Names of the sea in ancient times. There is a well-known legend: when the brave Greek sailors sailed into the Black Sea, it met them with a storm, scattered their ships, and the surviving ships “got away.” Then the Greeks called our sea “Pont Aksinsky” (Inhospitable Sea). Later the Greeks built powerful ships, crossed the sea and founded Greek colonies - cities - on the shores. At this time, the name of the sea “Pont Euxine” (Hospitable Sea) appeared on Greek maps and in Greek sailing directions.
Why is the Black Sea called that? So the first version of “black” is northern, unpleasant. There are two more interesting versions. One is connected with the main feature of our sea: the presence of dissolved poisonous gas in the sea water - hydrogen sulfide. There is a huge amount of hydrogen sulfide in sea water. It saturates the depths of the sea, depriving them of life, so only special sulfur bacteria live at the depths, which reduce the sulfates contained in sea water and convert them into hydrogen sulfide and bicarbonates. Hydrogen sulfide easily oxidizes, so if you lower a metal object to a depth and then pull it to the surface, the object will be covered with a black coating.
The Black Sea is deep. Some authors indicate that the depth reaches 2211 m, others that m. The greatest depth, as can be seen on the map, is off the coast of Turkey in the Sinop depression. Average sea depth m. Average level. Approximately equal to the level of the world's oceans. Increases by cm per 100 years. The eastern shore of the Black Sea goes steeply into the depths.
Square, sea pool. The surface area of the Black Sea is approximately square kilometers (in some sources sq. km). A sea basin is the territory from which all fallen water flows into this sea.
The Black Sea is huge! It washes the shores of Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Georgia. The Black Sea is fraught with great wealth. Currently, about 60 have been discovered in sea water. chemical elements. These are iodine, bromine, radium, silver, gold, etc. However, they are contained in very small quantities. So, for example, there is only 1 milligram of silver per ton sea water. But if all the silver in the water of the Black Sea were extracted, it would amount to tons. The riches of the Black Sea also include the plants and animals that inhabit it.
The coastal zone of the sea is a shelf, up to a meter deep, composed of pebbles, gravel, shell fragments, sand and dust particles - silt. At a depth of m it is covered with clayey and calcareous silts. In the northwestern part of the sea, the shelf is up to 200 km wide; in the rest of the sea, the shelf is much narrower, from 1 to 10 km. Against the mouths of large mountain rivers Underwater gullies-canyons run from the shore into the sea. They are trying to use the shelf to extract sand and pebbles! According to experts, sand mining on the Black Sea shelf will lead not only to the degradation of bottom biocenoses, but also to a decrease in fish stocks.
Islands of the Black Sea The shores of the Black Sea are slightly indented: there are few bays and bays. The Black Sea is almost devoid of islands. There are only three of them: Fidonisi (aka Zmeiny), located opposite the mouth of the Danube. Berezan ( local residents they call it Schmidt Island in memory of Lieutenant Schmidt, the heroic leader of the uprising of the Black Sea sailors, who was shot by the tsarist government on this island), located between the entrances to the Berezansky and Dnieper-Bugskip estuaries; Kefken, which is located 92 km east of the Bosphorus, north of Cape Kefken.
Peninsulas Let us note two peninsulas - Crimean and Taman. The Black Sea is closely connected with the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait. (The Sea of Azov is 10 times smaller in area, and reaches only 14 m in depth. Therefore, the Sea of Azov was previously called the Meotian swamp and was considered a gulf of the Black Sea.)
States on the shores of the Black Sea The shores of the Black Sea belong to seven states: Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Abkhazia. These states have united in efforts to preserve the purity of the Black Sea. Coastal residents need to make efforts to prevent pollution of the Black Sea.
The volume of water in the Black Sea is more than 547 thousand cubic kilometers. Of the total volume of water, only 13% is saturated with oxygen - this is a surface layer one meter thick, the rest of the water volume is saturated with poisonous gas - hydrogen sulfide. And yet, the Black Sea is inhabited by no less species of animals, plants, algae and fungi.
Double-layering is a feature of the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, active water exchange occurs only to a depth of m. Deeper than that, the entire volume of water is poisoned by hydrogen sulfide. Total hydrogen sulfide amounts to billions of tons and has remained approximately constant over the last 1–2 thousand years, because In parallel with the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the depths, the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide by bacteria occurs. The hydrogen sulfide content at a depth of 150 m is determined to be 0.19 mg per liter of sea water, at a depth of 200 m - 0.83 mg, and at a depth of 2000 m - already 9.6 mg (increases 50 times). Deep hydrogen sulfide formed 7-8 thousand years ago after an earthquake, which opened access salty waters Mediterranean Sea into an ancient freshwater lake, which at that time was on the site of the Black Sea. This caused death large quantity freshwater organisms. And the decomposition of the remains created hydrogen sulfide (relict). Hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea was discovered by the expedition of geologist N. Andrusov in 1890. In addition, hydrogen sulfide is constantly formed in the sea due to the decomposition of organic remains carried into the sea by rivers. This process is called "eutrophication".
Residents of the Black Sea! About 130 species of fish are found in the Black Sea. There are flounder, herring, anchovy, sprat, mullet, horse mackerel, mackerel, etc. Birds include gulls, petrels and other birds. At the bottom of the Black Sea live oysters, mussels, a predatory mollusk - rapana, crabs huddle in the crevices of the coastal rocks, and there are many jellyfish. They can predict the approach of a storm by their behavior. There are resorts on the Black Sea coast where thousands of children and adults improve their health. These are sanatoriums, boarding houses, tourist centers, children's recreation centers. We see that the Black Sea brings great benefits to people. Does a person always treat it with care? Is it possible to destroy the wealth that we take from the sea?
October 31 - International Black Sea Day International Black Sea Day is celebrated in memory of October 31, 1996, when the six Black Sea countries of Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine signed Strategic plan actions for rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea. This Plan has been developed after extensive research marine environment, which showed that the vitality of the Black Sea marine environment has deteriorated significantly compared to the previous three decades. TO International Day The Black Sea is dedicated to actions aimed at preserving the unique ecosystem of the Black Sea, drawing attention to problems and finding ways to solve the most pressing of them. In all cities of the Black Sea coast, regional centers environmental campaigns, round tables, competitions and other events are held aimed at creating public opinion in defense of the sea, for education ecological culture population.
Campaign leaflet MAKE A PROMISE TO THE BLACK SEA I will: take all my garbage with me after visiting the beach; conserve water during any household activities; eliminate water leaks in your apartment; plant trees, shrubs and flowers around your home, school and in public places; tell my neighbors and friends how to take care of plants, how useful plants are and how plants filter water before it goes into the sea, use a shopping bag when I go shopping so as not to use packaging bags that litter the environment, buy products with less packaging, pour out oil, paints and chemicals so that they do not get into the water; carry out environmental actions to protect the Black Sea: remove garbage from beaches and along river banks so that garbage does not pollute the sea, draw posters in defense of the sea and its inhabitants, participate in exhibitions of such posters, hold talks, quizzes, holidays to educate everyone around them love of the sea.
Story international cooperation to save the Black Sea By the beginning of 1990, the state ecological system The Black Sea was identified by experts as critical. In 1992, the first World Conference on Environment and Development took place in Rio De Janeiro. At this meeting international community came to a consensus that for the sake of future generations of people economic activity all countries must be accompanied by appropriate measures to protect natural environment and protecting fragile ecosystems from degradation and the threat of complete extinction. The Black Sea region became the first to focus on protecting environment received further development: In April 1992, the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution was adopted in Bucharest. The Global Environment Facility, the European Union and other donors have allocated $17 million for the implementation of the Black Sea Environmental Program (BSEP). The headquarters of the CEP are located in Istanbul, in each of the 6 Black Sea countries Business centers were created and their specialization was determined.
In the cities of the Black Sea coast, it has already become a tradition for many residents to celebrate International Black Sea Day on October 31. On this day, environmental cleanup days are held to clean the seashore from garbage. Besides, Special attention is devoted to working with children, for whom lectures, exhibitions and drawing competitions are held. Divers lifted debris from the bottom of the sea and showed it to schoolchildren.
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History of the Black Sea Each sea, like each person, has its own image, character, habits, and finally, history. The Black Sea has something to be proud of. Over millions of years, it has repeatedly changed its appearance: it became either a lake or a sea. And it all started like this... *
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History of the Black Sea Tens of millions of years ago, in the area of the modern seas of the Mediterranean, Marmara, Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral Sea, the bay of the ancient huge Tethys Sea stretched. *
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History of the Black Sea The bay consisted of two parts, western and eastern. West Side was salty, and the eastern one was desalinated, since many rivers flowed into it. Terrible, monstrous prehistoric fish and lizards reigned in its depths. *
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History of the Black Sea in diagrams * As a result of the formation of giant mountain ranges, the Tethys Ocean disintegrated. On the site of the present Black Sea, a closed, freshwater Sarmatian Sea-lake was formed, and it was during this period that freshwater flora and fauna formed in it, the remains of which have been preserved to this day. Crimea and the Caucasus were islands in the Sarmatian Sea. Later, a connection with the ocean reappeared, the salty Meotic Sea was formed, and marine animals and plants populated it; at that time there were even huge whales here - now paleontologists are digging up their skeletons, etc.
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History of the Black Sea Last modified the sea occurred approximately 8 thousand years ago and was catastrophic in nature. A powerful earthquake split the land. The modern Bosphorus Strait emerged. *
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History of the Black Sea Huge masses of salty Mediterranean water rushed into the Black Sea basin, causing the death of a huge number of freshwater inhabitants. So many of them died that the decomposition of the remains of their organisms in the depths of the sea, deprived of oxygen, created that initial supply of hydrogen sulfide, which continues to exist to this day. The Black Sea became the “Sea of Dead Depths”. * Map of the Black Sea 1590
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History of the Black Sea Historians believe that this entire cataclysm took place before the eyes of the people who lived here. Are these events not global flood? After all, as you know, Noah moored his ark to Caucasian mountain Ararat, which then could well have looked like an island in the raging flow of the confluence of two seas. *
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Recent history Black Sea * Now nature has taken a time out. There is only a very slow rise of the mountains surrounding the sea - a few centimeters per century. The mountains are growing, but the sea is also advancing. Moreover, it comes faster than the mountains rise - 20-25 centimeters per century. It might not seem like much, but the ancient cities of Taman have already disappeared to the bottom of the sea.
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Short story peoples of the Black Sea * The emerald waters of the Black Sea preserve the memory of great peoples and great achievements. In ancient times, the legendary Argonauts sailed across the Black Sea in search of the Golden Fleece.
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Why was the sea called Black? * There are a number of hypotheses regarding the reasons for the appearance of this name: The Turks and other conquerors, who tried to conquer the population of the sea coast, met fierce resistance from the Circassians, Circassians and other tribes, for which they called the sea Karadengiz - Black, inhospitable.
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Why was the sea called Black? * Another reason, according to some researchers, may be the fact that during storms the water in the sea becomes very dark. However, storms in the Black Sea are not too frequent, and the water darkens during storms in all the seas of the earth.
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Why was the sea called Black? * Another hypothesis for the origin of the name is based on the fact that metal objects (for example, anchors) lowered into sea water deeper than 150 meters for a long time became covered with a black coating due to the action of hydrogen sulfide.
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Why was the sea called Black? * One of the most common hypotheses is the assumption that the name is associated with memories of the breakthrough of the Bosphorus 7500-5000 years ago, which resulted in a catastrophic rise in sea level by almost 100 meters, which in turn led to the flooding of a vast shelf zone and the formation Sea of Azov.
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Why was the sea called Black? * There is a Turkish legend, according to which a heroic sword rests in the waters of the Black Sea, which was thrown there at the request of the dying wizard Ali. Because of this, the sea is agitated, trying to splash out from its depths lethal weapon, and is painted black.
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Flora and fauna of the Black Sea * Vegetable world The Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, and red bottom algae.
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Flora and fauna of the Black Sea * At the bottom of the Black Sea live mussels, oysters, pecten, as well as the predator mollusk rapana, brought with ships from Far East. Numerous crabs live in the crevices of coastal rocks and among stones, there are shrimps, and different kinds jellyfish (the most common are cornet and aurelia), sea anemones, sponges.
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In total, there are more than 660 species of plants and 2000 species of fauna in the Black Sea. Resources of the Black Sea, namely industrial value have anchovy, horse mackerel, sprat, mullet, flounder, mackerel, etc., algae and invertebrates (mussels, shrimp, oysters). Every year the sea provides up to 300 thousand tons of biological resources. Industrial reserves of flammable gas and oil have been explored here.
Black Sea
Presentation by student of class 9 “A” of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 18 Alena Gnuskina
The Black Sea is an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean. The Bosphorus Strait connects with the Sea of Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of Azov. The water border between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea. There are few islands in the Black Sea. The largest island is Dzharylgach, its area is 62 km². Highest point- 2 m. The remaining islands are much smaller, the largest are Berezan and Zmeiny (both with an area of less than 1 km²).The shores of the Black Sea are little indented and
mainly in its northern part.
The only large peninsula is Crimean.
The following flow into the Black Sea: largest rivers: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller ones Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori(Kodor), Enguri(in the east of the sea), Choroh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashley-Irmak, Sakarya(on South), Southern Bug(in the north).
In the Black Sea, due to its desalination by rivers, there are two masses, two layers of water that weakly mix with each other.
mountain river
The main Black Sea Current is directed counterclockwise along the entire perimeter of the sea, forming two noticeable rings (“Knipovich glasses”,
named after one of the hydrologists who described these currents).
The climate of the Black Sea, due to its mid-continental position, is mainly continental.
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus And South coast Crimea is protected by mountains from cold northern winds and, as a result, has a mild Mediterranean subtropical climate.
The waters of the Black Sea are not subject to freezing.
The water temperature does not drop below +8 °C
The Black Sea is an important transport area, as well as
one of the largest resorts
regions of Eurasia.
The largest port cities on the Black Sea:
Novorossiysk, Sochi, Tuapse (Russia)
Burgas, Varna (Bulgaria)
Batum, Poti (Georgia)
Sukhum (Abkhazia/Georgia)
Constanta (Romania)
Samsun, Trabzon (Türkiye)
Odessa, Evpatoria, Ilyichevsk, Yuzhny, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta (Ukraine)
A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete absence of life
at depths above 150-200 m due to the saturation of deep layers of water with hydrogen sulfide
The flora of the sea includes 270 species of multicellular green,
brown, red bottom algae
The waters start right from the edge dense thickets brown algae cystoseira.
Cladostephus and coralline
Ulva algae
Enteromorpha
Brown algae scytosiphon
Red algae callitamnion corymboses
Red algae laurencia
Ceramium ciliata
The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals
(of which 500 species unicellular, 160 species vertebrates- fish and mammals, 500 species crustaceans, 200 species shellfish, the rest - invertebrates different types).
Among the main reasons for the relative poverty of marine wildlife:
Flounder glossa
bottlenose dolphin
Palemon shrimp
marble crab
Dolphins are the only whales found in the Black Sea
Greenfinch
Black Sea seahorse
Stone crab
Mullet singil
Blenny - Sphynx
Spyrorbis
Amphipods
Black Sea shells - mollusks of the hard soils of the Black Sea
Stingray
Sea dragon
Scorpionfish conspicuous
Jellyfish aurelia
Cornermouth jellyfish
Black Sea scorpionfish
Dangerous animals
Black Sea
History of the Black Sea
shows that a person
much more dangerous for the sea and its
inhabitants than they are to him.
Children often ask: do crabs bite? They do not bite, but pinch - not with teeth, which they do not have, but with claws. And only when we ourselves try to grab them. Large marble crab, or stone crab can pinch your finger very painfully; If he does grab you, don’t pull him - you’ll tear off his claw. Crabs let go of their legs and claws, just like lizards let go of their tails. It's better to just leave it alone, it will come off on its own.
Annually October 31 All countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day.
The presentation uses materials from the Internet
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