Air Force of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. DPRK Armed Forces: history, structure and weapons What aircraft are in service with the DPRK

The first operation of the DPRK Air Force during the so-called. The “War for the Liberation of the Fatherland” (this is the official name of the Korean War, which took place from June 1950 to July 1953) was the attack by Yak-9 fighters on aircraft parked on the territory of Seoul International Airport on June 25, 1950. Before the start of the UN operation three months later North Korean pilots flying Yak-9 fighters had five confirmed aerial victories: one B-29, two L-5s, one F-80 and one F-51D each, without suffering any losses. The situation completely changed when the air forces of the international coalition countries settled in the South, and the DPRK Air Force was almost completely destroyed. The remaining aircraft were transferred across the Chinese border to the cities of Mukden and Anshan, where the United Air Force was created in November 1950 together with the Chinese Air Force. The PRC continued to provide shelter and assistance to its southern neighbor, and by the end of hostilities in 1953, the PRC Air Force consisted of approximately 135 MiG-15 fighters. A peace treaty between North and South Korea was never signed, and an uneasy peace has existed between the two camps ever since.

From 1969 to the present day, the DPRK Air Force has not been very active, with the exception of isolated decoy attacks by jet aircraft in the area of ​​the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) / Line of Tactical Actions, which are supposedly intended to test the reaction time of South Korean air defense. For example, since 2011, North Korean MiG-29 fighters have several times been forced to take off to intercept South Korean F-16s and F-15Ks.

Selection and training

Cadets for the Air Force are selected from other branches of the Armed Forces, conscripted or recruited on a voluntary basis. Flight crews are selected from the most successful members of the Youth Red Guard (consisting of 17-25 year olds) and usually come from politically influential families, distinguished by higher educational level compared to the average North Korean.

The first step for those in the DPRK who want to become a military pilot is the Air Force Academy. Kim Cheka in Chongjin, where cadets study for four years. Their flight service begins with 70 hours of flight practice on the Nanchang CJ-6 training aircraft, which is a Chinese copy of the Soviet Yak-18. 50 of these aircraft were received in 1977-1978. They are based at two airfields on the east coast in Chongjin and Gyeongsong. Subsequently, upon attaining the rank of second lieutenant, or “Sowi,” cadets enter a 22-month advanced course at the Gyeongsong Officer Flight School. It includes 100 hours of flight time on MiG-15UTI combat trainers (50 were purchased between 1953-1957) or approximately the same outdated MiG-17 fighters, which are stationed at the nearby air base in Oran.

Having graduated from flight school with the rank of first lieutenant or “Jungwi”, the newly minted pilot is assigned to a combat unit for further two years of training, after which he is considered fully trained. Future helicopter pilots are trained on Mi-2 helicopters, and transport aviation pilots are trained on An-2. An officer can expect 30 years of service, but promotion to higher ranks, the highest of which is General of the Air Force or "Deajang", requires completion of many additional courses, and the highest positions are political appointments.

Training follows rigid Soviet-era doctrine and must fit within the Air Force's highly centralized command and control structure. Through interviews with defectors to South Korea, it becomes clear that poor aircraft maintenance, fuel shortages that limit flying hours, and a generally poor training system are preventing pilots from being trained to the same caliber as their Western opponents.

Organization

The current structure of the DPRK Air Force includes headquarters, four air divisions, two tactical air brigades and a number of sniper brigades (forces special purpose), which are designed to carry out a landing force behind enemy lines in order to disorganize it during hostilities.

The main headquarters is located in Pyongyang, it directly supervises the special flight detachment (VIP transportation), the Gyeongsong officer flight school, reconnaissance, electronic warfare, test units, as well as all air defense units of the DPRK Air Force.

Offensive and defensive weapons are located in three air divisions stationed in Kaesong, Deoksan and Hwangju, which are responsible for the use of numerous artillery anti-aircraft systems and air defense systems. The remaining air division in Oran is dedicated to operational training. Two tactical transport brigades have their headquarters in Tachon and Seondeok.

Aviation divisions and tactical brigades have several airfields at their disposal, almost all have fortified hangars, and some have separate elements of infrastructure hidden in the mountains. But not all of them have “their own” aircraft assigned to them. The DPRK's plan in case of war provides for the dispersal of aircraft from main bases in order to complicate their destruction by a preemptive strike.

The Air Force has not only “fixed” air bases at its disposal: the DPRK is intertwined with a network of long and straight highways, which are crossed by other highways using large concrete bridges. And although this can be observed in other countries, in the DPRK there is no private transport, moreover, women are even prohibited from driving a bicycle. Freight is transported by rail and there is very little road transport. Highways are intended for the rapid movement of military units across the country, as well as reserve airfields in case of war.

The main task of the DPRK Air Force is air defense, which is carried out by an automated airspace control system, which includes a network of radars located throughout the country, and covering the air situation over the Korean Peninsula and southern China. The entire system consists of a single air defense district, in which all operations are coordinated from the combat command post at the headquarters of the DPRK Air Force. The district is divided into four sector commands: northwestern, northeastern, southern and Pyongyang air defense subsector. Each sector consists of a headquarters, an airspace control center, early warning radar regiment(s), air defense regiment(s), an air defense artillery division and other independent air defense units. If an intruder is detected, the alarm is raised in the fighter units, the planes themselves take off, and the air defense systems and anti-aircraft artillery take over the target for escort. Further actions of the air defense system and artillery should be coordinated with fighter aviation headquarters and the combat command post.

The main components of the system are based around semi-mobile early warning radars, including Russian early warning radars and 5N69 guidance systems, two of which were delivered in 1984. These systems, whose stated detection range is 600 km, are supported by three ST-68U missile detection and control radars , received in 1987-1988. They can simultaneously detect up to 100 air targets at a maximum range of 175 km and are optimized for detecting low-flying targets and guiding S-75 air defense missiles. Older P-10 systems, 20 of which entered service in 1953-1960, have maximum range detection range of 250 km, and five more relatively newer P-20 radars with the same detection range are elements of the radar field system. It includes at least 300 Control radar fire for cannon artillery.

It is unlikely that the North Koreans have only these systems. North Korea often finds ways to circumvent international sanctions designed to prevent new weapons systems from falling into their hands.

Operational Doctrines

The actions of the DPRK Air Force, whose number reaches 100,000 people, are determined by two main provisions of the basic doctrine of the North Korean army: joint operations, integration of guerrilla warfare with the actions of regular troops; and “war on two fronts”: coordination of operations of regular troops, partisan actions, as well as actions of forces special operations deep in South Korea. From this follow four main tasks of the Air Force: air defense of the country, landing of special operations forces, tactical air support of ground forces and navy, transport and logistics tasks.

Armament

The solution to the first of the four tasks, air defense, lies with fighter aircraft, which consists of approximately 100 Shenyang F-5 fighters (a Chinese copy of the MiG-17, 200 of which were received in the 1960s), the same number of Shenyang F-6 / Shenyang F-6С (Chinese version of the MiG-19PM), delivered in 1989-1991.

The F-7B fighter is the Chinese version of the later MiG-21 variants. 25 MiG-21bis fighters remain in service, which are remnants of those 30 former cars Kazakh Air Force, illegally purchased from Kazakhstan in 1999. The DPRK Air Force received at least 174 MiG-21 of various modifications in 1966-1974. Approximately 60 MiG-23s, mostly modifications of the MiG-23ML, were received in 1985-1987.

The most powerful fighters of the DPRK are the MiG-29B/UB, those that remained from the 45 purchased in 1988-1992. Approximately 30 of them were assembled at the Pakcheon aircraft plant, which was specifically designed to assemble this type of aircraft. But the idea failed due to an arms embargo imposed by Russia following disputes over payments.

North Korean ingenuity is undeniable, and there is no reason to believe that, given the regime's emphasis on military issues, they cannot maintain aircraft that have long since been destined for scrap metal, as is the case with Iran. Of these aircraft, only the MiG-21, MiG-23 and MiG-29 are armed with air-to-air missiles: 50 R-27 (purchased in 1991), 450 R-23 (delivered in 1985-1989) and 450 P-60 purchased at the same time. More than 1000 R-13 missiles (the Soviet copy of the American AIM-9 Sidewinder) were received in 1966-1974, but their service life should have expired by now. Additional deliveries may have taken place in violation of international sanctions.

The strike force is represented by up to 40 Nanchang A-5 Fantan-A attack aircraft delivered in 1982, the remaining 28-30 Su-7B fighter-bombers acquired in 1971, and up to 36 Su-25K/BK attack aircraft received at the end 1980s The DPRK maintains a significant number (80 or more) in airworthy condition front-line bombers Harbin H-5 (Chinese copy of the Soviet Il-28), some of which belong to the reconnaissance modification of the HZ-5.

Direct support for the troops is provided by most of those delivered in 1985-1986. 47 Mi-24D helicopters, of which only 20 are estimated to remain in combat-ready condition. They, like the Mi-2 helicopters, are armed with Malyutka and Fagot anti-tank missiles, produced in the DPRK under Soviet license.

Some of the N-5 bombers are equipped to launch the North Korean version of the Chinese CSS-N-1 anti-ship cruise missile, designated KN-01 Keumho-1. The missile has a firing range of 100-120 km, 100 were fired in 1969-1974. In 1986, five Mi-14PL anti-submarine helicopters were received, but their current condition is unknown.

It is believed that the DPRK has UAVs in its arsenal, and it is also known that the Russian Malachite complex with ten Shmel-1 tactical UAVs was purchased in 1994. It will not be a surprise to learn that Pyongyang used them as models for the development of its own UAVs.

Logistics support is provided by Air Koryo, a state-owned carrier but also a transport wing of the DPRK Air Force. Today, the airline's fleet consists of a single Il-18V (delivered in the 1960s), as well as three Il-76TD (in operation since 1993). Other types of aircraft are represented by seven An-24, four Il-62M, the same number of Tu-154M, a pair of Tu-134 and Tu-204. The company also operates an unknown number of helicopters. Although their primary purpose is military, they carry civilian registration, which allows them to fly outside the DPRK.

There are currently no clear signs that North Korea is modernizing its aircraft, despite a high-level North Korean procurement delegation visiting Russia last August.

Missile defense

Of course, the DPRK's air defense system is based on three main pillars - air defense systems. This is the S-75 air defense system, in 1962-1980. 2000 missiles and 45 launchers, and this system is the most numerous. Many of them have recently been deployed near the 38th parallel, and most of the remaining ones protect three corridors - one along Kaesong, Sariwon, Pyongyang, Pakchon and Sinuiju on the west coast. The other two run along the east coast between Wonsan, Hamhung and Sinpo, and between Chongjin and Najin.

In 1985, 300 missiles and eight S-125 air defense missile launchers were delivered, most of them covering high-value targets, especially Pyongyang and military infrastructure. In 1987, four launchers and 48 S-200 air defense missiles were purchased. These long-range systems for medium and high altitudes use the same targeting radars as the S-75. Four regiments armed with this type of air defense system are deployed next to their counterparts equipped with the S-75 air defense system (optimized for combating high-altitude targets).

Another numerous type of air defense system is the KN-06 - a local copy of the Russian two-digital air defense system S-300. Its firing range is estimated at 150 km. This truck-mounted system was first publicly displayed at a military parade marking the 65th anniversary of the founding of the North Korean Workers' Party in October 2010.

Considerable effort is being expended to make it more difficult to destroy missile systems and associated radars from the air. Most of North Korea's early warning, target tracking and missile guidance radars are located either in large underground concrete bunkers to protect against weapons of mass destruction or in dug-out mountain shelters. These facilities consist of tunnels, a control room, crew rooms, and blast-resistant steel doors. If necessary, the radar antenna is raised to the surface by a special elevator. There are also many decoy radars and missile launchers, as well as alternate sites for the SAMs themselves.

The DPRK Air Force is also responsible for the use of MANPADS. The most numerous are the Strela-2 MANPADS, but at the same time in 1978-1993. Approximately 4,500 North Korean copies of the Chinese HN-5 MANPADS were delivered to the troops. In 1997, Russia transferred to the DPRK a license to produce 1,500 Igla-1 MANPADS. "Strela-2" is a first-generation MANPADS, which can be guided only by radiation practically infrared range, mostly engine exhaust gases. On the other hand, Igla-1 is equipped with a dual-mode (infrared and ultraviolet) guidance head, which can be aimed at less powerful radiation sources emanating from the aircraft's airframe. Both systems are optimized for use against low-flying targets.

Speaking about air defense artillery systems, it should be noted that their backbone is the 100-mm KS-19 guns developed in the 1940s. 500 guns of this type were delivered between 1952 and 1980, followed by 24 more guns in 1995. More lethal are the approximately 400 self-propelled anti-aircraft guns- 57-mm ZSU-57 and 23-mm ZSU 23/4, received in 1968-1988. This arsenal covers large cities, ports, and large enterprises. The DPRK has also developed its own self-propelled 37-mm anti-aircraft gun, called the M1992, which is strongly reminiscent of Chinese models.

The state is a rogue

The available weapons made it possible to create one of the most dense air defense systems in the world. Emphasis on air defense systems and barrel artillery is a direct result of Pyongyang's inability to acquire modern fighters or even spare parts for those antiques that make up most of the DPRK Air Force. Probing of the positions of China and Russia in 2010 and 2011 was rejected by both countries. A pariah state on the world stage, the North Korean People's Republic has developed a reputation for not paying for goods already delivered, and even China, which has been North Korea's longtime ally and facilitator, is showing irritation with its southern neighbor's behavior. Much to Beijing's displeasure, it is deliberately abandoning the creation of a market economy of the same type that proved so successful during reforms in China.

Maintaining the status quo and continuing the oppression of their people are the main driving forces of the DPRK leaders. It turns out that it is much cheaper to create or threaten to create nuclear weapons that can harass and threaten potential external aggressors than to buy and maintain modern military forces. The North Korean leadership quickly learned lessons from the fate of Colonel Gaddafi, who gave in to Western demands and destroyed its nuclear capabilities and other types of weapons of mass destruction, joining the “good guys” club.

Korean Peninsula

The second task facing the DPRK Air Force is to deploy special operations forces to the Korean Peninsula. It is estimated that there are up to 200,000 people in the North Korean army who are called upon to carry out such a task. The landing is largely carried out by 150 An-2 transport aircraft and its Chinese counterpart Nanchang/Shijiazhuang Y-5. In the 1980s About 90 Hughes 369D/E helicopters were secretly purchased to circumvent sanctions, and it is believed that today 30 of them are still capable of taking off. This type of helicopter makes up a significant portion of South Korea's air fleet, and if special operations forces infiltrate south of the border, they could cause confusion among the defenders. Interestingly, South Korea also has an unknown number of An-2s, presumably with similar missions.

The next most common type of helicopter in service in the People's Democratic Republic of Korea is the Mi-2, of which there are about 70. But they have a very small payload. The veteran Mi-4 is probably also in service in small quantities. The only modern types of helicopters are the Mi-26, four copies of which were received in 1995-1996. and 43 Mi-8T/MTV/Mi-17, at least eight of which were obtained illegally from Russia in 1995.

Should we be afraid of North Korea?

The North Korean military exists solely to defend the Fatherland and threaten to invade South Korea. Any such invasion would begin with a massive low-altitude attack from the South, with special operations forces being dropped across the front lines by air to "knock out" strategic assets before a ground offensive across the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Although such a threat may seem fantastic due to the state of the DPRK Air Force, it cannot be completely discounted. The importance South Korea places on its own defense is evidence of this. Over the past twenty years, four new North Korean air bases have been established near the DMZ, reducing flight time to Seoul to just a few minutes. Seoul itself is a major target, one of the world's largest cities with a population of more than 10 million. More than half of South Korea's population lives in the surrounding metropolitan area of ​​Incheon and Gyeonggi Province, which is the second highest in the world: 25 million people live here and most of the country's industry is located.

There is no doubt that even if the conflict results in huge losses for the North, it will also be devastating for the South. The shock to the global economy will also be severe. It is worth mentioning that at the end of 2010, when the North shelled the South Korean island, there were also large-scale maneuvers during which a large-scale air raid was practiced, which was supposedly an imitation of a large-scale war. The result was somewhat of a farce, as the exercise included aircraft collisions, poor reliability, weak command and control, and a haphazard plan.

No one can say in which direction the modern leader of the DPRK, Kim Jong-un, will lead the country, and to what extent he is just a puppet in the hands of the old guard who have usurped power. What is certain is that there are no signs of change on the horizon. And the world community looks at the country with suspicion, and the latest nuclear tests on February 12, 2013, only strengthened it in this regard.

Combat composition of the DPRK Air Force. According toAirForcesIntelligence with amendments from the AST Center

Brand	Aircraft type	Delivered	In service
Aero Vodohody
Antonov
* including Chinese Y-5
Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
Hughes Helicopters
Ilyushin
Lisunov
Moment
Including Shenyang JJ-2
Including Shenyang F-5/FT-5
Including Shenyang F-6/FT-6
	MiG-21bis (L/M)
30 MiG-21bis were purchased from Kazakhstan in 1999.
Including MiG-21PFM and Chengdu F-7
Including MiG-21UM
	MiG-29 (9-12)
Including MiG-29 (9-13)
miles
Including those assembled in the DPRK (often designated Hyokshin-2)
Including Mi-24DU
Including Harbin Z-5
Including Mi-17
Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Company
40 are believed to have been delivered in 1982.
PZL Warszawa-Okecie			Some number
Dry
Possibly written off. This type is also sometimes described as Su-7BKL
Tupolev
Yakovlev			Some number

Originalpublications: Air Forces Monthly, April 2013 - Sérgio Santana

Translation by Andrey Frolov

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At the request of colleague sergey289121, as well as personally for colleague 20624, I am posting a review of the Air Force of Juche followers. Fortunately, everything here is much calmer than with the fleet; the Koreans themselves did not even try to build their own aircraft, purchasing them from China and the USSR. The DPRK Air Force is very numerous, mainly due to extremely outdated aircraft. Perhaps it would have been more effective to have 2-3 dozen aircraft adequate and suitable for the needs of a small country than this giant flying museum. In the past few years, the DPRK has tried to purchase aircraft from Russia and China, but was refused, both due to political differences and due to the DPRK's lack of funds for the purchase.

The list of aircraft below is the total number of aircraft. No more than a third of each type of aircraft is combat-ready.

1. The Air Guard consists of 14 fourth-generation MiG-29 fighters. Theoretically, in the event of a conflict, they can cover the sky over Pyongyang for some time; they will not be able to provide at least local superiority on the front line due to their small numbers. Judging by the photographs, they have to be painted with oil paint, which I think is not a bad characterization of the rest of their condition.

2. The USSR supplied the DPRK with 46 MiG-23 fighters, in fact this is the second and last type of DPRK fighter capable of conducting at least some kind of air combat, but being an excellent aircraft for the 70s, now (especially given the lack of modernization and the deplorable state of the repair base) Probably only good for dying heroically, trying to cover the deploying troops.
3. MiG-21 fighters have the largest number. The DPRK has as many as 130 of them. Unfortunately, these are aircraft of early modifications, and rather than maintain them in working condition, I think it would be better to put them under pressure, anyway, their combat value is zero, and the DPRK has a shortage of air-to-air missiles; there are not enough for all the aircraft.

4. We continue our journey into the past. North Korea has between 60 and 100 Chinese-made MiG-19 fighters. I’m not sure that planes that are 50 years old are capable of flying. Aluminum is aging... And there are no spare parts for them for a long time.
5. It is also worth mentioning the first generation fighter MIG-15, which has not yet been removed from service in the DPRK. Here you understand there is simply nothing to add. Their number per this moment It is useless to indicate, although at least 300 of them were supplied from the USSR and China.

6. Strike aircraft are represented primarily by 20 Su-25 attack aircraft. Really good, albeit somewhat outdated aircraft. It will also not be a problem for them unguided rockets. But without fighter cover, it is, at best, a one-hit weapon.

7. Well, what about antiques? North Korea has 18 SU-7 fighter-bombers. According to Wikipedia, they do not fly, but simply stand on the edge of the airfield, creating the appearance of airplanes.

8. The USSR and China supplied the DPRK with at least 80 IL-28 bombers. One can only guess about the combat value and presence in service of aircraft built based on WWII experience.

9. Transport aviation represented by nine An-24 aircraft.
10. And with a huge number of An-2s (at least 300 pieces), they do not fly but are mothballed, but nevertheless, in the event of war, they will bear the brunt of transportation. Their advantage is that such an aircraft costs less than the missile required to shoot it down.

11. As a multi-purpose helicopter, the DPRK purchased 60 American Boeing MD-500 helicopters through third parties. I don’t know how to use a civilian or, at best, a police helicopter as a military helicopter) But at least they are new, which means they can fly. In principle, I think it’s not the worst helicopter for the border service.

12. North Korea also has at least 200 Soviet and Chinese helicopters, the newest of which are Mi-17. In principle, it is not a bad helicopter; as you know, it is still in service in many countries, including South Korea. If the DPRK has resolved the issue with spare parts, then everything is fine)

In addition to them, a number of MI-2 and Mi-4 are in service.

This article is about the North Korean Air Force, see also the article about the South Korean Air Force.

one of the types Armed Forces DPRK. They were formed on August 20, 1947. The first combat use occurred on June 25, 1950. North Korean aircraft took part in the Korean War. The basis of the technical park is soviet planes and helicopters, mostly from the 50s and 70s. However, there are more in service modern aircraft, such as the MiG-29.

North Korea has about 1,100 military aircraft and helicopters.

Story

Flag of the DPRK Air Force

The formation of the North Korean air force began a few months after the liberation of Korea from Japanese occupation forces. This process was complicated by the fact that Japanese air force bases and aircraft repair facilities were located mainly in South Korea, and Koreans who served in the Japanese Air Force were viewed as traitors to their homeland. Thus, training for aviation was carried out on the basis of aviation clubs in Pyongyang, Sinju, and Chongjin. Technical equipment for aviation clubs and instructors for them were provided by Soviet troops stationed in North Korea after the war. The first aircraft on which Korean pilots trained were Po-2, UT-2, Yak-18. The problem of qualified personnel was also solved by the Korean officers of the Soviet army who transferred to the Korean army. The communists tried to attract the most literate young men and women, primarily from among students, to the aviation clubs and military aviation schools that were created later. Later, flight technical personnel were trained in the USSR and China.

The activities of the new air force in northern Korea began at the end of 1947, when mixed Soviet-Korean crews began making regular flights of Li-2 and C-47 military transport aircraft from Pyongyang to the USSR and China.

After the creation of the Korean People's Army in 1948 and the formation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the size of the Air Force began to grow rapidly. By mid-1950, the military aviation of the DPRK consisted of one mixed air division 93 Il-10, 1 fighter 79 Yak-9. 1 training 67 training aircraft and communications aircraft) and 2 aviation technical battalions. Each regiment had three or four squadrons; the training regiment had a squadron of two-seat Yak-11s. The 56th IAP was commanded by the famous North Korean pilot Lee Dong-gyu, who became an ace during the war. Transport aviation most likely consisted of one squadron of Li-2s and C-47s. The total strength of the Air Force was 2829 people. The DPRK Air Force was commanded by General Wang Len, and his adviser was Colonel of the Soviet Army Petrachev.

Monument to Korean pilots - participants in the war of 1950-1953.

After the outbreak of the Korean War, the DPRK Air Force provided air support for tank and infantry formations advancing to the south. For the battles in the Daejeon area, the fighter regiment of the DPRK Air Force was also awarded the title “Guards Daejeon”. However, after the intervention of the US Army and its allies in the war, most of the DPRK's aviation was destroyed, and the remnants of the Air Force flew to Chinese territory. By August 21, 1950, the KPA aviation still had 21 combat-ready aircraft, of which 20 were attack aircraft and 1 fighter. In the winter of 1950-51, a regiment of night bombers was active, flying first the Po-2, then the Yak-11 and Yak-18, inflicting quite serious blows on the Americans. Later, a couple of squadrons from the 56th Fighter Aviation Regiment and some Chinese ones, flying mainly La-9/La-11, were involved in night work.

In November-December 1950, the formation of the Sino-Korean United air army under the command of Chinese General Liu Zhen. On June 10, 1951, the KPA Air Force had 136 aircraft and 60 well-trained pilots. In December, two Chinese fighter divisions flying MiG-15s began combat operations. Later, they were joined by the KPA air division. Front line aviation was based at Andong airfields, then by July 1951 at Miaogou and in 1952 at Dapu, as well as at Dagushan.

Basis air defense The DPRK had Soviet “volunteer” pilots. IN different time The fighter formations were commanded by the famous Soviet pilots I. Kozhedub, A. Alelyukhin, A. Kumanichkin, A. Shevtsov and others. The main aircraft of Soviet fighter aviation was then the jet MiG-15. Also, by order of Kim Il Sung dated December 2, 1950, in the KPA rifle regiments in en masse groups of “aircraft hunter shooters” were created to fight enemy aircraft using easel and light machine guns, as well as cables stretched between the tops of nearby hills.

During the Korean War, the first air battles between jet fighters took place.

According to official data, the DPRK Air Force shot down 164 enemy aircraft during the war. Some North Korean pilots have achieved significant success in air combat:

Kim Gin Ok 17 wins.
Lee Dong Ju 9 wins.
Kan Den Dec 8 wins.
Kim Di San 6 wins.

There were also female pilots among the North Korean pilots. One of them, squadron commander Thya Seng Hui, became a Hero of the DPRK.

At the time of the signing of the armistice on July 27, 1953, KPA aviation was already quantitatively higher than the pre-war one and amounted to about 350-400 aircraft, including at least 200 MiG-15s. Due to the fact that the airfield and other infrastructure of the DPRK was destroyed by bombing, Korean aviation was based on Chinese territory. Even before the end of the war, the first Il-28 jet bombers arrived, ten of them took part in the Victory Parade on July 28, 1953 over Pyongyang.

Transport An-2 of the DPRK Air Force

A deep reorganization of the Air Force began, accompanied by extensive supplies from the USSR of new military equipment. The construction of dozens of air bases began, a unified air defense system was created along the demarcation line with South Korea, anti-aircraft artillery major cities were closed. In 1953, a complete transition of the DPRK Air Force to jet technology began.

Organizational changes have taken place in military aviation. The following were separated from the Air Force: air defense command, naval and army aviation. The air defense headquarters included a system for detecting air targets, anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft. Naval aviation included several fighter squadrons covering major ports, and a small number of Il-28s, intended for reconnaissance and attack of naval targets. Since 1953, army aviation has also carried out all civil air transportation within the DPRK, especially in the first post-war years. Army aviation received the An-2, Il-12 and Yak-12.

After the end of the war, aviation from both North and South Korea participated in reconnaissance and sabotage operations of the countries against each other. DPRK aviation played an important role in supplying and communicating with numerous partisan detachments operating in South Korea. Reconnaissance activities and aviation violations of the sides of the demarcation border took place throughout the entire post-war period.

MiG-17 DPRK Air Force

After 1956, several dozen MiG-17F fighters and Mi-4 and Mi-4PL helicopters entered service with the Air Force. In 1958, the Koreans received MiG-17PF fighter-interceptors from the USSR, after the signing of the Treaty on Mutual Assistance and Defense Cooperation between the USSR and the DPRK, the DPRK Air Force received supersonic MiG-19S fighters and S-25 Berkut anti-aircraft missile systems in 1961-62. , after 1965 MiG-21F fighters and anti-aircraft missile systems S-75 "Dvina".

The sixties and seventies for the DPRK Air Force became a time of numerous border incidents involving the Air Force:

• On May 17, 1963, an American OH-23 helicopter of the 8th Army was shot down by ground air defense systems over the territory of the DPRK. Both pilots were captured and released a year later.
• On January 19, 1967, the South Korean Navy patrol vessel Tang Po was attacked by North Korean ships north of the demarcation zone, and then sunk by MiG-21 fighters.
• On January 23, 1968, DPRK aircraft participated in the detention of the US Navy reconnaissance vessel Pueblo. The ship was captured by North Korean sailors and towed to the port of Wonsan.
• On April 15, 1969, two MiG-17s of the DPRK Air Force shot down an EU-121 early warning aircraft of the US Navy. A plane with 31 servicemen on board crashed into the Sea of ​​Japan.
• On July 14, 1977, MiG-21 aircraft shot down an American CH-47 Chinook helicopter in North Korean airspace. Two days later, the surviving pilot and the bodies of three other crew members were handed over to the United States.
• On December 17, 1994, an American OH-58D helicopter was shot down by the Wha-Sung MANPADS, which went 4 miles into North Korean airspace. One pilot was killed, the second was captured and released after 13 days.

By the beginning of the 80s, another modernization of the Air Force took place. In addition to the previously available 150 MiG-21s, military service 60 MiG-23P fighter-interceptors and MiG-23ML front-line fighters enter, and from the PRC 150 Q-5 Nanchang attack aircraft. The list of helicopters has been expanded: another 10 Mi-2 and 50 Mi-24. In May-June 1988, the first six MiG-29s arrived in the DPRK; by the end of the year, the transfer of the entire batch of 30 aircraft and another 20 Su-25K attack aircraft was completed. In the late 80s, 87 American Hughes MD-500 helicopters were purchased through third countries, of which at least 60 were converted into combat ones.

MiG-29 DPRK Air Force

With the collapse of the socialist camp in the late 1980s and early 1990s, North Korean military aviation began to experience significant difficulties. Soviet and Chinese-made aircraft in service with the DPRK Air Force are, for the most part, physically and morally outdated, and their crews, trained using outdated methods and in conditions of acute fuel shortages, really have little experience. At the same time, North Korean aircraft are securely hidden in underground hangars, and there are plenty of runways for them. The DPRK has built many kilometers of highways with concrete pavement and arched reinforced concrete tunnels, which in case of war can be used as military airfields. Based on this, it can be argued that it is unlikely that it will be possible to destroy North Korean aviation with a first strike. The powerful air defense system, which American intelligence considers “the most dense anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense system in the world,” has more than 9 thousand anti-aircraft artillery systems: from light anti-aircraft machine gun installations to the world’s most powerful 100-mm anti-aircraft guns, as well as self-propelled anti-aircraft guns ZSU -57 and ZSU-23-4 “Shilka”. There are several thousand launchers anti-aircraft missiles from stationary complexes S-25, S-75, S-125 and mobile “Cube” and “Strela-10” to portable installations. For the training of flight personnel, by the beginning of the 90s there were more than 100 piston aircraft CJ-5 and CJ-6, 12 L-39 jets of Czechoslovak production, as well as several dozen combat training MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-29 and Su-25. They are primarily flown by pilots of the elite 50th Guards and 57th Fighter Aviation Regiments, armed with MiG-23 and MiG-29 aircraft; They are based near Pyongyang and provide air cover for the capital of the DPRK. Instructors who trained aviation specialists in many third world countries also gained considerable experience. The North Korean Air Force today represents a rather impressive force that potential adversaries are forced to reckon with.

More than half a century ago, one of the bloodiest military conflicts of the second half of the last century ended - the war on the Korean Peninsula. It lasted more than three years and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. After it, 80% of the transport and industrial infrastructure of both Korean states were destroyed, millions of Koreans lost their homes or became refugees. Legally, this war continued for many more decades, since the agreement on reconciliation and non-aggression between South Korea and the DPRK was signed only in 1991.

Since then, the Korean Peninsula has remained a constant source of tension. The situation in this region either calms down, then again escalates to a dangerous degree, threatening to escalate into the Second Korean War, into which neighboring countries, including the United States and China, will inevitably be drawn. The situation worsened further after Pyongyang received nuclear weapon. Now every missile or nuclear test conducted by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea causes serious international excitement. Recently, such exacerbations occur at intervals of once every one to two years.

In 2019, the next Korean crisis coincided with the start of the new US President Donald Trump, who, even during the election campaign, promised the Americans to solve the DPRK problem once and for all. However, despite the bellicose rhetoric and significant build-up strike forces in the region, the Americans never dared to start a large-scale war on the peninsula. What is the reason? Why did the American army - by far the strongest on the planet today - never decide to begin military action?

The answer is very simple. For more than sixty years, the North Koreans have managed to create one of the strongest and most numerous armies in the world, a fight with which will be a serious test for any enemy. Today, the DPRK has a million people under arms, a large air force, ballistic missiles and an impressive submarine fleet.

North Korea is the last communist totalitarian state on the planet; in terms of the severity of the regime, it even surpasses the USSR of the Stalinist period. A planned economy still operates here, famines occur from time to time, dissenters are sent to concentration camps, and public executions are commonplace for North Koreans.

North Korea is a closed country, foreigners rarely visit it, and information about the state of the North Korean economy is classified. It is even more difficult to obtain information about the North Korean army, its numbers and weapons.

According to experts, the DPRK army today ranks fourth (some say fifth) in size in the world. The DPRK army parade is a truly impressive spectacle that takes the viewer back to the last century. North Korea has long been under international sanctions, which are periodically strengthened after Pyongyang carries out another missile launch or nuclear explosion.

North Korea's military budget is small due to the country's poor economic situation. In 2013 it was only $5 billion. However, over the past decades, the DPRK has been turned into one huge military camp, constantly awaiting attack from South Korea or the United States.

So, what forces does the current leadership of the DPRK have, what are the armed forces of this country, what is Pyongyang’s nuclear potential? However, before moving on to consider current state armed forces of North Korea, a few words should be said about their history.

History of the DPRK Army

The first Korean paramilitary forces were created in the early 30s of the last century in China. They were led by communists and fought by Koreans against Japanese occupiers. By the end of World War II, the Korean People's Army had a strength of 188 thousand people. One of the army commanders was Kim Il Sung, the actual creator of the DPRK and the first of the Kim dynasty, which ruled for almost half a century.

After the end of the war, Korea was divided into two halves - the northern, which was under the control of the USSR, and the southern, which was actually occupied by American troops. On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops, having significant superiority in manpower and equipment, crossed the 38th parallel and moved south. Initially, the campaign went very well for the North: Seoul fell three days later, and soon the communist armed forces captured up to 90% of the territory of South Korea.

Only a small area known as the Busan Perimeter remained under the control of the South Korean government. However, the northerners failed to defeat the enemy with lightning speed, and soon the Western allies came to the aid of the South Koreans.

In September 1950, the Americans intervened in the war, encircling and defeating the North Korean army in a matter of weeks. Only a miracle could save the DPRK from complete defeat, and it happened. At the end of 1950, an army of thousands of Chinese crossed the border of North Korea and drove back the Americans and South Koreans far to the south. Seoul and Pyongyang returned to North control.

The fighting continued with varying success until 1953, by which time the front line had more or less stabilized near the old border of the two Koreas - the 38th parallel. The turning point of the war was the death of Stalin, shortly after which the Soviet Union decided to withdraw from the conflict. China, left alone with the Western coalition, agreed to a truce. But a peace treaty, which usually ends any armed conflict, has not yet been signed between the DPRK and the Republic of Korea.

Over the next decades, North Korea continued to build communism, its main allies being the Soviet Union and China. All this time, the North Koreans invested heavily in the development of the armed forces and the military-industrial complex. The situation in the DPRK deteriorated significantly after the collapse of the socialist camp and the imposition of Western sanctions against the country. In 2013, during another escalation, the DPRK leadership broke all non-aggression treaties with its southern neighbor, and also annulled the agreement on the denuclearization of the peninsula.

According to different estimates, currently the strength of the DPRK army ranges from 850 thousand to 1.2 million people. Another 4 million people are in the immediate reserve; in total, 10 million people are suitable for military service. The population of the DPRK is 24.7 million people. That is, 4-5% of the population serves in the North Korean armed forces, which can be called a real world record.

The North Korean army is a conscript army; both men and women serve in it. The service life ranges from 5 to 12 years. The conscription age is 17 years.

The general management of the security and defense sphere of North Korea, according to the country's constitution, is carried out by the State Defense Committee (GKO), the head of which is the modern leader of the country, Kim Jong-un. The State Defense Committee controls the work of the Ministry of People's Armed Forces, as well as other law enforcement agencies. It is the Defense Committee that can declare martial law in the country, carry out mobilization and demobilization, manage reserves and the military-industrial complex. The Ministry of War includes several departments: Political, Operational and logistics support. Direct operational control of the DPRK armed forces is exercised by the General Staff.

The DPRK armed forces consist of:

• Ground Forces;
• Navy;
• Air Force;
• Special Operations Forces.

In addition, the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Public Security have their own troops. There are also other paramilitary formations: the Workers' and Peasants' Red Guard, the Youth Red Guard, and various people's squads.

Most (and the best) of the country's armed forces are deployed in close proximity to the demilitarized zone.

North Korea has a very developed military-industrial complex. It is capable of providing the country's armed forces with almost the entire range of weapons and ammunition, with the exception of combat and transport aircraft.

Ground troops

The basis of the DPRK's armed forces is its ground forces. The main structural units of the ground forces are the brigade, division, corps and army. Currently, the North Korean army includes 20 corps, including 4 mechanized, 12 infantry, one armored, 2 artillery and a corps providing the defense of the capital.

Figures regarding the amount of military equipment in service ground forces The DPRK armies vary greatly. In the event of war, North Korean generals will be able to count on 4.2 thousand tanks (light, medium and main), 2.5 thousand armored personnel carriers and 10 thousand artillery pieces and mortars (according to other sources, 8.8 thousand).

In addition, the DPRK ground forces are armed with a large number of multiple launch rocket systems (from 2.5 thousand to 5.5 thousand units). The North Korean Armed Forces have both operational-tactical and tactical missile systems, their total number is 50-60 units. The DPRK army is armed with more than 10 thousand anti-aircraft guns artillery installations and about the same number of MANPADS.

If we talk about armored vehicles, most of them are represented by outdated Soviet models or their Chinese copies: tanks T-55, PT-85, Pokphunho (local modification), BMP-1, BTR-60 and BTR-80, BTR-40 (several hundred units) and VTT-323, created on the basis of the Chinese VTT-323 infantry fighting vehicle 323. There is information that the Korean People's Army still uses even Soviet T-34-85s, preserved from the Korean War.

North Korean ground troops have a large number of different anti-tank missile systems, most of them are old Soviet models: “Malyutka”, “Bumblebee”, “”, “”.

Air Force

The strength of the Korean People's Army Air Force is approximately 100 thousand people. The service life in the Air Force and Air Defense Forces is 3-4 years.

The DPRK Air Force consists of four commands, each of which is responsible for its own direction, and six air divisions. The country's air force operates 1,100 aircraft and helicopters, making them one of the most numerous in the world. The North Korean Air Force has 11 air bases, most of which are located near the South Korean border.

The basis of the Air Force's aircraft fleet is made up of obsolete Soviet or Chinese-made aircraft: MiG-17, MiG-19, MiG-21, as well as Su-25 and MiG-29. The same can be said about combat helicopters, the vast majority of them are Soviet machines, Mi-4, Mi-8 and Mi-24. There are also 80 Hughes-500D helicopters.

North Korea has a fairly powerful air defense system, which includes about 9 thousand different anti-aircraft artillery systems. True, all North Korean air defense systems are Soviet systems from the 60s or 70s of the last century: S-75, S-125, S-200, Kub air defense systems. It should be noted that the DPRK has many of these complexes (about a thousand units).

Naval forces

The North Korean Navy has a strength of approximately 60 thousand people (as of 2012). It is divided into two components: the East Sea Fleet (operating in the Sea of ​​Japan) and the West Sea Fleet (designed to carry out combat missions in the Korean Gulf and the Yellow Sea).

Today, the North Korean Navy includes approximately 650 ships, their total displacement exceeds 100 thousand tons. North Korea has a fairly powerful submarine fleet. It consists of about a hundred submarines of various types and displacements. Submarine fleet North Korea is capable of carrying ballistic missiles with a nuclear warhead.

Most of the ship composition of the DPRK Navy is represented by boats of various types: missile, torpedo, artillery and landing craft. However, there are also larger vessels: five corvettes with guided missiles, almost two dozen small anti-submarine ships. The main task naval forces North Korea - covering the coast and coastal zone.

Special Operations Forces

North Korea probably has the most numerous Special Operations Forces in the world. Various sources estimate their number from 80 to 125 thousand military personnel. The forces' tasks include reconnaissance and sabotage operations, countering US and South Korean special forces, and organizing partisan movements behind enemy lines.

The DPRK MTR includes reconnaissance units, light infantry and sniper units.

Rocket Forces

In 2005, North Korea officially announced the creation of its own nuclear weapons. Since then, one of the priorities of the country's military-industrial complex has been the creation of missiles capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.

Part missile weapons The DPRK armed forces are old Soviet missiles or their copies. For example, "Hwasong-11" or "Toksa" - a tactical missile, a copy of the Soviet "Tochka-U" with a flight range of 100 km or "Hwasong-5" - an analogue Soviet rocket R-17 with a flight range of 300 km.

However, most North Korean missiles are of their own design. North Korea produces ballistic missiles not only for the needs of its army, but also actively exports them. Foreign experts believe that over the past 20 years, Pyongyang has sold about 1.2 thousand ballistic missiles of various types. Among its customers are Egypt, Pakistan, Iran, UAE, Syria and Yemen.

Today the DPRK Armed Forces are armed with:

• The Hwasong-6 short-range missile entered service in 1990. It is an improved modification of the Hwasong-5 missile with a flight range of up to 700 km. There are believed to be between 300 and 600 of these missiles currently in service;
• Hwasong-7 medium-range missile. Adopted into service in 1997, it can hit targets at a distance of 1300 km;
• The No-Dong-2 medium-range missile, it was put into service in 2004, its flight range is 2 thousand km;
• Hwasong-10 medium-range ballistic missile. It has been in service since 2009, with a flight range of up to 4.5 thousand km. It is believed that Pyongyang may have up to 200 such missiles today;
• Intercontinental ballistic missile "Hwasong-13" with a flight range of up to 7.5 thousand km. It was first shown at the parade in 2012. Hwasong-13 can reach the United States, which naturally causes great concern among Americans. It should also be noted that the DPRK is a member of the club of space states. At the end of 2012, the artificial satellite Gwangmyongsong-3 was launched into earth orbit.

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On June 5, 1950, at 15:00 Central Korean time, a pair of Yak-9P fighters with the insignia of the North Korean Air Force appeared over the Gimpo airfield near Seoul, where the Americans were being evacuated at a feverish pace in anticipation of the imminent capture of the South Korean capital by ground searches of the DPRK. The Yaks fired at the control tower, destroyed a fuel tank, and then damaged a C-54 military transport aircraft belonging to the US Air Force that was standing on the ground. At the same time, the Yaks flight was damaged by 7 aircraft of the South African Air Force at Seoul airport. At 19:00, the Yaks again stormed Gimpo and finished off the S-54. This was the first combat episode of the Korean War and the debut of the North Korean Air Force.

The formation of the North Korean Air Force began much earlier than the events described above. Less than three months had passed since the end of World War II, and the great leader of the Korean people, Kim Il Sung, had already given his speech “Create the Air Force of New Korea” (November 29, 1945). The creation of aviation, like the army as a whole, had to be created virtually from scratch - those air bases and aircraft repair enterprises that remained on Korean territory from the Japanese were concentrated mainly in the south of the peninsula and went to the Americans and then to South Korea. Air Force training" new Korea“began (based on the experience of the “great northern neighbor”) with the organization of aviation clubs in Pyongyang, Sinju, Chongjin - where the aviation units of the Soviet occupation forces were based. The instructors, programs and aircraft were Soviet: Po-2, UT-2, Yak- 18 (perhaps there were also Yak-9U, La-7, Yak-11).A serious problem was the selection of flight technical personnel. Those Koreans who served in the Japanese Air Force during the war were declared “enemies of the people” - they were supposed to be caught and tried. The intelligentsia, the bourgeoisie and other most literate representatives of Korean society, after the arrival of Soviet troops, mostly fled to the American zone of occupation, probably foreseeing what the “bright kingdom of socialism “Korean style” could actually become. On the other hand, the core of the Korean population was made up of illiterate peasants who had very vague ideas about aviation. A simple “plowman-rice farmer" could be relatively easily trained to shoot from a PPSh or a Mosin rifle, having first drilled into his head a few theses from the “Program of the Provisional People’s Committee of North Korea”, but make him a pilot was quite a difficult task.

This problem was partly solved by military specialists from Soviet army(from among the suitable, literally and figuratively, people - Soviet Chinese, Koreans, Buryats, etc.) Otherwise, the communists tried to attract the most literate youth, and primarily from among students, to the aviation clubs and military aviation schools created a little later , both boys and girls. The “first sign” of the new air force in northern Korea was the beginning and end of 1917 of regular flights of military transport aircraft Li-2 and S-47 from Pyongyang to Soviet Primorye (Vladivostok, Khabarovsk) and China (Harbin). The flights were carried out by mixed Soviet-Korean crews. The main task of these flights was to maintain regular communication between the “Provisional Committee”, and then the government of the DPRK with the “fraternal parties”.

In 1948, the troops of the USSR and the USA left the Korean Peninsula. Almost immediately, the “Provisional People's Committee of North Korea” announced the creation of the Korean People's Army - the KPA, and only six months later the Korean People's Democratic Republic was formed - such an unconventional sequence allowed Pyongyang by the end of 1948 to have a fairly powerful army of several divisions, equipped with Soviet weapons.

Of course, Soviet (sometimes Chinese) military advisers sat at all headquarters. The DPRK Air Force was commanded by General Wang Len and his adviser Colonel Petrachev. Officially, by mid-1950, they had one mixed air division under their control, but its numbers significantly exceeded the Soviet one. According to the Americans, the DPRK was armed with 132 combat aircraft, including 70 Yak-3, Yak-7B, Yak-9 and La-7 fighters, as well as 62 Il-10 attack aircraft. The exact numbers are presented by Soviet military advisers: 1 AD (1 ShAP - 93 Il-10, 1 IAP - 79 Yak-9. 1 UchAP - 67 training and communications aircraft), 2 aviation technical battalions. Total - 2829 people. The backbone of the aircraft consisted of both former Soviet aviation specialists and flight technical personnel who served in 1946-50. training in the USSR, China and directly on the territory of the DPRK.

Thus, in the reports of American pilots in the first weeks of the war there are references to airborne meetings with North Korean jet fighters of the “edited” design (Yak-17, Yak-23 or even Yak-15), from which American historians conclude that the DPRK Air Force on the eve of the war they began to master jet technology. There is no confirmation of this in Soviet sources, although it is known that the Chinese at that time (that is, when training on the MiG-15, and the MiG-15UTI did not yet exist) trained on the Yak-17UTI. These planes were available, in particular, in Mukden. However, American pilots imagined North Korean and Chinese La-5s in the skies of Korea. Pe-2, Yak-7, Il-2 and even Airacobras!

A conversation about the causes and course of the Korean War is beyond the scope of this narrative, so we will touch on these events briefly. We are interested in this war insofar as all these events in one way or another affected the development of the North Korean Air Force. Initially, the fighting went well for Pyongyang; The tank columns moved forward almost unhindered, and the Yaks and Ils provided them with air support. For the "battles" in the area of ​​Seoul and Daejeon, some units of the Korean People's Army even received guard ranks. Among them were four infantry and one tank brigade, four infantry and two anti-aircraft artillery regiments, and a detachment of torpedo boats. Among others, the fighter regiment of the DPRK Air Force was awarded the title of "Daejong Guards". To this day, this unit is the only guard unit among the North Korean Air Force.

So, at the initial stage, success was on the side of North Korea. This continued until the United States intervened in the war. As a result, by the beginning of August 1950, the northern aviation was destroyed and ceased to provide any significant resistance to the UN troops. The remnants of the Air Force flew to Chinese territory. Continuous attacks American aviation forced the KPA ground units to switch to night fighting. But after the landing of UN troops in the rear of the DPRK troops in the Inchon area on September 15, 1950 and the simultaneous launch of an American counter-offensive from the Busan bridgehead, the Korean People's Army was forced to begin a “temporary strategic retreat” (translated into Russian - darted to the north). As a result, by the end of October 1951, the North Koreans had lost 90% of their territory, and their army was almost completely defeated.

The situation was rectified by the introduction of Marshal Peng Dehuai's "Chinese People's Volunteer Corps" into Korea under the cover of the Soviet 64th Air Defense Fighter Corps, equipped with MiG-15 aircraft. Chinese volunteers pushed the Americans and their allies beyond the 38th parallel, but were stopped at these lines. As for the DPRK Air Force, in the winter of 1950-51. Only the night bomber regiment, widely described in the literature, was active, flying first the Po-2, then the Yak-11 and Yak-l8. But, strange as it may seem, there was real value from their combat work. No wonder the Yankees seriously discussed the “Po-2 problem.” In addition to the fact that the “crazy Chinese alarm clocks,” as the Americans called them, constantly crushed the enemy’s psyche, they also caused significant damage. Subsequently, a couple of squadrons from the 56th Fighter Aviation Regiment and some Chinese air units were involved in night work - both of them mainly flew La-9/11!.In November-December 1950, the formation of the Sino-Korean United Air Force (UAA) began. The Chinese dominated it, and the OVA was also commanded by the Chinese general Liu Zhen. On June 10, 1951, the KPA Air Force had 136 aircraft and 60 well-trained pilots. In December, two Chinese fighter divisions flying MiG-15s began combat operations. Later, they were joined by the KPA air division (by the end of 1952 their number was increased to three).

However, the activity of Korean aviation left much to be desired. The main burden of the fight against enemy aircraft was borne by the IA and ZA 64IAK, so the basis of the DPRK air defense was the Soviet units, and the Koreans and Chinese played a supporting role throughout most of the war. And although their air defense was there, it was in an appropriate condition.

Almost the only air defense units remained groups of “aircraft hunters”, created by order of Kim Il Sung on December 2, 1950. The meaning of this “great initiative” was that in each rifle regiment a platoon was allocated, which began the fight against enemy aircraft using available means - from heavy and light machine guns to cables stretched between the tops of nearby hills. According to North Korean propaganda, some groups (for example, the crew of the DPRK Hero Yu Gi Ho) managed to shoot down 3-5 enemy planes in this way! Even if we consider this information exaggerated, the fact remains that “shooter-hunters” became a mass phenomenon at the front and spoiled a lot of blood for UN pilots.

On the day the armistice was signed, June 27, 1953, North Korean aviation was still of limited combat capability, but its numbers were already greater than those of the pre-war era. Various experts estimate its strength during this period at 350-400 aircraft, including at least 200 MiG-15s. All of them were based on Chinese territory, since the pre-war airfields in North Korea were destroyed and were not restored during the war. By the end of 1953, the Chinese Volunteer Corps was withdrawn from the territory of the DPRK and positions on the 38th parallel came under the control of KPA units. A deep reorganization of all branches of the North Korean army began, accompanied by extensive supplies of new military equipment from the USSR.

For the Air Force, a dozen air bases were built at an accelerated pace, a unified air defense system was created along the 38th parallel with radar stations, air defense posts, and communication lines. The “front line” (as the zone of separation of troops is still called in the DPRK) and large cities were tightly covered by anti-aircraft artillery. In 1953, the complete transition of the DPRK Air Force to jet technology began: over the next three years, large quantities of MiG-15 were received from the USSR and China. Even before the end of the war, the first Il-28 jet bombers arrived, ten of them took part in the “Victory Parade” on July 28, 1953 over Pyongyang.

In military aviation there were also major organizational changes- the Air Defense Command, naval and army aviation were separated from the Air Force.
The air defense headquarters included a system for detecting air targets, anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft. Naval aviation included several fighter squadrons covering large ports and a small number of Il-28s intended for reconnaissance and attack of naval targets. Since 1953, army aviation has also carried out all civil air transportation within the DPRK; their volume was especially large in the first post-war years, while bridges, highways and railways remained unrestored. In addition to the old Po-2 and Li-2, army aviation received the An-2, Il-12 and Yak-12. According to unverified data, it was in 1953-54. The North Koreans began airlifting their agents to the South. At the same time, army aircraft not only dropped paratroopers, but also made secret landings on South Korean territory. One of the An-2s, painted entirely black, was captured by South Korean security during a similar operation and is still on display in the military museum. However, the South Korean Air Force was also very active in sending spies to the DPRK. One of their successful operations, carried out jointly with the Americans, was the “Hunt for the Mig”: on September 21, 1953, North Korean Air Force senior lieutenant Kim Sok No, attracted by the promise of a reward of 100 thousand dollars, hijacked a MiG-15bis or South. This allowed the Americans, who until then had only the wreckage of downed MiGs, to conduct comprehensive tests of the aircraft, first in Okinawa, then in the United States.

In general, violations of the demarcation line on land, at sea and in the air, as well as mutual unprovoked shelling, have occurred hundreds of times since the 50s. The most frequently mentioned in the literature is one of the episodes that occurred on February 2, 1955 over the Sea of ​​Japan. Then eight North Korean MiG-15s unsuccessfully tried to intercept an American reconnaissance aircraft RB-45 Tornado, which was photographing the coast of the DPRK under the cover of US Air Force F-86 Saber fighters. As a result of the air battle, two MiGs were shot down; the Americans had no losses. On November 7, 1955, another scandalous incident occurred when a UN An-2 plane with Polish observers on board crashed near the 38th parallel while making an official flight over the demilitarized zone. There is reason to believe that he was shot down by mistake by South Korean air defense.

In 1956, the 20th Congress of the CPSU introduced the concept of “cult of personality” into the international lexicon. A deep fissure has formed in the world communist movement between supporters and opponents of Stalinism. In the DPRK, the congress of the Workers' Party of Korea disapproved of the "culmination of the machinations of anti-party counter-revolutionary factionalists and revisionists" and began a grandiose purge of the party ranks. At this time, the term “Juche” (“self-help”, in the sense of building socialism in a single Korea, and even relying exclusively on one’s own strengths) was used for the first time. In North Korea, not only the Soviet, but even the Chinese leadership was now considered insufficiently consistent in ideological terms. However, this did not prevent us from continuing to equip the army with the latest weapons from the USSR and China, while simultaneously subjecting the most competent military and technical specialists from among those trained in socialist countries to repression.

The strengthening of the armed forces in 1956 was in full swing: the navy was formed, the organizational development of the Air Force was completed, and the modernization of the army began. Several dozen MiG-17F fighters, Mi-4 and Mi-4PL helicopters entered service. In 1958, the Koreans received MiG-17PF interceptor fighters from the USSR. On March 6, 1958, a pair of American T-6A training aircraft that violated the “front line” were fired upon by anti-aircraft artillery and then attacked by “migs”. One of the Texans was shot down and its crew was killed. The North Koreans said that the Americans "made a reconnaissance flight" ...

In 1959, Kim Il Sung solemnly announced the “victory of Juche socialism” and intended to lead the Korean people straight to communism! And in South Korea, by this time, the local “leftists,” with the support of northern agents, had brought the former Lisyman government to a complete loss of control of the situation. The situation in 1960 was saved by the South Korean generals, who, discarding the “ideals of democracy,” carried out a military coup with the full approval of the United States, severely defeating the organized opposition in the country and thereby ensuring the conditions for the subsequent “economic miracle.” American troops in South Korea received tactical nuclear weapons and their delivery systems - the Sergeant, Onest John and Lance missiles, and somewhat later - the Pershing. The South Korean army, together with the 7th stationed in the South infantry division practiced the use of weapons during exercises mass destruction. In the early 60s, the South Koreans erected along the 38th parallel the construction of the so-called “reinforced concrete wall” (a chain of fortifications reinforced not only by conventional minefields, but also, according to some sources, by nuclear landmines), which became the subject of constant sharp criticism from the DPRK . However, amid this noise, the North Koreans built a strip of much more powerful and carefully camouflaged fortifications on the armistice line.

In 1961, the Treaty on Mutual Assistance and Defense Cooperation was signed between the USSR and the DPRK with a host of additional secret protocols that have not yet been declassified. In accordance with them, the DPRK Air Force received in 1961-62. supersonic MiG-19S fighters and S-25 Berkut anti-aircraft missile systems.

KHA received aviation and artillery chemical munitions, personnel began training in combat under conditions of chemical and radiation contamination. After 1965, the MiG-21F and anti-aircraft missiles S-75 "Dvina" complexes.

In December 1962, Kim Il Sung at the Fifth Plenum of the WPK Central Committee announced a new course for “parallel economic and defense construction.” The measures he proposed provided for the complete militarization of the economy, the transformation of the entire country into a fortress, the arming of the entire people (i.e., the entire population is professional military personnel), and the modernization of the entire army. This “new course” has determined the entire life and policy of the DPRK to this day; North Korea spends up to 25% of its gross national product on its military.

The sixties and seventies for the DPRK Air Force became a time of numerous border conflicts:
- On May 17, 1963, ground-based air defense systems fired at an American OH-23 helicopter, which then made an emergency landing on the territory of the DPRK;
- On January 19, 1967, the South Korean patrol vessel "56" was attacked by North Korean ships, then it was finished off by MiG-21 aircraft;
- On January 23, 1968, northern planes and helicopters attacked the US Navy auxiliary vessel Pueblo, and then directed their ships and boats at it; the ship was seized and towed to one of the DPRK naval bases;
- April 15, 1969, air defense missileers shot down a four-engine US Air Force reconnaissance aircraft of the EC-121 type;
- June 17, 1977, MiG-21 aircraft shot down an American CH-47 Chinook helicopter;
- On December 17, 194, an American OH-58D helicopter was shot down by North Korean ground air defense, one helicopter pilot was killed and the second was captured.

In all cases, the North Koreans claimed that the attacked planes, helicopters and ships deliberately invaded North Korean air and sea space for espionage purposes, while the South Koreans and Americans denied this. If we consider that in those same years, South Korean planes repeatedly violated the borders of the USSR (remember the Boeings shot down near Arkhangelsk and over Sakhalin), then the DPRK’s position seems more or less plausible.

In turn, the South Koreans sank a couple of North Korean ships during this period (now the DPRK was shouting about an “act of vandalism” against “defenseless trawlers”), and also repeatedly noted the violation of its airspace by North Korean planes and helicopters. In the eighties, Pyongyang's hopes for a large-scale military conflict between NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries, under the cover of which the DPRK could defeat South Korea, did not materialize. On the contrary, the end of the 20th century became a time of massive collapse of communist regimes in countries that were once “friendly to the USSR.” However, the USSR itself no longer exists, and such “apologists of communism” as Albania and Romania went bankrupt much earlier than the “big brothers”. In the Far East, China and Vietnam are also slowly but surely moving away from Marxist ideology. Not counting Cuba and some African countries, who would be happy to come to an agreement with the West, but do not yet know how to do this, by the beginning of the 90s, the only stronghold of communism was essentially the DPRK. Despite the loss of almost all allies and increasing pressure from the "free world", the ruling circles of North Korea are still full of faith in the final victory of communism in their individual country.

Their confidence is supported by the fact that the KPA is still one of the most powerful armies in the world. True, the complete secrecy of North Korea allows foreign military analysts to make only the most approximate estimates regarding general condition countries, and in particular - technical equipment its armed forces. In the DPRK itself, little and very one-sided writing is written about the Korean People's Army: one can say that the North Koreans have surpassed their Soviet and Chinese friends in the area of ​​ostentation and secrecy. Of course, state propaganda constantly claims that the KPA is invincible, and its unsurpassed fighters and commanders are ready to fight “one against a hundred.” They partly agree with this American experts, who believe that “the North Koreans have outdated weapons and military equipment, but their fighting spirit is exceptionally high; they are well-trained soldiers accustomed to iron discipline.” That, however, did not prevent the “great commander” Kim Il Sung from regularly reprimanding his marshals at all party congresses for “loss of vigilance, lack of fighting spirit and peaceful sentiments in the troops.” The basis of the combat power of the Korean People's Army is tens of thousands of artillery guns and up to 7 thousand armored vehicles, from obsolete Soviet T-55 and T-62 tanks, Chinese T-59 to the more modern T-72M and BMP- received in the late 80s. 2, BTR-70. Some Western experts are overly optimistic that the anti-tank weapons available to the South Koreans and the US troops stationed in Korea are capable of “turning the North Korean tank armada into the world’s largest scrap metal dump.”

Americans write no less cheerfully about North Korean military aviation, arguing that “the DPRK Air Force is in worse technical condition than the Iraqi Air Force. The planes are so old that their first pilots have already become grandfathers. Today’s pilots are poorly trained, their annual flight time is no more than "than seven hours. If they manage to get their Rydvans into the air, then most likely they will fly in a southerly direction and, in the tradition of kamikazes, will direct their planes to the first ground object they encounter."

It is unlikely that one can completely rely on such statements, although it is absolutely clear that the Soviet-Chinese equipment in service with the DPRK Air Force is mainly represented by outdated models and is poorly adapted to modern war conditions, and the flight personnel trained using outdated methods and in acute conditions fuel shortages, really has little experience. But North Korean planes are securely hidden in underground hangars, and there are plenty of runways for them. With a complete absence of private passenger vehicles and a small number of freight vehicles, the DPRK has built a mass of highways with concrete pavement and arched reinforced concrete tunnels (for example, the Pyongyang-Wonsan highway), which in the event of war will undoubtedly be used as military airfields. Based on this, it can be argued that it is unlikely that it will be possible to “disable” North Korean aviation with a first strike, especially considering the powerful air defense system, which American intelligence considers “the most dense anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense system in the world.”

In the air defense of the DPRK, according to Western analysts, more than 9 thousand anti-aircraft artillery systems are deployed in firing positions: from light anti-aircraft machine gun installations to the most powerful 100-mm anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as self-propelled anti-aircraft guns ZSU-57 and ZSU-23-4 "Shilka". In addition, there are several thousand anti-aircraft missile launchers - from stationary S-25, S-75, S-125 and mobile Kub and Strela-10 systems to portable launchers, “whose crews do not know the word fear.” In terms of quality, the DPRK Air Force is also by no means a complete collection of rusty cans. True, even by the beginning of the 90s they still had more than 150 MiG-17 and 100 MiG-19 (including their Chinese versions Shenyang F-4 and F-6, respectively), as well as 50 Harbin H-5 bombers (Chinese version Soviet Il-28) and 10 Su-7BMK fighter-bombers. But by the beginning of the 80s, military aviation had begun a new stage of modernization: in addition to the previously available 150 MiG-21s, a batch of 60 MiG-23P fighter-interceptors and MiG-23ML front-line fighters was received from the USSR, and 150 from the PRC. Q-5 Phanlan attack aircraft. Army aviation, which had only a dozen Mi-4 helicopters, received 10 Mi-2s and 50 Mi-24s. In May-June 1988, the first six MiG-29s arrived in the DPRK; by the end of the year, the transfer of the entire batch of 30 aircraft of this type and another 20 Su-25K attack aircraft was completed. An unexpected addition to the Air Force in the late 1980s was two dozen American Hughes 500 helicopters, acquired in a roundabout way through third countries; they are unarmed and are used for communications and aerial surveillance.

In those same years, obsolete aircraft (MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19) were transferred to “fraternal countries fighting against world imperialism” - primarily Albania, as well as Guinea, Zaire, and Somalia. Uganda, Ethiopia. In 1983, 30 MiG-19 fighters were transferred to Iraq, which were used during the war with Iran. These same planes, placed at Iraqi airfields as decoys, took on the air strikes of the multinational forces during Operation Desert Storm.

It should be noted that civil aviation the DPRK does not have one as such. Any flights, be it the delivery of food and medicine to remote areas, domestic passenger flights or chemical treatment of fields, are carried out by airplanes and helicopters carrying identification marks Air Force. The basis of the fleet of this “military-civil” aircraft to date consists of about 200 An-2 and their Chinese counterparts Y-5. Until the early 70s, flights to the “brotherly countries” were carried out on five Il-14s and four Il-18s, then the DPRK’s air fleet was replenished with 12 An-24s (according to other sources, some of them are of the An-32 type), three Tu154Bs and the “presidential” Il-62, in which Kim Il Sung “made a number of official foreign visits. After the collapse of the USSR, the North Korean air fleet was replenished with a number of civilian aircraft bought cheaply from the esang “independent airlines”; the largest of them were several Il -76. At the beginning of 1995, the DPRK signed an international agreement to open its airspace to passenger flights of foreign airlines. In this regard, North Korean aircraft flying abroad received civilian markings of the newly formed Chosunminhan Airlines, but they continue to be controlled by the military crews.

For the training of flight personnel, by the beginning of the 90s there were more than 100 piston aircraft CJ-5 and CJ-6 (Chinese modification of the Yak-18), 12 L-39 jets made in Czechoslovakia, as well as several dozen combat training MiG-21, MiG -23, MiG-29 and Su-25. It is quite natural to assume that pilot training for aircraft is more modern types significantly exceeds the average level of “seven flight hours per year”. These include, first of all, pilots of the elite 50th Guards and 57th Fighter Aviation Regiments, armed with MiG-23 and MiG-29 aircraft; They are based near Pyongyang and provide air cover for the capital of the DPRK. Instructors who trained aviation specialists in many Third World countries also gained considerable experience. We should not forget that the DPRK has surface-to-surface missiles. different types, many of which are produced in our own factories. It was with the North Korean Scuds that Saddam Hussein frightened the United States and Israel during the conflict in the Persian Gulf. Then the Americans managed to shoot down no more than 10 percent of the missiles launched by Iraq with their latest Patriot anti-aircraft systems, despite the fact that these launches were carried out with very low intensity.

So the North Korean Air Force today still represents a rather impressive force that the Americans have to reckon with.