic, journalistic, everyday, etc.). Tropes include comparisons, metaphors, epithets, hyperbole, and others.

Comparison- one of the most frequently used techniques, which has a great persuasive power, stimulates associative and figurative thinking among listeners and thus allows the speaker to achieve the desired effect.

Metaphor- this is the transfer of the name of one object to another, this is the verbal convergence of 2 phenomena by similarity or contrast. For example: "The locomotive of history cannot be stopped..."

Epithet- figurative definition of an object, phenomenon, revealing its essence. For example: "A student is not a vessel to be filled with knowledge, but a torch to be lit!.."

Allegory- allegorically depicts something. For example: "Once a passer-by asked the builder:" What are you doing? He thought and replied: "Don't you see? I'm driving stones." The second builder answered the same question: “I make money!”

Hyperbola is a kind of trail, consisting in a deliberate exaggeration of the properties, qualities of objects and phenomena. For example: " rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper.

The specificity of oral speech is manifested in the construction of phrases and whole sentences. It is believed that in public speaking, preference should be given to shorter sentences, they are better perceived by ear and remembered. In addition, a short sentence allows for a more variant approach to changing intonation.

The listed linguistic means of contact help to overcome the "barrier", serve to unite the speaker with the listeners.

Author's punctuation - this is punctuation, not provided for by punctuation rules. Author's signs convey the additional meaning invested in them by the author. Most often, a dash is used as copyright marks, which emphasizes or contrasts: Born to crawl - can't fly or emphasizes the second part after the sign: Love is the most important thing. Author's exclamation marks serve as a means of expressing a joyful or sad feeling, mood.

Anaphora, or unanimity -(gr. anaphora - bringing up). A stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel row (verse, stanza, prose passage).

Anaphora sound. The repetition of the same combinations of sounds.

Thunderstorm demolished bridges, Coffins from a blurry cemetery.(Pushkin)

Anaphora morpheme. Repetition of the same morphemes or parts of compound words. ...Black-eyed girl, Black-maned horse!(Lermontov)

Anaphora lexical. Repetition of the same words Not in vain did the winds blow, Not in vain did the storm go.(Yesenin)

Syntactic anaphora. Repetition of the same syntactic constructions. Do I wander along the noisy streets, Do I enter a crowded temple, Do I sit among the foolish youths, I indulge in my dreams.(Pushkin)

Anaphora strophic(repetition of the same elements at the beginning of stanzas). See the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "When the yellowing field is agitated ...".

Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

exclamation particles - a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text: ABOUT, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!

exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration): Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness! Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action: Let's save our soul as a shrine!

Gradation - a stylistic figure that consists in the consequent intensification or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world! Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

Inversion -(from lat. inversio - permutation) - changing the order of words in a sentence to achieve a certain artistic goal, for example, to enhance emotional perception. An agile stream runs from the mountain (Tyutchev). This reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition is before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition is after it, the addition is after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action is before the verb: The youth of today quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

Composite joint - is the repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous sentence, usually ending it: She did everything for meMotherland. motherland taught me, raised me, gave me a ticket toa life. A life, which I am proud of.

Polyunion - a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the enumerated concepts: AND thunder did not strikeAnd the sky did not fall to the ground,And the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

Parceling - the technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

Repeat - conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin wassufferer, sufferer in the full sense of the word.

Connecting structures - construction of the text, in which each subsequent part, continuing the first, main one, is separated from it by a long pause, which is indicated by a dot, sometimes an ellipsis or a dash. This is a means of creating emotional pathos of the text: Belorussky railway station on Victory Day. And a crowd of greeters. And tears. And the bitterness of loss.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations - a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not revere them as monsters human race, equal to the late clerk, or at least the Murom robbers?

What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

A combination of short simple and long complex or complicated sentences with a variety of turnovers helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.

“Binoculars. Binoculars. people want to be closer to the Mona Lisa. Consider the pores of her skin, eyelashes. Glare pupils. They seem to feel the breath of Mona Lisa. They, like Vasari, feel that “the eyes of the Gioconda have that brilliance and that moisture that are usually seen in a living person ... and in the deepening of the neck, with a careful look, you can see the beating of the pulse ... And they see and hear it. And it's not a miracle. Such is the skill of Leonardo."

“1855. The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text: Gioconda. A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.

Epiphora - the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: I've been walking all my lifeto you. I have believed all my lifeinto you. I have loved all my lifeyou.

Table 3. Identification of figurative and expressive means (example)

Literary analysis of the lyricalworks

As an example of literary analysis, let us turn to the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Farewell, unwashed Russia...":

Farewell, unwashed Russia,

Country of slaves, country of masters.

And you, blue uniforms,

And you, their devoted people.

Perhaps behind the wall of the Caucasus

I will hide from your pashas,

From their all-seeing eye

From their all-hearing ears.

1. The poem "Farewell, unwashed Russia ..." was written in 1841 before the second exile of the poet to the Caucasus. Published only in 1887. 40s of the XIX century. are characterized as a time of social passivity of society, which replaced the national upsurge of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Decembrist uprising of 1825.

2. The work belongs to the mature stage in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov, the heyday of his poetic talent. In the 40s, such masterpieces of the poet's civil lyrics were written as “January 1st”, “And boring and sad ...”, “Motherland”, “Clouds”, etc. The poem “Farewell, unwashed Russia ... ”reflects the traditions of Decembrist poetry with its high civic pathos and call for social protest. For this stage in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov was characterized by a sharply critical perception of reality, bitterness and the motive of loneliness, a feeling of a deep discrepancy between dreams and real life. All these features are reflected in the poem under consideration.

3. The work belongs to lyrics and is characterized by a pronounced subjective attitude to the described reality. This is a lyrical monologue of the author, which contains a challenge to autocratic Russia. The work is distinguished by limited descriptiveness, rhetoric, conventionality (cf., for example, a hint of total surveillance, eavesdropping, suppression of freedom, dissent - due to hyperbolization and the ability to turn a detail into a symbol: from their all-seeing eye, from their all-hearing ears).

4. The work belongs to the genre lyric poem - this is an appeal to "the country of slaves, the country of masters." The accusatory pathos of the work, its angry intonation and clear rhythm are formed not only due to the special vocabulary and syntax, but also due to the poetic meter chosen by the author - iambic tetrameter. N.S. Gumilyov said about this size: “Each meter has its own soul, its own characteristics and tasks. Yamb, as if descending the stairs, ... is free, clear, firm and perfectly conveys human speech, the intensity of human will. The latter is especially noticeable in the analyzed poem.

The factors of “the unity of the verse series” and “the tightness of it”, noted by Yu.N. Tynyanov in poetry, are fully characteristic of the work under consideration, which is distinguished by the harmonious correspondence of form and content, the accuracy of poetic word usage and the aesthetic motivation of syntactic constructions. Semantic richness, laconism, lack of verbosity, rhetoric are important features of the poem.

The theme of the poem can be summarized as civil, antiserfdom. This is a work about the motherland, full of pain and bitterness for the people, who are passive and oppressed by the autocracy. The poem is characterized by monologism, a tendency towards expressiveness and open appraisal.

6. The main theme in the work is the theme of the motherland and the fate of the Russian people. This is a cross-cutting theme in Lermontov's poetry (cf. poems: "Russian Song", "Autumn", "Will", " Last son liberties”, “You are beautiful, the fields of the native land ...”, “I look at the future with fear”, “Motherland”, “Duma”). Unlike other works of Lermontov, where there is a contrast between the heroic past of Russia and gloomy reality, the poem in question presents the contemporary Russia of the poet with its despotic orders worthy of denunciation.

7. The composition of a small poem, consisting of two stanzas, is simple. The key statement - a maxim, reflecting the theme and idea of ​​the work, opens the work, built in the form of an excited monologue-reflection of the lyrical hero. The following presentation reveals and complements the meaning of the key statement. Thus, the general logical scheme of a poetic text includes a thesis and arguments (Scheme 6).

8. As for pathos analyzed poem, it can be defined as a combination of the tragic and satirical with elements of irony.

The pathos of the work is associated with the poet's characteristic state of "transition" from romanticism to realism, their peculiar combination. The text reveals the author's reflection, his self-absorption, tragic discord with the surrounding reality, longing for the lofty, perfect, characteristic for romance. At the same time, the poem embodies specific historical details of a certain stage in the development of society, expressed in artistic form, the author openly criticizes the existing order of things in the spirit of realism. In the poetic work under consideration, conditional forms characteristic of a satirical image are presented: paraphrase blue uniforms(about the royal gendarmes - the guardians of the autocratic order, who wore blue uniforms); Pasha(their ironic designation by the name of Turkish military dignitaries); all-seeing eye, all-hearing ears symbols that personify the brutal order in the country, based on denunciations and surveillance. rhetoric, which distinguishes the poem, is expressed by the excited appeal "Farewell, unwashed Russia ...", the use of vivid epithets, synecdoches and paraphrases (blue uniforms) metaphors (unwashed Russia, the wall of the Caucasus), hyperbole (From their all-seeing eye, / From their all-hearing ears).

9. General emotional tone works - angry, indignant, painted with pain and bitterness for the outraged people. The key in the work are the images of Russia, the people and the royal gendarmes. If in the poem "Motherland" the poet admitted: "I love the Fatherland, but with a strange love ...", then the analyzed text reveals this "strangeness" and a special attitude towards Russia, reflecting a complex range of feelings: hatred and love, pain and bitterness. Estimated epithet "unwashed", i.e. dirty,- in the context of the poem, it has the actual meaning of “trans. immoral, immoral." The following exposition reveals the essence of this through the device of contrast: land of slaves, land of masters. In shaping the image of a people silently enslaved, important role belongs to the epithet "devotee" (And you, a devoted people to them). Devotee - i.e. "full of love and fidelity", resigned. It is this circumstance that deeply revolts the lyrical hero, filling his heart with pain.

The images of the royal gendarmes are very expressive, formed on the basis of the associative-semantic connection of lexical means: blue uniforms, pashas, all-seeing eye, all-hearing ears. The image of the lyrical hero in this work is painted tragically. This is a brave, proud person, deeply suffering for his homeland, denying the obedience and humility of the people and the royal order. Regarding the chronotope, it is interesting to note that the poem presents images of the present tense ("here" and "now") - Farewell, unwashed Russia... and future: - Perhaps behind the wall of the Caucasus I will hide from your pashas ... The image of space as visible and imaginary, large-scale and remote (wall of the Caucasus) actualized in the reflections of the lyrical hero. In general, the figurative structure of the poem is aimed at expressing his ideas.

I. idea works can be defined as an active rejection and condemnation of the autocracy and the social passivity of the people. High civic pathos distinguishes this poem, which was perceived as a challenge to feudal Russia.

1. Artistic features poems are determined by its ideological and thematic originality and high civic pathos. Partially, they have already been discussed in connection with the characteristic rhetoric poetic text. All figurative and expressive means are aimed at creating a revealing tone, being focused on key images. Techniques of rhetorical appeal and contrast at the beginning of a poem (Farewell, unwashed Russia, Country of slaves, / country of masters) determine the subsequent artistic development of the text. The contrast is enhanced by contrasting images people and royal gendarmes due to synecdoche, periphrase and expressive epithet:

And you, blue uniforms, And you, the people devoted to them.

Use of metaphors (wall of the Caucasus, unwashed Russia), hyperbole in the formation of a generalizing image of autocratic despotism, total surveillance and eavesdropping (From their all-seeing eye / From their all-hearing ears) is very expressive and pragmatically effective.

Thus, the system of vivid artistic means and techniques forms the figurative structure of the work, expressing its ideological content.

The poem is typical for the late lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov and reflects his individual author's stylistic features: romantic pathos combined with historically specific realistic authenticity in describing the social realities of the 40s of the 19th century, open social protest and rejection of the autocratic system; increased expression and a variety of visual and expressive means.

Let's summarize:

Literary analysis is the third stage of the philological analysis of a literary text.

The object of literary analysis is mainly content artwork,

Immanent analysis of a literary work must be supplemented projection, taking into account the cultural and historical context of the era. Literary analysis includes the study of the time and circumstances of writing a work; his place in the writer's work; definition of the literary type of the work and genre; the main issue; themes; compositions; pathos of the work and emotional tone; figurative system; ideas and artistic features.

Literary analysis complements and deepens the understanding of the content of a literary text and the creative personality of the author, obtained on the basis of linguistic and stylistic analysis of the text.

For modern oratorical speech, a combination of logical-analytical and emotional-figurative language means is characteristic. The practice of the best speakers shows that a dry business speech, reduced to the transfer of "bare" information in a modern, well-informed audience, as a rule, remains unattended, and often causes boredom and even irritation.

No matter how interesting the topic is, the attention of the audience dulls over time. It must be supported by the following oratory techniques:

Question-answer reception. The speaker raises questions and answers them himself, raises possible doubts and objections, clarifies them and comes to certain conclusions.

The transition from a monologue to a dialogue (controversy) allows you to involve individual participants in the discussion process, thereby activating their interest.

Reception of creation of a problem situation. Listeners are offered a situation that raises the question: "Why?", which stimulates their cognitive activity.

The reception of novelty of information, hypotheses makes the audience assume, reflect.

Reliance on personal experience, opinions that are always interesting to listeners.

Showing the practical significance of information.

Using humor allows you to quickly win over an audience.

A short digression from the topic gives the listeners the opportunity to "rest".

Slowing down with a simultaneous decrease in the strength of the voice can draw attention to the responsible places of the speech (the "quiet voice" technique).

Reception of gradation - an increase in the semantic and emotional significance of the word. Gradation allows you to strengthen, give them emotional expressiveness to a phrase, a formulated thought.

The technique of inversion is a speech turnover, which, as it were, deploys the usual, generally accepted train of thought and expressions to the diametrically opposite one.

Acceptance of an appeal to one's own thoughts.

Among the techniques of oratory, which significantly increase its effectiveness and persuasiveness, lexical techniques should be highlighted. In almost all guides to oratory, among lexical devices, it is recommended to use the so-called paths.

Tropes are speech turns and individual words used in a figurative sense, which allow you to achieve the necessary emotional expressiveness and imagery. Tropes include comparisons, metaphors, epithets, hyperbole, etc.

Comparison is one of the most frequently used techniques, which has great persuasive power, stimulates associative and figurative thinking in the audience, and thus allows the speaker to achieve the desired effect.

Metaphor is the transfer of the name of one object to another, it is the verbal convergence of 2 phenomena by similarity or contrast. For example: "The locomotive of history cannot be stopped..."

An epithet is a figurative definition of an object, a phenomenon that reveals its essence. For example: "A student is not a vessel to be filled with knowledge, but a torch to be lit!.."

Allegory - allegorically depicts something. For example: “Once a passer-by asked the builder: “What are you doing?” He thought and answered: “Don’t you see? I drive stones." The second builder answered the same question: "I earn money!"

Hyperbole is a kind of trope, consisting in a deliberate exaggeration of the properties, qualities of objects and phenomena. For example: "A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper."

An effective means of contact are special words and expressions that provide feedback. These are personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person (I, you, we, we are with you), verbs in the 1st and 2nd person (let's try to understand, make a reservation, note, please, mark for yourself, think, specify, etc.), appeals (dear colleagues, my dears), rhetorical questions (you want to hear my opinion, don't you?). The specificity of oral speech is manifested in the construction of phrases and whole sentences. It is believed that in public speaking, preference should be given to shorter sentences, they are better perceived by ear and remembered. In addition, a short sentence allows for a more variant approach to changing intonation.

You have probably heard more than once that Russian is one of the most difficult languages. Why? It's all about the way the speech is made. Expressive means make our words richer, poems more expressive, prose more interesting. It is impossible to clearly convey thoughts without the use of special lexical figures, because the speech will sound poor and ugly.

Let's figure out what are the means of expressiveness of the Russian language and where to find them.

Perhaps at school you wrote essays poorly: the text “didn’t go”, the words were chosen with difficulty, and it was generally unrealistic to finish the presentation with a clear thought. The fact is that the necessary syntactic means are laid in the head with the reading of books. However, only they are not enough to write interesting, colorful and easy. You need to develop your skills through practice.

Just compare the next two columns. On the left - text without means of expression or with a minimum of them. On the right is rich text. These are often found in the literature.

It would seem that three banal sentences, but how interesting they can be painted! The expressive means of language help the viewer to see the picture that you are trying to describe. Using them is an art, but it is not difficult to master it. It is enough to read a lot and pay attention to interesting techniques used by the author.

For example, in the paragraph of text on the right, epithets are used, thanks to which the subject instantly appears bright and unusual. What will the reader remember better - an ordinary cat or a fat commander cat? Rest assured that the second option will probably be more to your liking. Yes, and there will be no such embarrassment that in the middle of the text the cat will suddenly be white, but the reader has long imagined him as gray!

So, syntactic means are special techniques artistic expressiveness that prove, justify, draw information, and engage the imagination of the reader or listener. This is extremely important not only for written, but also for oral speech. Especially if the speech or text is composed in . However, both there and there means of expression in the Russian language should be in moderation. Do not oversaturate the reader or listener with them, otherwise he will quickly get tired of making his way through such a "jungle".

Existing means of expression

There are a lot of such special techniques, and it is unlikely that you know everything about them. To begin with, you do not need to use all the means of expression at once - this makes speech difficult. You need to use them in moderation, but do not be stingy. Then you will achieve the desired effect.

Traditionally, they are divided into several groups:

• phonetic - most often found in poems;
• lexical (tropes);
• stylistic figures.

Let's try to deal with them in order. And to make it more convenient for you, after the explanation, all the expressive means of the language are presented in convenient tablets - you can print it out and hang it on the wall to reread it from time to time. That way you can learn them unobtrusively.

Phonetic tricks

The most common phonetic devices are alliteration and assonance. They differ only in that consonants are repeated in the first case, vowels are repeated in the second.

This technique is very convenient to use in poems when there are few words, but you need to convey the atmosphere. Yes, and poetry is most often read aloud, and assonance or alliteration helps to “see” the picture.

Suppose we need to describe a swamp. Rustling reeds grow in the swamp. The beginning of the line is ready - the reeds rustle. We can already hear this sound, but it's not enough to complete the picture.

Do you hear, as if silently rustling and hissing reeds? Now we can feel this atmosphere. This technique is called alliteration - consonants are repeated.

Similarly, with assonance, the repetition of vowels. This one is a little easier. For example: I hear a spring thunderstorm, then I fall silent, then I sing. By this, the author conveys a lyrical mood and spring sadness. The effect is achieved through the skillful use of vowels. In explaining what assonance is, the table will help.

Lexical devices (tropes)

Lexical devices are used much more often than other means of expression. The fact is that often people use them unconsciously. For example, we can say that our heart is lonely. But the heart, in fact, cannot be lonely, it is just an epithet, a means of expression. However, such expressions help to emphasize the deep meaning of what was said.

The main lexical devices include the following tropes:

• epithet;
• comparison as a means of expressive speech;
• metaphor;
• metonymy;
• irony;
• hyperbole and litote.

Sometimes we use these lexical units unconsciously. For example, comparison slips in everyone's speech - this means of expression has firmly entered into everyday life so you need to use it wisely.

Metaphor is more interesting shape comparisons, because we do not compare slow death with cigarettes, using the word "as if". We already understand that slow death is a cigarette. Or, for example, the expression "dry clouds". Most likely, this means that it has not rained for a long time. The epithet and metaphor often overlap, so it is important not to confuse them when analyzing a text.

Hyperbole and litote are exaggeration and understatement, respectively. For example, the expression “the sun has absorbed the power of a hundred fires” is a clear hyperbole. And “quietly, quieter than a stream” is a litote. These phenomena are also firmly embedded in everyday life.

Metonymy and paraphrase interesting phenomena. Metonymy is an abbreviation of what is said. For example, there is no need to speak of Chekhov's books as "the books that Chekhov wrote." You can use the expression "Chekhov's books", and this will be a metonymy.

A paraphrase is a deliberate replacement of concepts with synonymous ones in order to avoid tautologies in the text.

Although, with proper skill, tautology can also be a means of expression!

Also to lexical means expressiveness in speech include:

• archaisms (outdated vocabulary);
• historicisms (lexicon related to a specific historical period);
• neologisms (new vocabulary);
• phraseological units;
• dialectisms, jargon, aphorisms.

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures often contain special grammatical constructions. The most commonly used include:

• anaphora and epiphora;
• compositional joint;
• antithesis;
• oxymoron or paradox;
• inversion;
• parceling;
• ellipsis;
• rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals;
• asyndeton.

Anaphora and epiphora are often referred to as phonetic techniques, but this is an erroneous assumption. Such methods of artistic expression are pure stylistics. Anaphora - the same beginning of several lines, epiphora - the same endings. Most often used in poetry, sometimes in prose, to emphasize the drama and growing anxiety, or to enhance the poetry of the moment.

The compositional junction is a deliberate "building up" of the conflict. The word is used at the end of one sentence and at the beginning of the next. It gave me everything, the word. The Word helped me become who I am. This technique is called a compositional joint.

Antithesis is the opposition of two antipodes: yesterday and today, night and day, death and life. Of the interesting techniques, one can note the parcelling, which is used to increase the conflict and change the pace of the story, as well as the ellipsis - the omission of a sentence member. Often used in exclamations, calls.

Features of the use of means of expression

We should not forget that gestures are also used in oral Russian speech. Sometimes they are more eloquent conventional means expressiveness, but - in the skillful combination of these figures. Then the role will turn out to be lively, rich and bright.

Do not try to insert as many stylistic or lexical figures into speech as possible. It won't make the word richer, but it will make you feel like you've "put on" too much jewelry and become uninteresting. Means of expression - like a skillfully selected accessory. It happens that you don’t even notice it right away, it is so harmoniously intertwined in a sentence with other words.