How the Nenets survive in the tundra. Mainland tundra Stories of wintering survival in the tundra

Survival in the polar regions depends on proper clothing and shelter. If they meet environmental requirements, then with low temperatures, piercing winds, snow and ice can be dealt with in the same way as any other natural difficulties.

The northern polar region is a frozen ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the southern polar region, or Antarctica, is a land lying 3 - 4 km above sea level. This means that it is very cold and almost completely covered with ice, the thickness of which in some places reaches 3 km.

In polar regions, the sun can remain below the horizon for several months during winter, so that the only source of heat is the wind blowing from lower latitudes. In summer, the sun is low in the sky, providing little warmth, although above the Arctic Circle (66°33′N latitude) the sun is above the horizon 24 hours a day for several weeks. Only two species grow in Antarctica flowering plants, and the animals of the polar regions feed almost entirely on what they get from the sea. In Antarctica there are almost no animals living on land, but in the Arctic lives polar bear. Birds come to the Arctic in the summer, but they actually live in the tundra. Seals can be found in both polar regions, and the typical inhabitants of Antarctica are penguins.

Animals of the tundra

Tundra is a vast area in northern Asia and Canada, covered with vegetation and devoid of trees.

• Arctic hare. These animals forage for food all winter.
• Canadian deer (caribou). It lives in northern Canada and migrates over long distances.
• Lemming. The most common small herbivore living in the tundra. Lemmings migrate, and many of them die trying to overcome water barriers.
• Muskox. Does not migrate, spending the winter above the Arctic Circle.
• Reindeer. A Eurasian variant of the Canadian deer, it migrates south every winter.

Predators

• Wolf. Hunts Canadian deer, migrates.
• Ermine. It feeds on lemmings, and their numbers change accordingly.
• Arctic fox. Another common predator animal in the tundra, which, like the ermine, turns white in winter.

Land animals

Polar bears are usually found near the coast and should be treated with great caution. You can only approach them with a good gun, because they are very dangerous animals.

In spring you can see seals lying on the ice near their holes. However, they are very sensitive and difficult to get close to. You'll probably be able to kill the seal with a clean shot to the head before it slides into the water, because it will be very difficult to get it out of there.

Be careful not to be approached by a polar bear, which may be attracted by the smell of the blood of a freshly killed seal.

Birds

• Goose. Widely distributed in the polar region, where in summer it breeds chicks.
• Tern. Arctic tern breeds in southern parts Arctic and spends the winter in Antarctica.
• Merlin.
• Partridge. Lives in the Arctic all year round. Females dig shallow holes in the ground, where they lay 8-13 eggs.
• Swan. It also hatches chicks in the summer.
• Diving duck (including common eider). Dives to the very bottom in search of food.
• Polar owl. Hunts partridge and black grouse.
• Plover. Forages in shallow water.
• Black grouse. Also remains in the Arctic.
• Gull. Often rests on the ground.
• Chistik. Dives to great depths and feeds on fish.

Animals of the taiga

It's called Taiga northern forest, turning into tundra in the north, and into deciduous forest and meadows. The taiga extends from northeastern Europe through Russia to the Pacific Ocean and across North America from Alaska to Newfoundland. Most of the taiga is located north of the Arctic Circle, and although winters there are as cold as in the tundra, summers are still warmer.

• American Moose. The largest deer in the world. The Eurasian variant is elk.
• Squirrel. Remains active in winter
• Shrew. In winter it remains active.
• Forest hedgehog. It lives in North America and winters there.
• Forest Lemming. In winter it hibernates.
• Vole. Red-backed voles live in burrows and can climb trees well.

Predators

• Large stoat. In winter it turns white.
• The marten is real. These carnivores, similar to weasels, are also good at climbing trees.
• Weasel. The back is brown, the belly is cream or white. The fur of the weasel, which lives in the north, becomes white.
• Lynx. Nocturnal predator 80 - 100 cm long.

Birds

• Eurasian black grouse. The largest bird of the grouse family.
• Woodpeckers. The northern three-toed woodpecker lives in the northern subarctic hemisphere.

Plants

In arctic and subarctic regions, smaller plants predominate than in temperate zones. Some of the large black lichens are edible and are called Lasallia populosa. The lichens were used as food by hungry explorers.

Among the plants of the tundra there are several species of edible ones. Eskimos eat bearberries either fresh or mixed with animal fat. Europeans eat cloudberries, blueberries and cranberries. Some mushrooms are also edible.

Keep an eye on where animals and especially birds feed as this will lead you to edible plants. Pick while walking edible plants, come your way, and gradually you will collect enough food.

• Ivan-tea (fireweed). Grows in forests, near streams and on the coast in polar regions. tall plant with pink flowers and narrow leaves. The leaves, stems and flowers are edible, especially in the spring when they are still soft.
• Icelandic moss. It grows exclusively in the Arctic, in open areas. May have a grey-green, white or brownish-red color. All parts of the plant are edible, but they must be soaked in water and then thoroughly boiled.
• Marsh marigold. It grows in polar and subarctic regions in swamps, lakes and sometimes in streams. It has rounded dark green leaves on a short stem and yellow flowers. All parts of the plant are edible, but must be cooked.
• Capsule, or yellow water lily. Grows in shallow, calm water. The yellow flowers turn into bottle-shaped fruits. All parts of the plant are edible. The seeds can be boiled and ground into flour. The roots can be boiled.
• Lasallia populosa. Found on rocks and boulders. The plant is round in shape, with curling edges. The top of the plant is usually black in color, the lower part is lighter. All parts of the plant are edible, but eating it raw can cause irritation. Therefore, it must first be soaked for a long time, changing the water, and then thoroughly boiled; after that, for taste, you can fry it over an open fire, then it will be crispy.
• Bearberry (crowberry). It grows in the tundra of North America and Eurasia. Low-growing shrub with evergreen needle-like leaves. Small black berries can be eaten fresh or dried for future use.
• Northern willow. It grows in the tundra of North America, Europe and Asia. It has rounded leaves and yellow catkins. Contains a large number of vitamin C, you can eat the peeled pulp of young shoots and roots.
• Bearberry. Grows in Arctic regions and temperate climates. The plant is characterized by leaves thickened at the ends and white or pink flowers. The red berries can be eaten fresh, and the leaves can be used to make tea.
• Reindeer moss. Grows in open dry places. The gray stems are hollow inside, the branches resemble deer antlers. All parts of the plant are edible and must be soaked for several hours before cooking.

Trips

The decision to travel when you are in a difficult situation and have to think about how to survive should be based on the likelihood of getting out of a dangerous situation and as an alternative to waiting for rescuers to find you, especially if you are near a large object such as a crashed one. airplane.

Other factors include the weather and your physical condition. You must not travel during snow storm or knowing about her; you need to be aware that you will need considerable strength and more food and water. In addition, you will have to build shelters along the way. When you have to cross thin ice, lie down and crawl so that your body weight is evenly distributed. The air in the Arctic is very transparent, which, just like in the desert, makes it difficult to accurately determine the distance. There is a danger that you will underestimate the distance because objects appear closer than they actually are. Set up camp early so you have time to build a shelter. If the snow is deep, use snowshoes. They can be made from willow.

You will need to determine your current location as well as your intended route. The following may help you with this.

• Stars. In the Northern Hemisphere, north can be identified by the constellation Ursa Major, which points to the North Star above the North Pole. IN Southern Hemisphere the direction to the south is indicated by the Southern Cross. Without a sextant and tables, you will not be able to calculate latitude from the height above the horizon of the North Star.
• . If you know the local time exactly, the shadow cast by an upright object perpendicular to the ground at noon will point north and south.
• Sky map. Clouds over unsnowed ground or water will appear black, while clouds over snow or ice will appear white. Pack ice (the most powerful multi-year drifting sea ice that forms in the polar basins. Thickness is up to 3-5 meters) ice and snowdrifts create a motley picture of clouds.
• Birds. Seabirds usually fly out to sea in the morning and return to shore in the afternoon.
• Flora. On the north side of rocks or trees, the moss will be thickest. Alder bark is lighter on the south side. There are more lichens on the south side.

Diseases that occur in cold climates

Dehydration

Wearing layers can cause excessive sweating and therefore dehydration.

Symptoms Urine becomes saturated yellow, headache appears.

Treatment. Make sure your water intake is sufficient and balance is maintained. You should know that when your urine becomes clearer and your head stops hurting, it means that everything is fine with you and the cells of your body are filled with water. Stay hydrated because this will affect your ability to think and plan.

Preventive action. Drink adequate amounts of water daily and avoid sweating too much. Clothing must be appropriate for the weather.

Hypothermia

This means that the body temperature is below normal.

Symptoms Reduced resistance to cold, severe trembling, lethargy of movements and thinking.

Treatment. Restore normal body temperature as soon as possible. Place the torso in warm water(37.7 - 43.3°C). Be careful when doing this, as immersing your entire body in warm water can cause shock and cardiac arrest. In a survival situation, it is best to place the victim in a sleeping bag with someone who has normal temperature. Ideally, both of them are completely naked. Take action as quickly as possible and, if the person is conscious, start giving him hot, sweet liquid. After the victim’s temperature has returned to normal, there is no need to immediately remove him from the heat source, because his temperature may drop again. Give him the opportunity to restore his body's heat reserves and, if necessary, continue to give him hot drinks.

Preventive action. Don't let long stay in the cold without food, hot drinks or other sources of heat, and do not expose yourself to danger if you get wet and especially if you are in the wind.

If you fall into water while in the polar region:

• Swim quickly and vigorously towards the shore;
• Roll in the snow, which will absorb some of the water;
• Run quickly to shelter and get warm there as soon as possible;
• Before entering the shelter, shake off the snow;
• Dry your clothes, eat and drink a hot drink.

Frostbite

Symptoms This is serious damage to the skin and sometimes other body tissues through frostbite or the formation of ice crystals in tissue cells. This usually occurs when the temperature is below -12°C, but can also occur at 0°C when there is a weather factor or when the victim is wet. Because cold has an anesthetic effect, the victim may not immediately notice frostbite. Typically, those parts of the body that are least protected, namely the face, nose, ears, hands and feet, are affected by frostbite. The first signs are a dull, whitish color of the skin, followed by the formation of blisters and the death of some skin cells and subcutaneous tissue.

Treatment

• Warm the affected area of ​​skin and ensure that frostbite does not occur again.
• Wrap frostbitten hands in clothes and keep them pressed to your body.
• Place frostbitten feet in your friend's clothes.
• Do not puncture the blisters, but powder them with an antiseptic.
• Cover the affected area with a surgical dressing or other clean cloth.
• Do not immerse the affected area in hot water and do not keep it near fire. Instead, use body heat.
• If the person is in severe pain, use morphine.
• Severe cases of frostbite with deep tissue damage should be treated by medical professionals.

Preventive measures

• Avoid wearing tight clothing, which will restrict blood circulation and increase the risk of frostbite.
• Avoid exposure to wind whenever possible.
• Do not leave the premises wearing light clothing.
• Make sure your clothes are dry.
• When in the cold, move your limbs and facial muscles.
• Do not touch cold metal with bare hands.
• Be especially careful if you are tired and have no energy.
• Be careful not to get gasoline on your bare skin.

Trench foot

Symptoms Prolonged exposure to cold and damp conditions can cause the feet to become numb, cold, white and numb. They will begin to swell and hurt when
walking. If you do not take action, the situation will be serious, so dry your feet and shoes as soon as possible.

Treatment. Do not rub or massage your feet. Wash them with soap and water, dry them and keep them in an elevated position. If your feet hurt, don't walk. Put on dry socks; Make sure you always have a spare pair of dry socks.

Preventive action. Keep your shoes dry and change your socks often.

Snow blindness

It is caused by bright sunlight reflected by snow or amplified by cloud ice crystals.

Symptoms Increased sensitivity to bright light. Red and watery eyes. Increased redness of the eyes and a feeling as if there was sand in them. Loss of vision, sharp pain in the eyes and a red veil before the eyes.

Treatment. Immediately apply a blindfold and place the victim in a dark room. A cool, moist bandage may help relieve pain. It will take time for the eye condition to return to normal.

Preventive action. Wear Sunglasses. If you don't have them, make yourself safety glasses from tree bark by cutting slits in it. Rubbing charcoal onto the skin around your eyes will help reduce the impact of bright sunlight on your eyes.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

This is especially dangerous in very cold climates because shelters are usually small, with well-sealed cracks and little ventilation. Carbon monoxide, which has neither color nor odor, is emitted by any fuel from any stove.

Symptoms They are difficult to define, especially when it happens to you, and include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and sometimes vomiting; the victim may also suddenly lose consciousness.

Treatment

• Take the victim to Fresh air or in a well-ventilated place and make sure he breathes deeply.
• If he is unconscious, apply artificial respiration; the place should be well ventilated.
• If possible, give him oxygen.
• When the victim comes to his senses, he needs to be given rest and warm drinks.
• The victim should not perform heavy work until complete recovery.

Preventive action. Make sure that the shelters are well ventilated - they should have at least two ventilation holes. Don't forget that the flame should not be too high. Before going to bed, turn off all stoves and lamps.

Searching for water

There is no shortage of water in the polar regions, but the amount of water produced from snow and ice will depend on the amount of fuel needed to melt them. It is better to melt ice than snow because the volume of water will be greater. You should not sacrifice water consumption to save fuel as this will lead to serious side effects. Limit the amount of water lost through sweating by wearing more light clothes when you work.

In summer, water can be taken from streams, lakes and ponds. In the tundra, the water may be brown due to plants, but it is suitable for drinking. Even though the polar regions have comparatively less water than other regions of the world, you must treat the water for drinking and, if necessary, strain it.

In winter, water can be obtained more easily - from lakes, from under snow and ice. Because the bottom surface of the ice follows the contours of the snow above it, you must dig where the snow is deepest and cut through the ice to find the least cold water.
When you heat the snow, melt it a little at a time and wait until it completely turns into water before adding the next portion of snow. Otherwise, the unmelted snow will absorb all the water and the pot will burn.

Old sea ice produces water best quality than from a young one, in which the salt is still felt. Old sea ice is more rounded and has a bluish tint.

Do not fill your flask completely with water - to prevent the water from freezing again, it should overflow in the flask. Also, keep it close to your body.

Search for food

In very cold weather, you should eat hot food at least twice a day and drink hot drinks several times a day. You won't find an abundance of food in the polar regions, although summer months It is not difficult to catch fish and other inhabitants of the aquatic element in coastal waters, streams, rivers and lakes. In many places on the Arctic coast you can easily find edible sea mollusks, bivalves, snails, limpets, chitons, sea ​​urchins and king crabs. Don't eat dead shellfish. Avoid the small black-and-red clams found in the North Pacific Ocean - they are poisonous.

Do not eat fish that have sunken eyes, mucus-covered gills, sagging skin and body, or bad smell. Don't eat any jellyfish. Kelp and other types of small algae are edible, although seaweed with long fibers and tendrils should be avoided.

Ice fishing

The ice can be up to 4m thick, so you need to look for a suitable place to drill a hole where the ice is not so thick that you can't drill a hole, but thick enough to support your weight. You can hang the line from the end of a small stick with some kind of signal attached to it, such as a handkerchief or a piece of map. Attach this stick to another one lying across the hole. When the fish grabs the hook, the flag will jump. (For more information on fishing techniques, see the chapter on Setting Traps, Catching Fish and Edible Wild Plants.)

Personal clothing

You must have top layer, impervious to wind and moisture - so much so that melting snow is not absorbed. Airtight fabric is considered ideal. Your clothing should also have an inner insulating layer.

Before traveling to areas with exceptionally cold climates, you should seek expert clothing advice. Fortunately, there is now a wide range of new fabrics available, including polypropylene for underwear and Gore-tex for outerwear. Your jacket should have a thin hood that fits over your head and a second hood lined with fur to keep your breath from freezing your face.

If you don't have new clothing, use wool as inner layers, as it doesn't absorb moisture well. Avoid wearing tight or restrictive clothing, and keep clothing clean and dry. It's best to untie your hat or take off your gloves, but don't let yourself sweat. If you sweat, your clothes will become damp, the insulation will be compromised, and your body will lose heat.

If your socks and gloves become wet, you can dry them by tying them around your stomach. Try to take as many spare socks with you as possible. If possible, dry them over a fire in a shelter.

The ideal footwear is waterproof canvas boots, known as "Maklaks". Downstairs you need to wear three pairs of socks, which should fit each other in size. If clothes are caked or bunched, shake them out because the air between the layers of fabric acts as an insulator.

Before entering a shelter or other warm place, you must definitely shake off the snow from your clothes. Do not climb into a sleeping bag with wet clothes. Leave the minimum amount of clothing on and hang the rest to air and dry. Before folding your sleeping bag, shake it out and dry it.

Rules regarding clothing:

• clothes must be clean;
• avoid overheating - ventilate the body;
• Wear loose clothing to allow air circulation;
• Clothes must be dry both inside and outside.

Weather severity coefficient at air temperature 0°C

Shelter

First of all, you need to find a windward place. You can't be outdoors in winter and survive if you don't move.

Shelter area

• During the winter, avoid building shelters at the base of slopes and rocks where snow could slide off and leave you buried in the shelter.
• In summer, avoid camping in low areas as they may be damp or in areas that may be flooded.
• Choose a location with a cool breeze to keep insects away.
• If you are on sea ice, choose an area with the thickest ice and build a shelter on the largest floe. Beware of thin ice.
• Do not use an airplane or vehicle as a shelter unless it is well insulated because the metal absorbs heat.
• The shelter should be well ventilated to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning, especially if the fire is being built inside the shelter.
• The shelter should be large enough to accommodate you, your companions and equipment, but not so large that it absorbs heat from your bodies.
• The shelter should be compact and convenient.

Natural shelters

Caves and overhanging rock ledges can provide dry cover. They should be well insulated in winter and free of insects in summer.

A natural cover in deep snow if you dig a hole around the base of the tree is a spruce tree, with the lower branches forming a canopy. Depending on how long you intend to remain in the shelter or how well the lower branches provide cover, you can construct a roof from cut branches and twigs, being careful not to disturb the snow on the tree under which you are creating the shelter. Insulate the hole with branches.

Fallen Tree Shelter

Remove snow from under the tree. If necessary, chop branches under the tree to cover the floor.

Snow shelter

Hard snow, on which shallow human footprints remain, can be considered an ideal material for construction. The size of the blocks cut from snow should be as follows: 45 cm wide, 50 cm long and 8 - 10 cm thick. This will provide insulation and light in the shelter.

Trench in the snow

In a trench you can shelter from wind and snow. You can use snow blocks for the roof and door.

Draw a rectangle on the snow. When cutting blocks from snow, dig a trench more than 1 m deep. Cut steps in an "L" shape, 15 cm deep and 15 cm wide, starting from the top edges and sides of the trench. Leaning the blocks against each other, build the roof, starting from the edge of the trench opposite the entrance. Make sure one edge of the block overlaps the other so that the next block will snap into place and be supported. Cover each end with a block and dig a hole on one side, like in a hole. You can build a roof in another way - by placing blocks vertically along the edges of the trench and covering them across, horizontally, with roof blocks.

Igloo, or house made of snow slabs

Building an igloo requires some skill and experience. In addition, you will need to dense snow And special knife. Draw a circle in the snow with a diameter of 2.5-3 m, indicating the internal area of ​​the house. Cut about 12 slabs of snow.

Lay the slabs in a circle, with the sides of each slab at an angle to the center of the igloo, and the top of the slabs should be inclined towards the inside of the house. Steshite top part slabs of this row in such a way as to create a slope to form the first ring of the spiral. Construct the next row of slabs by sawing them so that the rows of spirals twist inward. When installing the last slab, make sure that the hole is not wide, but deep, so that the block fits through the hole and can be used to close it. When the house is ready, sprinkle it with fine snow so that it seals all the small cracks. Eskimos sometimes insert transparent pieces of ice instead of windows.

Inside the igloo, cut out an underground entrance, two levels for sleeping and cooking. At the sleeping level you will need insulation. Position your sleeping bags so that your head is closest to the entrance. Use a snow slab as a door; during the day, the door should
be open. Don't forget to make ventilation holes.

Eskimo igloo

Instead of glass, insert a transparent piece of ice or part of a seal gut. Make a sealskin flap near the entrance to keep out the wind. For a sleeping area, place a frame of willow branches and cover it with fur skins.

Shelter with a pitched roof

You can strengthen a crossbar between two trees or posts and bend down branches and tree limbs, leaving enough space inside for you to lay down and store equipment. The roof can be covered with pieces of turf, which need to be laid at an angle, like tiles. Build snow walls on the sides for additional insulation. Build a fire near the shelter, behind which install something like a screen from logs or something else so that the heat goes into the shelter.

Shelter with a frame of willow branches

Such a shelter is constructed either from straight or curved branches. The frame can then be covered with parachute material or branches, with turf or snow placed on top.

Shelter with molded domed roof

The construction of this type of shelter does not require a lot of time or great skill, as for the construction of an igloo. Make a large pile of branches, twigs and bark and cover with a poncho or other material and throw snow on top, leaving a hole. When the snow hardens, remove the material and all branches. You can do it domed shelter. Cover the floor with freshly cut branches and make a shelter door in the same way, using small twigs, etc.

There should always be more than one ventilation hole in the shelter.
Mark the entrance to the shelter well.
The thickness of the shelter roof must be at least 30 cm.
Before building a shelter, level the snow well on the site.
Keep shovels and others inside the shelter in case you have to dig your way out.

Making a fire

To start a fire, use any tools you have in your emergency kit or a stove you may be carrying with you. To start a fire, you will need to clear the area, find kindling and fuel.

Do not light a fire under a tree covered with snow, otherwise the fire may go out. The fire should be built on a solid platform made from freshly cut tree branches or stones. If this is not the case, you can dig a hole with solid earth at the bottom. If you need to cook over a fire, make a structure to hang the pot on. If you need to heat the shelter, make a screen.

Fuel

During the day, collect whatever you find for the fire. The best combustible material is dry wood, although birch logs and green branches also burn well. When there are no other trees, the Eskimos use evergreen heather as fuel. In addition, peat, manure and bunches of dry grass can be fuel.

Lighting a fire

Before you start lighting a fire, prepare everything for this in advance. If you have matches, use one to light a candle or a bunch of twigs to start a fire. Once the kindling is lit, gradually add fuel, but do not pack it too tightly. If necessary, fan the fire. For more information on fire making techniques, see the chapter on Making Fire, Making Tools and Weapons.

Literature: Survival technique extreme conditions

A person is capable, be it taiga, desert or tundra. A trained person can spend quite a lot of time in such conditions. It is more difficult for those people who found themselves in such circumstances by accident and the new situation is an emergency for them. Therefore, it is extremely important to know about the actions that need to be taken if you find yourself alone with cruel weather conditions.

Do not leave the scene of the accident

One thing is clear: no one just goes for a walk on the tundra. Most often, a person finds himself in such conditions as a result of an accident. Perhaps this is a breakdown of equipment or a crash, say, of an airplane. So, in any case, you should not leave the scene of the accident and try to somehow make your way through the snowy desert. From debris or parts of equipment, you can build yourself a shelter, which will be extremely necessary in such conditions. It will help provide shelter from wind and snowstorms. If you nevertheless decide to go in search of a settlement or decide to return to your place of departure, then do not forget to take a supply of water, food, dry clothes, matches and a knife.

Choose the direction of movement

If you decide to go on a hiking trip through the endless expanses of the tundra, you should know about some nuances. All Siberian rivers flow to the north, and people mainly settle in the south. Therefore, when going in search of people and settlements, it is necessary to go against the flow of the river. IN winter time you need to navigate by the stars. The North Star will help you figure it out and always points north.

In winter, ride on the wreckage of equipment

Try to find either some kind of sling, or try to break off the flat parts of the body of your vehicle. In winter, very large snowdrifts form in the tundra, so it is necessary to distribute the load on the snow evenly, just as skis distribute it. This will prevent you from falling through the snow and getting stuck in a snowdrift forever.

Under no circumstances go out on the ice in spring and autumn. At this time of year it is extremely unsafe and fragile. You may suddenly fall through and, at a minimum, get your clothes and supplies wet. This will only worsen the current situation or even deprive you of the chance of salvation. In the summer, you need to stock up on a long stick in advance. Use it to test the soil before stepping on it. Remember, the soil in the tundra is swampy, so you can easily get caught in a bog trap.

Change your clothes regularly

When planning a trip through the tundra, be sure to pack a supply of clothing. It is necessary to give preference to clothes made from natural fabrics such as cotton, wool, flannel. Outerwear must be waterproof. Your clothes should always be dry, so be sure to change them regularly. Wet clothes must be dried in the wind after taking a break. Outerwear, such as a jacket or trousers, should protect you primarily from the wind. Next, you need to wear something warm, and be sure to wear underwear on your body that absorbs moisture well. In this way, you will protect yourself from contracting colds, which will only help you survive in the tundra.

Take care of your water supply

If, as a result of the accident, water reserves have not survived, then it is necessary to obtain it in extreme conditions. IN summer time get water from fresh rivers and lakes. Just don’t forget to boil it to destroy the microorganisms that live in it, so as not to get poisoned or infected with E. coli. In winter, you can melt snow or pieces of ice and also boil the resulting water. To save supplies of matches or fuel, if you managed to stock up on them, snow or ice can be placed on a dark tarpaulin and wait until bright sun will melt it. Collect the resulting water in a previously prepared container.

In the tundra, you will have fish at your disposal to catch, or small animals and birds. True, they also need to be caught, having previously placed traps on them. Never eat raw meat or fish to avoid becoming infected with microorganisms. Caught prey must be stored suspended on tree branches or in a pre-dug hole.

Build an overnight stay

Remember that the temporary shelter should not be large, because you will have to warm up in it with the help of your breath and the heat of your own body. Therefore, in winter, try to build it from snow or pieces of ice. You can use a knife for this. In the summer, try to make a canopy from tree branches, and use moss or branches as a mattress coniferous trees. The main task of your shelter is protection from the biting wind, so try to build it so that one of the sides reliably protects you. Don't forget to light a fire. To do this, also choose a place protected from the wind. In winter you can dig a hole in the snow, and in summer, respectively, in the ground.

In fact, the tundra, just like the forest zone, is very diverse. There are large rocky areas and there may be extensive swampy lowlands. However, there are very few swamps as such. Get stuck and die in them, like in a classic quagmire middle zone, impossible. Under a layer of ordinary marshy vegetation at a depth of no more than one and a half meters is permafrost. True, you can also run into fairly deep depressions called “lenses”. Therefore, without extreme need There’s no need to wander around in the swamps in vain. Usually all the moisture in the tundra accumulates on the surface in the form of numerous lakes and puddles of various sizes.

In the summer, you can often find areas that are completely impassable. The fact is that vegetation, in the form of bushes, sometimes reaching significant, by tundra standards, sizes, is hidden in the folds of the terrain. Their height is regulated by the depth of these very folds and ranges from a few tens of centimeters to two or more meters. The reason is that the fierce winter winds literally “cut off” all the plants standing in their way.
If you look at the tundra from the side, its surface seems almost flat. But, as soon as you go on foot, the traveler inevitably gets stuck in such dense thickets, through which it is sometimes impossible to get through without an axe. The jungle with its impenetrable vines is resting...

Often a day's trek through such unfamiliar terrain does not exceed 4-5 kilometers. Let me emphasize that we are talking specifically about unfamiliar places, because local residents there are their own paths along which they move from year to year.. In some places, all-terrain vehicles of geologists have laid out entire “freeways” with caterpillar tracks, crumbling fragile tundra vegetation, the restoration of which will take hundreds of years. True, these roads, called by the peculiar tundra term “all-terrain vehicles,” do not always go in the right direction.

Another insurmountable obstacle is lakes of the most intricate shape. Without knowing their location and configuration, the traveler is often completely unable to move in the right direction and actually marks time, falling into traps from a chain of lakes.
Imagine the disappointment of an unlucky traveler who walked around the lake for an hour, quibbling through the bushes, and discovered that it merges with another, even larger, body of water. Here we must warn against attempts to overcome water obstacles by swimming. The marshy, stumpy bottom and icy water, the temperature of which even on summer days does not exceed four degrees, can be deadly. But in winter, when the winds cover all the hollows with snow, along with bushes and the lakes are frozen, skiing on crust is a pleasure and a normal day's journey can reach 30 or even more kilometers!

However, there are no rules without exceptions - rocky areas of the tundra and those adjacent to mountain ranges are easily passable at any time of the year. Therefore, further we will talk about such areas as the Polar Urals, the Putorana plateau and the Byrranga mountains in Taimyr, the coast of the northern seas.

For hiking in the summer, a suit made of thick, windproof fabric and rubber boots are very suitable. Replacement shoes in the form of trekking boots will not be superfluous. Clothing should dry easily and not absorb moisture much. You understand: drying your things in the tundra can be problematic and, sometimes, you have to be content only with the warmth of your body. A thick, windproof hat is required. Geologists and local residents often wear fur shankas with earflaps, even in summer. I must say that when the north wind blows, such an outfit, complete with a good-quality quilted jacket, looks quite good.

Contrary to popular belief, there are not very many mosquitoes and other midges in the tundra. More precisely, there is enough of it there, but it does not reach as much as in the forest. Once you climb a small hill or hill, the wind, which almost always blows in the tundra, carries away all the blood-sucking abomination. However, this also depends not only on the area, but also on what year it is - wet or dry. Sometimes you can’t do without repellents or a mosquito net.
Another important plus is that in the Arctic there are no encephalitis ticks, which Lately become a scourge not only of taiga, but also of more southern and western regions. This makes me happy.

In summer it is quite possible to do without stoves or gas burners. Local residents have lived without them for centuries, so I am confidently ready to advise travelers on the tundra to do without artificial fuel. Well, it might be worth taking some dry alcohol or plexiglass with you for kindling. There are harsh tundra dwellers who consider all this a whim, and I take my hat off to them. However, I always have some kindling in my backpack pocket.

Along the shorelines of lakes and streams you can find dry branches of polar willow or birch. Sometimes you come across specimens as thick as your arm, so fire is not a problem here.

In areas completely devoid of vegetation, such as high-mountain tundra, it is more difficult to obtain fuel, but not critical. As a rule, civilization has moved here too. Often along the way you can find fragments of boards, old boxes and even logs, unknown how they ended up in the treeless tundra. Mysteries, however... Such artifacts should always be taken with you, having previously been cut down to manageable dimensions. When it comes time to cook, they will come in handy.

It’s not at all bad if you come across thickets of dwarf birch 20-30 centimeters high and wander through them. Dry twigs the size of a pencil will definitely be there. Collect them in a bag.

Well, the long-awaited lunch stop is finally here. The place for the hearth (namely the hearth, because this structure cannot be called a fire) must be chosen at the top of a rocky hill. Having determined the direction of the wind, we lay out two tiny walls of stones, about 10 centimeters high, parallel to its direction. To achieve a greater effect, you can do less, but this requires experience. The distance between the walls depends on the width of the bottom of the dish in which we are going to cook.

A few words about what to cook with. The pots must have a flat bottom, low and always have a lid. For hot drinks, a regular cone-shaped kettle is ideal.

Previously, when civilization had barely touched these places, and the aborigines had not yet completely drunk themselves, in the tundra you could often meet a smiling, flat-faced man who had gone to visit a neighbor a hundred kilometers away. The only equipment he had was an enamel kettle hung from his belt and a tiny bundle of firewood. He kept everything else in his pockets or just in his bosom. And distances were measured in the number of stops to drink tea. Before the neighbor it was “five times to drink tea and one circle of the sun.” (“One circle of the sun” - one day on a polar day.).

Now, unfortunately, the time is no longer the same. Local residents began to neglect national clothing and crafts. Mostly they settled in villages, where they are rapidly dying out from alcohol, idleness and an unhealthy lifestyle. The tundra has become alien to many... However, this is a completely different, rather complex ethnic and social issue, which has nothing to do with this story...

Let's return to our hearth.

So, the saucepan and kettle are filled with water (by the way, you can drink water everywhere in the tundra, without fear of contracting intestinal diseases) and let’s proceed directly to cooking. It's like some kind of meditation. You need to sit comfortably or lie down near the fire. Using a sharp knife, cut the fuel into tiny shavings and slip it under the bottom of the pot. Covering it from the wind with improvised material (a flat stone, or maybe own body), carefully ignite. After waiting for the flame to gain the required strength, we gradually open up the wind. Things got going. You can now feed the fire with larger fuel (the size of a pencil). The process of planing and adding “firewood” is continuous. We try to place the fire directly under the center and so that it is evenly distributed throughout the bottom. The flames should not burst out too much - with them, precious calories of heat fly into the atmosphere.

The pots must have tight lids; without them, the water may not boil - the side surfaces are too cool.

Sometimes you need to blow on the fire, or, conversely, reduce the draft by covering the back side of the hearth with a flat stone. At very strong wind A protective stone on the front wouldn't hurt. It all depends on the circumstances.

When the hearth has started working and has reached a sufficient temperature, then, if necessary, you can use raw dwarf birch branches. Due to the high content essential oils They don't burn well either.

After 30-40 minutes of such meditation, a hot lunch is ready. For a group of 5-6 people, 2-3 kilograms of firewood will be enough. Experienced campfire makers can significantly reduce the cooking time and the amount of fuel - in the tundra this is a creative process and depends on many variables: the quality of the hearth, the strength of the wind, the moisture content of the fuel, the shape of the dishes and, most importantly, the skill of the “hearth keeper.”

Once, before my eyes, an elderly Nenets boiled a kettle in a few minutes, using only a piece of board the size of a chocolate bar. Faster than at home on gas! As they say, you can’t drink mastery...

At one time, having wandered around the tundra enough, we learned to value and conserve fuel.

The useful skill of cooking on miniature fires can be useful in any latitude and will help save energy on preparing firewood and partly save the already pretty damaged nature. It wouldn’t hurt to practice boiling a mug of tea with minimal fuel and in urban conditions. This skill can always be needed...

Good luck, friends!

Sincerely,

Photographer, journalist and adventurer Victoria Sokolova wrote us an incredible story about how she was stuck in the middle of the tundra with local hunters, pulled a car out of a swamp, hunted moose, almost went crazy, but eventually became immersed in life in extreme conditions.

Once, when I flew to Chukotka in search of photo stories, my friend from Anadyr told me how in the village of Markovo poachers catch bears using absolutely sadistic traps: a piece of pipe is pierced on both sides with nails at an angle, and some kind of bait is placed in the center of the trap for bait. some treat. A bear, having found such a pipe in the forest, tries to reach the food with its paw, and nails stick into it. Then he puts his second paw into the trap, and it also gets stuck. So the animal turns out to be disarmed - you can approach it and shoot it point-blank, and then cut off the paws from the dead bear and sell it to the Chinese so that they can cook from these paws another means for a strong boner.

Having heard about such barbarity, I was very impressed and decided to quickly go to Markovo to film a hardcore film there. bloody history about how local hunters hunt moose and bears. Ideally, I hoped to find poachers and film how they brutally kill animals, breaking a bunch of laws.

Welcome to Markovo

In general, Markovo is such a Chukchi oasis, trees grow here, and the layer permafrost much less than anywhere else in the area. If you try, you can grow potatoes and other vegetables here, while in most Chukotka villages and cities this is simply impossible. Of course, in such a place there is a lot of wildlife: the population of moose and bears here is the largest in Chukotka. Bears often come to the village themselves and lie down almost in front of the hunters' houses - as if they were waiting to be shot. Here you can also find many wolverines, sables, foxes, deer and all sorts of squirrel-like animals. Transportation in the direction of Markovo is carried out by the DHC-6 aircraft, commonly known as “Dashka”. If you don’t have connections in Chukotka, then it’s impossible to simply buy a ticket for such a plane. At the same time, when I got on board, it turned out that half of the cabin was empty. However, I was not very surprised - I managed to get used to the fact that the transport system in Chukotka cannot be explained by any laws of logic. So, “Dashka” is a completely unique aircraft. Its interior is smaller than a minibus, and the pilots are literally in the same room as the passengers; neither a wall nor a door separates them. The entire process of controlling the aircraft happens right before your eyes. Taking off, the Dashka bounces on the runway several times before breaking away from it.

The only person in Markovo with whom I established contact even before arriving was a certain Nikolai, an acquaintance of a friend of mine, who, at his own price, offered me to rent a room from him for a thousand rubles per night (the average price of rented housing in the village is one and a half -two thousand per night). I agreed, especially since Nikolai was recommended to me as a first-class hunter - I could discuss my future photo history with him and ask for advice.

Having heard why I came, Nikolai very clearly explained to me that nothing would work out for me and it was better to return home: it was October, and moose hunting was still closed - they were now finishing their rut, that is, mating. To hunt bears, you need a license, and not everyone has one. Of course, many people go bear hunting without documents, but these people most likely will not take me with them, even if I promise that their faces will not be included in the frame. No one simply dares to trust me. In addition, the rivers are already starting to freeze, so it won’t be possible to swim to the hunting spot, and it’s too early to drive across the ice by car or snowmobile.

But I was not going to give up and the next day I began to go to all sorts of administrations and ask local residents, hoping to still find a guide. Unsuccessfully. In the evening, returning to my room, I began calling all my friends from different Chukotka cities and villages and asking if they had someone of their own in Markovo. And so the rule of five handshakes worked, although I didn’t even need five - four were enough. Half an hour later, Gena, a Chuvan hereditary hunter, called me. We met, discussed the details and decided the next day to go with him, his two brothers and a Siberian husky named Chingiz to their family hunting hut. It was an old house deep in the tundra, ninety kilometers from Markovo, and we were going to spend three days there. For some reason, nothing in this situation bothered me.

The road to the hut

In the morning the guys came for me in a giant Nissan Safari. While I was paying Nikolai for the room, he tried to ask me where and with whom I was going. I didn’t answer anything - I thought that he wanted to interfere with my photo story. And he kept repeating: “This is extremely dangerous now, I need to know where you are going in order to understand where to save you from later.” Only later did I realize that these were not empty words.

There are no roads as such in these places, only sometimes a track is more or less visible, so we drove very slowly. When we crossed a river that was not completely frozen, the ice began to creak under us, and cracks appeared from the wheels. Fortunately, we managed to reach land before the ice crust on the river finally broke. Then, after seven hours of horror on wheels, we got stuck in a swamp. Gena and his brothers tried for four hours to pull the SUV onto solid ground, but all attempts were in vain. Gena commanded everything, and the brothers silently obeyed him - they, it seems, were not at all used to expressing their opinions out loud. I couldn’t help them and just watched from the sidelines, gradually freezing.

When it had long since become dark around us, and the hope of getting out of the swamp had completely disappeared, we realized that we had neither water nor tea. Only sweets, which we ate all day and which we were terribly tired of. Gena said that he was tired and that we needed to continue on foot - there was food and sleeping bags in the hut, and there were only thirty-five kilometers left to walk to it, so “we’ll get there by morning.” Of course, during my travels in Chukotka, I got used to trusting guides, because I myself do not know the local laws of survival. But the idea of ​​walking thirty-five kilometers across the tundra at night reeked of idiocy. I asked my companions how reasonable this was, trying to somehow lead them to the idea that it was better to set off at dawn. But Gena and his brothers answered me that they have weapons, and in general they were born with guns in their hands, and they know the area like the back of their hands, so it’s the bears who should be afraid of us, and not vice versa. As for the distance, thirty-five kilometers is nonsense.

And so we went on foot through the most bearish terrain in all of Chukotka. We lit the road for ourselves with a flashlight on our iPhone, and we had with us one gun and a carbine with ten rounds of ammunition - in the event of a bear attack, we would only have enough of them to shoot ourselves in the head. When we had walked about a kilometer, I suddenly discovered that Gena absolutely did not know how to use a GPS navigator, and we were going deeper into the tundra, gradually losing both the car and the road to the hut. That is, most likely we will die. I had a backpack on my shoulders that weighed fifteen kilos, the area around was swampy, and there were hummocks everywhere ( pronounced with emphasis on the last syllable and means thirty-centimeter elevations of moss - editor's note). In addition, we did not see anything around, but the animals could clearly see us in the dark.

After another three kilometers, Gena’s brothers and I fell to the ground like dead and began to eat snow - we were unbearably thirsty. Gena himself continued to insist that it was necessary to walk another thirty-two kilometers. After much debate, we finally decided to return to the car and wait for dawn. But before falling asleep, we also had to take a crowbar and make a hole in the swamp in order to drink at least some water - we were still thirsty, and this swamp water at that moment seemed the most delicious in the world. And then we slept until the morning in the car, which was stuck at an angle of about forty degrees.

Well, at least we were alive.

Having woken up, we decided to pull out the car. For this we needed a tree. To get a car out of a swamp, two large logs are driven as deep as possible into the frozen ground and cables are tied to them. The second ends of these cables are attached to the rear wheels of the car, and then reverse gear is turned on - thus, the cables are wound around the wheels, and the SUV can be pulled out of the swamp. The problem is that almost no trees grow in the tundra, so we had to walk a couple more kilometers to find at least one.

Having finally got out of the swamp, we again drove towards the family hut of Gena and his brothers. Five times we got stuck in small rivers and new swamps, and every now and then we had to saw the ice around the car and drive the logs into the ground again. When it started to get dark, we got completely stuck on another huge bump. We tried to get out for three hours, but only got completely stuck. All this was already reminiscent of Groundhog Day. But I was sure that this time it wouldn’t even occur to anyone to go to the hut in the middle of the night. I was about to make a fire and go get river water, but then I noticed that the guys were packing their things for the road.
- Where are you going?
“Let’s go to the hut, only nine kilometers left,” Gena answered me.
- Didn’t yesterday’s experience teach you anything?! You've been saying all morning, "Thank God we're back in the car"!
- I don’t want to spend the night in the car again, I’m tired.
- This is an unreasonable risk, it’s scary and stupid, I’ll stay in the car.
- You can't stay in the car alone.
- I cant.

The argument continued, I methodically and calmly argued for waiting for dawn in the car, but Gene was completely blindsided. After about twenty minutes I realized that I would soon explode. Actually, I'm used to being polite to my subjects, it's part of being a journalist. But here a man wanted to risk my life just like that, without any need, and this infuriated me. I was ready to use the gun as an argument when the silent brothers intervened in the conversation: “Gen, maybe we can really wait until morning?” The majority opinion prevailed. In the morning we felt disgusting. It was the third day in the tundra, we packed our things and walked nine kilometers to the hut - it took us six hours to overcome them. After all these adventures, the hut in the taiga seemed like a five-star hotel to me. The car remained in the middle of the tundra, and it was completely unclear how we could get out now. I could only hope that the relatives of my guides would realize that the guys had been gone for a long time and would come to save us.

Search for game

There were some supplies in the hut, but it was clear that they would not last long. It was necessary to go hunting. For me, hunting an elk or a bear became not only the topic of a photo story, but also a necessity.

Chuvans are excellent hunters. By looking at the track of an elk, which they always call elk, they can determine its gender, weight and plans for the near future. Gena, his brothers and I began to examine the surrounding area in search of traces. It turned out that there was a moose nearby and it was a female with a cub. Most likely, she has already realized that we are here, and is going to cross the river with the elk calf to the island - there it will no longer be possible to overtake her. I didn’t like the idea of ​​​​killing a female moose and her cub at all, but my companions decided that they had to track her down at all costs, and it was useless to convince them: not even the law stopped them. The fact is that, as indigenous people, the Chuvans can hunt without a license, but only during hunting seasons. In addition, killing the offspring of animals is prohibited. We wandered through the taiga for three days, but, despite the hunting talent of my companions, nothing worked out. Moose are smart and very quiet animals. A male with giant horns can move through the forest absolutely silently and not touch a single twig. Or maybe just lie down in a dergomotnik ( tall dense bushes - editor's note), and you won't see or hear him. Unless you accidentally stumble right into the shelter.

On the fourth day of the fruitless search, Gena became so furious that he announced that he was going to slaughter and eat the elk calf raw right on the spot when he finally caught it. He had clearly stopped thinking rationally. My strength was also running low - I already doubted that I wanted to make material about hunting. I wanted the moose and her calf to cross the river safely, and for this I was ready to remain without photographs. On the fifth day, it turned out that around four in the morning the animals had finally left for the island. The guys were furious, and I breathed a sigh of relief.

Live like our ancestors

When you live in a taiga hut, it’s as if you are transported to old black and white films about the village. First thing in the morning you walk on the water (for some reason you can’t say “for water” here). Then you have breakfast and get ready to go hunting. You hunt until dusk, return and get down to household chores: sawing trees, chopping firewood, lighting the stove, preparing food and taking a tea break every two hours (there is a special verb for this - “tea tea”). The rest of the time you go crazy with boredom or play cards. Oh yes, and you almost never wash yourself.

The Chuvans have a lot of amazing signs. For example, when I entered the hut for the first time and wanted to lie down on the bunk, they told me: “Stop. Shall I say hello to the owner?” I thought it was a joke, but then from the faces of the guys I realized the seriousness of this remark. I had to say: “Hello, master.” One evening I was getting ready to wash the dishes and we ran out of water. I decided that I would go outside and wash the dishes with snow. All three companions jumped out after me: “What are you doing?!” The snowstorm will start, they won’t get us out of here!” And one day, for some reason, the guys decided that it was necessary for it to snow, and they went to “make” snowfall: they took it outside bear skin and shook it for a long time. The most interesting thing is that the next day it really snowed.

At some point, I suddenly realized that I was in the taiga with three unfamiliar men, and if something happened, no one would ever hear or find me. But I know a lot of stories about how people disappeared in the tundra or taiga. In addition, as it turned out, one of my Chuvans was already in prison for some kind of fight, and now he was wanted for theft. I was very scared for some time. But gradually I got used to the guys - despite their robber appearance and manners, they turned out to be very gentle people in character and treated me like a younger sister. They even built me ​​a shower after a week of staying in the hut. It turned out that in the entire history of the existence of this house, I am the second woman who ended up in it. The first was their mother.

A person can survive in any conditions, even in the harsh tundra. An equipped traveler can spend the winter in the north; it is more difficult for those who find themselves in extreme conditions unexpectedly, for example, after a plane crash. But even without special training it is possible to survive in the tundra.

You will need

• - knife;
• - matches;
• - warm clothes and shoes;
• - parachute;
• - ropes;
• - skis;
• - compass;
• - a flask for water.

Instructions

If your plane crashed in tundra, stay near the wreckage. Build a shelter from parts of the fuselage that will protect you from the wind. If you decide to look locality To report a disaster, take with you everything you need: a supply of clothing, parachutes, fresh water, a knife, matches.

Select the direction of travel. Siberian rivers flow north, and people live mainly in the south, so go against the flow. In winter, use the stars to guide you; the north will be shown to you by the North Star, or make a compass from a magnetized needle.

Walk in winter in boots made from parachute lines to avoid falling into the snow when walking. Do not go out on river ice in spring and autumn, walk along the shore. In summer, use a pole to check the soil for instability: the soil of the tundra is swampy.

Change clothes regularly to dry ones, and dry wet ones if possible. The jacket and trousers should protect from wind and cold; wear clothes underneath that keep you warm, and underwear that absorbs moisture. Preventing colds will help you survive tundra.

In the summer, take fresh water from ponds and rivers, but be sure to boil it. Use an empty tin can as a container. In winter, melt ice or lumps of snow. To save fuel, place a piece of ice on a dark tarpaulin and wait for the sun to melt it, then collect the water in a prepared container.

Set up a shelter at night or find shelter among the rocks. Stick sticks into the ground or snow and pull the parachute canopy on top. Don’t make the hut big, because you have to warm up in it with the help of your breath and body heat. Build a bed from branches and moss. In winter, make a more reliable and stable shelter from snow blocks and ice; you will need a knife to make the parts. In the summer, if you don’t have a parachute, build a canopy with a wall that will protect you from the wind.

Light a fire in a place protected from the wind. To do this, cover the fireplace with stones or dig a hole in the snow. If the fire will be lit in an ice hut, make a hole in the top of the roof to allow the smoke to escape. Light the fire with dry branches and moss. If you are lucky enough to come across coal seams, stock up on them and use them to keep the fire going.

In the famous song, the tundra was glorified as an endless snowy wasteland on which people travel on reindeer. However, the nature of the tundra is incredibly diverse, its views are simply stunning, and with the help of watercolors you can convey its unique beauty.

You will need

• A sheet of paper, a simple pencil, watercolor paints, brushes.

Instructions

Consider the landscapes of the tundra - they can be incredibly diverse. Mountain tundras have a different name alpine meadows. Arctic tundra very poor in vegetation - there are not even shrubs, only mosses and lichens. In the middle (typical) tundra, mosses mainly grow, but dwarf birches and creeping willows also appear. The most common animals in the tundra are reindeer, foxes, wolves, and bighorn sheep. In addition, there are many bodies of water in the tundra.

After studying the features of the tundra, come up with a landscape that you would like to depict. For example, it could be the autumn tundra - an incredibly colorful picture. First, sketch out the horizon line - depict the mountainous terrain in the background. Use a few strokes to outline the mountains. Now you can either draw the landscape with a simple pencil or immediately work with paints. It is very convenient to depict the tundra in watercolors. Use light blue watercolor to paint the sky using a brush. more water. Leave white areas - clouds.

Load a thin brush with dark gray paint and use it to mark the lines of the mountains. Paint the rest of the mountains pale gray. Then begin to paint over the flowers and yellowed leaves of the bushes with bright colored spots. Paint the moss and grass green. Use dark paint to mark the lines of the cobblestones.

Another beautiful tundra landscape is a meadow with reindeer grazing on it. Paint the meadow with bright spots - there is greenery, blood-red flowers, yellowed grass, and gray lichens. Conditionally divide the meadow into two parts - upper and lower. Wash the top one a little with water. When the background has dried, draw a deer - with a powerful croup and large, thick branched antlers. Tail reindeer white, just like the throat area. Body and legs - much more powerful than normal forest deer. Deer can also be depicted on a white, snowy background, which is traditionally represented by the word “tundra.”

Related article