High stylistic coloring. Features of work on the expressiveness of speech of deaf primary school students

Functionally stylistic coloring of the word

By functional and stylistic affiliation, all the words of the Russian language can be divided into two large groups: 1) common, relevant in any style of speech (man, work, good, a lot, house) and 2) assigned to a certain style and perceived outside of it as inappropriate (different styles): face(meaning "man") work hard(meaning "to work") cool, plenty, living space, building. The second group of words is of particular stylistic interest.

functional style is called a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in a particular area of ​​human communication. In modern Russian, the following are distinguished bookstores styles: scientific, journalistic, official business. Some linguists refer to book styles and fiction, however, in our opinion, the language fiction devoid of any stylistic closure. It is distinguished by a variety of individual-author's means of creating imagery and the freedom to choose vocabulary dictated by specific artistic tasks. This puts the language of fiction, more precisely artistic speech, into special position in relation to functional styles.

Book styles opposed colloquial a style that is predominantly oral. Outside the literary and linguistic norm is vernacular.

The functional and stylistic fixation of words is facilitated by their thematic relevance. So, the terms, as a rule, belong to the scientific style: assonance, metaphor, quantum theory, synchrophasotron; journalistic style includes words related to socio-political topics: pluralism, democracy, glasnost, citizenship, cooperation; as official business words used in jurisprudence, office work are distinguished: presumption of innocence, incompetent, victim, notify, prescribe, proper, residence.

However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official and business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty, and therefore, when stylistically characterized, a significant number of words are evaluated as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Let's compare, for example, such synonymic rows:

Due to semantic and stylistic differences, bookish and colloquial (colloquial) words are most clearly opposed; compare: intrude - get in, get rid of - get rid of, get rid of, sob - roar; face - muzzle, mug.

The functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary is only partially fixed in explanatory dictionaries by stylistic marks to words. Book words, special, colloquial, vernacular, rude vernacular stand out most consistently. The corresponding marks are used in the Big and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov, stylistic marks indicate the functional fixation of words: "abusive", "high", "ironic", "bookish", "disapproving", "official", "colloquial", "colloquial" , "special", etc. But there are no labels that would highlight journalistic vocabulary.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov, stylistic marks are more diverse, they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. Here such marks are given: "newspaper", "stationery", "folk poetic", "special", "official", "poetic", "colloquial", "journalistic", etc. However, in some cases these marks are outdated. So, negotiable, recalculation, re-register in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov they are given with the mark "official", and in the dictionary of Ozhegov - without marks; chauvinism- respectively: "political" and - without marks. This reflects the real processes of changing the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.

Unlike functionally fixed, commonly used vocabulary, or interstyle, is used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document ( House No. 7 to be demolished); in an article by a journalist who owns journalistic style (This house built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a funny song for kids [Tili-bom, tili-bom, cat's on fire house (March.)]. In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.

Common vocabulary underlies the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that are, as a rule, the main (pivot) in the synonymic rows; they constitute the most important fund of generating bases around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.

Common vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and in writing, in any style where it performs a primary function - a nominative one, naming vital concepts and phenomena.

Lecture questions

The concept of style in language. Functional-stylistic coloring of words.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words.

Means of artistic representation (Trails and figures).

1. The concept of style in the language. Stylistic coloration of words.

Word style ambiguous. In the broadest sense, style is understood as a set of characteristic features, features inherent in something, distinguishing something 1 . This “something” can be both an activity (work style, leadership style, etc.), and a way of performing (swimming style, skiing style, etc.), and a manner of behaving, dressing (he entered in her style, she dresses in retro style, etc.). In a narrower sense, style means direction in art, characterized by special features, properties of artistic expression(styles in painting, architecture, music, etc.). There is also a very special meaning of the word style - a way of reckoning (old style, new style).

However, most of all and most closely the concept of style is associated with literature. The very word style(gr. stylos, lat. stylus) in ancient times meant a stick pointed at one end and rounded at the other, a rod made of wood, bone or metal. The sharp end was written on wax tablets, the rounded end was leveled to write again. “Turn your style more often!” - this advice meant: correct what was written more often, strive for correctness, clarity, brevity, expressiveness of presentation. It is quite natural that over time they began to say he has a bad style, he has good style, he has a verbose style, he has a strict style, etc., meaning no longer a writing tool, but the qualities of the written, the features of verbal expression. In the future, the writing stick completely went out of use, and in a word style in literature began to mean manner of using language. This understanding of style is quite correct, but it is of the most general nature and therefore needs at least two clarifications.

First, it should be noted that style - historical category. Throughout the history of the Russian language, the conditions for the formation of styles, their number and relationships have changed. For example, high, medium and low styles in the literature of classicism were determined by the genre of the work and differed from each other mainly by the ratio of the use of "Slavonic" and "simple Russian" elements, and modern functional styles are determined by the use (functioning) in various spheres of human activity (legal relations, science, etc.) and differ from each other by specific sets of correlative means and ways of linguistic expression. Secondly, it should be borne in mind that the concept of style applies to very different uses of language. In addition to those named by G.O. Vinokur, we can talk, for example, about the styles of a particular literary movement, about the style of an individual work, about the individual style of a writer, etc.

An extensive literature is devoted to styles, many definitions of style as a phenomenon of literature have been proposed. In view of the foregoing, we can accept the following: style is a historically developed type of language use, which differs from other similar varieties in the features of the composition and organization of language units. This and similar definitions, common in the specialized literature, allow us to apply the concept of "style" to any kind of language use. Meanwhile, in modern philology, a tradition has developed according to which the concept of style is applied mainly (and sometimes exclusively) to varieties of literary language, although this restriction is usually absent in definitions of style. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that although every style is a kind of language use, it is customary to call every kind of language use a style. The concept of "variety of language use" is applicable to more general and more specific phenomena; one variety may include other varieties of language usage.

Language units, in addition to their main lexical and grammatical meaning, may also have additional meanings that correlate language units with certain conditions or areas of communication. For example, the word businessman does not just mean business man", but also contains an emotional negative assessment, and in terms of use it belongs to the vernacular. Word overthrow does not just mean “overthrow”, but contains an emotional connotation of sublimity, solemnity and is used in book vocabulary. Phrase construction When I pass my exams, I will go to my parents.- "neutral", and "I'll pass the exams - I'll go to my parents" - colloquial. These and similar characteristics of language units act as stylistic coloration. 2 Stylistically colored called those words, word forms, sentences, the ability of which to evoke a special impression out of context is due to the fact that they contain not only subject (information about the signified subject) and / or grammatical information, but also some additional information, for example, the coloring of familiarity, disapproval, approval, etc. 3

There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive.

Functional-style fixedness of words 4

Functionally-stylistically colored words include those that are used in some area of ​​communication. We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).

From a functional point of view, all means of the national language are divided into 3 groups: neutral (generally used), bookish, colloquial.

book words associated primarily with the sphere of intellectual communication ( dissent, nihilist), a significant part of them are borrowed words ( sarcasm, phenomenon) and words of Church Slavonic origin ( raise up, give back).book words are out of place in casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, a trees, bushes; not Forest, a forest; not water, a lake).high vocabulary necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary finds application in speeches of speakers, in poetic speech where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable colleague and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected official relations or in a formal setting.

Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.

Of course, while talking, we cannot look into dictionary, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.

The two argued:

– I can't take seriously what this blond youth says, one said.

– And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond youth are very convincing.

In these contradictory remarks, a different attitude is expressed towards the young blond: one of the disputants picked up for him hurtful words, emphasizing their neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.

However, the differentiating features of scientific, journalistic, official business vocabulary are not always perceived with sufficient certainty , and therefore, with a stylistic characteristic, a significant number of words are evaluated as bookish, in contrast to their commonly used and colloquial synonyms. Due to semantic and stylistic differences most clearly opposedbook and colloquial(colloquial) words; compare: intrude - get in, get rid of - get off, get rid of, sob - roar; face - muzzle, mug.

The functional-style stratification of vocabulary is only partially recorded in explanatory dictionaries. stylistic marks to words. Book words, special, colloquial, vernacular, rude vernacular stand out most consistently. The corresponding marks are used in the Big and Small academic dictionaries of the Russian language. In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov, the functional fixation of words is indicated by stylistic marks: “abusive”, “high”, “ironic”, “bookish”, “disapproving”, “official”, “colloquial”, “colloquial”, “special”, etc. But there are no marks , which would highlight publicistic vocabulary.

In the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov, stylistic marks are more diverse, they represent the functional stratification of vocabulary in a more differentiated way. Here such marks are given: “newspaper”, “stationery”, “folk poetic”, “special”, “official”, “poetic”, “colloquial”, “journalistic”, etc. However, in some cases these marks are outdated. So, contractual, recalculation, re-register in the dictionary of D. N. Ushakov are given with the mark “official”, and in the dictionary of Ozhegov - without marks; chauvinism - respectively: "political" and - without marks. This reflects the real processes of changing the functional and stylistic affiliation of words.

Unlike functionally fixed, commonly usedvocabulary or interstitial, used in any style of speech without any restrictions. For example, the word house can be used in any context: in an official business document (House No. 7 is to be demolished); in an article by a journalist who owns a journalistic style (This house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture); in a comic song for kids (Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire (March.). In all cases, such words will not stand out stylistically from the rest of the vocabulary.

Common vocabulary underlies the vocabulary of the Russian language. It is interstyle, neutral words that are, as a rule, the main (pivot) in the synonymic rows; they constitute the most important fund of generating bases around which various derivational connections of related words are formed.

Common vocabulary is also the most frequent: we constantly refer to it both in oral and written speech, in any style where it performs a primary function - nominative, naming vital concepts and phenomena.

The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their stylistic coloring. For example.

What is the stylistic coloring of words?

1. 
   
   
   
   
2. There are usually four main levels in a language: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Language units of each of these levels can be either stylistically neutral or stylistically colored. In this case, only units of the lexical level are considered.
   The stylistic coloring of a language unit is understood as additional (connotative) to its main (nominative, subject-logical and grammatical) meaning emotional-evaluative, expressive and functional properties. These properties limit the use of language units to certain areas, styles, genres and conditions of communication (situation) and thus carry stylistic information. Stylistically colored units cannot be used everywhere, but only under certain conditions.
   There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-evaluative. Let's consider them in more detail.
   1. Functional-stylistic (style) coloring. It is due to the regular use of one or another unit of the language in a certain functional style of the language. This leads to the fact that the given unit of language itself (word, etc.) receives coloring, an imprint of the sphere or style in which it is usually found, i.e., the word bears the coloring of business, official, scientific, journalistic etc. speech (for example: social - journalistic, synchrophasotron - scientific, debit - business).
   2. Emotional-evaluative (stylistic) coloring. If the functional-stylistic coloring colors the word itself as a linguistic unit, then with the help of words with emotional-evaluative coloring, the designated objects themselves are "colored", the attitude towards them is expressed, their evaluation is made, etc. This coloring is organically characteristic of the language unit, is inseparable from its meaning. It manifests itself in any sphere of use of this unit, in the most minimal contexts and even in isolation. So, the words have a reduced (negative) color: lip-slap - a person with large pendulous lips and incomprehensibly speaking; varmint - a loafer who loves to play pranks; smack - kiss.
   On the other hand, we find an elevated (positive) coloring in the words: banner - banner; coming - coming, future; soar - aspire to sublime thoughts, feelings.
   Words with emotional and evaluative coloring are sometimes very difficult to translate into other (even related) languages, since they often have a bright national flavor. So, almost never there are difficulties in translating the neutral verb to fall, for example, in a sentence: he stumbled and fell into the mud. But the translation in the same sentence of a number of its emotional-evaluative synonyms (slap, thump, slap, slap, etc.) causes certain difficulties and is far from always being equivalent. The same is true with the translation of two sentences very close in their meaning: All day I really wanted to call her and I was tempted to call her all day.
   The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (really, blurt out, a little); some give solemnity to speech (predestinate, expression of will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). All the variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics, - wrote Acad. VV VinogradovVinogradov VV Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word). P. 22. When describing words, the stylistic characteristics of a word take into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.
3. The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others - as colloquial (really, blurt out, a little); some give solemnity to speech (predestinate, expression of will), others sound at ease (work, talk, old, cold). All the variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics, - wrote Acad. VV VinogradovVinogradov VV Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of the word). P. 22. When describing words, the stylistic characteristics of a word take into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the absence of functional and stylistic fixation, and secondly, the emotional coloring of the word, its expressive possibilities.
4. The stylistic coloring of prepositions and conjunctions largely depends on the history of their origin. Thus, the primitive prepositions v, na, k, o and the conjunctions a, and, or, but, as a rule, are stylistically neutral and are used in any functional style. Denominative, verbal and some adverbial prepositions (relatively, according to, according to, respectively, tangentially) are characteristic of scientific, official business and journalistic speech.
   Among the proposals received in last years widespread in book styles, include: in business, along the line, at the expense, in part, in favor, in the area, in the sense, from the side, in accompaniment and others.
   The variety of allied forms is reflected by the variety of their stylistic meanings: but, or, what are neutral; due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that - book; for the time being, it would be nice, once - colloquial; as long as, if - vernacular.
5. There are usually four main levels in a language: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic. Language units of each of these levels can be either stylistically neutral or stylistically colored. In this case, only units of the lexical level are considered.
   The stylistic coloring of a language unit is understood as additional (connotative) to its main (nominative, subject-logical and grammatical) meaning emotional-evaluative, expressive and functional properties. These properties limit the use of language units to certain areas, styles, genres and conditions of communication (situation) and thus carry stylistic information. Stylistically colored units cannot be used everywhere, but only under certain conditions.
   There are two types of stylistic coloring: functional-stylistic and emotional-evaluative. Let's consider them in more detail.
   1. Functional-stylistic (style) coloring. It is due to the regular use of one or another unit of the language in a certain functional style of the language. This leads to the fact that the given unit of language itself (word, etc.) receives coloring, an imprint of the sphere or style in which it is usually found, i.e., the word bears the coloring of business, official, scientific, journalistic etc. speech (for example: social - journalistic, synchrophasotron - scientific, debit - business).
   2. Emotional-evaluative (stylistic) coloring. If the functional-stylistic coloring colors the word itself as a linguistic unit, then with the help of words with emotional-evaluative coloring, the designated objects themselves are "colored", the attitude towards them is expressed, their evaluation is made, etc. This coloring is organically characteristic of the language unit, is inseparable from its meaning. It manifests itself in any sphere of use of this unit, in the most minimal contexts and even in isolation. So, the words have a reduced (negative) color: lip-slap - a person with large pendulous lips and incomprehensibly speaking; varmint - a loafer who loves to play pranks; smack - kiss.
   On the other hand, we find an elevated (positive) coloring in the words: banner - banner; coming - coming, future; soar - aspire to sublime thoughts, feelings.
   Words with emotional and evaluative coloring are sometimes very difficult to translate into other (even related) languages, since they often have a bright national flavor. So, almost never there are difficulties in translating the neutral verb to fall, for example, in a sentence: he stumbled and fell into the mud. But the translation in the same sentence of a number of its emotional-evaluative synonyms (slap, thump, slap, slap, etc.) causes certain difficulties and is far from always being equivalent. The same is true with the translation of two sentences very close in their meaning: All day I really wanted to call her and I was tempted to call her all day.

The word "style" goes back to the Greek noun "style" - the so-called stick, which was used to write on a board covered with wax. Over time, style began to be called handwriting, the manner of writing, a set of methods of using language tools. The functional styles of the language are so named because they perform essential functions, being a means of communication, communication of certain information and influence on the listener or reader.

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication and correlated with a particular area of ​​professional activity.

In modern Russian literary language book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which appear mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, which is mainly characterized by oral form speech.

Some scholars single out artistic (fictional) as a functional style, that is, the language of fiction. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use the whole variety of linguistic means, so that artistic speech is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not fully correlated with other styles, types or varieties of literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a functionally transformed form.

Each functional style is a complex system covering all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most obvious means of distinguishing between functional styles - on their vocabulary.

Stylistic coloring of words

The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, which is commonly used.

We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).

Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, a trees, bushes; not Forest, a forest; not water, a lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.

Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable colleague and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.

Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.

The two argued:

I can't take seriously what this one says blond youth,- said one.

And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond boy very convincing.

These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.

As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.

There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. This can be easily verified by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; pretty, charming, bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, proclaim, blurt out etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: I hate, despise, abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression.

Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- roar, roar.

Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations) poetic (azure, invisible). From all these words, the reduced ones are sharply different, which are marked with marks: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (please, praised) familiar (not bad, whispering) disapproving (pedant), disparaging (daub), contemptuous (sneak) derogatory (squishy) vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).

Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an inveterate bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."

Functional styles of the Russian language

The word "style" goes back to the Greek noun "style" - the so-called stick, which was used to write on a board covered with wax. Over time, style began to be called handwriting, the manner of writing, a set of techniques for using language means. The functional styles of the language got this name because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication, communicating certain information and influencing the listener or reader.

Under functional styles understand the historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication and correlated with a particular area of ​​professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, book functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which appear mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, which is mainly characterized by oral speech.

Some scholars single out artistic (fictional) as a functional style, that is, the language of fiction. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use the whole variety of linguistic means, so that artistic speech is not a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic isolation, its specificity depends on the characteristics of individual author's styles. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style as applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles, and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not fully correlated with other styles, types or varieties of literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in peculiar combinations and in a functionally transformed form.

Each functional style is complex system covering all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most obvious means of distinguishing between functional styles - on their vocabulary.

Stylistic coloring of words

The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, commonly used.

We feel the connection of words-terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight publicistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); we recognize by the clerical coloring the words of the official business style (injured, residence, prohibited, prescribe).

Book words are out of place in a casual conversation: "On the green spaces the first leaves appeared"; We were walking in the forest array and sunbathing at the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, a trees, bushes; not Forest, a forest; not water, a lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, outside the literary norm, words cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we are connected by official relations, or in an official setting.

Appeal to stylistically colored words should be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important, significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of orators, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you on such a trifling occasion to turn to a comrade with a tirade: “ O my unforgettable companion and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

If words that have a particular stylistic coloring are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example, in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it "must fit the subject of speech"; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech an elevated sound. Trifles are not spoken solemnly; in this case, words are used joking, contemptuous, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are reduced, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, and abusive.

Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the explanatory dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic mark for a particular word, but we feel which word should be used in a particular situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's take a simple example.

The two argued:

I can't take seriously what this one says blond youth,- said one.

And in vain, - objected another, - the arguments of this blond boy very convincing.

These contradictory remarks express a different attitude towards the young blond: one of the disputants chose insulting words for him, emphasizing his neglect; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymic wealth of the Russian language provides ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words are positive, others are negative.

As part of the evaluative vocabulary, words are emotionally and expressively colored. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to the emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.

There are many words in Russian that have a bright emotional coloring. This can be easily verified by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, blond, whitish, white, white, lilac; pretty, charming, bewitching, delightful, cute; eloquent, chatty; proclaim, proclaim, blurt out etc. Comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which are stronger, more convincingly able to convey our thought. For example, you can say I do not like, but stronger words can be found: I hate, despise, abhor. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by a special expression.

Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress: misfortune, grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often, synonyms with exactly the opposite coloring gravitate to the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- roar, roar.

Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations) poetic (azure, invisible). From all these words, the reduced ones are sharply different, which are marked with marks: playful (faithful, newly minted), ironic (please, praised) familiar (not bad, whispering) disapproving (pedant), disparaging (daub), contemptuous (sneak) derogatory (squishy) vulgar (grabber), abusive (fool).

Evaluative vocabulary requires an attentive attitude. The inappropriate use of emotional and expressive words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: "Nozdryov was an inveterate bully." "All Gogol's landowners are fools, parasites, idlers and dystrophics."

Expressive styles

modern science about the language highlights, along with functional styles, expressive styles, which are classified depending on the expression contained in the language elements. For these styles, the impact function is the most important.

Expressive styles include solemn (high, rhetorical), official, familiar (reduced), as well as intimately affectionate, playful (ironic), mocking (satirical). These styles are opposed to neutral, that is, devoid of expression.

The main means of achieving the desired expressive coloring of speech is evaluative vocabulary. In its composition, three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright estimated value. These include the words "characteristics" (forerunner, forerunner, pioneer; grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (destiny, destiny, business, fraud; wondrous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian; dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but getting a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; in figurative meaning verbs are used: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink etc. 3. Words with suffixes of subjective evaluation, conveying various shades feelings: positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close and negative - beards, kid, breech etc.

The Russian language is rich in lexical synonyms, which contrast in their expressive coloring. For example:

stylistically lowered high

neutral

face muzzle face

obstacle hindrance obstacle

cry roar sob

be afraid to be afraid to fear

expel expel expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative evaluation we got words like fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost etc. positive color is fixed. Even various meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of a word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but husband. - P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a scientist husband to be honest, so to speak.- P.).

The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as tropes get a vivid expression: burn(at work), fall(from fatigue) suffocate(in adverse conditions), blazing(eye) blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even expletive can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously.

Emotionally expressive coloring is superimposed on the functional one, complementing its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral usually belong to common vocabulary. Emotionally expressive words are distributed between the book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. Book styles use ironic vocabulary (beautiful soul, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms) contemptuous (mask, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, chuckle), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts (small fry, zealous, giggle, brag).

In common speech, reduced words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words expressing a positive assessment of the called concept. (hard worker, brainy, awesome) and words expressing the negative attitude of the speaker to the concepts they denote (go crazy, flimsy, mean etc.).

Expressive styles are widely used and syntactic means that enhance the emotionality of speech. Russian syntax has huge expressive possibilities. This and different types one-piece and incomplete sentences, and a special word order, and plug-in and introductory constructions, and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence. Among them, appeals stand out especially, they are able to convey a great intensity of passions, and in other cases - to emphasize the official nature of the speech. Compare Pushkin's lines:

Pets of the windy Fate,

Tyrants of the world! tremble!

And you, be of good cheer and listen,

Arise, fallen slaves! -

and the appeal of V. Mayakovsky:

Citizen financial inspector!

I'm sorry to trouble you...

Bright stylistic colors are fraught with direct and indirect speech, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, especially rhetorical questions.

The rhetorical question is one of the most common stylistic figures, characterized by remarkable brightness and a variety of emotional and expressive shades. Rhetorical questions contain a statement (or denial), framed as a question that does not require an answer: Weren't you at first so viciously persecuting His free, daring gift And fanning the Slightly lurking fire for fun? ..(L . ).

Coinciding in external grammatical design with ordinary interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions are distinguished by a bright exclamatory intonation, expressing amazement, extreme tension of feelings. It is no coincidence that authors sometimes at the end of rhetorical questions put Exclamation point or two signs - question and exclamation: Is it possible for her female mind, brought up in seclusion, doomed to estrangement from real life, does she not know how dangerous such aspirations are and how they end?!(Bel.); And how is it that you still don’t understand and don’t know that love, like friendship, like salary, like glory, like everything in the world, must be deserved and supported?!(Good)

The emotional tension of speech is also conveyed by connecting constructions, that is, those in which phrases do not fit immediately into one semantic plane, but form an associative chain of attachment. For example: Every city has an age and a voice. There are clothes. And a special smell. And a face. And not immediately understandable pride (Birth.). I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Moreover, the President of Russia (Chernomyrdin V. // Izvestia. - 1997. - January 29).

Punctuation allows the author to convey the discontinuity of speech, unexpected pauses, reflecting the emotional excitement of the speaker. Let us recall the words of Anna Snegina in S. Yesenin's poem: - Look... It's getting light. The dawn is like a fire in the snow... It reminds me of something... But what? ... We sat together ... We are sixteen years old ...

Tropes give special expressiveness to speech (gr. tropos- turn, turn, image) - words used in a figurative sense: metaphors ( Earth- ship. But someone suddenly ... In the dense thick of storms and a blizzard directed her majestically.- Es.); comparisons (I was like a horse driven in soap, Spurred by a brave rider.- Es.); epithets (The golden grove dissuaded Birch, in a cheerful language.- Es.); metonymy (Let a pencil whisper about many things ineptly.- Es.); allegory (My white linden has faded, The nightingale dawn has rang.- Es.) and other figurative expressions.

The lexical richness of the Russian language, tropes and emotional syntax create inexhaustible possibilities for expressive styles.