In what cases it is necessary to isolate applications. How to identify and what is a standalone application

A21, B5. Standalone Applications

APPENDIX is the definition expressed noun. The application characterizes the subject in a new way, gives it other name or points to degree of relationship, nationality, rank, profession, age etc. Application is always used in the same case, which is the noun to which it refers. The application may be uncommon(consisting of one noun) and widespread(consisting of a noun with a dependent word or words).

For example:
Following Deev, Sapozhkov (I.p.) went to the sledge, railroad worker(I.p.).(Appendix railroad worker uncommon, refers to a noun Sapozhkov)
Owner (I. p.), harsh man(I. p.), was not happy with either the guests or the profit.
(Appendix harsh man common, refers to a noun master)

Some applications may be used with union HOW.

For example: Like any literary innovator, Nekrasov was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.

Isolation cases.
The application can be isolated not only comma, but also dash:

a) if worth it at the end of a sentence and is clarification to what has been said (you can insert a union before such an application namely)
For example: Only a watchman lived at the lighthouse- old deaf swede.

b) if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members so as not to mix the application with homogeneous member:
For example: At the table sat the hostess of the house, her sister - my wife's friend, two faces I don't know, my wife and me.

c) to highlight with two sides applications having explanatory meaning
For example: Some unnatural greenery- the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields and fields with a liquid net.

d) in order to separate homogeneous applications from the word being defined: For example: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature horror- Pestilence rages in the forests.

Attention! Applications written hyphenated and prisoners in quotation marks, are NOT separate!

For example: Girls- teenagers on the other corner of the square, round dances were already taking place. We watched ballet "Swan Lake".

A21, B5. Separate agreed definitions

Separate definition is a definition that stands out with intonation and commas.
The definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
Definitions there are AGREED and NOT AGREED.

AGREED definitions can be expressed:
1. participle turnover (Path, overgrown with grass led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Satisfied with your success he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

APPS WITH UNION AS

§one. Isolation. General concept

Isolation- a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. Separated only minor members suggestions. Usually, isolations allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared with ordinary, non-separate members, the isolation proposals have greater independence.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who fell asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.
3. Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the proposal stand out in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed
• inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

• participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

Olga, in wedding dress was extraordinarily good.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She was agitated and could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.

(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although.
To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example:

Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.

(additional reason value)

Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.

(additional concession value)

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Standalone Applications

Appendix- This special kind definition expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify:

And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time.

An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

Soon New Year- the favorite holiday of the children.

§4. Standalone add-ons

The additions expressed by nouns with prepositions are separated: except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They are passed inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

Nobody but Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"USE-navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are separated:

1) with unions: as, like, exactly, as if, what, how, than etc., if they matter:

• comparison: The rain poured, as if from a sieve.
• Similarities: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnovers are not isolated, if:

1. are phraseological in nature:

Stuck like a bath leaf. The rain poured like a bucket.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (comparative turnover answers the question as?, often it can be replaced by an adverb or a noun in Etc.:

We are going around in circles.

(We walk(as?) like in a circle. You can replace the noun. in T.p.: around)

3) turnover with union as expresses the meaning "as":

It's not about qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from as is part of the compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Refinement members refer to the word being qualified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, the clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, standing out in speech intonation, and in writing - with commas, brackets or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late into the night.

Below, in the valley that stretched out before us, the stream rustled.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are tonally connected.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) with the help of unions: that is, namely:

I'm getting ready for USE task C1, that is, to the composition.

2) also words: especially, even, particularly mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What are separate definitions?

   • common and uncommon
   • agreed and inconsistent

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participial turnover?

5. In what case are the definitions standing before the defined word separated?

   • if an additional adverbial value is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial value is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that an application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case and number as the noun or pronoun it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional case combinations that are separate objects?

   • o, in, on, to, before, behind, under, over, before
   • except for, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate adverbs and participles?

9. Is it necessary to isolate circumstances with a preposition in spite of?

In contact with

Isolation is the semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with other members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formalized through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sasha was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.

Standalone addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participle turnover: The child who slept in my arms woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;

common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, a clause assignment with a union although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

Standalone Applications

Appendix is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beauty girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union as is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.

The term "application" is commonly understood as a definition that is expressed by a noun. It is consistent with the main word, that is, it is always put in the form of the same case.

By their nature, the structures have a number of specific features. They can convey various qualities of a person, characterize a profession or occupation, convey, clarify information about the age, nationality and other qualities of a person or any object, and also help to spread the offer. In a sentence, you need to learn to distinguish an application from inconsistent definition, which can also be expressed as a noun.

Application isolation

The role of a separate application is played by common constructions expressed by common nouns with dependent words. An important condition is the fact, which separates applications related to proper nouns.

Separation of examples depends on the series certain factors:



The application is isolated if the main word is a pronoun. Example: "Here it is, explanation"(L.N. Tolstoy).

If the word being defined is a noun, then one of two conditions must be met. The constructions that refer to a proper noun and stand after it are separated. Example: "Ignat Petrovich, barman poured five glasses of tea for the guest.

In some cases, the combinations standing before the proper noun are isolated. In this situation, the application can be replaced subordinate clause with subordinating conjunctions although or as. Example: " Stubborn in everything, Ivan Sergeevich remained stubborn in teaching" - "Since Ivan Sergeyevich was stubborn in everything, he remained stubborn in teaching."

A proper name, that is, the name of a person or the nickname of a pet, can act as an application. It stands at the main common noun. The design is isolated if the application is located immediately after the word being defined and carries some explanatory meaning, clarifies the thought, that is, words can be placed before it and his name is, namely, i.e. Example: “Aunt Machine is participating in the conversation, Xenia Ivanovna Sidorova"-" Machine aunt participates in the conversation, and her name is Ksenia Ivanovna Sidorova.

In some individual cases, double punctuation is possible. Punctuation depends on the presence or absence of an explanation, as well as the appropriate intonation when reading.

Regardless of the position in relation to the word being defined, common combinations are isolated, which are expressed by nouns with dependent words. Usually such constructions are placed after the main noun. Example: "The old woman, Vaska's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law are still alive."

Separation of a non-spread application is allowed only in the situation when the author seeks to significantly strengthen the semantic role of the construction. The word itself is expressed by a common noun. It is located at a single defined word, which is expressed by a common noun. Example: "Father, drunkard, fed from an early age and herself. ” (M. Gorky)

In the texts you can find a combination with the union as, which usually carries additional value causation. In this situation, the structure can be transformed subordinate clause causes with subordinating conjunctions because, as, insofar as or a turnover with the word being. The design is usually isolated.

Example: " Like an old gunner, I do not recognize this type of weapon" - "Being an old artilleryman, I do not recognize this type of weapon" - "I despise this type of weapon, since I am an old artilleryman." If the union as can be replaced with a combination as, then separation of the connecting turnover is not required. Example: "His gesture was accepted like approval"“His gesture was taken as an endorsement.”

Combinations that include turnovers by the name, by last name, nicknamed, are isolated in the event that they are pronounced with the intonation of isolation. Example: “Peter had a little dog, nicknamed "Sharik"- "The teacher nicknamed Trumpet almost no one liked it."

Using a dash instead of a comma

In some situations, a dash is used instead of a comma when separating:



In some cases, it becomes possible to omit the second dash:



Non-Standalone Applications

This role is often played by proper names, which are combined with nouns. Common nouns, which immediately follow proper names, can also act as non-isolated constructions. Many applications with the union are not isolated as, which convey the characteristics of the object from any one side. Example: "The reading public is accustomed to Chekhov like a comedian».