Disposal of solid household waste. Solid household waste: burial, incineration, recycling. Waste glass and glass products: glass containers and packaging

What is solid waste? Their classification

Municipal solid waste- items or goods that have been lost consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. Solid waste is also divided into garbage(biological maintenance) and actually household waste(non-biological maintenance of artificial or natural origin). Classification of solid waste. By quality composition : paper (cardboard); food waste; tree; black metal; non-ferrous metal; textile; bones; glass; leather and rubber; stones; polymer materials; other components; screening (small fragments passing through a 1.5-centimeter mesh); TO hazardous solid waste relate: waste batteries and accumulators, electrical appliances, varnishes, paints and cosmetics, fertilizers and pesticides, household chemicals, medical waste, mercury-containing thermometers, barometers, blood pressure monitors, lamps.
Household waste are characterized multicomponent, heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). According to the nature and degree of impact on natural environment they are divided into: industrial waste, consisting of inert materials, the disposal of which is currently economically unjustified;
recyclable materials ( secondary raw materials); waste 4th class of danger; waste 3 hazard classes; waste 2 hazard classes; waste Hazard class 1. P about x-ru occurrence: industrial; household.

2. Main causes of waste
*irrational economic activities of many enterprises using old technologies that have become the norm;
*outdated normative base. About 30 normative acts of the ministry are significantly outdated, since they were adopted back in 1992. and in 1997;
*ineffective (ineffective) control of central and local environmental and health authorities and other industry bodies government controlled;
*lack of economic incentives for the development of “historical” and newly generated waste.
*lack of a special law regulating relations in the field of waste management. The ministry’s attempt to solve waste management problems by introducing amendments and additions to the law “On Environmental Protection” is unrealistic. It is impossible to solve such a huge problem by amending several articles of the law.

3. Formulate the concept of integrated waste management.
The basic concept of integrated waste management stipulates that household waste consists of various components, which ideally should not be mixed between
themselves, but must be disposed of separately from each other using the most beneficial environmental and economic methods. The concept of integrated waste management provides that in addition to traditional methods of solid waste disposal household waste(waste incineration and disposal) should become an integral part of waste reduction activities and waste recycling. A combination of several methods can help effective solution problems of solid household waste.

4. What is the CLC hierarchy?
This hierarchy implies that measures for primary waste reduction should be considered first, then secondary reduction: reuse and processing of the remaining part of the waste and, last but not least, measures for the disposal or disposal of those wastes, the occurrence of which could not be avoided and which cannot be recycled into recyclable materials. By abbreviation we mean reducing their toxicity and other harmful properties. Waste reduction is achieved by reorienting producers and consumers towards products and packaging that generate less waste. Recycling(including composting) is the second level of the hierarchy. Recycling not only saves space in landfills, but also improves incineration efficiency by removing non-combustible materials from the waste stream. Lower in the hierarchy are waste incineration and landfill disposal. Incineration reduces the amount of waste ending up in landfills and can be used to generate electricity. Landfill disposal continues to be necessary for waste that cannot be recycling, non-combustible or combusting with the release of toxic substances.

List the main problems of solid waste disposal at landfills.

The landfill is a specially designed structure. For their construction, land that is not suitable for economic needs with a slight natural slope is specially selected. If there is no slope, then it is created artificially. Following this, a special base of the landfill is arranged, most often reinforced concrete, to prevent the ingress and mixing of landfill and groundwater. According to international standards, a landfill prepared for operation should contain only one type of solid waste. This circumstance makes it possible for more successful recycling or further disposal of household waste, depending on its type. When storing such waste, if possible, they are further modified by crushing and compacting, which increases the service life of the landfill. When laying a layer of household waste, an additional layer of base is laid on it, on which household waste is subsequently placed. When the resources of the landfill are exhausted, it is backfilled with a layer of sand, clay and earth, and plants are also sown, which helps restore the soil layer. Unfortunately, today in Russia very often household waste is disposed of at landfills without prior preparation of the area. The household waste itself is practically not sorted, and the choice of location for future landfills is often done almost spontaneously. Moreover, one more negative factor is an increase in the number of spontaneous landfills, as well as unauthorized burials of hazardous solid waste. It is important that all these problems are resolved at the state level.

6) Name existing systems waste collection Currently, two main waste collection and removal systems are used: tank and container. Tank system represents the removal of waste by body garbage trucks. Such a system has major disadvantages, as it requires significant expenditures of metal, heavy physical labor and is difficult to operate and maintain sanitary waste bins. Tanks are used with a capacity of 100 liters, and a garbage truck is equipped with a compacting device. Container system consists of removing waste by container or body garbage trucks. This system is preferable to the tank one and has received widespread in Russian cities. However, it also has a significant drawback: the low density of waste in containers leads to a decrease in productivity and an increase in the cost of removal.

7) Tell us about recycling waste paper. Recycling waste paper is a very clear example of environmental protection at the same time as saving valuable natural raw materials. Careful collection of waste paper and its reasonable use not only prevent littering of our living environment with paper residues, but also saves valuable wood . From an economic point of view, it is advisable to use waste paper for the production of packaging materials, corrugated and plain cardboard, etc. The production of paper and cardboard from waste paper requires 60% less energy, since the production of wood pulp and cellulose is eliminated. At the same time, air pollution is reduced by 15%, and water pollution by 60%. We must not forget that people are learning to obtain more and more new and valuable products and that, as a raw material, in many respects it is not only not inferior to synthetic polymers, but often superior to them. The same can be said about cellulose fibers, comparing them with synthetic ones.

8. Talk about recycling wood waste. Using only sawmill and wood processing waste would significantly improve the situation with the country's supply of forest materials, and most importantly, would make it possible to reduce the annually increasing volumes of forest cuttings. The problem is more rational use of all harvested wood, reducing the amount of waste during processing and maximizing the use of waste obtained from sawmilling and wood processing is one of the main problems of the current seven years. When calculating savings from the use of wood waste in construction, it should be taken into account that part of it is used to manufacture materials and products that directly replace lumber, and part is used to replace such structural elements and building products as plaster, ceramic facing tiles, thermal insulation, etc. .Existing technological methods for processing wood waste include the use of sawdust for the production of wall and thermal insulation building materials on cement, lime, gypsum and other binders: sawdust concrete, thermolite, etc. Sawdust can be used in significant quantities in the manufacture of partition and finishing gypsum boards, as well as as a filler that promotes better firing in the brick industry. Chips produced by woodworking machines are good raw materials for the production of particle boards.

9) Tell us about the recycling of textile waste.Textile waste includes production waste: as fibers, yarns, threads, scraps and scraps of textile materials and consumer waste in the form of worn-out household textiles. Consumer waste also includes industrial waste. technical purpose in the form of worn-out workwear, tablecloths, bedspreads, bed linen, curtains, curtains, etc., generated at industrial enterprises, in transport, in areas Catering and healthcare, in medical institutions, enterprises consumer services etc. Textile production waste according to the type of raw material is usually divided into three main groups: first- textile waste from natural raw materials (cotton fiber, linen fiber, wool, natural silk); second- textile waste from chemical raw materials (chemical threads and artificial and synthetic fibers); third- textile waste from mixed raw materials (mixtures based on natural and chemical fibers). In the knitting industry, waste is generated during the processing of yarn, the manufacture of knitted fabric and products made from it, the production of socks and gloves, most of which is used as secondary raw materials. The amount of textile consumer waste in MSW exceeds textile production waste. They can be considered one of the main sources of secondary raw materials for the production of secondary textile materials.

10. Talk about recycling polymer waste. Polymer processing- quite a complex process. Granulated raw materials, or secondary polymers, are obtained by processing polymer waste, which significantly reduces the cost of producing polymer products. Products can be made either entirely from recycled materials or from primary raw materials with the addition of recycled polymers. The first stage of polymer recycling is the sorting and purification of waste from foreign impurities. Then they are crushed and processed in accordance with the selected technology. Recycled polymers obtained as a result of processing are raw materials for the industrial production of a wide variety of products - spare parts for cars, containers for industrial and household use, dishes, furniture filler, medical equipment and much more. .Today, polymer recycling is considered one of the most priority tasks both from the point of view of economic feasibility and from the point of view of environmental protection.

11. Tell us about recycling of cullet. Quite a few components of solid waste can be recycled into healthy foods. The type of waste is cullet. Used in the production of glass containers: 1) glass-ceramsite, 2) glass tiles, 3) glass-ceramic tiles, 4) polystyrene foam.

12. Tell us about the recycling of mercury-containing waste. Mercury-containing waste (mainly waste mercury-containing lamps). It is used to produce 1) mercury concentrate (mortar), 2) production of non-toxic mercury compounds (mercury sulfide) for subsequent disposal, 3) sending spent sorbent to extract mercury.

13. Tell us about the recycling of rubber waste. Rubber-containing waste (worn rubber). Used: 1)production of commodity crumb rubber and reclaimed material (for partial replacement of primary raw materials), 2) production from crumb rubber: roofing materials (slate, tiles, rubber roofing felt), mastics for waterproofing, technical products (tiles for floors, wheels for carts, fields for farms, gaskets ),3) the use of crumb rubber in asphalt concrete mixtures when laying roads (linings under rails, slabs for railway crossings, slabs for speed bumps, gaskets)

14. What is composting? Advantages and disadvantages. Composting is a waste recycling technology based on their natural biodegradation. The most widespread composting is used to process organic waste, primarily of plant origin, such as leaves, branches and grass clippings. There is composting technology food waste, as well as unseparated solid waste flow. In contrast to the decay process, which occurs anaerobically with the formation of biogas, oxygen is required for effective composting. The result is compost or humus, which has a structure and odor similar to soil, which can be sold for use as fertilizer or mulch. Properly organized field composting protects the soil, atmosphere, groundwater and surface waters from solid waste pollution. Apply 2 circuit diagrams field composting: with preliminary crushing of solid waste and without preliminary crushing. Composting is a fairly rational way of waste disposal, which has almost no negative impact on the environment.

15. Waste incineration as a technology for processing solid waste. Advantages and disadvantages. Waste incineration – This is the most complex and high-tech waste management option. Incineration requires pre-treatment of solid waste (to produce fuel extracted from waste). Incineration can be only one of the components comprehensive program waste disposal. Environmental impact waste incineration plants mainly associated with air pollution, primarily fine dust, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, furans and dioxins. Serious problems also arise with the burial of ash from waste incineration, which by weight makes up to 30 percent of the original weight of the waste and which, due to its physical and chemical properties, cannot be buried in conventional landfills. Currently, there are 7 waste incineration plants operating in Russia. Along with gas emissions, secondary solid waste remains (25-30 percent of the volume), contaminated with toxic substances. Most of this waste is disposed of in landfills. Speaking about social and economic. aspects of waste incineration, it should be noted that usually the construction and operation of incinerators is beyond the budget of the city budget and must be carried out on credit or by private companies.

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Landfilling waste is, unfortunately, one of the most common methods. It is produced in areas specially designated for this purpose, landfills, and using a certain technology.

Separate landfills for solid waste - municipal solid waste and separate landfills for industrial and construction waste.

The standard landfill is a dug pit, but natural lowlands, ravines and quarries can also be used for these purposes.

They are located in relative proximity to populated areas, but far from residential areas and bodies of water.

Their area can vary from several tens to hundreds of hectares. The selected area should not be subject to flooding or be swampy.

Special materials and films are laid on the bottom of the boiler as a substrate, which will prevent the penetration of harmful substances into the soil layers and groundwater. In addition, such methods help prevent the excessive spread of rodents and insects in the area. A layer of sand is poured onto the substrate, and only after that does debris follow.

The imported waste is distributed evenly over the entire area with the help of other equipment. When the waste layer reaches several meters, it is covered with about a half-meter layer of soil, usually of any composition, easily accessible in the immediate vicinity. Next, the layer of soil is again alternated with a layer of waste, and until such a semblance of a layer cake rises to 40 meters (in accordance with European standards).

For a higher degree of waste compaction, in addition to bulldozers and.

When using a compactor, 2-4 times more waste can be placed in a landfill than when using a conventional crawler bulldozer. Compactors are often equipped with spiked rollers to crush debris.

After reaching the above height threshold, the landfill is closed for further use and reclamation is carried out. The burial is covered with soil, sand, a meter-long layer of soil is poured on top, and the resulting hill is gradually overgrown with grass and bushes.

Often entire mountains are made from garbage; they are compacted with special equipment. equipment, they are covered with soil, when shrinkage occurs (the garbage rots, the temperature inside such formations is high), then the territory is sometimes even equipped with ski resorts.

The main disadvantage of landfilling is that unsorted waste ends up in landfills. Along with household waste that easily decomposes naturally, there is also plastic, polyethylene and other achievements of the chemical industry that end up in the general pile. However, the period of their decomposition can take tens or hundreds of years. Moreover, landfills also end up hazardous waste, and completely different methods of disposal are provided for them.

Burial does not allow materials to be reused and also eliminates their recycling. In an ideal state of affairs, landfill should be used only for rapidly decomposing food waste, everything else should be recycled or reused.

Opinion: the downside is insufficient control over landfills and widespread violation of waste disposal rules. The business is very profitable and often the owners and managers of such landfills bypass sanitary and other standards. Even on closed landfill Trucks with garbage are often allowed through, of course, for a fee.

Every year in Moscow there is formed, different estimates, from 2.5 to 3.5 million tons of solid waste and approximately 6.1 million tons of industrial waste. About 10% of garbage and approximately 59% of industrial waste are recycled.

Most waste is sent to landfills. The area of ​​each is from 50 to 60 hectares. The resource is depleted in 3-4 years.

210 landfills and landfills were registered in the Moscow Region, some of which are not in operation. 43 of them had official status, many were semi-official, but only two training grounds were built according to specially developed projects. In almost all cases, landfills arose spontaneously, without taking into account environmental requirements, in exhausted quarries.

In 2006 and 2007. Military training grounds: “Salaryevo” (Leninsky district); “Zhiroshkino” (Domodedovo district), “Pavlovskoye” (Istra district), “Kargashino” (Mytishchi district), “Sliznevo” (Naro-Fominsk district); "Shemyakino" (Khimki district) and the "Stanovoe" quarries (Ramensky district); "Annino" (Ruzsky district); “Toropovo” (Ramensky district) and “Lytkino” (Solnechnogorsk district), have exhausted their resource.

Garbage acceptance limits have also been limited at the largest landfills in the Moscow region, “Timokhovo” (Noginsky district), “Khmetyevo” (Solnechnogorsk district) and “Dmitrovsky” (Dmitrovsky district).

Currently, there are 37 solid waste disposal sites in the Moscow region, where about 7 million tons of waste are disposed of annually.

In addition, there are more than 1.5 thousand unauthorized landfills that are subject to liquidation. The largest ones, in most areas, are formed, as a rule, in exhausted quarries and ravines. They have a detrimental effect on the ecology of the Moscow Region.

It is prohibited to place landfills on the territory of MoscowMSW. Household waste and construction garbage from Moscow to burial sites located in the Moscow region.

Of the landfills receiving Moscow solid waste, only two are currently operating: “Khmetyevo” (Solnechnogorsk district) and “Dmitrovsky” (Dmitrovsky district).

Test site Khmetyevo

Solid waste landfill "Khmetyevo" is located in the Solnechnogorsk district of the Moscow region, 65 km from Moscow and occupies part of the developed Mansurovsky gravel and pebble quarry. Designed for disposal of household waste in Moscow, Solnechnogorsk and Solnechnogorsk region.

The total area of ​​the landfill is 79.4 hectares, including: 53.23 hectares from the lands of the Solnechnogorsk experimental forestry enterprise, 20.4 hectares from reserve lands, 5.76 hectares from settlement lands). Currently West Side– 26.17 hectares is a closed part of the landfill where solid waste was buried in the period from 1980 to 1990. Old burial sites are covered with soil 1 m thick. The established limit for waste disposal is 1.1 million tons per year and contaminated soil is 295 thousand t per year.

Dmitrovsky training ground

Solid waste disposal site "Dmitrovsky" located in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region, 8 km from the village of Iksha and 0.8 km from the village of Dyakovo, in the exhausted Marfino-Dyakovsky quarry. The landfill is intended for the reception and disposal of solid waste according to altitude diagram to create an orderly landscape. It occupies an area of ​​63.5 hectares. The established limit for disposal is 1.1 million tons per year and 173 thousand tons per year for contaminated soils.

Timokhovo and Pavlovsky

Solid waste landfill "Timokhovo" located in the Noginsky district, 1 km south of the village of Timokhovo. It arose on the site of a clay quarry, served 22 (out of 32) districts of Moscow and for the period from 1977 to 1989. reached an area of ​​108.56 hectares.

Solid waste landfill "Pavlovsky» is located in the Istra district, a 40-minute drive from Moscow. It is located between the villages of Pavlovskoye, Sannikovo, Manikino and Ivanovskoye, just 500 m from the Istra River (in its sanitary protection zone). Area 14.65 hectares.

Dolgoprudny and Salaryevo

Solid waste landfill "Dolgoprudny" located in the industrial and communal zone of Dolgoprudny. From the north and west it borders on the territory of the cemetery, from the south there are city wastewater treatment plants and the river. Businka, from the west at a distance of 1 km - the canal named after. Moscow, from the east - the lands of the Khlebnikovsky forestry enterprise. The residential building closest to the site is the village. Likhachevo, located 900 m to the southwest. Area 13.89 hectares.

Landfill for solid household and industrial waste "Salaryevo" located in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region near the village of Salaryevo, 3 km southwest of Moscow. In operation since 1993. Closed for garbage collection in April 2007. The area within the boundaries of the land allocation is 59 hectares. The territory where waste was directly received and stored occupies 57 hectares. Recultivated.

Shcherbinka, Sosenki and Levoberezhny

Solid waste landfill "Shcherbinka" located in the Domodedovo district of the Moscow region, 3 km east of the city of Podolsk. Area – 123.45 hectares. It arose spontaneously in the 1950s on the site of exhausted sand quarries located 400-600 m from the right bank of the Pakhra River. Screening of the base was not carried out before the start of operation. Along with municipal solid waste, radioactive waste (spent loparite concentrate) from the Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant was stored at the facility. It was closed in 1988.

Solid waste landfill "Pines" located in the Leninsky district of the Moscow region, 7 km from Moscow along the Kaluga highway. Nearest locality– village Makarovo. The Sosenka River flows in close proximity (50 m) to the northwestern border. The river valley rings “Sosenki” with solid waste from the north, west and south. Closed for use since 1978, its surface is partially isolated by soil. Total area – 40 hectares.

Polygon "Levoberezhny", is located 750 m northeast of the residential microdistrict “Levoberezhny” (Khimki). It is located on the site of a former clay quarry and is intended for the disposal of household and industrial waste of hazard class IV in the city of Khimki, Khimki and Krasnogorsk districts. Area 26.5 hectares. The established limit for waste disposal is 100 thousand tons per year and contaminated soil 50 thousand tons per year.

Aleksinsky, Kuchino, Torbeevo and Kargashino

Solid waste landfill "Aleksinsky quarry", located 2.5 km from the outskirts of the city of Klin, located on the territory of a mined-out part of a sand quarry. Designed for the disposal of household and industrial waste of IV hazard class in the city of Klin and the Klin region. Area 20.0 hectares. The established limit for landfills is 152 thousand tons per year and contaminated soil is 37 thousand tons per year.

Solid waste landfill "Kuchino" is located in the Balashikha district near the village of Saltykovka, not far from the city of Zheleznodorozhny. Located in worked out clay quarries. Founded in 1971. Area 59 hectares. The established limit is 100 thousand tons per year and contaminated soils 90 thousand tons per year.

Solid waste landfill "Torbeevo" is located in the Lyubertsy district, 1 km from the village of Torbeevo, approximately 25 km from the Moscow Ring Road along the Novoryazanskoe highway. Area 12.8 hectares. The established limit for waste disposal is 248 thousand tons per year and contaminated soil 162 thousand tons per year.

Solid waste landfill "Kargashino" located in Mytishchi district. Area 11.14 hectares.

The material was prepared based on information eco.ria.ru

Solid waste disposal sites are complex engineering structures, they must be equipped with special technology. The bottom of the landfill, which has a slight slope, is lined with durable plastic film. The layer of waste poured daily must be leveled and compacted with special rollers, then covered with a layer of sand or clay, leveled, compacted again and covered with a layer of durable film.

At the bottom of the landfill there should be a collection of filterable liquids, which are regularly removed for recycling. Disposal of solid waste at a landfill must be accompanied by environmental control and monitoring of possible impacts on environment. After filling the landfill to zero level, reclamation must be carried out, that is, backfilling with a layer of sand and soil, planting grass and plants, and other necessary work.

Waste must be sorted and, depending on its content, sent to different landfills. Nowadays there is a tendency, after sorting waste, to press it into briquettes with a significant reduction in volume. There is practically no soil subsidence at such landfills. In some countries, such as England or the USA, it is customary to build golf courses on reclaimed landfill surfaces.

How things stand with the processing of household waste in our country can be considered using the example of Moscow. More than 3 million tons of solid waste are produced here annually, most of which household waste constitutes 270 kg per year from each resident of the capital. The bulk of urban waste is disposed of at special landfills and large landfills located in the Moscow region. The landfills have been operating since the late 1970s and are already reaching the end of their service life. Urban waste disposal sites cannot in any way be called “sanitary landfills,” as is customary in the West. There is simply no system for draining and neutralizing filtrate, no special landslides along the boundaries, no layer-by-layer laying of waste, no pressing, no backfilling with soil, no specialized equipment.

Absolutely unsorted waste is stored in landfills, including waste from the chemical industry and, very seriously, toxic waste, the share of which in the annual volume of household waste is 60%. On the territory of the city there are 90 practically unequipped garbage dumps, with a total area of ​​almost 300 hectares. The number of unauthorized landfills is completely unknown. Often, garbage in landfills is set on fire to reduce its volume and extend the life of the landfill. But such combustion goes badly, and is also accompanied by smoke and a terrible fetid odor, and it also contributes to the formation of dangerous chemical substances due to the presence of polymers, chemicals and other materials.

There is no way to get rid of them, so they should be equipped taking into account safety precautions and the impact on the environment. Unfortunately, in our country it has happened that landfills were simply placed in large ravines, and later they were “mothballed” without complying with environmental requirements. Such objects still cause damage to the environment. Let's try to figure out how waste disposal should ideally take place.

So that garbage is stored on them - this is understandable. But at the same time, all solid household waste that gets there should not affect atmospheric air, soil, water. Landfills are required to prevent the excessive spread of insects and rodents. They are placed away from residential and recreational areas and reservoirs. Wetlands and flooded areas are not suitable for landfills.

The entire territory of the landfill can be considered as a collection of separate zones: roads along which garbage trucks move; economic zone; direct storage areas for solid waste; Let's not forget about power lines.

There is a training ground, what's next?

They develop a schedule for using the landfill, and during work they keep daily records of the amount of waste. There must be strict controls on the waste that is delivered to a regular landfill. Radioactive and toxic substances (if the landfill is not intended for this) should not end up in landfills (they must be recycled).

After the garbage trucks are unloaded, all the work falls on bulldozers and compactors (in large landfills all these processes occur simultaneously). Storing waste different ways: either by layering, when a layer of compacted debris alternates with a layer of soil, or from top to bottom - by the “pushing” method.

Once landfills reach a certain level, they are closed. But even here everything is not simple, you need to carry out a series complex work, including reclamation, when everything is covered with layers of sand, soil, and vegetation is planted.

What disrupts the burial process?

The problem is that, as noted earlier, sorted waste should end up in landfills, but in practice both chemical industry waste and valuable recyclables end up in landfills. Incoming waste control is purely nominal; in order to reduce volumes, part of the waste is burned, which releases harmful substances into the atmosphere.

It turns out that there are established standards, there are also developed storage and isolation of waste, but there is no effective mechanism for monitoring the implementation of all this - this is the essence of the problem disposal of solid waste in our country.