What is the largest river in the Altai Territory. Altai rivers. Rivers in the Altai Territory

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Rivers and lakes of the Altai Territory Primary school teacher: Maslova Natalya Alexandrovna Belokurikha, Altai Territory

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There are more than 20,000 rivers in the Altai Territory, most of which belong to the Ob system. Many rivers start high in the mountains and have a rapid current. When leaving the mountains, the rivers become more and more calm. Most of the region's rivers are characterized by mixed nutrition, due to snow, ice and rain. In winter, the rivers are fed only by groundwater.

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The Biya Biya River is the second largest river in the region. It starts in Teletskoye Lake. Its length is 280 kilometers. In the upper part of the river - rapids, waterfalls, rifts. Merging with the Katun, the Biya gives rise to the Ob. The name Bii is associated with the Altaic word "biy", "beg", "bii" - "master". The food of the river is mixed. AT big water Biya is navigable.

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The Katun River flows out of the Gebler Glacier at an altitude of about 2000 meters on the southern slope of the high mountain Altai - Belukha. In the upper and middle reaches, the river has a mountainous character, especially in summer time when snow and glaciers melt intensively. In the lower reaches, it acquires a flat character, spilling below the village. Maima into channels and channels, and flows along the sloping plain to the north to the confluence with the Biya. Almost 7,000 rivers and streams flow into the Katun.

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The water in the Katun is turquoise and whitish-yellow. The water in the Katun is cold, its temperature rarely rises above 15 C in summer. The river is fed mainly by melting snow and ice from glaciers. The length of the river is 665 kilometers, in its basin there are about 7000 waterfalls and rapids.

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The confluence of the rivers Biya and Katun The confluence of the Biya and Katun is one of the main attractions of the Smolensk region. Two streams of rivers meet each other at the spit of Ikonnikov Island, not far from the village of Verkh-Obsky. Muddy whitish water of the Katun and transparent bluish water of the Biya flow for a long time without mixing with each other. The confluence of the Biya (“Biy”) and Katun (“Khatyn”) rivers has long been considered sacred by local ethnic groups. At the confluence of the Biya and Katun on the right bank of the Ob, at the beginning of the century, the temple of Alexander Nevsky was built. Ikonnikov Island itself is unique object nature with fairly well-preserved island landscapes.

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The Ob River The main river of the Altai Territory is the Ob, formed from the confluence of two rivers - the Biya and the Katun. At a distance of 500 km, the wide ribbon of the Ob crosses the Altai Territory, forming two giant bends. In terms of its length (3680 km), it is second only to the Lena (4264 km) and Amur (4354 km) in Russia, and in terms of the area of ​​​​the Ob basin, it is the largest river in our country, second only to five rivers on the planet: the Amazon, the Congo, the Mississippi, the Nile and La Plata. The food of the river is mixed. The Ob reservoir is located in the north of the region.

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The Aley Aley River is the largest tributary of the Ob in the flat part of the region. In length (755 km), it surpasses the Katun and Biya, but is inferior to them in terms of high water content. Aley originates in the low mountains of the northwestern Altai. This is a river with a mixed type of nutrition (snow and rain), the spring flood reaches its maximum in April. Loop-shaped large bends are characteristic of Aley, in the lower reaches the river has wide clay soil.

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The Chumysh River Chumysh is the right tributary of the Ob. The river originates in Salair, from the confluence of two rivers: Tom-Chumysh and Kara-Chumysh. Although the river is twice as long as the Biya (644 km), the Chumysh is a relatively shallow river. In many places its valley is marshy and covered with mixed forest. The share of snow supply is more than half of the runoff per year, and the maximum flood in Chumysh is in April.

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Cascade of waterfalls on the river Shinok Altai Territory, Soloneshensky district. There is a cascade of waterfalls on the Shinok River in the middle part of the valley. The Shinok River is an amazing and unique monument of nature, the uniqueness of which lies in the unprecedented accumulation of waterfalls. The waterfalls of the Shinok River became known at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, but gained popularity a century later. In 1999, the state nature reserve"Cascade of waterfalls on the Shinok River", and in 2000 three waterfalls received the status of natural monuments

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The Shinok River, whose name in Turkic means “impregnable”, “precipitous”, mostly flows in a picturesque gorge, which is surrounded by a rich cedar forest growing on the slopes of the mountains, which gives amazing view river valley. The Shinok River, a tributary of the Anui, originates on a swampy plateau southwest of Mount Askata (1786 m) on the border of the Soloneshensky district of the Altai Territory and the Ust-Kansky district of the Altai Republic. The valley of the Shinok River is deeply incised and has steep, often rocky slopes. Its length from the confluence of its two sources to the mouth is about 30 km, the height difference is 850 m. Most of the Shinok is a rocky channel with a rapid current, there are at least 12 waterfalls on the Shinok River.

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The Belaya River The Belaya River is the left tributary of the Charysh and flows through the southern territory of the Altai Territory. The Belaya River is up to 85 m wide and up to 2 m deep. The river is very picturesque and is distinguished by its unusual purity. It flows rapidly in a beautiful valley squeezed by high mountains. The Belaya River attracts tourists not only with its beauty, but also with the ability to raft along it.

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The Kumir River The Kumir River is one of the left tributaries of the Charysh. Located in the Charyshsky district of the Altai Territory. The river is not big, but it has a violent character, which makes it attractive for rafting enthusiasts. For 40 km the river Kumir flows in a deep gorge. There are about 17 rapids and 20 shivers in this section. This beautiful river full of thresholds of 2-3 categories of difficulty.

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On the river Kumir, there is a surprisingly picturesque place "Maiden's stretches", which is located near the village of Ust-Kumir. This place among the fast-moving river is unexpectedly quiet, calm with water transparent to the bottom. The Kumir basin is rich in minerals. There is a rare and very beautiful white jasper here, there are also deposits of rock crystal. The river is very picturesque, rafting along it, you can really get an unforgettable experience not only from its frantic nature and all kinds of obstacles encountered on the way, but also from the magnificent landscapes of the coastal areas. Nature here strikes with its pristine purity and beauty.

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The Korgon River Korgon is the left tributary of the Charysh. It originates on the northern slope of the Korgon Range. Throughout the course of the Korgon River is fast, rapids, in some places the river forms cascades. This is one of the most picturesque rivers throughout Altai, it has a length of 50 km. The river flows in a shallow gorge, the riverbed is very rocky and rapids. And just before it flows into the Charysh, its valley expands. In total, there are 25 rapids and 40 shivers on Korgon.

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The river has tributaries Antonov Korgon, Korgonchik, etc. There are several apiaries in the valley. Korgon - can be called one of the most interesting for sports alloy rivers Gorny Altai containing numerous obstacles of 3-5 difficulty categories. Korgon, together with the Kumir and Charysh rivers, form the link Kumir - Charysh - Korgon - Charysh, which is the only route in Altai of the 5th category of complexity. Unpredictability and diversity business card this river.

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Charysh River The Charysh River is one of the largest rivers in Gorny Altai; its length is 547 km. The river flows down from the northern slopes of the Korgon Range; in upstream rushes between steep slopes, like a typical mountain river, on average it calms down a little, in the lower one it goes out into the plain in a wide channel. Everywhere, except for the lower reaches, there are rapids and rifts. All major tributaries come from the left side: Kumir (66 km), Korgon (43 km), Inya (110 km), Belaya (157 km). If Charysh itself is called a turbulent river, then "mad" people speak of its left tributaries. They have a large drop, in significant areas flow between rocky shores.

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A significant part of the Charysh basin is occupied by forests. On the slopes of the Korgon Range, spruce and fir predominate; above, a zone of alpine meadows begins with low, but bright forbs. Maral root grows almost everywhere. The large-flowered slipper, Altai gymnosperm and others listed in the Red Book of Russia have survived in the Charysh region. There are a lot of fish in the Charysh River: grayling and royal taimen are the dream of every fisherman; there are pike, perch, burbot. The mountain slopes in the Charysh basin are replete with caves, which makes it possible to go through speleological routes here. Those who are interested in archeology and the history of ancient times visit the caves in the vicinity of the village of Ust-Kan and the banks of the river in the middle reaches, where the sites of ancient people were found. Charysh and its tributaries are known among rafting enthusiasts.

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The Sandy River The Sandy River flows through the Altai, Smolensk, and Solonesh regions of the Altai Territory. The Peschanaya pool covers an area of ​​5660 sq. km. It is bounded from the west by the Anuysky ridge, from the east by the Cherginsky, and from the south by the spurs of the Terektinsky and Seminsky ridges. The Peschanaya River belongs to the Ob basin. The Peschanaya River descends from the eastern slope of the Seminsky Range, from a height of 1600 m, to the Pre-Altai Plain, where it flows into the Ob. More precisely, it does not descend, but quickly runs down from the mountains, overcoming obstacles in the form of shivers and rapids, branching into channels and connecting into a single channel.

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The path of the river is 276 km long. The Sandy River is beautiful and very diverse. Rushing water washes either heaps of stones, or sandbars, or sheer booms, or steep screes. The river is a popular destination for water tourists. The river is also of great interest to anglers. These places are very popular among lovers of fishing, even special fishing tours are organized. The mouth of Peschanaya has the status of a natural monument as an extremely picturesque area. This place is unique in that there are many floodplain lakes and bays, on the banks of which waterfowl nest.

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Lakes of the Altai Territory Altai is the land of thousands of lakes. Picturesque Altai lakes. There are thousands of them in the region, and they are located throughout the territory. Most of the lakes are located in the Kulunda lowland and on the Priobsky plateau. No wonder Altai is called the land of blue lakes. Small mountain and steppe lakes give natural landscapes unique charm and uniqueness. Most big lake in the Altai Territory, the bitter-salty lake Kulundinskoye (area 600 sq. km, length - 35 and width 25 km). It is shallow, maximum depth- 4 m), fed by the waters of the Kulunda River and groundwater. To the south of Kulundinsky is the second largest lake - Kuchukskoe (area 180 sq. Km). It is completely similar in regime and nutrition to Kulunda and used to be connected to it by a canal.

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Kulunda Lake The Kulunda Lakes are all remnants of an ancient sea that existed many millions of years ago in the place of the present plains. Many of these lakes have long been famous for their mineral waters, possessing healing properties, as well as healing clays and dirt. The largest lake in the region is Kulunda. Its shores are flat, low-lying, merging with the flat surface of Kulunda. Kulunda Lake is shallow, fed by the waters of the Kulunda River and groundwater.

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Lake Kolyvanskoye Lake is located at the foot of the northern slope of the Kolyvan Range, 3 km east of the village. Savvushka in the vicinity of Zmeinogorsk, Altai Territory. Kolyvan Lake is a complex natural monument. This is one of the largest lakes in the southwestern part of the Altai Territory (length 4 km, width 2-3 km). But that's not what it's famous for. The shores of this beautiful, calm and very clean lake they frame rocks of bizarre outlines, to which the human imagination gives the forms of columns, palaces, fantastic animals, human faces.

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Kolyvan Lake is compared to a blue gem in a frame of picturesque rocks. The purity of the water in Lake Kolyvan is evidenced by the fact that there is a rare water chestnut - chilim, listed in the Red Book. This is a relic plant, preserved from the pre-glacial period. On the territory of Altai, chilim is also found in Lake Manzherok and in several small lakes. Chilim is rich in protein and starch. In the old days it was eaten, it also served as amulets and talismans.

The Masha River, 94 kilometers from the mouth, flows along the bank on the left side into the Chuya River. The river begins at the slope of the Maashey-Bash mountains, at the source of the river there is a glacier with the same name.

According to the statistics of the State Water Register of Russia, the Masha River is part of the Upper Ob Basin District. It is a water management section of the Katun River and a river sub-basin of the Biya and Katun Rivers. And also it was the river basin of the Upper Ob River, before it flowed into the Irtysh River.

The river extols a very picturesque and fresh view Altai mountains. The water in it is clean and transparent, and the banks are bordered by small shrubs.

Black Iyus River

Black Iyus is a mountain river located in the north of Khakassia. It flows through the territories of Ordzhonikidzevsky and Shirinsky districts. The river merges with the White Iyus, forming the Chulym River, the right tributary of the Ob.

Inzhul is the left tributary of the Black Iyus.

The length of the river is 178 kilometers, the spillway area is 4,290 square kilometers. Its source is a karst lake, which is located in the eastern part of the White Golets mountain. Kuznetsk Alatau. The mouth is the Chulym River. The source has a height of 1340 meters, the mouth - about 380 meters.

The basin is waterlogged by 5%, forest cover occupies 75% of the territory. AT annual course water regime spring flood, summer-autumn and winter low water can be distinguished. Rain pickups repeatedly break off the summer-autumn low water period. The total runoff of the summer-autumn period is 80-85%. In winter, icing appears with the release of water onto the ice.

The water of the river has a hydrocarbonate chemical composition. For a year, its consumption averages 43.1 meters per second.

Chemal River

The length of the Chemal River reaches 54 kilometers. Covers a decent part of the Altai Territory. Settlements there are many on the way of Chemal. The largest village has exactly the same name as the river. There it connects with the small river Kuba, from where, after seven kilometers, they flow into the Katun.

By the way, the very name "Chemal" is translated from Altai as "anthill". This name appeared because of the goats and sheep that grazed in this area more than a hundred years ago. From above, they looked like ants swarming in the grass.

In some places, Chemal is quiet and calm, pleasing to the eye with its calm, in others it seethes and foams. In an area where there is a strong flow in 1935, the Chemal hydroelectric power station was built.

In addition, the Chemalsky district is famous for the purity of its air. Therefore, along the banks of the river there are a huge number of tourist bases and campsites. There are even two sanatoriums: one just for children, and the second for children with tuberculosis.

The rivers of the Altai Territory mainly belong to the Ob system. In the west and north-west of the region there is an area of ​​internal flow - the drainless basin of the Kulunda lowland.

The Altai Territory is crossed in its upper reaches by the Ob River. At a distance of 500 km, its wide ribbon forms two gigantic bends. Ob and its tributaries Chumysh, Alley, Big River, Barnaulka and others have a calm flow, wide developed valleys, in which lie strongly winding riverbeds, with well-defined sandy stretches.

The river network in the Altai mountains, with the exception of the southeast, is well developed. Rivers start from glaciers and numerous lakes. Some flat watersheds have swamps that give rise to rivers ( Bashkaus- Chulyshman tributary). Mountain rivers flow in narrow valleys, sometimes in dark, gloomy gorges. Along the rocky channel, strewn with boulders and pebbles, the water rushes down during a big fall, meets solid crystalline ledges, thresholds on the way, breaks against them, turning into white bubbling foam. The noise of the rapids is replaced by the roar of waterfalls, which are many in the Altai highlands.

The picture of roaring water falling in ledges from a height of tens of meters is amazing. The highest and beautiful waterfalls located on the slopes of the Belukha massif. On the northern slope Tekel(the right tributary of the Akkem) there is a waterfall 60 m high; on the Tigirek (left tributary of the Kucherla) - a 40 m waterfall. On the southern slope of the Belukha, in the upper reaches of the Katun, on its right tributary, there is Rossypnaya waterfall 30 m high. There are dozens of waterfalls on the rivers flowing into Lake Teletskoye. well known Korbu waterfall, its powerful stream falls from a 12-meter height.

The rivers of the Altai Territory have a mixed supply: rain, snow, glacier and soil.

Near the rivers of the Kulunda lowland, snow feeding prevails. They are characterized by spring floods. In summer, there is very little precipitation, the rivers become very shallow, in many places they dry up. By the end of summer, there is almost no water left in the upper reaches of the Kuchuk River; the channel represents chains of small elongated lakes.

Ob- a flat river, but its sources and main tributaries are in the mountains, therefore, in the feeding and regime of the Ob, there are signs of flat and mountain rivers. The Ob has two maximum water rises - in spring and summer. The spring rise of water comes from the melting of snow, the summer - from the melting of glaciers. Most low level water in the Ob in winter.

Low water in winter is typical for most rivers of the region. Rivers freeze for a long time. Freezing on the Ob and the rivers of the plains begins in the second half of November; by the end of April they are freed from ice.

Mountain rivers belong to the Altai type, which has special treatment and food. First of all, they are rich in water, as they have power sources that continuously replenish their water reserves from atmospheric precipitation, from the melting of glaciers and the influx of groundwater.

Snow in the mountains melts for several months, from April to June. The second feature of snow melting is that first the snow melts in the north of the Altai Mountains in the low mountains, and then in the middle mountains and finally in the southern high mountains. In June, snowfields and glaciers begin to melt. Sunny clear days alternate with rainy ones. There are years with long summer rains. Often, precipitation falls in the form of showers, and the water level in the rivers rises rapidly and strongly. The rivers of the highlands are fed by snow and glaciers, and therefore they are characterized by a summer, namely, June rise in water. There are autumn floods. Drains in four or five months most of annual water rate.

The rivers of the middle and low mountains have two high level water: in spring and summer - high water in late May and early June; in summer and autumn - floods from melting glaciers and autumn rains. In autumn and winter - low water. Mountain rivers freeze later than flat ones. Water does not freeze on the rapids, and ice forms through open rapids. Often the rivers freeze to the bottom, ice plugs appear that the water cannot break through, it comes to the surface, and the ice floods the valleys. In some mountain rivers, the process of ice formation occurs simultaneously on the surface and along the bottom of the channel. Surface and bottom ice, when combined, create a barrier to water. She finds a way out through the surface ice and ice forms again. The ice cover lasts up to 7 months.

Belukha is not only a glacial knot, but also the most important feeding center for large and small rivers flowing from Belukha in different directions. The Belukha glaciers are very active in this regard, because they end low, which means they melt strongly and at the same time receive a lot of precipitation. According to the available hydrometric data, the first place in terms of water content belongs to the river Iedygem, the second and third place belongs to the Katun and Berel, then Ak-kem and Myushtu-airy. The total flow of glacial waters, which gives Belukha, is estimated at approximately 400 million cubic meters. m. per year. All this mass of water is taken at an altitude of about 2000 m and, therefore, has a huge potential reserve of power.

The Ak-kem River flows out of the Ak-kem glacier and is a turbulent foamy stream. There are two lakes on the Ak-kem River: Upper and Lower, which are of glacial origin. The largest of them is Lower Akkemskoye Lake, 1350 m long and 610 m wide, has a surface area of ​​1 sq. km and a depth of 15 m. It lies at an altitude of 2050 m and is formed by one of the young moraines. The upper Ak-Kem lake, which is small in size, is located near the tongue of the Ak-Kem glacier and was formed by the youngest Late Holocene ...

The Alambay River is the right tributary of the Chumysh, flows into it near the city of Zarinsk. Starts 2.5 km to southeast from railway station Alambay (Zarinsky district of the Altai Territory). Length 140 km, basin area 1960 sq. km. Main tributaries: Ingara (right, 28 km long), Lesnoy Alambay (right, 68 km long), Khmelevka (right, 28 km long), Borovlyanka (left, 21 km long). Top part the basin is located on the dissected low mountains of the Salair ridge, the lower one is on the gently sloping Predsalairskaya ...

The Alei River is the left tributary of the river. Obi. It flows into it near the village of Ust-Aleyka, Kalmansky district, Altai Territory. The source of the East Aley River is taken as the beginning of the river. The length of the Aley is 866 km, the catchment area is 21,100 sq. km. The main tributaries are: Goltsovka, Kamenka, Zolotukha, Kizikha, Transverse, Klepechikha, Yazevka, Gorevka, Chistyunka. In the middle reaches, the floodplain is crossed by large longitudinal channels: Sklyuikha (62 km long), Bashmachikha (15 km), Babylon (40 km). On the left bank are the cities...

The Barnaulka River is a left tributary of the river. Ob and flows into it near the city of Barnaul. It flows out of Lake Mirror in the Shipunovsky district of the Altai Territory. Length 207 km, catchment area 5720 sq. km. Basically, all tributaries flow into it from the left: Voronikha, Rozhnya, Kolyvan, Panshikha, Shtabka, Vlasikha. The catchment is completely located on the Priobsky plateau. It stretches in a narrow strip (20-27 km) from the southwest to the northeast for 240 km. The modern valley is located in the hollow of the ancient runoff. AT...

Biya Biy (river), Biysk (city) - "Biy is the lord." The Biya is the second most powerful (after the Katun) river of the Altai Republic. It receives the bulk of its water from Lake Teletskoye; the average annual water consumption at the outlet is 221 cubic meters. m per second. For the first 100 km, the average drop is about 1.6 m per kilometer. The speed of the current is 7-9 km per hour, depending on the water level in Lake Teletskoye. In the upper reaches of the Biya, it passes through the territory of the Republic of Altai in a northerly direction among low ridges. For s. Lake-Kureyevo...

Bolshaya Rechka, river, right tributary of the Ob. It originates 12 km from the village of Gornovoe, Troitsky district, Altai Territory. The length is 258 km, the catchment area is 4000 sq. km. There are 294 lakes in the catchment area with a total surface area of ​​28.9 sq. km. Main tributaries: Eltsovka (left, 23 km long), Belaya (left, 61 km long), Borovlyanka (left, 45 km long), Listvyanka (right, 25 km long), Kamyshenka (left, 76 km long). The upper and middle parts of the basin are located on the ridges of the Biysko-Chumysh Upland with dense...

The Burla River is located in the closed region of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve. The river originates 8 km northeast of the village of Dolganki, Krutikhinsky district. In high-water years, it flows into the endorheic bitter-salty Lake Bolshoy Adzhbulat on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and in medium and low-water years it flows into Bolshoye Topolnoye Lake, Burlinsky District, Altai Territory. The length of the river is 489 km, the basin area is 12800 sq. km. Main tributaries: Panshikha (left, length 22 km), Kurya (Aksenikha, left, length ...

The Kasmala River, the left tributary of the Ob, originates in a swampy watershed south of the Podstepnoe of the Rebrikhinsky district of the Altai Territory. It flows into the Ob-Tikhaya channel in the Pavlovsky district of the Altai Territory. The length of the river is 119 km, the catchment area is 2550 sq. km. It receives a number of tributaries: Kalmanka, Rebrikha, Barsuchikha, Torbachikha, Borovlyanka, Rogozikha, Funtovka, Chernopyatovka. The catchment area is flat, on the Priobsky plateau. Bolina is located in the hollow of the ancient runoff, in the Kasmalinsky ribbon forest. Floodplain...

Among the numerous rivers of Altai, the Katun is the largest and longest. It originates from the glaciers of Mount Belukha and extends beyond the Altai Mountains in the northwest. Merging with the second most full-flowing river of Altai, the Biya, the Katun gives rise to one of the largest Siberian rivers, the Ob. The length of the Katun is 688 km. Depending on the slope and nature of the channel, the river either rumbles between stones and boulders, or calmly flows along the flattened sections of the bottom, overgrown on low islands with willow bushes and ...

The Kulunda River is located in the closed region of the Ob-Irtysh interfluve. It flows out of a small swamp 2 km north of the village of Ust-Mosikha, Rebrikhinsky district, Altai Territory. It flows into Lake Kulundinskoye with two branches. The length of the river is 412 km, the basin area is 12400 sq. km. The largest tributaries: Ermachikha (left, 37 km long), Solonovka (right, 37 km long), Cheremshanka (right, 56 km long), Proslaukha (right, 78 km long), Chuman (right, 88 km long). The catchment area is flat...

The Kucherla River, which flows into the Katun, is formed as a result of the confluence of three equal river flows of sources: Koni-Aira, Ioldo-Aira and Myushtu-Aira. The common valley of Kucherla turns out to be deeper than the valleys of each of the three equal sources. These rivers have large beautiful waterfalls. At the confluence with Kucherlinskoye Lake, the Kucherla River already looks like a turbulent river, which is not so easy to cross. There are 43 lakes in the Kucherla valley, most of which are concentrated in the upper reaches of the valleys...

The Kuchuk River originates 10 km south of the village. Voznesenka, Rodinsky district, Altai Territory, flows into Lake Kuchukskoe. Length 121 km, catchment area 1020 sq. km. In the upper reaches, small temporary streams flow into it. The catchment area is located on the Priobsky plateau and the Kulunda lowland. The valley is expressed throughout, the floodplain is only in some areas. The channel is blocked by earthen dams, in the areas between the ponds it is dry, the water is only in pits or reaches. The constant flow of the river ...

The Ob River is one of the largest rivers in the world. It is formed from the confluence of the Biya (length 301 km) and Katun (length 688 km) on the territory of the Altai Territory, 22 km below the city of Biysk, near the village of Sorokino (right bank) and the village of Verkhne-Obsky (left bank). The Ob flows into the Gulf of Ob of the Kara Sea at Cape Yam-Sale. The length of the river is 3650 km, the basin area is 2990000 sq. km, within the Altai region (Altai Territory) its length is 493 km, the basin area is 209,500 sq. km. The main tributaries of the Upper Ob (from...

The Sungai River is the right tributary of the Chumysh, flows into it above the village of Zarechny, Kytmanovsky District, Altai Territory. In the lower reaches it is called Kolbikha. It originates 2 km southwest of the Tyagun railway station. Length 103 km, catchment area 1480 sq. km. Main tributaries: Mishikha (right, 28 km long), Potaskuy (left, 33 km long), Mostovaya (right, 45 km long). The upper part of the basin is located on the Salair Ridge, occupied by taiga. The lower part is located on a ridged patch, mostly plowed.

The Uksunai River is the right tributary of the Chumysh, flows into it at the village. Buranovo, Togulsky district, Altai Territory. It originates on the southwestern slope of the Salair Ridge. The length is 165 km, the catchment area is 2600 sq. km. Main tributaries: Kamenushka (left, 43 km long), Togul (right, 110 km long). The catchment area is formed on the slopes of the Salair and the Predsalair Plain. In the upper part it is forested (fir, aspen, birch), in the lower part it is almost treeless, heavily plowed. The valley is well defined throughout...

The Chemrovka River is a right tributary of the river. Ob and flows into it below the village of Fominskoye of the Zonal region of the Altai Territory. It is formed from the confluence of two rivers - the left and right Marushka - near the village. Marushka of the Tselinny district of the Altai Territory. The length of the river is 123 km, the basin area is 2830 sq. km. Main tributaries: Dry Chemrovka (left, 60 km long), Shubenka (right, 68 km long), Utkul (right, 55 km long). The catchment area of ​​the upper part of the basin is located in the south of the Biysko-Chumysh Upland with gentle hills and dense...

The Chumysh River is a right tributary of the Ob River, flows into the latter 88 km below the city of Barnaul. Chumysh is formed from the confluence of the Kara-Chumysh and Tom-Chumysh rivers in the Kemerovo region. The length of the river is 644 km, the catchment area is 23,900 sq. km. Main tributaries: Kara-Chumysh (left, length 173 km), Tom-Chumysh (right, length 110 km), Sary-Chumysh (left, length 98 km), Angurep (left, length 48 km), Yama (left, length 67 km), Uksunai (right, length 165 km), Taraba (left, length 70 km), Sungai (right, length...

Chuya (river), Chui squirrels, Chui steppe, Chui tract - "Water, river". Chuya is of interest to water tourists from the mouth of the Mazhoy River, where the Mazhoy cascade of rapids of 5-6 difficulty category begins, one of the most interesting and technically difficult for rafting. Mazhoysky cascade is the most popular among tourists due to the convenience of access roads. Downstream there are also several interesting rapids, on one of them - "Behemoth" - annual water tourism competitions are held ...

Rivers of the Altai Territory

Ob
The main river of the Altai Territory is Ob formed from the confluence of two rivers - Bii and Katun. At a distance of 500 kilometers, the wide ribbon of the Ob crosses the Altai Territory, forming two giant bends. In terms of its length (3680 km), it is second only to the Lena (4264 km) and the Amur (4354 km) in Russia, and in terms of the area of ​​the Ob basin it is the largest river in our country, second only to five rivers on the planet: the Amazon, the Congo, the Mississippi, the Nile and La Plata.

Ob and its tributaries Chumysh, Anui, Aley, big river, Barnaulka and others have a calm current, wide developed valleys, in which strongly winding channels with sandy stretches adjoin.

Barnaulka River - a tributary of the Ob River

The bottom of the Ob is sandy for a large extent. Sometimes rocky rifts and shoals come across, especially a lot of them in the section of the river between Biysk and Barnaul. During floods, the water level in the Ob is high, water floods the right low bank for several kilometers.

Name great river The Ob owes its origin not to the peoples who have lived on its shores for centuries. The Nenets living in the lower reaches of the river called it "Salya-yam", which means "cape river". Khanty and Mansi gave her the name "As" - " big river”, the Selkups called the river “Kvai”, “Eme”, “Kuai”. All these names had the meaning of "large river". The Russians first saw the river in its lower reaches, when, together with the Zyryan guides, they went beyond the Stone (as they called then Ural mountains) hunters and merchants. Long before Ermak conquered Siberia, the region around the Ob was called Obdorsky.

There is a version that the name of the great Siberian river comes from the Komi language, which means “snow”, “snowdrift”, “place near the snow”.

There is also an assumption that the name is associated with the Iranian word "ob" - "water". And such a name deep river could well give the peoples of the Iranian-speaking group living in the south Western Siberia from the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Ages.

Biya

The Biya is the second largest river in Altai. It originates in Lake Teletskoye. Its length is 280 kilometers. In the upper part of the river - rapids, waterfalls, rifts. Merging with the Katun, Biya gives birth to the Ob.

The name Biy is associated with the Altaic word "biy", "beg", "bii" - "master".

Katun

The Katun flows out of the Gebler Glacier at an altitude of about 2000 meters on the southern slope of the highest mountain in Altai - Belukha. In the upper and middle reaches, the river has a mountainous character, especially in summer, when snow and glaciers melt intensively. In the lower reaches, it acquires a flat character, spilling below the village. Maima into channels and channels, and flows along the sloping plain to the north to the confluence with the Biya.

The water in the Katun is cold, its temperature rarely rises above 15 C in summer. The river is fed mainly by melting snow and ice from glaciers. The length of the river is 665 kilometers, in its basin there are about 7,000 waterfalls and rapids.

Alley

The Aley is the largest tributary of the Ob in the flat part of the region. In length (755 km), it surpasses the Katun and Biya, but is inferior to them in terms of high water content. Aley originates in the low mountains of the northwestern Altai. This is a river with a mixed type of nutrition (snow and rain), the spring flood reaches its maximum in April. Loop-shaped large bends are characteristic of Aley, in the lower reaches the river has wide clay soil.

Chumysh

Chumysh is the right tributary of the Ob. The river originates in Salair, from the confluence of two rivers: Tom-Chumysh and Kara-Chumysh. Although the river is twice as long as the Biya (644 km), the Chumysh is a relatively shallow river. In many places its valley is swampy and covered with mixed forest. The share of snow supply is more than half of the runoff per year, and the maximum flood in Chumysh is in April.

Lakes of Altai

Picturesque Altai lakes. There are thousands of them in the region, and they are located throughout the territory.

Most of the lakes are located in the Kulunda lowland and on the Priobsky plateau. No wonder Altai is called the land of blue lakes. Small mountain and steppe lakes give natural landscapes a peculiar charm and originality.

The largest lake in the Altai Territory is a bitter-salty lake Kulunda(area 600 sq. km, length - 35 and width 25 km). It is shallow (maximum depth is 4 m), fed by the waters of the Kulunda River and groundwater. To the south of Kulundinsky is the second largest lake - Kuchukskoe(square 180 sq. km). It is completely similar in regime and nutrition to Kulunda and used to be connected to it by a canal.

Kulunda the lakes are all remnants of an ancient sea that existed many millions of years ago on the site of the present plains. Many of these lakes have long been famous for their mineral waters, which have healing properties, as well as healing clays and mud. Gorkoe-Peresheechnoe, Crimson- are places of pilgrimage for residents of the region and numerous guests. on salty Big Yarovoye For many years there has been a health-improving complex on the lake. Salty water, abundance of steppe sun, picturesque Pinery along the shores of such lakes create unique conditions for recreation.

There are a lot of fish in the fresh flowing lakes, and waterfowl in the thickets of reeds along the banks.

The lakes of the mountainous part of the Altai Territory are very picturesque. They are located in the hollows of the ancient runoff, in the place of the old channels of long-disappeared mountain rivers, which arose during the melting of an ancient glacier.

Between the Biya and Chumysh rivers there are small and shallow freshwater lakes. There are lakes on the floodplains of flat rivers, and in the ancient and modern river valleys there are small elongated lakes - oxbow lakes.

The Altai Territory is also rich in mineral springs. Radon springs, which have been used by the local population since time immemorial, are especially famous for this. medicinal purposes. Both in our country and abroad, the famous radon waters of Belokurikha are famous, where numerous resorts and health resorts have been built. The presence of radon waters in the valleys of the Kalmanka and Berezovaya rivers was noted.

Not uncommon in Altai and waterfalls, like a waterfall on a river Shinok, not far from the Denisova cave, about 70 meters high, until recently it was known only local residents. Now many people dream of visiting here. At present, there are eight waterfalls and one waterfall on the Shinok River. In 2000, the "Cascade of waterfalls on the Shinok River" nature reserve acquired the status of a natural monument.

Gorny Altai is an area of ​​intensive feeding of the Ob, the main river of the region under consideration. Against the background of the adjacent plains, Altai stands out in relief not only for its mountainous character, but also for its dense river network. The sources of the Ob are born here - pp. Biya and Katun, to the basins of which most of the Altai rivers belong, with the exception of the watercourses of its western part, belonging to the Irtysh basin (the rivers Kaldzhir, Bukhtarma, Ulba, etc.). Katun - the left component of the Ob - originates on the southern slope of Mount Belukha; bending around it, it describes almost a circle. From the mouth of the Argut, the Katun turns sharply and heads straight north, at 665 km from the source it merges with the Biya near the city of Biysk. The catchment area is 60,900 km2.

The river has a mountainous flow; its valley is deeply incised, and its channel is replete with rapids and small waterfalls. Only in the lower reaches the slopes of the channel decrease and the current becomes calmer. Navigation is only possible up to 90 km from the mouth. Katun is characterized by significant water content. Its average annual water consumption is 630 m 3 / s, and the runoff module is 10.3 l / s km 2. The relative water content of the river is still somewhat lower than the Biya; this is explained by the fact that its basin includes vast high-mountain steppe spaces, characterized by a relatively small surface runoff. The main tributaries of the Katun are the Chuya and the Argut.

Biya is the right component of the Ob; it flows from the largest body of water in Altai - Lake Teletskoye. In terms of its length (306 km, counting from the point of exit from Lake Teletskoye) and the catchment area of ​​37,000 km 2, Biya is significantly inferior to Katun. Just like the Katun, it has a mountainous character in the upper reaches, and becomes calmer in the lower reaches, here it is available for navigation for 205 km above the city of Biysk.

The average annual water flow of the river is 480 m 3 / s (13.0 l / s km 2). Right-bank tributaries of the Irtysh. A significant number of rivers belonging to the Irtysh basin flow down from the western slopes of Altai. Among them, the largest are Bukhtarma, Ulba and Uba. These rivers are mountainous; their slopes are great, and the valleys look like gorges. The river basins are located on the western slopes of the Altai, abundantly irrigated with precipitation, so the rivers are characterized by high relative water content: runoff moduli range from 15 to 25 l/s km2. To the number major rivers Altai also belongs to Anui and Charysh, flowing down from its northern spurs and directly flowing into the Ob.

Chumysh, Tom and Chulym. Below the confluence of the Biya and Katun, the Ob receives a number of large tributaries flowing from the slopes of the Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau. Among them are Chumysh, Tom and Chulym. The first place among these rivers in terms of catchment area is occupied by the Chulym, and by water content - by the Tom, although in terms of catchment area it is approximately 2 times smaller than the Chulym (Table 1).

Table 1. Basic information about the Chumysh, Tom and Chulym rivers

Chulym and Chumysh in a significant part of the course are steppe, relatively shallow rivers, and only their upper reaches are in the mountainous region of Salair and spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau. In contrast, Tom, whose basin is located between the Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, is predominantly mountainous. Only below the city of Tomsk, in the area of ​​the lower reaches, its slopes decrease and the valley becomes wide.

The water regime of the Tom is similar to that of other Altai rivers. The river is characterized by a spring flood, consisting of a series of waves formed by water from melting snow in the mountains; the maximum runoff is observed around mid-May. The Tom has a very high annual runoff modulus - about 20 l/s km2, which is a record value for other Russian rivers with such catchment areas. Powerful ice jams are observed on the river during periods of spring floods, which are especially significant in the region of Tomsk. They occur mainly due to the later opening of the river in the lower reaches compared to its middle course.

At present, navigation on the river is possible only in the lower reaches - from the mouth to the city of Tomsk, but ships can rise to the city of Novokuznetsk in high water. General features of the rivers of Altai. The rivers of Altai are typical mountain streams with large falls, often reaching 50-60 m/km; their channels are replete with rapids and drops, sometimes there are waterfalls.

Due to the dominant latitudinal direction of the ridges, the rivers have transverse valleys in areas of considerable length. An example is r. Argut, interrupted between the Katunsky and Chuisky ridges in a gorge up to 2000 m deep.

Depending on the position of the basin in the system of mountains, the longitudinal profiles of the rivers have a concave or convex shape. The first is characteristic of rivers flowing from ridges with sharply defined forms resembling those of the Alps; these rivers include the Katun, Bukhtarma, Charysh, and others. The second form of profiles is typical of rivers flowing from plateau-like uplands; these include the rivers Sary-Koksha, Pyzha, and others. In the upper reaches, such rivers flow, as it were, along a plain elevated high above sea level; here their slopes are small, and the banks are often swampy. In the middle course, they cut deeply into the plateau, the slopes increase, their course takes on a mountainous character; in the lower reaches, the slopes of the rivers decrease again and their course becomes more calm.

Nutrition of the rivers of Altai

A large amount of precipitation and the mountainous nature of the relief create favorable conditions for surface runoff, so the rivers have a high water content here. Especially water-bearing are the rivers of the western part of Altai, the basins of which are located on the path of moisture-bearing winds blowing from the west. The relative flow of rivers here reaches 15-25 l/s km 2 , and in some places (upper reaches of the Katun) - up to 56 l/s km 2 . Rivers central regions Altai (plateau Chulyshman and Ukok) are characterized by relatively low water content.

The feeding of the rivers is mixed; it includes: seasonal snow, high-mountain snowfields and glaciers, as well as rainfall and groundwater. Among other types of nutrition, snow is predominant, which is carried out mainly due to melting seasonal snows. As an example, the distribution of runoff by sources of supply for the Biya River can be given, where the share of snow supply is 40%, glacial - 22%, rain - 19% and ground - 15% of the annual runoff. Only in the highest mountain regions of Altai there are small rivers that are fed mainly by glaciers. With an increase in the height of the basin, as a rule, the importance of snow and glacial nutrition increases, while the share of ground nutrition, on the contrary, decreases.

The regime of most rivers of Altai is characterized by the following:
1) a relatively low spring flood, stretched until the first half of summer due to the uneven inflow of melt water from different high-altitude zones; floods from rains are also superimposed on the main wave of the spring flood;
2) weakly pronounced summer low water, often interrupted by rain floods, which are inferior in height to the spring flood;
3) the lowest water content in winter.

On the rivers of the foothill zone, the basins of which are located no higher than 800 m above sea level, the spring flood passes in the form of one, more or less high wave, and the low water is clearly expressed. On the rivers of the alpine region, with basins above 2000 m, the spring flood merges with the summer flood, which is formed due to the melting of eternal snows and glaciers; summer low water is not expressed in them. Thus, the higher the basin is located, the smaller the share of spring runoff and the more falls on summer runoff. The runoff maximum in the foothill zone takes place in the spring (in May), and in the high mountain zone - in the summer (in July).

Freezing Altai rivers(ice regime)

The ice regime of Altai rivers is complex. The development of ice phenomena is greatly influenced by the slopes and speeds of the flow of rivers. The combination of climatic conditions with the nature of the river flow in some areas causes large differences in the timing of the onset of ice phenomena. Before freezing on the rivers, an intense sludge drift is usually observed, lasting up to 1.5 months and often accompanied by ice jams.

Most of the Altai rivers, excluding rapids, freeze in the second half of November. The most significant rapids do not freeze all winter. They are powerful "factories" of sludge, which poses a serious threat to the hydropower plants of Altai. The thickness of the ice cover is highly dependent on the speed of the current: the greater the speed of the current, the less the thickness of the ice. Often there are icings, the origin of which is associated with jamming phenomena.

The opening of the rivers occurs in the period from the second half of March to the end of April. Sometimes it is accompanied by traffic jams, which are caused by the earlier opening of the rivers in the upper reaches, where rather significant current velocities contribute to the rapid destruction of the ice cover. Economic importance Altai rivers are great. The total reserves of hydropower are estimated at about 10 million kilowatts. The large water content of rivers and the presence of concentrated falls, as well as the alternation of narrowed sections of river valleys with expansions that favor the creation of reservoirs, open up broad prospects for hydropower construction in Altai. Special meaning in this regard, the Biya, flowing from Lake Teletskoye, which is a natural regulator of its flow, has. In the narrow gorge of the Argut, it is possible to build a powerful high-pressure hydroelectric power station.

The transport significance of the Altai rivers is insignificant, since the mountainous nature of the river flow makes it difficult for the development of water transport. Only the lower sections of the main rivers of Altai - the Biya and Katun - are used for navigation and timber rafting.