Fundamental emotions according to Izard. Types of human feelings and emotions. Techniques for identifying barriers that prevent you from changing emotions

It is unlikely that there will be classifications of emotions that satisfy all researchers. Some consider them to be a manifestation of perceptual-cognitive processes. Others are sure that there are certain basic emotions, such as joy and sadness, anger, surprise and others.

In the article we will consider what the main ones are: classification, types, nature of manifestation and role in personality development. Let us dwell in detail on the proposed Izard scale of emotions.

The criteria that include this property are:

• distinct neural components;
• conscious experiences;
• expressive facial expressions;
• appearance due to evolutionary biological processes;
• the presence of a motivating, organizational and adaptive principle.

So, an emotion can be an experience that sometimes guides perception, action and thinking. Basic emotions manifest themselves as a result of neural programs that a person has from birth. Thus, when feeling anger, people have a characteristic grin on their face, showing the instinct of readiness to rush at the enemy. Some people, when this emotion arises, purse their lips, thus hiding their anger.

As people age, they learn to manage their emotions. This applies only to external manifestations. Those who are characterized by excessive receptivity and excessive excitability are characterized by a very dynamic vision of reality. It acquires the quality of darkness when it is overcome by sadness. It also happens the other way around, when everything around seems to bloom and be painted with the colors of the rainbow. Each experience affects the individual differently.

K. Izard proposes the following classification of emotions, where he distinguishes the main ones:

• joy;
• sadness;
• astonishment;
• disgust;
• anger;
• suffering;
• contempt;
• guilt;
• shame;
• embarrassment;
• interest.

Emotional manifestations with a plus sign

Basic emotions can transform into other states of a complex nature. Thus, anxiety arises from guilt, fear, interest and even anger. Each of them creates feelings depending on how certain basic properties are expressed. For example, with joy a person may feel delight, ecstasy, satisfaction, and jubilation. Let's take a closer look at basic emotions.

• Through interest, it is easier to learn new things, develop skills and abilities, and motivate learning.
• The appearance of joy is associated with the possibility of satisfying some need, the occurrence of which was not guaranteed.
• A separate classification of emotion belongs to surprise. It is classified as neutral manifestations. Surprise sometimes becomes a reaction to unexpected circumstances.

Emotional manifestations with a minus sign

The classification of emotions classified as basic with a minus sign is as follows.

• Anger is a negative manifestation. It appears unexpectedly, as a result of an obstacle to the satisfaction of an important component for the subject.
• Suffering also has a negative nature. In a person, it occurs when it is impossible to satisfy one’s needs. It mainly occurs in the form of emotional stress.
• Disgust is caused by objects, the collision with which contradicts moral, ideological or aesthetic criteria.
• If this is felt along with anger, then the behavior is characterized by strong aggressiveness.
• Fear appears when there is information about a threat to well-being, a ban on the fulfillment of necessary needs. During this experience, a person is determined to have an unfavorable outcome, and acts on this basis.
• Contempt appears between subjects due to the existence of different positions, behavior and life guidelines. Other individuals are perceived as not meeting their own standards.
• Shame is expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of actions, thoughts and appearance with the expectations of other people, and with one’s ideas about normal behavior or appearance.
• Sadness is often associated with the end of something along with loss and bereavement. Because of this, the body loses internal and external support. Sadness is accompanied by pain and emptiness, which sometimes leads to feelings of guilt.

Bodily perception

Whatever category the classification of emotion belongs to, it is noticed that electrical facial activity always changes. There are changes in the brain, breathing, and blood supply. The heartbeat of a person experiencing anger or fear is forty to sixty beats faster.

Such drastic violations indicate that this process involves different systems body. This affects:

• thinking;
• perception;
• behavior;
• and in extreme negative cases, changes of a psychosomatic nature appear.

Emotions cause such serious physiological changes that they cannot be ignored. An unexpressed emotional process that is not realized, often not even noticed. But this does not mean that it does not affect the body. Let them not be as violent as intense emotions. But the duration can be much longer.

This creates the mood. And if it is dictated by negative emotions, it becomes dangerous to health and leads to such sad consequences as mental and physical disorders.

Studies have shown that increased emotionality even affects the immune system, lowering the threshold of resistance to disease. So, if sadness or anxiety is felt for a long time, then the likelihood of contracting an acute respiratory infection can be many times greater. The body always contains pathogens - viruses. But when feeling normal, they don't develop. However, sadness, stress, etc. become a favorable environment for the development of diseases.

Personal development

The role of emotions and feelings in a person’s life in connection with personality development is determined by two points. Hereditary properties have a huge influence. Genetic preconditions largely shape the threshold of experience.

The experience gained is also important, as is the person’s knowledge of the relevant field. Observations made in preschool institutions Children aged six months to two years living in similar conditions showed that their emotional range is different.

Hot-tempered, smiling and fearful kids are perceived differently. His socialization and success depend on what emotions prevail in a child. It has been established that this even affects the development of intelligence. An unemotional child, or one who often experiences despondency or sadness, explores the world and is less interested in it than a cheerful and positive peer.

Perceptual-cognitive processes

The principle of emotionality is expressed in charging with energy, organizing thinking and activity. Thus, an intensely experienced feeling contributes to a surge of energy. However, the influence does not stop there. Emotions motivate an individual to be active. His thinking and actions depend on this.

Fundamental emotions influence perception. A joyful person experiences everything as if in a rosy light. And for someone who constantly feels sadness or fear, their perception is greatly narrowed. For someone experiencing anger, the surrounding reality is seen in a black light.

More than half a century ago, K. Izard and other researchers conducted an experiment where the principle of personality emotionality was studied, from the point of view of what perceptual-cognitive signs were identified.

• The subjects, who were divided into groups, were given stereoscopes with photographs of people in different emotional states.
• In one group, the experimenter was required to be respectful and kind. As a result, subjects rated the images more often as satisfied and joyful.
• In another, he showed open hostility, and participants saw more people in a stereoscope, whose faces reflected sadness, anger and anger.

Physiology of emotions

The types and role of emotions in human life are important from a scientific point of view. But the main thing is how they affect your health. If the emotional range for a long time is shifted towards negative experiences, the result may be changes in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, septum and other structures. Therefore, unfortunately, it will not be possible to stop stagnant negative basic emotions in one moment. To do this, the body must create conditions under which it is possible complete replacement afferentation.

It is noteworthy that positive emotions cannot be summarized in the same way as negative ones. They are very pleasant for the individual, but they pass without leaving an imprint of one on the other, like negative ones.

Negative types and the role of emotions in human life are dangerous, first of all, due to their ability to multiply. Thus, they can cause significant harm to human health.

According to Russian psychologist Nina Rubshtein, the property of emotion includes the strength necessary to carry out actions. Sometimes people who are characterized by increased emotionality act in an automatic and even unconscious mode without understanding the motivating reason. Only after a certain period of time comes clarity about what guided the action. The ability of an individual to recognize signs and understand emotions is already half the way to achieving inner freedom.

All types of feelings and emotions can be divided into negative (sadness, fear, hostility, disappointment, anger, despair, guilt, jealousy), positive (happiness, mood, joy, love, gratitude, hope) and neutral (compassion, surprise).

Human feelings in psychology consider subjective experiences of emotions. Experiences are considered mental states bodies that arise when the brain perceives emotions that appear in external stimuli.

Content:

Feelings and reactions to emotions occur in an area of ​​the brain. In addition, they are subjective in nature, being influenced personal experience, memories and beliefs.

The fundamental difference between emotions and feelings, according to neuroscientist Antonio Damasio, is that emotions are involuntary responses, a more complex version of a reflex. For example, when you are in danger and your momentum accelerates. Feeling is awareness of that emotion.

Feelings are part of the human being from birth. We are sensory beings, and we can perceive the world through various senses.

Feelings are part of a person from the moment of birth. We are sensory beings and we can perceive the world through various senses.

Many stimuli awaken our senses: we sense what we think, what we observe, what we hear, what we feel, what we touch, or what we eat.

Human emotions and feelings

There are 6 basic emotions in humans: disgust, anger, fear, surprise, joy and sadness.

First, we must distinguish feelings from emotions.

Although these two terms are used in a vague manner in many cases, we will see a definition of each:

Emotions- these are impulses that are associated with automatic reactions and represent an innate set of adaptation systems to environment individual.

Emotions typically have a shorter duration than feelings and are those that motivate and encourage people to act. They are shorter but also more intense.

Feelings are blocks of integrated information, a synthesis of data from previous experiences that a person has lived, desires, projects and own system values.

You can understand feelings as a subjective state of a person that arises as a result of the emotions that something or someone evokes.

They are an emotional mood and tend to be long lasting. They are internal leadership to how a person manages his life and confronts the environment.

Feelings and emotions: their types and functions

Research agrees, pointing to four main functions of the senses:

Subjective and specific point of view of the subject

They serve to establish their connection with the world. People, as well as the knowledge and environment perceived by the individual, pass through the filter of the senses earlier.

These are those who interpret if something is known, wanted, desired, or, on the contrary, rejected.

Feelings are meant to represent people

Subjectively and differently for each individual, they indicate the state in which we find ourselves at all levels (biological, mental, social, economic, etc.).

The meanings according to which a person acts

Through feelings a person leads his behavior in one direction or another. They set the guidelines, the way forward. They make it easier to appreciate the reality in which we act in a certain way.

Feelings are the basis of the connection that unites us with other people

They help us express ourselves, communicate and understand each other.

First, feelings influence where we are and therefore how we act.

Additionally, this expression is perceived by the person we are interacting with, indicating what state we are in and acting as the basis of our communication.

Secondly, feelings allow us to develop empathy, help us understand the state that another is in, and makes it easier for us to put ourselves in their shoes so that we can understand and help them.

Types of human feelings

We can divide types of feelings into three types depending on the reactions they provoke in the person experiencing them: negative, positive and neutral.

Negative feelings

Negative feelings manifest as discomfort in a person and serve to indicate that something is wrong. Although the common tendency is to dismiss this type of feeling, it is necessary to live with it, analyze it and learn from it.

This, among other things, helps us develop as humans. Although from time to time they can become more serious condition generators and lead to diseases such as depression or anxiety.

This occurs when negative feelings are stronger than positive, repetitive and habitual ones.

There is a long list of feelings that can be classified as negative. We will only name and define some of the most common ones:

Feelings of sadness appear as a response to events that are considered unpleasant or undesirable. A person feels despondent, wants to cry and has low self-esteem.

The main triggers of sadness are separation of the physical or psychological state, losses or failures, disappointment and situations of helplessness.

Anger is defined as a response to irritability or anger that occurs when a person feels that his rights have been violated.

The main triggers of anger are in situations where a person feels wounded, deceived or betrayed. These are situations that block a person and prevent him from achieving his goal.

The feeling of fear arises due to the appearance of danger, or their possible appearance in the near future. Serves as an alarm warning of the proximity of danger.

The fear that a person feels will be associated with resources and real opportunities to combat it.

That is, in cases where a person believes that he does not have enough resources to cope with the situation there will be a feeling of fear.

Hostility is defined as feelings of resentment, bitterness, and resentment that are accompanied by verbal responses and/or motor reactions.

The main triggers are physical violence and indirect tolerance of hostility. When a person feels that another is pointing at him or someone loved one environment, an attitude of irritability, dissatisfaction or apprehension manifests itself.

Feelings of hopelessness are characterized by the subjective belief of a person who has little or no alternative to change an unpleasant situation. Or you feel unable to mobilize your energy and use it to your advantage.

This feeling is taken into account in the cases of people with depression because, as numerous studies have shown, it correlates with autolytic ideas and attempts.

The main triggers are usually decreased or worsening physical and/or psychological well-being, social isolation and long-term stress.

The feeling of disappointment occurs when a person's expectations are not met, unable to achieve what is intended.

The more expectations or desires there are to achieve it, the greater the disappointment if it is not achieved. The main trigger is the failure of a desire or hope to achieve something.

The feeling of hatred is defined as antipathy or disgust towards something or someone. There is also a feeling of wanting evil for the hated object or object.

Primary factors are people or events that cause or threaten a person's existence.

Guilt arises from the belief or feeling of violating social or social ethical norms, especially if someone has been harmed.

The main trigger is an omission (or belief in commission) that a person commits that leads to remorse and a bad conscience.

Jealousy is defined as the feeling experienced by a person when she suspects that a loved one feels love or affection for another, or when she feels that another person prefers a third party over her.

Various situations that are real or perceived as threatening by a person can cause such feelings.

Positive feelings

Positive feelings are those that generate in a person a subjective state of well-being in which a situation is assessed as beneficial and implies pleasant and desirable sensations.

In addition, numerous studies have shown the benefits of having positive emotions, highlighting among others:

• Greater flexibility of thought
• This promotes creativity and a broader perspective.

They function as a buffer of negative feelings because the two are incompatible. They protect the physical and mental health person, for example, acting against stress and preventing harmful effects on a person. And they support social connections, not only producing well-being in us, but also those around us.

Below we will name and define the most common positive feelings:

Provides a feeling of happiness big influence per person. It is a way in which life is valued positively in all its different aspects, like family, couple or work.

A number of benefits derived from happiness have been demonstrated, such as increased empathy, creativity, learning or altruistic behavior.

The main triggers are the person's achievement of the goals or objectives he or she wants and the fit between what he or she wants and what he or she has.

Humor refers to the perception of a stimulus as pleasure and can be accompanied by physical expressions such as smiling or laughing. It also gives the person a good predisposition to perform the task.

Triggers can be very varied and varied in nature, usually the situation or social environment.

The feeling of joy is characterized by the creation Have a good mood and personal well-being, in addition, a person in this state has a constructive and optimistic mood.

A trigger is usually an event that a person perceives as favorable. It may also be accompanied by some kind of physical sign, similar to a smile.

It may be a transitional state as a result of a specific fact (passing an exam or getting a job) or a life tendency or habitual attitude by which a person guides his life.

Love is defined as the affection we feel for a person, animal, object or idea. Triggers are perceptions or subjective judgments we make about another person.

Other factors, such as loneliness or insecurity, can lead to feeling love as a necessity.

Gratitude

This feeling is felt when a person appreciates the benefit or benefit that someone has provided. This is accompanied by a desire to correspond with the same message.

Primary triggers may be actions performed by another person or a sense of general well-being that the person values.

Hope

This feeling is defined as a belief on the part of a person that he can achieve the goals or objectives that he has proposed. The person believes that he has the potential or resources necessary to solve a given situation.

In addition, this feeling can act as a stimulus, providing motivation and energy that is aimed specifically at achieving what is proposed.

Triggers can be very diverse. On the one hand, the confidence that a person is on his own. And, on the other hand, an unfavorable situation may predispose a person to feel hope of overcoming it.

Neutral feelings

Neutral feelings are those that, when they occur, do not cause pleasant or unpleasant reactions, but they will facilitate the occurrence of later emotional states. Some of the basic neutral feelings are:

Compassion

This is a feeling in which a person can feel pity for another who is suffering or in an unpleasant situation, and also wants to accompany him in this process.

Triggers can vary, but usually it involves an unpleasant situation that happens to someone in the environment, although it does not have to be a loved one or a famous person.

Astonishment

Surprise is defined as a reaction caused by something new, strange or unexpected. A person’s attention is directed to processing and analyzing the stimulus that provoked the reaction.

Triggers are those stimuli that are not expected and appear suddenly or occur in a context that is not normal.

By modality (quality) of emotions identify the main types of unique emotional processes and states that play different roles in regulating human activity and communication. This classification of emotions was developed by K. E. Izard. He identified the following emotions as ``fundamental'':

joy- positive emotional condition, associated with the possibility of fully satisfying current needs;

astonishment- an emotional reaction that does not have a specific positive or negative sign to sudden circumstances;

suffering- negative emotional state associated with the information received about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs of life;

anger- a negative emotional state caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to satisfying an extremely important need;

disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances, etc.), contact with which comes into sharp conflict with the moral or aesthetic attitudes of the subject;

contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with life positions, the views and behavior of another, who is the object of this feeling;

fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about a real or imagined danger;

shame- a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

39. The concept of “will”. Functions of the will

Will- a property of a person consisting in his ability to consciously control his psyche and actions. Manifests itself in achieving consciously set goals.

TO strong-willed qualities often include courage, perseverance, determination, independence, patience, self-control and others. The concept of will is very closely related to the concept of freedom.

Volitional activity consists of certain actions that contain all the signs and qualities of will. They can be simple and complex.

Functions of the will:

Stimulating function is ensured by human activity. Activity gives rise to action due to the specificity of a person’s internal states that arise at the moment of the action itself.

Braking function manifests itself in restraining unwanted manifestations of activity. This function most often acts in unity with the stimulating one. A person is able to inhibit the emergence of undesirable motives, the performance of actions, behavior that contradict the idea of ​​a model, a standard, and the implementation of which may call into question or damage the authority of the individual.

40. Structure of volitional action

1. The emergence of needs and goal setting

Any volitional action begins with awareness of the purpose of the action and the motive associated with it. With a clear awareness of the goal and the motive that causes it, the desire for the goal is usually called desire.

If the desire is conscious, then the attraction is always vague, unclear. Therefore, attraction is often viewed as a transitional state. The need presented in it, as a rule, either fades away or is realized and turns into a specific desire.

2. The stage of discussion and struggle of motives - will is always manifest. The electoral aspect (the essence of will, the main stage)

A mental state that is characterized by a collision of several desires or several different motivations for activity is usually called struggle of motives. The struggle of motives involves a person’s assessment of those reasons that speak for and against the need to act in a certain direction, thinking about exactly how to act. The final moment of the struggle of motives is decision-making, consisting in choosing a goal and method of action. When making a decision, a person shows decisiveness; at the same time, he, as a rule, feels responsible for the further course of events.

There is another point of view, characteristic of those psychologists who, without rejecting the significance of the struggle of motives and the internal work of consciousness, see the essence of the will in execution of the decision made, since the struggle of motives and what follows decision-making do not go beyond subjective states. It is the execution of a decision that constitutes the main point of human volitional activity.

3.Decision making

4.Implementation of the decision (executive stage)

The executive stage of volitional action has a complex structure. First of all, the execution of the decision made is associated with one time or another, i.e., with a certain deadline. If the execution of the decision is postponed for a long period, then in this case it is customary to talk about intention fulfill decision. Intention, in its essence, is the internal preparation of a deferred action and represents a decision-fixed focus on achieving a goal.

5.Evaluation of actions (satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the result)

The final stage of volitional action can receive a twofold expression: in some cases it manifests itself in external action, in other cases, on the contrary, it consists in abstaining from any external action (this manifestation is usually called internal volitional action).

Emotions are a broader concept than feelings. In psychology, emotions are understood as mental processes that occur in the form of experiences and reflect personal significance and assessment of external and internal situations for a person’s life. The most essential characteristic of emotions is their subjectivity.

Other common feature emotions are their assistance in realizing needs and achieving certain goals. So, positive emotion always associated with receiving desired result, and negative, on the contrary, with failure to achieve the goal. Thus, we can conclude that emotions are most directly related to the regulation of human activity.

Most emotional states are reflected in the characteristics of human behavior and therefore can be studied using not only subjective, but also objective methods.

Emotions are very complex mental phenomena. The most significant emotions usually include the following types of emotional experiences: affects, emotions themselves, feelings, moods, emotional stress.

Affect is the most powerful look emotional reaction. Affects are called intense, violent and short-term emotional outbursts. Examples of affect include intense anger, rage, horror, intense joy, deep grief, and despair.

One of the main features of affect is that this emotional reaction irresistibly imposes on a person the need to perform some action, but at the same time the person loses his sense of reality and he ceases to control himself. In a state of passion, the functioning of all mental processes. In particular, attention changes dramatically. Its switchability decreases, and only those objects that are directly related to the experience fall into the field of perception. All other stimuli not associated with the experience are not in the person’s field of attention, they are not sufficiently aware of it, and this is one of the reasons for the uncontrollability of a person’s behavior in a state of passion. In a state of passion, it is difficult for a person to foresee the results of his actions, since the nature of the thinking processes changes. The ability to predict the consequences of one’s actions sharply decreases, as a result of which expedient behavior becomes impossible.

The next group of emotional phenomena consists of emotions themselves. Emotions differ from affects primarily in duration. If affects are mainly short-term in nature (for example, a flash of anger), then emotions are longer-term states.

In many situations, in addition to pleasure and displeasure, there is a feeling of some kind tension, tension on the one hand, and permissions or relief, on the other side. Other manifestations emotional processes are excitation And calm. An excited emotional state is usually active character, associated with activity or attempts at it. Excessive excitement can, however, frustrate purposeful activity and make it disordered and chaotic.

Repeated attempts have been made to isolate the basic, “fundamental” emotions. In particular, it is customary to highlight the following emotions.

^ Joy– a positive emotional state associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy an actual need.

Astonishment– an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign.

Suffering– a negative emotional state associated with received reliable or apparent information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs of life.

Anger- an emotional state, negative in sign, usually occurring in the form of affect and caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject.

Disgust– a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances, etc.), contact with which comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of the subject.

Contempt– a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with the life positions, views and behavior of the object of feeling.

^ Fear– a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about a real or imagined danger.

Shame– a negative state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

It should be noted that emotional experiences are ambiguous. The same object can cause inconsistent, contradictory emotional relationships. This phenomenon is called ambivalence(duality) of feelings. Typically, ambivalence is caused by the fact that individual features of a complex object have different effects on a person’s needs and values.

Feelings- This is another type of emotional state. The main difference between emotions and feelings is that emotions, as a rule, are of the nature of an indicative reaction, that is, they carry primary information about the lack or excess of something, so they are often vague and not sufficiently conscious. Feelings, on the contrary, in most cases are objective and concrete.

Feelings are even longer lasting than emotions, mental states that have a clearly defined objective character. They reflect a stable attitude towards any specific objects (real or imaginary). A person cannot experience feelings at all if they are not related to someone or something.

Another group of emotional states consists of human moods. Mood- the longest or “chronic” emotional state that colors all behavior.

35.Feelings: concepts, functions, types.

Feelings and emotions do not exist outside of human cognition and activity. They arise in the process of activity and influence its course.

The sources of emotions and feelings are objectively existing objects and phenomena, activities performed, changes occurring in our psyche and body. IN different time The significance of the same objects is not the same.

The uniqueness of emotions and feelings is determined by the needs, motives, aspirations, intentions of a person, the characteristics of his will and character. With a change in any of these components, the attitude towards the subject of need changes. This shows personal attitude person to reality.

Feelings fulfill two functions: signaling and regulating.

Signal the function of feelings is expressed in the fact that experiences arise and change in connection with changes occurring in the environment or in the human body.

Regulatory the function of feelings is expressed in the fact that persistent experiences guide our behavior, support it, force us to overcome obstacles encountered along the way, or interfere with the flow of activity, blocking it.

Regulatory mechanisms of emotions can relieve excess emotional arousal or contribute to its increase.

Human emotions and feelings are accompanied by expressive movements: facial (facial muscle movements), pantomimic (body muscle movements, gestures).

Voice and facial expressions alarms are set up for a certain style of communication with the interlocutor, creating an atmosphere of mutual contacts. Speech intonations, vocal reactions, facial expressions are the finest tools of communication.

The human psyche is so complex that it is not always possible to definitely judge experiences by expressive movements. By accumulating life experience, a person very skillfully learns to manage his experiences and manifestations.

Distinguish the following feelings: moral (moral), intellectual (cognitive), aesthetic.

Moral sense is called the emotional attitude of a person to the behavior of people and his own. In the sphere of higher feelings, moral feelings have a special place.

Moral or ethical feelings arise and develop in the process joint activities people and are influenced moral standards, actually dominant in a given society. They arise under the influence of the behavior and actions of other people and their own. These experiences are a kind of result of evaluating actions, their compliance or non-compliance with moral standards that a person considers obligatory for himself and others. Positive ratings actions cause a feeling of satisfaction in a person, negative ones - internal protest.

TO moral feelings include feelings of sympathy and antipathy, affection and alienation, respect and contempt, gratitude and ingratitude, love and hatred. Among moral feelings, the sense of camaraderie and friendship, patriotism and collectivism, a sense of duty and conscience should be particularly highlighted. These feelings are determined by a person’s worldview – a person’s system of views and beliefs.

Moral feelings are generated by the system of human relations and ethical standards regulating these relations.

First feature moral feelings - their social character, social significance. Second feature– complexity and versatility of their manifestations.

Experiences that arise during mental activity are called intellectual feelings.

The cognitive activity carried out causes a whole range of deep experiences. Finding essential features phenomenon and the reasons that give rise to it, the establishment of the patterns of the occurrence of this phenomenon is always associated with a special feeling of joy of discovery, sometimes developing into a feeling of deepest satisfaction. Experiencing success cognitive activity encourages further efforts of thought. Failures in solving cognitive problems cause no less acute feelings. Joys and torments scientific knowledge is an emotional characteristic of cognitive activity.

Aesthetic feelings arise and develop when man perceives and creates beauty. The beautiful attracts to itself, and the more deeply a person penetrates into this beauty, the more fully he understands it. Aesthetic feelings arise not only from the perception of beauty. The morally beautiful also evokes aesthetic feelings.

People experience different emotions every day - sometimes good, sometimes not so good.
This has become so commonplace that we don’t even think about how and why emotions appeared in our ancestors. But they were very important!

We experience many emotional impulses, but among them there are seven most important, basic emotions, without which our life would be completely different. It is them that we will talk about now.

Every emotion is involuntary if it is sincere.
Mark Twain

6. Basic emotion - Surprise

An emotion with which we have the opportunity to better navigate in space, increase attention and achieve mutual understanding. Such a reaction contributes to the opportunity to consider something new in what we are already accustomed to. However, if a person is in a state of anxiety, then instead of surprise he may experience fear.

7. Basic emotion - Joy

One of the best possible emotions that supports our outer manifestations. Thanks to this reaction, we reduce the distance between ourselves and other people and can interact with them. This is a reaction to receiving pleasure, or what is meant by it.

Conclusion

This is not the entire “palette” of our emotions, especially since new ones are often added to the existing ones.

We need to learn to understand our emotions, and then we will be able to clearly determine how we react to various events and how to behave in this or that case.

Listen to your consciousness - and truly wonderful opportunities will open up for you!