History of the study of the Crimean peninsula. Ancient history and diverse culture of Crimea

Diverse and exciting. Countless natural and man-made sights reflect past events, religious and cultural life ancient times, different nationalities. The history of the peninsula is an interweaving of Eastern and Western cultures, the historical heritage of the Golden Horde and the Greeks, the beliefs of the first Christians and Muslims. In this place, for many centuries people lived and died, fought, traded various peoples and nationalities, cities were built and ruined, entire civilizations were born and disappeared. Even the air is saturated with legends about the exploits of heroes and Olympic gods, warlike riders, Greeks, Tauris, Scythians ...

Ancient history

The unique location, mild climate, magnificent nature made the Crimean peninsula one of the places where humanity was born. It was these features of the climate and nature with rich flora and fauna that attracted the Neanderthals here.

According to sources, the most ancient people who inhabited the Crimea were the Cimmerians, who appeared here in the 12th century. BC e. Already in the 7th century BC under the onslaught of the Scythians, they retreated to the mountains and foothill regions where they founded new villages.

The Tauri lived here. From them came ancient name this area - Tavria. Traces of their habitation have survived to our time. Walking around the island you can see:

1. Ruins of defensive structures;
2. Remains of residential buildings;
3. Parts of stone fences;
4. Tombs.

The next stage in the history of Tauris is marked by its capture by the Scythians. At this time, there were changes in the qualitative composition of the population. The north and west were inhabited by the peoples of the Dnieper region.

Scythian state at the end of the III century BC. e. was destroyed by the Goths. The Scythians moved their capital closer to Simferopol and founded the Scythian Neapolis.

The Goths did not stay long in the steppes of Crimea. In the IV century AD. they were driven out by the Huns and they went to the mountainous regions where they eventually mixed with the Taurians and Scythians.

During this period, such historical monuments as the cave cities in Bakhchisarai and Sevastopol arose.

In the VI-V centuries. BC e. new colonies appeared, which were founded by the Greeks. Natives of Hellas built Panticapaeum, now known as Kerch, Kafu - Feodosia, Miletus - Chersonese.

At the beginning of the 5th century BC. e. Greek colonists founded two independent powers:

1. Chersonese Tauride. It was protected by powerful stone walls. The republic included the western regions;
2. Bosporan state with its capital in Panticapaeum. The main city was located on Mount Mithridates, famous for its burial mounds. Inside them were found crypts made of stone, which became unique monuments architecture.

The Greeks were famous for the art of building ships, growing vines, olive and other trees, building magnificent structures (temples, theaters). They brought these skills to the shores of the Crimea. The Greeks founded many small settlements here, they gave direction to the architecture of the entire Crimea.

The Crimean population of that era consisted of different ethnic groups, which included descendants:

1. Sarmatov;
2. Cimmerians;
3. Ready;
4. Greeks;
5. Scythians;
6. Alanov.

At the end of the 4th century, a new round began in the history of Crimea. This time was marked by the invasion of the Huns - barbarian invaders from Asia. Around 370, they destroyed the Greek cities and captured the capital of the Bosporus state.

Now the steppe zone was inhabited mainly by Turkic-speaking tribes, who later mixed with other peoples. New ethnic unions were formed.

Middle Ages

In the 6th century, the history and culture of the peninsula takes another turn. Crimea becomes part of the Byzantine state. His emperor Justinian I, in order to strengthen his position in Taurida and protect coastal lands from the attack of nomadic tribes, makes a fortress out of Chersonesos, builds new bastions on the south coast - Alushta and Gruzuf. On the way to Chersonesos, the emperor erects the most powerful defensive structures:

1. Inkerman;
2. Suren;
3. Mangup;
4. Chufut-Kale;
5. Eski-Kermen.

In the period of the VIII-IX centuries, the Magyars and Slavs penetrated the peninsula Kievan Rus. Christianity came to the Crimea with the same colonizers: Prince Vladimir was officially baptized in Korsun.

Over time, the Kyiv governors lost their positions and in the XII century Crimea almost completely became Krypchak's. Many scientists agree that the name Bear Mountain - Ayu-Dag came from the Kipchaks, the famous Artek is named after the heir to the Polovtsian Khan.

The time when the Mongol-Tatars conquered the lands of Crimea was very difficult for the conquered peoples. The Golden Horde invaders destroyed one of the richest trading cities of the island - Sudak, the population was heavily taxed, the rebellious were sold into slavery.

Eastern culture through the ruling elite firmly entrenched on the island. The multilingual and brilliant Solkhat became the center of Islam; a magnificent mosque was erected in this city. After the collapse of the Horde, the Tatar-Mongols fell under the influence of the Turks. Mangul became the capital of the Principality of Theodoro, one of the most significant powers of the peninsula. The medieval citadel occupied an area of ​​90 hectares and, in the event of an attack, took under protection most population.

Crimea, located at the intersection of major trade routes, has taken a strong position in international trade. The routes to Ukraine, the Caucasus, Iran, Russia, Syria and other countries passed through it.

new time

In 1475, the Ottoman Turks besieged Mangul, once in the fortress, they destroyed almost all the inhabitants and burned the majestic city on the mountain. On these lands the invaders founded the Turkish district.

Now on the site you can see the following historical objects:

1. Ruined citadel;
2. Chambers in caves;
3. Ruins of defensive walls and towers;
4. Ruins of a huge temple.

The Ottomans built the majestic Or-Kapu fortress on Perekop.

Over time, the Tatars and Turks left their nomadic life and switched to a new form of farming - agriculture. The Crimean Tatars - as they will be called a little later - were engaged in gardening, viticulture and tobacco growing. The inhabitants of the steppe strip bred domestic animals (sheep and horses), were engaged in leather business.

The Genoese cafe became the center of trade and economy, and then the Ottoman one.

The next stage of history begins with the defeat of Belogorsk by the Cossack army in 1628 and the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov ten years later.

In the spring of 1783, the history of the Crimea takes a new turn - Catherine II issues a decree on the annexation of the peninsula to Russia. From that moment on, it becomes a resting place for the Russian aristocracy. Important ranks of the state spent their holidays here: Vorontsov, Yusupov, Potemkin and others.

Thanks to them, we now enjoy magnificent palaces built especially for them:

1. Livadia;
2. Vorontsovsky;
3. Massandrovsky and others.

Arriving on vacation in the Crimea, be sure to visit at least one of these monuments of culture and architecture.

Russian culture has flourished here since the time of the Great Horde (XII century), many artisans and merchants lived on the peninsula, who brought their goods from the Crimea to Moscow.

The next century is characterized by the development of winemaking and viticulture, salt and fisheries. During this period, the history and nature of the Crimea becomes the object of close study.

XIX-XX centuries passed under the sign of the development of architecture. What are the stunning palace and park complexes erected at that time.

Modern history

The beginning of the twentieth century for the peninsula was marked not only by the advent of Soviet power, the First World War, the change of power and the return of the Bolsheviks. At this time, the formation of the Crimea as an all-Union place for recreation took place. Health resorts were opened here for rest and treatment of workers.

Second World War caused significant damage to the architecture and infrastructure of the peninsula. In 1944 Crimea was liberated from German invaders.

In 1954, the Soviet leadership transferred the Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR by decree. In 1991, a referendum was held, the results of which declared its independence.

In 2014, Crimea joined the Russian Federation.

Culture and history of peoples

The population of the peninsula is approximately 2.5 million people. AT summer months this figure doubles and in some areas per 1 sq. km. km there are more than a thousand people, and this is even more than in Japan.

The main peoples living on the territory of modern Crimea:

1. Russians;
2. Ukrainians;
3. Tatars;
4. Belarusians;
5. Jews;
6. Armenians;
7. Greeks;
8. Germans;
9. Bulgarians;
10. Gypsies;
11. Poles;
12. Czechs;
13. Italians.

A certain place is occupied by small Krymchaks, Karaites.

The ethnic history of the peninsula is complex and dramatic. Its national composition has never been the same.

In the Tauride Mountains, according to the notes of the Roman historian Plinnius, in the 2nd century BC. about 30 peoples lived.

• The island became a haven for warlike Goths, their settlements existed until the 15th century.
• There was also an original people - the Karaites, who were famous for their vibrant culture.

FROM unusual story Karaites can be found in the Judaic fortress of Chufut-kale.

• Another hysterical Crimean people is the Krymchaks, who were subjected to genocide during the capture of the peninsula;
• Russian settlements appeared in the 9th-10th centuries. This is due to the military campaigns of the princes Vladimir, Bravlin. Then, in 1783, the mass settlement of Crimea by serfs from the Russian Empire began;
• The history and culture of Ukraine is closely intertwined with the peninsula. A close connection was established back in the days of the Crimean Khanate: there is both bilateral trade and military raids against each other;

• During the time of Catherine II, the Germans appeared on the peninsula, they were mainly engaged in agricultural activities. In 1941 they were evicted to the north of Kazakhstan;
• In the 18th century Bulgarians and Greeks settled, they escaped here from the Turkish horde;
• In the XVIII - XIX centuries national liberation uprisings passed and the Crimea became a place of exile for Poles and Lithuanians;
• Crimean history and culture is connected with the Greeks, they appeared here in ancient times and founded their colonies in the Kerch region, near Evpatoria;
• In the Middle Ages, the main population of the Crimea were Armenians and Greeks. Their descendants now live in Mariupol and Nakhichevan-on-Don.

Surb-Khach temple, Yalta church are monuments of Armenian architecture. Arriving here, visit these attractions either as part of excursions or on your own.

Feodosia and Stary Krym are also called Crimean Armenia.

The stone-cutting art brought by the Armenians can be traced in many architectural monuments: mosques, mausoleums, palaces.

• The Genoese, the descendants of navigators and conquerors, also left a significant mark on the cultural and historical heritage.
  

  They built picturesque, romantic, impregnable towers in Feodosia. Their ruins are worth seeing, feeling the breath of history and enjoying beautiful views.

• The Crimean Tatars are a fusion of the tribes of ancient Taurica and nomadic peoples: the Khazars, Pechenegs, Kipchak priests, etc., who came to the Crimea in waves. The unification process has not ended even now. There are still differences between the southern coastal, mountain and steppe populations;
• For many centuries, settled Crimean gypsies lived among the indigenous people. Some castes were engaged in jewelry and gardening.

The Crimean Tatar music received its modern sound from the music of the Crimean gypsies. her for a long time only representatives of this people were engaged in Crimea, although they adapted it to tastes local population. When you come here, be sure to listen to their songs.

Dzhankoy is considered the center of the Crimean gypsies. Here they preserved the traditional values ​​of life in the camp.

culture

Crimea is a European island, the architecture, the painting of which was influenced by the culture of Greece and Rome, Byzantium, the Mediterranean.

The Muslim faith of Asia Minor influenced the culture of the Crimea in the late Middle Ages.

Each nation that arrived on the territory of Crimea at one time or another left its mark, brought its culture and traditions here.

Architecture

The architecture is represented by ancient Greek, Italian, Tatar, Armenian structures. But this categorical statement is not entirely true. In the period of the XV-XVIII centuries, there was a complete interweaving of the architectural styles of the Turks, Armenians and Tatars.

When the peninsula joined the Russian Empire, the architectural style changed and now developed in the direction of Russian culture.

During this period, magnificent palaces of the Russian aristocracy, public buildings were erected: sanatoriums, tenement houses, etc.

There are many monuments of culture, history and architecture in Crimea, built according to the designs of the famous Yalta architect N.P. Krasnova:

1. Lydian Palace;
2. Dulber;
3. Sanatorium Dnepr, which is located in the palace of Kharaks;
4. Yusupov's hunting house;
5. gymnasiums;
6. Church in Yalta.

Painting

The magnificent Crimean nature was captured on their canvases by many artists. Even A.S. Pushkin could not resist and made a canonical sketch of the Golden Gate.

In the east of Crimea, a new direction of culture was born - the Cimmerian school of painting. This landscape painting took shape at the beginning of the 20th century, for the first time this trend was shown by Feodosia and Koktebel artists.

The founders of this school:

1. I. Aivazovsky;
2. K. Bogaevsky;
3. M. Kirienko-Voloshin.

Modern Crimea attracts tourists from all over the world not only wonderful holiday but also ancient history, original culture and unique sights.

Vacationers pay the greatest attention to:

1. Antique monuments;
2. The ruins of cities, fortresses and fortifications;
3. Byzantine city-cave Mangup-Kale;
4. Parking of submarines and the place of fierce fighting - Balaklava;
5. Genoese fortress in Sudak;
6. Ancient Armenian temple in Feodosia;
7. Melek-Chesme Kurgan and other sights that have survived to this day.

Crimea is a multinational region, which for centuries has hosted different tribes and peoples that succeeded each other. They lived, developed this place and left their cultural heritage.

History of exploration of the Crimean peninsula For centuries, the Crimean peninsula has attracted the attention of travelers, natural scientists, and researchers. As early as 1782 Academician VF Zuev visited the Crimea. Despite a short stay in the Crimea, he notices common features nature of the peninsula and gives them brief description in his "Extract from travel notes. relating to the Crimean peninsula. In 1783-1784. the nature of the Crimea is studied by the scientist-traveler K. Gablitzl. On the basis of his two-year observations, he compiles a general geographical characteristic Crimea - "Physically description of the Tauride region in its location and in all three kingdoms of nature" with a high assessment of the nature of the Crimea, especially its mountainous part. In 1793 Academician PS Pallas visited the Crimea. The nature of the Crimea amazed Pallas. “The Tauride Peninsula,” he wrote, “is the most excellent country on the earth’s surface in terms of physical geography.” For a number of years, P. S. Pallas has been studying the Crimean Peninsula with enthusiasm and in his work “A Brief Physical and Topographic Decommissioning of the Tauride Region” gives a detailed physical and geographical description of it for that time. From 1806 to 1863 he lived in the Crimea and studied its rich flora, the famous botanist, founder of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden X. X. Steven. He traveled the entire peninsula, analyzed its vegetation cover. In 1856-1857. in the scientific bulletins of the Moscow Society of Naturalists X. X. Steven publishes his main job"List of plants growing wild on the Crimean Peninsula". The studies of V. F. Zuev, K. I. Gablitsl, P. S. Pallas, X. X. Steven, P. I. Koeppen and other scientists - pioneers in the study of the Crimea marked the beginning of the geographical description of the peninsula. In the 80s and 90s. of the last century, N. A. Golovkinsky studies the hydrogeological conditions of the Crimea: aquifers and the availability of underground water in various regions of the Crimea. In the same period, N. A. Sokolov and I. V. Mushketov explored the Sivash and the salt lakes of the peninsula. VI Vernadsky at the very end of the last century (1899) studied the mud hills of the Kerch Peninsula, their origin and mineralogy. The geology of Crimea, in particular the Kerch Peninsula, is being studied by the largest domestic geologist late XIX and the beginning of the XX century N. I. Andrusov. From 1896 to 1912 he held geological research in the Crimea, A. A. Borisyak and, together with N. I. Andrusov and K. K. Fokht, compiled a geological map of the Crimea. In 1916, the outstanding scientist and traveler V. A. Obruchev discovered a mineral spring in the valley of the Kacha River and gave a conclusion about the possibility of organizing a resort here. Subsequently, he explores the Beshui coal deposit. In 1910, the Karadag volcanic region became the subject of research by academician A.P. Pavlov, and then by the Crimean geologist A.F. Sludsky, who headed the team of the Karadag scientific biological station. Karst mountain Crimea A. A. Kruber has been studying for many years (the beginning of the 20th century). “Within European Russia,” he wrote, “hardly any area is such fertile ground for familiarization with karst phenomena as the Crimean Yayla.” During the period under review (from the middle of the last century to October revolution) develop in connection with practical requests meteorological observations. Based on them, A. I. Voeikov, A. V. Voznesensky and others give a description of the Crimean climate. In 1913, the Crimean Water Research Party of the Department of Land Improvements was created, which played a large role in studying the hydrogeological features, climate and waters of the peninsula. Under the guidance of a prominent hydrologist D.I. Kocherin, following the results of these works, a number of volumes of “Materials on water surveys in the Crimea” are published, detailed maps are drawn up, economic recommendations are given, which, however, could only be implemented after the October Revolution. Soils of Crimea in the 70s. the last century continued to be still very little studied. In 1878 during an expedition to different places European Russia the great Russian soil scientist VV Dokuchaev visits the Crimea and studies its soils. In the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the original flora and fauna of the Crimea attracted special attention of scientists. In the 80s. V. N. Ageenko studies the vegetation and flora of the Crimea and notes that the settlement of the Crimea with plants occurred in different ways. The issue of the Crimean flora, its origin and development was dealt with by E. V. Vulf, V. I. Taliev, the largest Russian taxonomist and botanical geographer N. I. Kuznetsov and a number of other scientists. In the 70s and 80s. KF Kessler, one of the most respected Russian zoologists of the second half of the last century, studies the fauna of the Crimea (mainly vertebrates). In the late 80s and early 90s. A. M. Nikolsky notes the insular nature of the Crimean fauna and indicates three ways of its settlement: Caucasian, Balkan and South Russian. At the beginning of the XX century. S. I. Ognev expresses his opinion about the Balkan-Asia Minor way of settlement of the Crimea by animals. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, from the 1920s, the study of the natural conditions of the Crimea takes big scope. During the Great Patriotic War the study of the nature of the peninsula was temporarily suspended. Soon after the end of the war, research was resumed, moreover, on a larger scale, which was determined by the tasks of restoring the economy of the region destroyed by the war and its further accelerated development. The study of the nature of the Crimea is carried out by various central scientific institutions and industrial organizations, large teams under the guidance of prominent scientists - academician D. I. Shcherbakov, A. E. Fersman, N. S. Kurnakov, etc. - Prospecting Institute, All-Union Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Geological Museum Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A.P. Karpinsky, Institute of Geological Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Geophysical studies aimed at elucidating the features of the geological structure of the Crimea and searching for minerals are carried out by the All-Union Institute of Physics of the Earth, the Institute of Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the trust "Krasnodarneftgeofizika"; Geophysical expedition of the Glavgeology of the Ukrainian SSR. The Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR studies the paleofauna of the Crimea and reconstructs the paleogeography of the peninsula. The questions of geomorphology of the Crimea are dealt with by the Laboratory of Coastal and Seabed Relief of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Department of Geomorphology of Kyiv University, the Department of Physical Geography of the USSR of Moscow University. Scientists at Leningrad University are mainly studying individual elements nature of the Crimea: N. K. Horn - relief, A. A. Borisov and I. I. Babkov - climate, R. A. Filenko - inland waters, A. I. Dzens-Litovsky - certain issues of geology and geomorphology of Crimea, N N. Dzens-Litovskaya - soils and vegetation, N. N. Pavlova conducts general physical and geographical research. A significant role in the study of the nature of the Crimea is played by local Crimean scientific teams. In the prewar years, great efforts were directed to the study of individual components of nature. Since 1925, the systematic exploration of the Kerch iron ores began. Large soil studies in the Crimea are carried out in the 20-30s. under the direction of N. N. Klepinin. In 1929, on the southern coast of Crimea, near the village. Katsiveli, Academician V. V. Shuleikin founded the world's first Marine Hydrophysical Station, which was transformed after the Great Patriotic War into a department of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The station studies the heat balance of the Black Sea, the interaction between the sea and land, the emergence and development of storm waves, and the Earth's magnetic field. In the post-war period, the role of local scientific institutions and industrial organizations in the study of the nature of the peninsula increased in order to economic use its natural wealth. Extensive research is being carried out by the Crimean Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Institute organized later (in 1956) on its basis. mineral resources AN Ukrainian SSR. The scientific staff of these institutions fruitfully study geology and minerals, hydrogeology, geomorphology, geochemistry of Sivash and salt lakes, soils. Engineering-geological and hydrogeological studies are carried out by the Crimean geological expedition of the Dneprogeologia trust of the Glavgeology of the Ukrainian SSR, the Yalta landslide and hydrogeological station. Trust "Krymneftegazrazvedka" conducts large and successful exploration works for gas and oil. The seismotectonics of the Crimea is being studied by the Simferopol seismic station. Agro-climatic observations for development Agriculture the region is led by the Crimean Agricultural Institute and the Crimean Hydrometeorological Observatory. Systematic work on the study of soils is carried out by the regional department of agriculture and the Department of Soil Science of the Crimean Agricultural Institute. Vegetation and flora of the Crimea are the subject of study of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden and the Department of Botany of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute. Prof. I. I. Puzanov has been fruitfully investigating the fauna of the Crimea and its zoogeographic connections for many years. The animal world is successfully studied by the Department of Zoology of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute. Diverse and rich nature Crimea is a complex contradictory unity. The department of physical geography of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute strives to reveal this unity in all its interconnections and contradictions in its general and sectoral physical geography, landscape works. The use of natural resources of the Crimea for economic and medicinal purposes is accompanied by their protection and further reproduction.

The first literary mention of the Crimean caves- Ovid Nason, I century. BC e.

The first scientific mention of the Crimean caves- K. I. Gablitz, 1785

The first mention of the presence of ice in the caves of the Crimea- P. S. Pallas, 1795

The first mention of bats living in the Crimean caves- P. S. Pallas, 1811

The first geographical description of the Crimean cave- P. S. Pallas, 1828 (Tuakskaya cave).

HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA OUTSTANDING RESEARCHERS OF CRIMEA The presentation was prepared by a teacher of the highest category Parkhomenko G.Yu.

Homer The oldest mention of the Crimea in world literature belongs to the legendary ancient Greek poet Homer. Many scientists suggest that the action of some episodes from the Odyssey took place off the coast of Taurida (Crimea). There, the Cimmerians are a sad region covered with eternally Wet fog and haze of clouds, Never shows the face of the radiant Helios to the Eye of people ... These are lines from the poem of Odysseus by the ancient Greek poet-storyteller Homer, which is dated by science from the 9th to the 12th centuries BC. According to legend, Homer was blind. He wrote the famous poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey"

HERODOTUS The ancient historian Herodotus (490/480-425 BC) traveled widely, collecting information about various regions and, of course, turned to the writings of his predecessors. Herodotus, nicknamed in antiquity "the father of history", was the first who gave the most complete description of the Northern Black Sea region and Tavria for those times. Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait).

Evliya Celebi In the 17th century, for a number of years (from 1641 to 1667), the Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi (1611-1679 (1682)) lived and took part in campaigns with the Tatars in the Crimea and adjacent regions. Based on the results of his many years of observations and impressions, he wrote almost the only book about the medieval Crimea - "Seyahatname", "The Book of Travel". However long years for European researchers, it remained unknown. It so happened that the final IX-XI volumes of this polybook were printed in Latin only in 1938, and their translations in Russian appeared only in recent years. The work of Evliya Celebi is a kind of chronicle of an eyewitness, a source important information about the history and population of the peninsula, the military campaigns of the Crimean Tatars and natural conditions Crimea before its incorporation into Russia

PETER SIMON PALAS Naturalist, geographer and tireless traveler, Doctor of Medicine, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Acting State Councilor Petr Semenovich Pallas lived in the Crimea for 15 years. Pallas called our peninsula “wonderful”, falling in love with it from the very first visit. In his house in Simferopol on the banks of the Salgir River, Pallas collected rich collection minerals, hundreds of samples of flora and fauna of the peninsula. Not a single eminent guest of the city passed by his dwelling. Having settled in his Simferopol estate, named after his wife "Karolinovka", the scientist often went on foot not only to the near, but also to remote corners of the foothills, South Shore, the main Crimean ridge, the Kerch hills and the plain Crimea. The scientist not only gave recommendations, but also actively participated in the economic development of the Crimea: in 1798 he founded the oldest arboretum in the Crimea "Salgirka" in Simferopol - on the territory of the current botanical garden of the Tauride National University. V. Vernadsky. He also planted vast vineyards in the Sudak Valley, on the South Coast and in the foothills. To justify the use of local resources, Pallas described twenty-four native grape varieties and many varieties of southern fruit crops.

VLADIMIR IVANOVICH VERNADSKY A significant part of the scientific work of the world famous scientist - geologist and geographer Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky - was turned to the Crimea. The period of direct study of the natural resources of the peninsula V.I. Vernadsky lasted less - about 30 years, from 1893 to 1921. During this time, he made seven voyages to the Crimea (1893, 1898, 1899, 1912, 1914, 1916 and 1920-1921). Being closely connected with the Crimea by scientific interests, he did not just occasionally come here, but deeply studied the natural resources of this region, made discoveries here. While living in Simferopol, Vernadsky traveled extensively with his colleagues in the Crimea. His scientific interest then aroused both inanimate and Live nature: from the mineralogy and petrography of the Eskiorda region (now the village of Lozovoe) to the Beshui coal deposit, kila and plant groups of the Crimean foothills. In 1920, the academician was elected chairman of the Commission for the study of the natural productive forces of the Crimea (the prototype of an academic institution on the peninsula), which difficult conditions The Civil War tried to ensure the development of fundamental and applied research on the natural resources of the region. Vladimir Ivanovich worked very fruitfully as a professor at the department of geology, conducted scientific research, and was elected rector of the Tauride University. A group of young researchers rallied around him, forming the Crimean scientific school of the academician.

VASILY VASILIEVICH DOKUCHAYEV Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilyevich is a Russian natural scientist, the founder of modern scientific soil science and a comprehensive study of nature. To Crimea V.V. Dokuchaev arrived in the summer of 1878. It was during this period that he accumulated scientific material for his now world-famous work, Russian Chernozem. Labor, which laid the foundation for a completely new science - soil science. In 1895 V.V. Dokuchaev visited the Crimea for the second time, again crossing all its soil zones. The Crimean expedition and, in particular, the study of the “Simferopol type” chernozems helped V.V. Dokuchaev to substantiate his view on the origin of chernozems and other soils. It is important to note that in the Crimea, V.V. Dokuchaev studied not only soils, but also other components of the geographical environment. He divided the entire peninsula into three strips and gave them a brief natural and geographical description. One of the villages of the Crimean plains, where the great soil scientist conducted research, is now called Dokuchaevo.

NIKOLAY ALEKSEEVICH GOLOVKINSKY Name of Professor H.A. Golovkinsky, a tireless researcher of the country's natural resources, rightfully entered the history of geological and geographical sciences. The path of the scientist to the Crimea lay not only through scientific interests and routes, but much earlier - through his participation in Crimean War 1853-1856, when, interrupting his studies at the university, he volunteered to defend Sevastopol. He, in particular, took the fight in the famous battle of Kadykoy and was awarded a bronze medal on the St. Andrew's ribbon for participation in the Crimean War. H.A. Golovkinsky repeatedly traveled all over the Crimea, for more than ten years painstakingly delved into the complex problems of hydrogeology, developed the problems of the peninsula's water supply. It is no coincidence that he was called one of the best specialists in Crimean geology in Russia. H.A. Golovkinsky has done a lot to find and preserve water resources in the Crimea, to organize their proper use. The scientist paid special attention to the studies of the Plain Crimea, where he discovered significant reserves of artesian waters. He substantiated the expediency of creating a network of hydrogeological stations in the Crimea and took part in the organization of such the first "artesian observatory" in Russia in Saki. Based on numerous travels of H.A. Golovkinsky prepared and published an informative guide to the Crimea (1889, 1894). In his Crimean works, one can find many interesting conjectures and assumptions, later confirmed by detailed studies. Interesting natural object- waterfall described by H.A. Golovkinsky on the river. Uzenbash, in the upper reaches of the river basin. Uluuzen Alushtinsky (1893). Now the waterfall is named after Golovkinsky.

CHRISTIAN CHRISTIANOVICH STEVEN Christian Khristianovich Steven is a well-known Russian botanist of Swedish origin, systematist, doctor of medicine, gardener and entomologist, founder and first director of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea. Since 1849, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, since 1849 - corresponding member. Steven described 1,654 species of Crimean plants. Almost two centuries have passed since the founding of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden - now the National Scientific Center. Now in its parks there are over 30 thousand species, varieties and forms of plants collected from all parts of the world. On its basis, such well-known scientific institutions as the Magarach Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking and the Institute of Essential Oil Crops arose. H.H. Steven left to science 14 of the richest floristic works on the Crimea. However, the activity of the scientist was not limited to botany and gardening. They organized regular meteorological observations. Taking care of the water resources of the Crimea, necessary for economic development peninsula, in 1846 he was the first to propose a project for the supply of Dnieper waters through a canal to the Crimea.

NIKOLAY PETROVICH KRASNOV Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov is a unique figure, outstanding for his time. He is a talented Russian architect at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. century, author of projects and builder of palaces and villas of the South Coast, hotels, shopping malls, temples and public buildings in the Crimea. The architect managed to combine various styles in his work: Neo-Renaissance, Oriental, Romanesque, Gothic, Art Nouveau, etc. N. P. Krasnov is known to everyone as the author of the Livadia Palace, Dyulber, Kharasks and the Yusupov Palaces on the South Coast, the wonderful temples of Yalta and other famous buildings. The son of an ordinary peasant from the village of Khonyatino, Moscow province, 12-year-old Nikolai makes his own way in life, enters the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. After studying for about 10 years at the department of "Architecture" and graduating with a silver medal, N. P. Krasnov went to the Crimea in the spring of 1887. At the age of 23, he becomes the Yalta city architect. Nikolai Petrovich worked in the Crimea for about 30 years, became the Architect of the Supreme Court of His Imperial Majesty, an academician of the Russian Academy of Arts. And on February 9, 1917, the architect was awarded the title of a real state councilor. With all his merits, in the 20s of the twentieth century, the architect was forced to emigrate abroad and continue his work in Belgrade, where he created a number of palaces, places of worship and public buildings.

Alexander Evgenievich Fersman, a student and friend of V. I. Vernadsky, is a tireless seeker and researcher of the mineral wealth of our country. With his active participation, the domestic industry of rare metals and non-metallic minerals was created. Together with his teacher, he was the founder of a new science - geochemistry, he developed new physical and chemical ideas about the essence of mineral formation processes and their energy basis. A. E. Fersman was a brilliant propagandist and popularizer of his science, and his name is known not only to specialist scientists, but also to a wide circle of young students, teachers and lovers of natural science. He was a passionate mineralogist. He himself said that his life is a love story for stone. A.E. Fersman was the organizer and inspirer of mass local history in our country. In his writings, he called for raising a wave of interest and love for the wonderful Crimean nature, expressed thoughts about turning Crimea into the richest Museum of Nature, a source of new ideas and... new love to Tavrida Alexander Evgenievich Fersman

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The first mention of the Crimea (Cimmeria), Tauri and climate features ("cold winters") Homer

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“Tavrika is a large and very wonderful island with many peoples ... They say that there Osiris, harnessing the bulls, plowed the land, and from this pair of bulls the people got the name” Stephen of Byzantium

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In 1665, Evliya Celebi arrived in the Crimea, where he met the Crimean Khan Mehmed IV Gerai. With the retinue of the Khan, he arrived at the Or (Perekop) fortress, from where he began his journey through the Crimea. Celebi pointed out that in the 17th century the Crimean Tatars had a northern border near the Or castle, the steppe also belonged to the khan, but the Nogais roamed there. They paid taxes for grazing their flocks and delivered butter, honey, cattle, sheep, and lambs to the Crimea.

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Karl Ivanovich (Karl-Ludwig) Gablitz became famous for scientific expeditions across Russia. Author of the first scientific description nature of the Crimean peninsula. "Physical Description of the Tauride Region..." was translated and published in French, English and German.

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Peter Simon (Peter-Simon) Pallas laid the foundation for the study of the Crimean flora, having completed the work “The List of Wild Plants of Crimea” in 1797 (969 species are described). The scientist was the initiator of laying the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, vineyards and orchards in the Sudak and Solnechnaya valleys, founded the Salgirka park in Simferopol.

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In 1919 Vernadsky V.I. moved to Simferopol. Until 1921 he worked as a professor, since 1920 as rector of the Tauride University in Simferopol. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, Russian and Soviet] natural scientist

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Vasily Vasilyevich Dokuchaev arrived in Crimea in the summer of 1878. It was during this period that he accumulated scientific material for his now world-famous work “Russian Chernozem”. The work that marked the beginning of not just "chernozem science", but a completely new science - soil science. Observations and scientific materials collected by V.V. Dokuchaev during a trip to the Crimea, became a significant contribution to the emerging science of the "fourth kingdom of nature", which, according to the scientist, is the soil.

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On the northeastern slope of Babugan-yayla, a mountain stream forms a spectacular cascade of waterfalls, the largest of which (fall height 12 meters) is named after the famous Crimean geologist of the 19th century Nikolai Alekseevich Golovkinsky. One of the last true "discoverers of the Crimean land", studied the hydrogeology of Crimea. The rarest case: the Tauride Zemstvo erected a monument to the scientist in the village of Lazurny, under Mount Kastel. The inscription "Taurian Zemstvo to Nikolai Alekseevich Golovkinsky, 1900" is visible on the monument.

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The history of the creation of the Karadag biological station dates back to 1901, when Terenty Ivanovich Vyazemsky (1857–1914), Privatdozent of Moscow University in the Department of Physiology, bought the abandoned Karadag estate, intending to create a scientific center on its basis, which became the meaning of his life. Terenty Ivanovich personally supervised the construction, bought materials, hired workers. He invested all his savings, all earnings in the development of his offspring.

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Steven Khristian Khristianovich Well-known botanist, gardener and entomologist, Doctor of Medicine, chief inspector of sericulture, inspector of agriculture in southern Russia and director of the Nikitsky Garden in the Crimea. Nikitsky Botanical Garden is the oldest research and scientific-practical center dealing with the issues of botany, fruit growing,

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In 1887, the young architect Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov arrived in the Crimea, where he was soon appointed the city architect of Yalta. He will serve in this position for twelve years. "Amazing fellow" - these are the enthusiastic words of Emperor Nicholas II about N.P. Krasnov, the author of the building in the Livadia estate, which he deigned to leave to posterity in a letter, sharing his joy with his mother after the first visit to the new white stone palace in September 1911

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Evgeny Lvovich Markov - a popular writer of the 70s. XIX century. He lived in Simferopol, served as the director of the Simferopol gymnasium, studied all corners of the Crimea, its historical past. The book went through four editions during the life of the author; it has not lost its literary and artistic value even today.

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A. N. Tolstoy called Alexander Evgenievich Fersman "the poet of stone." Written in a lively, engaging way, the books reflect the author's deep love for stone. During the years of his work in the Crimea, Alexander Fersman was the first to find and describe several dozen minerals. It was a significant contribution to the collection of almost 200 minerals now known in the Crimea. On the high right bank of the Salgir there is a small village of Fersmanovo, there is a small beautiful two-story building with a turret. It has a memorial plaque with the text: "Here in children's and youth lived Academician A.E. Fersman (1883-1945) - an outstanding Soviet mineralogist and geochemist.