Classification of atmospheric vortices. Characteristics of atmospheric vortices. Air masses and atmospheric fronts

The struggle between warm and cold currents, trying to equalize the temperature difference between north and south, occurs with varying degrees of success. Then the warm masses take over and penetrate in the form of a warm tongue far to the north, sometimes to Greenland, Novaya Zemlya and even to Franz Josef Land; then masses of Arctic air in the form of a giant “drop” break through to the south and, sweeping away warm air on their way, fall on Crimea and the republics Central Asia. This struggle is especially pronounced in winter, when the temperature difference between north and south increases. On synoptic maps of the northern hemisphere you can always see several tongues of warm and cold air penetrating to different depths to the north and south.
The arena in which the struggle of air currents unfolds falls precisely on the most...

Introduction. 2
1. Education atmospheric vortices. 4
1.1 Atmospheric fronts. Cyclone and anticyclone 4
1.2 Approach and passage of cyclone 10
2. Study of atmospheric vortices at school 13
2.1 Studying atmospheric vortices in geography lessons 14
2.2 Study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena from 6th grade 28
Conclusion.35
Bibliography.

Introduction

Introduction

Atmospheric vortices - tropical cyclones, tornadoes, storms, squalls and hurricanes.
Tropical cyclones are vortices with low pressure at the center; they happen in summer and winter. Tropical cyclones occur only at low latitudes near the equator. In terms of destruction, cyclones can be compared with earthquakes or volcanoes.
The speed of cyclones exceeds 120 m/s, with heavy cloudiness, showers, thunderstorms and hail. A hurricane can destroy entire villages. The amount of rainfall seems incredible compared to the intensity of rainfall from the most severe cyclones in temperate latitudes.
A tornado is a destructive atmospheric phenomenon. This is a huge vertical vortex several tens of meters high.
People cannot yet actively fight tropical cyclones, but it is important to prepare in time, whether on land or at sea. For this purpose, meteorological satellites are kept on watch around the clock, which provide great assistance in forecasting the paths of tropical cyclones. They photograph the vortices, and from the photograph they can quite accurately determine the position of the center of the cyclone and trace its movement. Therefore, in recent times it has been possible to warn the population about the approach of typhoons that could not be detected by ordinary meteorological observations.
Despite the fact that a tornado has a destructive effect, at the same time it is a spectacular atmospheric phenomenon. It is concentrated in a small area and seems to be all there before your eyes. On the shore you can see a funnel stretching out from the center of a powerful cloud, and another funnel rising towards it from the surface of the sea. Once closed, a huge, moving column is formed, which rotates counterclockwise. Tornadoes

They are formed when the air in the lower layers is very warm, and in the upper layers it is cold. A very intense air exchange begins, which
accompanied by a vortex having higher speed- several tens of meters per second. The diameter of a tornado can reach several hundred meters, and the speed can be 150-200 km/h. Low pressure forms inside, so the tornado draws in everything it encounters along the way. Known, for example, "fish"
rains, when a tornado from a pond or lake, along with the water, sucked in the fish located there.
The storm is strong wind, with the help of which great excitement can begin at sea. A storm can be observed during the passage of a cyclone or tornado.
The wind speed of a storm exceeds 20 m/s and can reach 100 m/s, and when the wind speed is more than 30 m/s, a hurricane begins, and wind increases up to speeds of 20-30 m/s are called squalls.
If in geography lessons they study only the phenomena of atmospheric vortices, then during life safety lessons they learn ways to protect against these phenomena, and this is very important, because knowing the methods of protection, today’s students will be able to protect not only themselves but their friends and loved ones from atmospheric vortices.

Fragment of work for review

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In the area of ​​the Arctic Ocean and in Siberia, areas with high pressure. From there, cold and dry air masses are sent to Russian territory. Continental temperate masses come from Siberia, bringing frosty, clear weather. Marine air masses in winter come from Atlantic Ocean, which at this time is warmer than the mainland. Consequently, this air mass brings precipitation in the form of snow, thaws and snowfalls are possible.
III. Consolidating new material
What air masses contribute to the formation of droughts and hot winds?
What air masses bring warming, snowfalls, and soften the heat in summer, often bring cloudy weather and precipitation?
Why does it rain in the Far East in summer?
Why is it that in winter the east or southeast wind on the East European Plain is often much colder than the north wind?
More snow falls on the East European Plain. Why then at the end of winter is the thickness of the snow cover greater? Western Siberia?
Homework
Answer the question: “How do you explain the type of weather today? Where did he come from, what signs did you use to determine this?”
Atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric vortices: cyclones and anticyclones
Objectives: to form an idea of ​​atmospheric vortices and fronts; show the connection between weather changes and processes in the atmosphere; introduce the reasons for the formation of cyclones and anticyclones.
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Equipment: maps of Russia (physical, climatic), demonstration tables “Atmospheric fronts” and “Atmospheric eddies”, cards with points.
During the classes
I. Organizing time
II. Checking homework
1. Frontal survey
What are air masses? (Large volumes of air that differ in their properties: temperature, humidity and transparency.)
Air masses are divided into types. Name them, how are they different? (Approximate answer. Arctic air is formed over the Arctic - it is always cold and dry, transparent, because there is no dust in the Arctic. Over most of Russia in temperate latitudes, a moderate air mass is formed - cold in winter and warm in summer. Tropical air comes to Russia in summer masses that form over the deserts of Central Asia and bring hot and dry weather with air temperatures up to 40 ° C.)
What is air mass transformation? (Approximate answer. Changes in the properties of air masses as they move over the territory of Russia. For example, sea temperate air coming from the Atlantic Ocean loses moisture, warms up in the summer and becomes continental - warm and dry. In winter, sea temperate air loses moisture, but cools and becomes dry and cold.)
Which ocean and why has a greater influence on the climate of Russia? (Approximate answer. Atlantic. Firstly, most of Russia
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is located in the prevailing westerly wind transfer, secondly, there are obstacles to penetration western winds from the Atlantic, actually, no, because in the west of Russia there are plains. Low Ural Mountains are not an obstacle.)
2. Test
1. The total amount of radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is called:
a) solar radiation;
b) radiation balance;
c) total radiation.
2.The largest indicator of reflected radiation is:
a) sand; c) black soil;
b) forest; d) snow.
3.Move over Russia in winter:
a) Arctic air masses;
b) moderate air masses;
c) tropical air masses;
d) equatorial air masses.
4. The role of the western transfer of air masses is increasing in most of Russia:
in the summer; c) in autumn.
b) in winter;
5. The largest indicator of total radiation in Russia has:
a) south of Siberia; c) south Far East.
b) North Caucasus;
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6. The difference between total radiation and reflected radiation and thermal radiation is called:
a) absorbed radiation;
b) radiation balance.
7.When moving towards the equator, the amount of total radiation:
a) decreases; c) does not change.
b) increases;
Answers: 1 - in; 3 - g; 3 - a, b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - b; 7 - b.
3. Working with cards
- Determine what type of weather is described.
1. At dawn the frost is below 35 °C, and the snow is barely visible through the fog. The creaking can be heard for several kilometers. Smoke from the chimneys rises vertically. The sun is red like hot metal. During the day both sun and snow sparkle. The fog has already melted. The sky is blue, permeated with light, if you look up, it feels like summer. And it’s cold outside, severe frost, the air is dry, there is no wind.
The frost is getting stronger. A rumble from the sounds of cracking trees can be heard throughout the taiga. In Yakutsk, the average January temperature is -43 °C, and from December to March an average of 18 mm of precipitation falls. (Continental temperate.)
2. The summer of 1915 was very stormy. It rained all the time with great consistency. One day it rained very heavily for two days in a row. He did not allow people to leave their houses. Fearing that the boats would be carried away by the water, they pulled them further ashore. Several times in one day
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they knocked them over and poured out the water. Towards the end of the second day, water suddenly came from above and immediately flooded all the banks. (Monsoon moderate.)
III. Learning new material
Comments. The teacher offers to listen to a lecture, during which students define terms, fill out tables, and make diagrams in their notebooks. Then the teacher, with the help of consultants, checks the work. Each student receives three score cards. If within
lesson, the student gave a score card to the consultant, which means he needs more work with the teacher or consultant.
You already know that three types of air masses move across our country: arctic, temperate and tropical. They differ quite strongly from each other in the main indicators: temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. When air masses with
different characteristics, in the zone between them the difference in air temperature, humidity, pressure increases, and wind speed increases. Transition zones in the troposphere, in which air masses with different characteristics converge, are called fronts.
In the horizontal direction, the length of fronts, like air masses, is thousands of kilometers, vertically - about 5 km, the width of the frontal zone at the Earth's surface is about hundreds of kilometers, at altitudes - several hundred kilometers.
The lifetime of atmospheric fronts is more than two days.
Fronts together with air masses move at an average speed of 30-50 km/h, and the speed of cold fronts often reaches 60-70 km/h (and sometimes 80-90 km/h).
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Classification of fronts according to their movement characteristics
1. Fronts that move towards colder air are called warm fronts. Behind the warm front, a warm air mass enters the region.
2. Cold fronts are those that move towards a warmer air mass. Behind the cold front, a cold air mass enters the region.

IV. Consolidating new material
1. Working with the map
1. Determine where the Arctic and polar fronts are located over Russian territory in the summer. (Sample answer). Arctic fronts in summer are located in the northern part of the Barents Sea, over the northern part of Eastern Siberia and the Laptev Sea and over the Chukotka Peninsula. Polar fronts: the first in summer stretches from the Black Sea coast over Central Russian Upland to the Urals, the second is located in the south
Eastern Siberia, the third - over the southern part of the Far East and the fourth - over Sea of ​​Japan.)
2. Determine where arctic fronts are located in winter. (In winter, Arctic fronts move south, but a front remains over the central part of the Barents Sea and over the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Koryak Plateau.)
3. Determine in which direction the fronts shift in winter.
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(Sample answer). In winter, fronts move south, because all air masses, winds, and pressure belts shift south following the apparent movement
Sun.
The sun on December 22 is at its zenith at Southern Hemisphere over the South Tropic.)
2. Independent work
Filling out tables.
Atmospheric fronts
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Cyclones and anticyclones
Signs
Cyclone
Anticyclone
What is this?
Atmospheric vortices carrying air masses
How are they shown on the maps?
Concentric isobars
Atmospheres
new pressure
Vortex with low pressure at the center
High pressure in the center
Air movement
From the periphery to the center
From the center to the outskirts
Phenomena
Air cooling, condensation, cloud formation, precipitation
Warming and drying the air
Dimensions
2-3 thousand km in diameter
Transfer speed
displacement
30-40 km/h, mobile
Sedentary
Direction
movement
From west to east
Place of birth
North Atlantic, Barents Sea, Sea of ​​Okhotsk
In winter - Siberian anticyclone
Weather
Cloudy with precipitation
Partly cloudy, warm in summer, frosty in winter
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3. Working with synoptic maps (weather maps)
Thanks to synoptic maps, you can judge the progress of cyclones, fronts, cloudiness, and make a forecast for the coming hours and days. Synoptic maps have their own symbols, by which you can find out about the weather in any area. Isolines connecting points with the same atmospheric pressure (they are called isobars) show cyclones and anticyclones. In the center of concentric isobars there is the letter H (low pressure, cyclone) or B (high pressure, anticyclone). Isobars also indicate air pressure in hectopascals (1000 hPa = 750 mmHg). The arrows indicate the direction of movement of the cyclone or anticyclone.
The teacher shows how various information is reflected on a synoptic map: air pressure, atmospheric fronts, anticyclones and cyclones and their pressure, areas with precipitation, the nature of precipitation, wind speed and direction, air temperature.)
- From the suggested signs, select what is typical for
cyclone, anticyclone, atmospheric front:
1) an atmospheric vortex with high pressure in the center;
2) an atmospheric vortex with low pressure in the center;
3) brings cloudy weather;
4) stable, inactive;
5) established over Eastern Siberia;
6) zone of collision of warm and cold air masses;
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7) rising air currents in the center;
8) downward air movement in the center;
9) movement from the center to the periphery;
10) movement counterclockwise to the center;
11) can be warm or cold.
(Cyclone - 2, 3, 1, 10; anticyclone - 1, 4, 5, 8, 9; atmospheric front - 3,6, 11.)
Homework

Bibliography

Bibliography

1. Theoretical foundations of methods of teaching geography. Ed. A. E. Bibik and
etc., M., “Enlightenment”, 1968
2. Geography. Nature and people. 6th grade_Alekseev A.I. and others_2010 -192s
3. Geography. Beginner course. 6th grade. Gerasimova T.P., Neklyukova
N.P. (2010, 176 pp.)
4. Geography. 7th grade At 2 o'clock Part 1._Domogatskikh, Alekseevsky_2012 -280s
5. Geography. 7th grade At 2 o'clock Part 2._Domogatskikh E.M_2011 -256s
6. Geography. 8th grade_Domogatskikh, Alekseevsky_2012 -336s
7. Geography. 8th grade. textbook. Rakovskaya E.M.
8. Geography. 8kl. Lesson plans based on the textbook by Rakovskaya and Barinov_2011
348s
9. Geography of Russia. Economy and geographical areas. Tutorial for 9
class. Under. ed. Alekseeva A.I. (2011, 288 pp.)
10. Climate change. A manual for high school teachers. Kokorin
A.O., Smirnova E.V. (2010, 52 p.)

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Basic patterns of formation of atmospheric vortices

We present our own explanation, different from the generally accepted one, for the formation of atmospheric vortices, according to which they are formed by ocean Rossby waves. The rise of water in waves forms the surface temperature of the oceans in the form of negative anomalies, in the center of which the water is colder than at the periphery. These water anomalies create negative air temperature anomalies, which turn into atmospheric vortices. The patterns of their formation are considered.

Formations are often formed in the atmosphere in which the air, and the moisture and solids contained in it, rotate cyclonically in the Northern Hemisphere and anticyclonically in the Southern Hemisphere, i.e. counterclockwise in the first case and along its movement in the second. These are atmospheric vortices, which include tropical and mid-latitude cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, trombos, orcans, willy-willys, begwiss, tornadoes, etc.

The nature of these formations is largely common. Tropical cyclones are usually smaller in diameter than in mid-latitudes and are 100-300 km, but the air speeds in them are high, reaching 50-100 m/s. Eddies with high air speeds in the tropical zone of the western Atlantic Ocean near the North and South America are called hurricanes, tornadoes, similar ones near Europe - thrombo, near the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean - typhoons, near the Philippines - begwiz, near the coast of Australia - willy-willy, in Indian Ocean– Orkans.

Tropical cyclones form in the equatorial part of the oceans at latitudes 5-20° and spread to westward up to the western borders of the oceans, and then in the northern hemisphere they move north, in the southern hemisphere they move south. When moving north or south, they often intensify and are called typhoons, tornadoes, etc. When they reach the mainland, they are destroyed quite quickly, but manage to cause significant damage to nature and people.

Rice. 1. Tornado. The shape shown in the figure is often called a “tornado funnel.” The formation from the top of a tornado in the form of a cloud to the surface of the ocean is called the pipe or trunk of a tornado.

Similar rotational movements smaller air over the sea or ocean are called tornadoes.

The accepted hypothesis of the formation of cyclonic formations. It is believed that the emergence of cyclones and the replenishment of their energy occurs as a result of the rise large masses warm air and latent heat of condensation. It is believed that in areas where tropical cyclones form, the water is warmer than the atmosphere. In this case, the air is heated by the ocean and rises. As a result, moisture condenses and falls in the form of rain, the pressure in the center of the cyclone drops, which leads to the emergence of rotational movements of air, moisture, and solids contained in the cyclone [Gray, 1985, Ivanov, 1985, Nalivkin, 1969, Gray, 1975] . It is believed that the energy balance of tropical cyclones important role The latent heat of evaporation plays a role. In this case, the ocean temperature in the area where the cyclone originates should be at least 26° C.

This generally accepted hypothesis of the formation of cyclones arose without analyzing natural information, through logical conclusions and the ideas of its authors about the physics of the development of such processes. It is natural to assume: if the air in the formation rises, which happens in cyclones, then it should be lighter than the air at its periphery.

Rice. 2. Top view of a tornado cloud. It is partially located above the Florida Peninsula. http://www.oceanology.ru/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/bondarenko-pic3.jpg

This is what is believed: light warm air rises, moisture condenses, pressure drops, and rotational movements of the cyclone occur.

Some researchers see weak sides this, although generally accepted, hypothesis. Thus, they believe that local differences in temperature and pressure in the tropics are not so great that only these factors could play a decisive role in the occurrence of a cyclone, i.e. accelerate air flows so significantly [Yusupaliev, et al., 2001]. It still remains unclear what physical processes occur in the initial stages of the development of a tropical cyclone, how the initial disturbance intensifies, and how a system of large-scale vertical circulation arises that supplies energy to the dynamic system of the cyclone [Moiseev et al., 1983]. Proponents of this hypothesis do not explain in any way the patterns of heat flows from the ocean to the atmosphere, but simply assume their presence.

We see the following obvious drawback of this hypothesis. So, for the air to be heated by the ocean, it is not enough for the ocean to be warmer than the air. A flow of heat from the depths to the surface of the ocean is necessary, and therefore a rise in water. At the same time, in the tropical zone of the ocean, water at depth is always colder than at the surface, and such a warm flow does not exist. In the accepted hypothesis, as noted, a cyclone is formed at a water temperature of more than 26°C. However, in reality we see something different. So in the equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean, where tropical cyclones are actively forming, the average water temperature is ~ 25°C. Moreover, cyclones form more often during La Niña, when the ocean surface temperature drops to 20°C, and rarely during El Niño, when the ocean surface temperature rises to 30°C. Therefore, we can assume that the accepted hypothesis of cyclone formation cannot be realized, at least in tropical conditions.

We analyzed these phenomena and propose a different hypothesis for the formation and development of cyclonic formations, which, in our opinion, more correctly explains their nature. Oceanic Rossby waves play an active role in the formation and replenishment of vortex formations with energy.

Rossby waves of the World Ocean. They form part of the interconnected field of free, progressive waves of the World Ocean propagating in space; they have the property of propagating in the open part of the ocean in a westerly direction. Rossby waves are present throughout the world's oceans, but in the equatorial zone they are large. The movement of water particles in waves and wave transport (Stokes, Lagrange) are, in fact, wave currents. Their speeds (equivalent to energy) vary in time and space. According to the results of research [Bondarenko, 2008], the current speed is equal to the amplitude of the wave speed fluctuation, in fact - maximum speed in the wave. Therefore, the highest speeds of wave currents are observed in areas of strong large-scale currents: western boundary, equatorial and circumpolar currents (Fig. 3a, b).

Rice. 3a, b. Vectors of ensemble-averaged drifter observations of currents in the Northern (a) and Southern (b) hemispheres of the Atlantic Ocean. Currents: 1 – Gulf Stream, 2 – Guiana, 3 – Brazilian, 4 – Labrador, 5 – Falkland, 6 – Canary, 7 – Benguela.

In accordance with research [Bondarenko, 2008], the current lines of Rossby waves in the narrow near-equatorial zone (2° - 3° from the Equator to the north and south) and its surroundings can be schematically represented in the form of dipole current lines (Fig. 5a, b) . Let us recall that current lines indicate the instantaneous direction of current vectors, or, which is the same thing, the direction of the force that creates currents, the speed of which is proportional to the density of current lines.

Rice. 4. Paths of all tropical cyclones for 1985-2005. The color indicates their strength on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

It can be seen that near the surface of the ocean in the equatorial zone the density of current lines is much greater than outside it, therefore, the current speeds are also greater. The vertical speeds of currents in waves are small, they are approximately a thousandth of the horizontal current speed. If we take into account that the horizontal speed at the Equator reaches 1 m/s, then the vertical speed is approximately 1 mm/s. Moreover, if the wavelength is 1 thousand km, then the area of ​​rise and fall of the wave will be 500 km.

Rice. 5 a, b. Current lines of Rossby waves in a narrow equatorial zone (2° - 3° from the Equator to the north and south) in the form of ellipses with arrows (vector of wave currents) and its surroundings. Above is a vertical sectional view along the Equator (A), below is a top view of the current. The area of ​​rise to the surface of cold deep waters is highlighted in light blue and dark blue, and the area of ​​descent of warm waters to the depth is highlighted in yellow. surface waters[Bondarenko, Zhmur, 2007].

The sequence of waves, both in time and in space, is a continuous series of small - large - small, etc. formed in modulation (groups, trains, beats). waves The parameters of Rossby waves in the equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean were determined from current measurements, a sample of which is presented in Fig. 6a and temperature fields, a sample of which is shown in Fig. 7a, b, c. The wave period is easily determined graphically from Fig. 6 a, it is approximately equal to 17-19 days.

With a constant phase, the modulations fit approximately 18 waves, which corresponds in time to one year. In Fig. 6a such modulations are clearly expressed, there are three of them: in 1995, 1996 and 1998. There are ten waves in the equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean, i.e. almost half the modulation. Sometimes the modulations have a harmonious quasi-harmonic character. This condition can be considered as typical for the equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean. Once they are not clearly expressed, and sometimes the waves collapse and turn into formations with alternating large and small waves, or the waves as a whole become small. This was observed, for example, from the beginning of 1997 to the middle of 1998 during a strong El Niño, the water temperature reached 30°C. After this, a strong La Niña set in: the water temperature dropped to 20°C, at times up to 18°C.

Rice. 6 a, b. Meridional component of current velocity, V (a) and water temperature (b) at a point on the Equator (140° W) at a horizon of 10 m for the period 1995-1998. Fluctuations in current speed with a period of about 17–19 days, formed by Rossby waves, are noticeable in the currents. Temperature fluctuations with a similar period can also be traced in the measurements.

Rossby waves create fluctuations in water surface temperature (the mechanism is described above). Large waves observed during La Niña correspond to large fluctuations in water temperature, and small waves observed during El Niño correspond to small fluctuations. During La Niña, waves form noticeable temperature anomalies. In Fig. 7c the rise zones are highlighted cold water(blue and cyan color) and in the spaces between them the subsidence zones warm water(light blue and White color). During El Niño, these anomalies are small and not noticeable (Fig. 7b).

Rice. 7 a,b,c. Average water temperature (°C) of the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 15 m for the period 01/01/1993 - 12/31/2009 (a) and temperature anomalies during El Niño December 1997 (b) and La Niña December 1998 . (V) .

Formation of atmospheric vortices (author's hypothesis). Tropical cyclones and tornadoes, tsunamis, etc. move along the equatorial and zones of western boundary currents, in which Rossby waves have the highest vertical velocities of water movement (Fig. 3, 4). As noted, in these waves the rise of deep water to the surface of the ocean in tropical and subtropical zones leads to the creation of significant negative oval-shaped water anomalies on the ocean surface, with the temperature in the center lower than the temperature of the waters surrounding them, “temperature spots” (Fig. 7c). In the equatorial zone of the Pacific Ocean, temperature anomalies have the following parameters: ~ 2 – 3 °C, diameter ~ 500 km.

The very fact of the movement of tropical cyclones and tornadoes through the zones of equatorial and western boundary currents, as well as the analysis of the development of such processes as upwelling - downwelling, El Nino - La Ninf, trade winds, led us to the idea that atmospheric vortices somehow must be physically related to the activity of Rossby waves, or rather must be generated by them, for which we subsequently found an explanation.

Cold water anomalies cool the atmospheric air, creating negative anomalies of an oval shape, close to circular, with cold air in the center and warmer air on the periphery. As a result, the pressure inside the anomaly is lower than at its periphery. As a consequence of this, forces arise due to the pressure gradient, which move masses of air and the moisture and solids contained in it to the center of the anomaly - F d. The air masses are affected by the Coriolis force - F k, which deflects them to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . Thus, the masses will move towards the center of the anomaly in a spiral. For cyclonic motion to occur, the Coriolis force must be non-zero. Since F k =2mw u Sinf, where m is the mass of the body, w is the angular frequency of the Earth’s rotation, f is the latitude of the place, u is the modulus of the speed of the body (air, moisture, solids). At the equator F k = 0, so cyclonic formations do not arise there. In connection with the movement of masses in a circle, a centrifugal force is formed - F c, tending to push the masses away from the center of the anomaly. In general, a force will act on the masses, tending to shift them along the radius - F r = F d - F c. and Coriolis force. The speed of rotation of the masses of air, moisture and solids in the formation and their supply to the center of the cyclone will depend on the force gradient F r. Most often in the anomaly F d > F c. The force F c reaches a significant value at high angular velocities of rotation of the masses. This distribution of forces leads to the fact that the air with the moisture and solid particles it contains rushes to the center of the anomaly and is pushed upward there. It is pushed out, but does not rise, as is considered in the accepted hypotheses of the formation of cyclones. In this case, the heat flow is directed from the atmosphere, and not from the ocean, as in the accepted hypotheses. The rise of air causes moisture condensation and, accordingly, a drop in pressure in the center of the anomaly, the formation of clouds above it, and precipitation. This leads to a decrease in the air temperature of the anomaly and an even greater drop in pressure in its center. A kind of connection of processes arises that mutually reinforce each other: the drop in pressure in the center of the anomaly increases the supply of air into it and, accordingly, its rise, which in turn leads to an even greater drop in pressure and, accordingly, an increase in the supply of masses of air, moisture and solids particles into the anomaly. In turn, this leads to a strong increase in the speed of air (wind) movement in the anomaly, forming a cyclone.

So, we are dealing with a connection of processes that mutually reinforce each other. If the process proceeds without intensification, in a forced mode, then, as a rule, the wind speed is small - 5-10 m/s, but in some cases it can reach 25 m/s. Thus, the speed of winds - trade winds is 5 - 10 m/s with differences in the temperature of surface ocean waters of 3-4 ° C over 300 - 500 km. In the coastal upwellings of the Caspian Sea and in the open part of the Black Sea, winds can reach 25 m/s with water temperature differences of ~ 15°C over 50 – 100 km. During the “work” of the connection of processes that mutually reinforce each other in tropical cyclones, tornadoes, tornadoes, the wind speed in them can reach significant values ​​- over 100-200 m/s.

Feeding the cyclone with energy. We have already noted that Rossby waves along the Equator propagate to the west. They form negative temperature water anomalies with a diameter of ~500 km on the ocean surface, which are supported by a negative flow of heat and water mass coming from the depths of the ocean. The distance between the centers of the anomalies is equal to the wavelength, ~ 1000 km. When a cyclone is above an anomaly, it is fueled by energy. But when a cyclone finds itself between anomalies, it is practically not recharged with energy, since in this case there are no vertical negative heat flows. He passes through this zone by inertia, perhaps with a slight loss of energy. Then, in the next anomaly, it receives an additional portion of energy, and this continues throughout the entire path of the cyclone, which often turns into a tornado. Of course, conditions may arise when the cyclone encounters no anomalies or they are small, and it may collapse over time.

Formation of a tornado. After a tropical cyclone reaches the western borders of the ocean, it moves north. Due to the increase in Coriolis force, the angular and linear speed air movement in the cyclone, the pressure in it drops. Pressure differences inside and outside the cyclonic formation reach values ​​of more than 300 mb, while in mid-latitude cyclones this value is ~ 30 mb. Wind speeds exceed 100 m/s. The area of ​​rising air and the solid particles and moisture it contains narrows. It is called the trunk or tube of vortex formation. Masses of air, moisture and solids enter from the periphery of the cyclonic formation into its center, into the pipe. Such formations with a pipe are called tornadoes, blood clots, typhoons, tornadoes (see Fig. 1, 2).

At high angular velocities of air rotation in the center of the tornado, the following conditions arise: F d ~ F c. The force F d pulls masses of air, moisture and solid particles from the periphery of the tornado to the walls of the pipe, force F c - from the inner region of the pipe to its walls. Under these conditions, moisture and solids there are no leaks in the pipe and the air is transparent. This state of a tornado, tsunami, etc. is called the “eye of the storm.” On the walls of the pipe, the resulting force acting on the particles is practically zero, and inside the pipe it is small. The angular and linear velocities of air rotation in the center of the tornado are also low. This explains the lack of wind inside the pipe. But this state of a tornado, with the “eye of the storm,” is not observed in all cases, but only when the angular velocity of rotation of substances reaches a significant value, i.e. in strong tornadoes.

A tornado, like a tropical cyclone, along its entire path over the ocean is fueled by the energy of water temperature anomalies created by Rossby waves. On land there is no such mechanism for pumping energy and therefore the tornado is destroyed relatively quickly.

It is clear that to predict the state of a tornado along its path over the ocean, it is necessary to know the thermodynamic state of surface and deep waters. This information is provided by filming from space.

Tropical cyclones and tornadoes usually form in the summer and fall, during which time Pacific Ocean La Niña is forming. Why? In the equatorial zone of the oceans, it is at this time that Rossby waves reach their greatest amplitude and create temperature anomalies of significant magnitude, the energy of which feeds the cyclone [Bondarenko, 2006]. We do not know how the amplitudes of Rossby waves behave in the subtropical part of the oceans, so we cannot say that the same thing happens there. But it is well known that deep negative anomalies in this zone appear in the summer, when surface waters are heated more than in winter. Under these conditions, temperature anomalies of water and air occur with large temperature differences, which explains the formation of strong tornadoes mainly in summer and autumn.

Mid-latitude cyclones. These are formations without a pipe. In mid-latitudes, a cyclone, as a rule, does not turn into a tornado, since the conditions Fr ~ Fk are met, i.e. movement of masses is geostrophic.

Rice. 8. Temperature field of surface waters of the Black Sea at 19:00 on September 29, 2005.

Under these conditions, the velocity vector of the masses of air, moisture and solid particles is directed along the circumference of the cyclone and all these masses only weakly enter its center. Therefore, the cyclone does not compress and turn into a tornado. We were able to trace the formation of a cyclone over the Black Sea. Rossby waves often create negative temperature anomalies of surface waters in central regions its western and eastern parts. They form cyclones over the sea, sometimes with high speed wind. Often the temperature in the anomalies reaches ~ 10 – 15 °C, while above the rest of the sea the water temperature is ~ 230C. Figure 8 shows the distribution of water temperature in the Black Sea. Against the background of a relatively warm sea with surface water temperatures up to ~ 23°C, in its western part there is a water anomaly of up to ~ 10°C. The differences are quite significant, which is what formed the cyclone (Fig. 9). This example indicates the possibility of implementing our proposed hypothesis of the formation of cyclonic formations.

Rice. 9. Scheme of the atmospheric pressure field over and near the Black Sea, corresponding to the time: 19:00. September 29, 2005 Pressure in mb. There is a cyclone in the western part of the sea. average speed wind in the cyclone area is 7 m/s and is directed cyclonically along the isobars.

Often a cyclone comes to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean, which significantly intensifies over the Black Sea. So, most likely, in November 1854. The famous Balaklava storm formed, which sank the English fleet. Water temperature anomalies similar to those shown in Fig. 8 also form in other closed or semi-enclosed seas. Thus, tornadoes moving towards the United States often intensify significantly when passing over Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico. To substantiate our conclusions, we present verbatim an excerpt from the Internet site “ Atmospheric processes in the Caribbean Sea”: “The resource presents a dynamic image of tropical hurricane Dean (tornado), one of the most powerful in 2007. A hurricane gains its greatest strength over the water surface, and when passing over land, it “erodes” and weakens.”

Tornadoes. These are small vortex formations. Like tornadoes, they have a pipe, form over the ocean or sea, on the surface of which temperature anomalies of a small area appear. The author of the article had to repeatedly observe tornadoes in the eastern part of the Black Sea, where high activity of Rossby waves against the backdrop of a very warm sea leads to the formation of numerous and deep temperature anomalies of surface waters. Very humid air also contributes to the development of tornadoes in this part of the sea.

Conclusions. Atmospheric vortices (cyclones, tornadoes, typhoons, etc.) are formed by temperature anomalies of surface waters with negative temperatures; in the center of the anomaly the water temperature is lower, at the periphery - higher. These anomalies are formed by Rossby waves of the World Ocean, in which cold water rises from the depths of the ocean to its surface. Moreover, the air temperature in the episodes under consideration is usually higher than the water temperature. However, this condition is not necessary; atmospheric vortices can be formed when the air temperature over the ocean or sea is lower than the water temperature. The main condition for the formation of a vortex: the presence of a negative water anomaly and a temperature difference between water and air. Under these conditions, a negative air anomaly is created. The greater the temperature difference between the atmosphere and ocean water, the more actively the vortex develops. If the water temperature of the anomaly is equal to the air temperature, then a vortex does not form, and the existing one under these conditions does not develop. Then everything happens as described.

Literature:
Bondarenko A.L. El Niño – La Niña: formation mechanism // Nature. No. 5. 2006. pp. 39 – 47.
Bondarenko A.L., Zhmur V.V. The present and future of the Gulf Stream // Nature. 2007. No. 7. P. 29 – 37.
Bondarenko A.L., Borisov E.V., Zhmur V.V. On the long-wave nature of sea and ocean currents // Meteorology and Hydrology. 2008. No. 1. pp. 72 – 79.
Bondarenko A.L. New ideas about the patterns of formation of cyclones, tornadoes, typhoons and tornadoes. 02/17/2009 http://www.oceanographers.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1534&Itemid=52
Gray V.M. Genesis and intensification of tropical cyclones // Sat. Intense atmospheric vortices. 1985. M.: Mir.
Ivanov V.N. Origin and development of tropical cyclones // C.: Tropical meteorology. Proceedings of the III International Symposium. 1985. L. Gidrometeoizdat.
Kamenkovich V.M., Koshlyakov M.M., Monin A.S. Synoptic eddies in the ocean. L.: Gidrometeoizdat. 1982. 264 p.
Moiseev S.S., Sagdeev R.Z., Tur A.V., Khomenko G.A., Shukurov A.V. Physical mechanism of amplification of vortex disturbances in the atmosphere // Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 1983. T.273. No. 3.
Nalivkin D.V. Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes. 1969. L.: Science.
Yusupaliev U., Anisimov E.P., Maslov A.K., Shuteev S.A. On the issue of the formation of geometric characteristics of a tornado. Part II // Applied physics. 2001. No. 1.
Gray W. M. Tropical cyclone genesis // Atmos. Sci. Paper, Colo. St. Univers. 1975. No. 234.

Albert Leonidovich Bondarenko, oceanologist, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, leading researcher at the Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Region scientific interests: dynamics of the waters of the World Ocean, interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. Achievements: proof of the significant influence of oceanic Rossby waves on the formation of the thermodynamics of the ocean and atmosphere, weather and climate of the Earth.
[email protected]

The concept of an atmospheric front is usually understood as a transition zone in which adjacent air masses with different characteristics meet. The formation of atmospheric fronts occurs when warm and cold air masses collide. They can extend for tens of kilometers.

Air masses and atmospheric fronts

Atmospheric circulation occurs due to the formation of various air currents. Air masses located in the lower layers of the atmosphere are capable of combining with each other. The reason for this is general properties these masses or identical origin.

Change weather conditions occurs precisely due to the movement of air masses. Warm ones cause warming, and cold ones cause cooling.

There are several types of air masses. They are distinguished by the source of their occurrence. Such masses are: arctic, polar, tropical and equatorial air masses.

Atmospheric fronts arise when different air masses collide. Collision areas are called frontal or transitional. These zones instantly appear and also quickly collapse - it all depends on the temperature of the colliding masses.

The wind generated by such a collision can reach a speed of 200 km/k at an altitude of 10 km from the earth's surface. Cyclones and anticyclones are the result of collisions of air masses.

Warm and cold fronts

Warm fronts are considered to be fronts moving towards cold air. The warm air mass moves along with them.

As warm fronts approach, there is a decrease in pressure, thickening of clouds and heavy precipitation. After the front has passed, the direction of the wind changes, its speed decreases, the pressure begins to gradually rise, and precipitation stops.

A warm front is characterized by the flow of warm air masses onto cold ones, which causes them to cool.

It is also quite often accompanied by heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. But when there is not enough moisture in the air, precipitation does not fall.

Cold fronts are air masses that move and displace warm ones. There are cold fronts of the first kind and cold fronts of the second kind.

The first kind is characterized by the slow penetration of its air masses under warm air. This process forms clouds both behind the front line and within it.

The upper part of the frontal surface consists of a uniform cover of stratus clouds. The duration of the formation and decay of a cold front is about 10 hours.

The second type is cold fronts moving at high speed. Warm air is instantly replaced by cold air. This leads to the formation of a cumulonimbus region.

The first signals of the approach of such a front are high clouds that visually resemble lentils. Their formation occurs long before his arrival. The cold front is located two hundred kilometers from where these clouds appear.

A cold front of the 2nd type in summer is accompanied by heavy precipitation in the form of rain, hail and squally winds. Such weather can extend for tens of kilometers.

In winter, a cold front of the 2nd type causes a snowstorm, strong winds, and roughness.

Atmospheric fronts of Russia

The climate of Russia is mainly influenced by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic and the Pacific.

In summer, Antarctic air masses pass through Russia, affecting the climate of the Ciscaucasia.

The entire territory of Russia is prone to cyclones. Most often they form over the Kara, Barents and Okhotsk seas.

Most often, there are two fronts in our country - the Arctic and the polar. They move south or north during different climatic periods.

The southern part of the Far East is influenced by the tropical front. Heavy precipitation in central Russia is caused by the influence of the polar dandy, which operates in July.

Test on the topic “Climate of Russia” 1 option

Task 1. Finish the sentence:

A. Receipt to the earth by radiation of solar heat and light ____________

B. Changes in the properties of VMs when they move above the Earth’s surface___________

B. Vortex movement of air associated with an area of ​​low pressure_____________

D. The ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation for the same period__________

A. FORMED OVER MOST OF OUR COUNTRY?

B. DO THEY CAUSE SHARP WARMING IN WINTER, AND CAUSE CLOUDY WEATHER WITH HEAVY RAIN IN SUMMER?

C. WINTER BRINGS SNOWFALLS AND THAWS, AND IN SUMMER, MILDEN HEAT, BRINGS PRECIPITATION?

Task 3.Test

1.The severity of the country’s climate is increasing in the direction

A)cnorth to south b) from east to west c) from west to east

2. This type of climate is typical for the Far East:

3. This type of climate is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cold summers, when the July temperature is not higher than +5C

A) arctic B) subarctic c) sharply continental d) monsoon

4. This type of climate is characterized by severe winters, sunny and frosty; Summers are sunny and warm, with little rainfall all year round.

A) Moderately continental b) continental C) sharply continental d) monsoon

5. Large volumes of troposphere air with homogeneous properties.

6. The state of the lower layer of the atmosphere in a given place at a given time.

A) atmospheric front b) circulation c) weather d) climate e) air masses f) solar radiation

7. The passage of a cold front is accompanied by weather.

8.VorticesFormed over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, air movement from the outskirts to the center is counterclockwise, in the center there is an upward movement of air, the weather is changeable, windy, cloudy, with precipitation.

A) Cyclone b) Anticyclone

Task 4.

Find a match: climate type

- climatogram 1 2 3

A) sharply continental b) monsoonal c) moderately continental

Task 5. Complete the list

drought, _________, dust storm, _________, frost, _________, ice, __________

a) radishes b) gray bread c) citrus fruits d) tea

Test on the topic “Climate of Russia” option 2

Task 1. Finish the sentence:

A. The transition zone between dissimilar VMs is hundreds of kilometers long and tens of kilometers wide.________

B. All the varietyair movements ___________

B. Vortex movement of air associated with a high pressure area ______________

D. Climate properties that support agricultural production____________________

Task 2. Determine the type of air masses (AM)

A. FORMED OFF THE SHORE OF OUR COUNTRY OVER THE PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC OCEANS?

B. DO THEY CONTRIBUTE TO THE FORMATION OF HOT, DRY WEATHER, DROUGHTS AND DRY WINDS?

Q.WHAT FOMS BRING FREEZES IN SPRING AND AUTUMN?

Task 3.Test

1.Availability climatic regions inside the belts explained long distance countries

A) a)cnorth to south b)) from west to east

2. This type of climate is characteristic of Western Siberia:

A) Moderately continental b) continental C) sharply continental d) monsoon

3. This type of climate is characterized by a rather cold winter with little snow; abundance of precipitation falling in the warm season.

A) arctic B) subarctic c) sharply continental d) monsoon

4. This type of climate is characterized by mild, snowy winters and warm summers:

A) Moderately continental b) continental C) sharply continental d) monsoon

5. Total solar energy reaching the Earth's surface.

A) atmospheric front b) circulation c) weather d) climate e) air masses f) solar radiation

6. Average long-term weather regime characteristic of a particular territory

A) atmospheric front b) circulation c) weather d) climate e) air masses f) solar radiation

7. Walkthrough warm front accompanied by weather

A) calm sunny weather. B) thunderstorms, squally winds, downpours.

8. Atmospheric vortices form over Siberia,air movement from the center to the outskirts clockwise,in the center - downward air movement; The weather is stable, windless, cloudless, without precipitation. In summer it is warm, in winter it is frosty.

Task4 .

Find a climate type match

- climatogram 1 2 3

A) arctic b) monsoon c) temperate continental

Task 5. Complete the list unfavorable climatic phenomena.

Sukhovei, _________, hurricane, ______________, hail, ____________, fog

Task 6. What crops are not grown in your area and why?

a) potatoes b) rice c) cabbage d) cotton

Introduction

1. Formation of atmospheric vortices

1.1 Atmospheric fronts. Cyclone and anticyclone

2. Study of atmospheric vortices at school

2.1 Studying atmospheric vortices in geography lessons

2.2 Study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena from 6th grade

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

Atmospheric vortices - tropical cyclones, tornadoes, storms, squalls and hurricanes.

Tropical cyclones- these are vortices with low pressure in the center; they happen in summer and winter. T Tropical cyclones occur only at low latitudes near the equator. In terms of destruction, cyclones can be compared with earthquakes or a volcano ami.

The speed of cyclones exceeds 120 m/s, with heavy cloudiness, showers, thunderstorms and hail. A hurricane can destroy entire villages. The amount of precipitation seems incredible in comparison with the intensity of rainfall during the most severe cyclones in mid-latitudes.

Tornado- destructive atmospheric phenomenon. This is a huge vertical vortex several tens of meters high.

People cannot yet actively fight tropical cyclones, but it is important to prepare in time, whether on land or at sea. For this purpose, meteorological satellites are kept on watch around the clock, which provide great assistance in forecasting the paths of tropical cyclones. They photograph the vortices, and from the photograph they can quite accurately determine the position of the center of the cyclone and trace its movement. Therefore, in recent times it has been possible to warn the population about the approach of typhoons that could not be detected by ordinary meteorological observations.

Despite the fact that a tornado has a destructive effect, at the same time it is a spectacular atmospheric phenomenon. It is concentrated in a small area and seems to be all there before your eyes. On the shore you can see a funnel stretching out from the center of a powerful cloud, and another funnel rising towards it from the surface of the sea. Once closed, a huge, moving column is formed, which rotates counterclockwise. Tornadoes

are formed when the air in the lower layers is very warm, and in the upper layers it is cold. A very intense air exchange begins, which

accompanied by a vortex with high speed - several tens of meters per second. The diameter of a tornado can reach several hundred meters, and the speed can be 150-200 km/h. Low pressure forms inside, so the tornado draws in everything it encounters along the way. Known, for example, "fish"

rains, when a tornado from a pond or lake, along with the water, sucked in the fish located there.

Storm- this is a strong wind, with the help of which the sea can become very rough. A storm can be observed during the passage of a cyclone or tornado.

The wind speed of the storm exceeds 20 m/s and can reach 100 m/s, and when the wind speed is more than 30 m/s, it begins Hurricane, and wind increases up to speeds of 20-30 m/s are called squalls.

If in geography lessons they study only the phenomena of atmospheric vortices, then during life safety lessons they learn ways to protect against these phenomena, and this is very important, because knowing the methods of protection, today’s students will be able to protect not only themselves but their friends and loved ones from atmospheric vortices.

1. Formation of atmospheric vortices.

The struggle between warm and cold currents, trying to equalize the temperature difference between north and south, occurs with varying degrees of success. Then the warm masses take over and penetrate in the form of a warm tongue far to the north, sometimes to Greenland, Novaya Zemlya and even to Franz Josef Land; then masses of Arctic air in the form of a giant “drop” break through to the south and, sweeping away warm air on their way, fall on the Crimea and the republics of Central Asia. This struggle is especially pronounced in winter, when the temperature difference between north and south increases. On synoptic maps of the northern hemisphere you can always see several tongues of warm and cold air penetrating to different depths to the north and south.

The arena in which the struggle of air currents unfolds occurs precisely in the most populated parts globe- moderate latitudes. These latitudes experience the vagaries of the weather.

The most turbulent areas in our atmosphere are the boundaries of air masses. Huge whirlwinds often appear on them, which bring us continuous changes in the weather. Let's get to know them in more detail.

1.1Atmospheric fronts. Cyclone and anticyclone

What is the reason for the constant movement of air masses? How are pressure belts distributed in Eurasia? Which air masses in winter are more similar in their properties: sea and continental air of temperate latitudes (mWUS and kWUS) or continental air of temperate latitudes (kWUS) and continental arctic air (kAW)? Why?

Huge masses of air move over the Earth and carry water vapor with them. Some move from land, others from sea. Some - from warm to cold areas, others - from cold to warm. Some carry a lot of water, others carry little. Often flows meet and collide.

In the strip separating air masses with different properties, peculiar transition zones arise - atmospheric fronts. The width of these zones usually reaches several tens of kilometers. Here, at the contact of different air masses, when they interact, a fairly rapid change in temperature, humidity, pressure and other characteristics of the air masses occurs. The passage of a front through any area is accompanied by cloudiness, precipitation, changes in air masses and associated weather types. In cases where air masses that are similar in their properties come into contact (in winter, AB and KVUS - over Eastern Siberia), an atmospheric front does not arise and no significant change in weather occurs.

Arctic and polar atmospheric fronts are often located over the territory of Russia. The Arctic front separates the Arctic air from the air of temperate latitudes. In the zone of separation of air masses of temperate latitudes and tropical air, a polar front is formed.

The position of atmospheric fronts changes with the seasons of the year.

According to the drawing(Fig. 1 ) can you determine whereArctic and polar fronts are located in summer.

(Fig. 1)

Along the atmospheric front, warm air comes into contact with colder air. Depending on what air enters the territory, displacing what was in it, fronts are divided into warm and cold.

Warm frontis formed when warm air moves towards cold air, pushing it away.

In this case, the warm air, being lighter, rises above the cold air smoothly, as if on a ladder (Fig. 2).

(Fig. 2)

As it rises, it gradually cools, the water vapor contained in it collects into drops (condenses), the sky becomes cloudy, and precipitation falls. A warm front brings warmer temperatures and lingering drizzles.

Cold front formed when moving cold air spirit towards the warm side. Cold air is heavy, so it squeezes under the warm air in a flurry, sharply, with one stroke, lifts it and pushes it up (see Fig. 3).

(Fig. 3)

Warm air cools quickly. Storm clouds gather above the ground. Rainfall occurs, often accompanied by thunderstorms. Strong winds and squalls often occur. When a cold front passes, clearing occurs quickly and cooling occurs.. From Figure 3 you can see in what sequence the types of clouds replace each other during the passage of warm and cold fronts.The development of cyclones is associated with atmospheric fronts, which bring the bulk of precipitation, cloudy and rainy weather to the territory of Russia.

Cyclones and anticyclones.

Cyclones and anticyclones are large atmospheric eddies that transport air masses. On maps they are distinguished by closed concentric isobars (lines of equal pressure).

Cyclones - These are vortices with low pressure in the center. Towards the outskirts, the pressure increases, so in the cyclone the air moves towards the center, slightly deviating counterclockwise. In the central part, the air rises and spreads to the outskirts .

As the air rises, it cools, moisture condenses, clouds form, and precipitation occurs. Cyclones reach a diameter of 2-3 thousand km and usually move at a speed of 30-40 km/h. Since the western transfer of air masses dominates in temperate latitudes, cyclones move across the territory of Russia from the west toEast. At the same time, air from more southern regions, i.e., usually warmer, is drawn into the eastern and southern parts of the cyclone, and colder air from the north is drawn into the northern and western parts. Due to the rapid change of air masses during the passage of a cyclone, the weather also changes dramatically.

Anticyclone has the highest pressure in the center of the vortex. From here the air spreads to the outskirts, deviating slightly clockwise. The nature of the weather (partly cloudy or dry - in the warm period, clear, frosty - in the cold period) is maintained throughout the entire duration of the anticyclone, since the air masses spreading from the center of the anticyclone have the same properties. Due to the outflow of air in the surface part, air from the upper layers of the troposphere constantly enters the center of the anticyclone. As it descends, this air warms up and moves away from the saturation state. The weather in the anticyclone is clear, cloudless, with large daily

temperature fluctuations. Basic the paths of cyclones are associated with atmospheric mifronts. In winter they develop over the Barents, Kara and

Okhotskseas. To the regions intensive winter cyclones applies north-west Russian plains, where is the atlantic cart spirit interacts with continent tal temperate air latitude and Arctic.

In summer, cyclones are most intense intensively are developing in the Far East and in the western regions Russian plains. Some strengthening of cyclonic activity sti observed in the north of Siberia. Anticyclonic weather is most typical in both winter and summer for the south of the Russian Plain. Stable anticyclones are characteristic of Eastern Siberia in winter.

Synoptic maps, weather forecast. Synoptic car you contain weather information big territories. Composing there are they are for a certain period of time based weather observations, carried out network of meteorologists ical stations. On the weather forecast skies maps show pressure air, atmospheric fronts, region high and low pressure and the direction of their movement, areas with precipitation and the nature of precipitation, wind speed and direction, air temperature. Currently, satellite images are increasingly used to compile synoptic maps. Cloud zones are clearly visible on them, allowing one to judge the position of cyclones and atmospheric fronts. Synoptic maps are the basis for weather forecasting. For this purpose, maps compiled for several periods are usually compared and changes in the position of fronts, the displacement of cyclones and anticyclones are determined, and the most likely direction of their development in the near future is determined. Based on these data, a weather forecast map is compiled, that is, a synoptic map for the upcoming period (for the next observation period, for a day, two). Small-scale maps provide a forecast for a large area. Weather forecasting is especially important for aviation. In a particular area, the forecast can be refined based on the use of local weather cues.

1.2 Approach and passage of a cyclone

The first signs of an approaching cyclone appear in the sky. Even the day before, at sunrise and sunset, the sky turns a bright red-orange color. Gradually, as the cyclone approaches, it becomes copper-red and acquires a metallic tint. An ominous dark streak appears on the horizon. The wind freezes. There is a startling silence in the stuffy hot air. There's still about a day left until it hits

the first furious gust of wind. Seabirds quickly gather in flocks and fly away from the sea. Over the sea they will inevitably die. With sharp cries, flying from place to place, the feathered world expresses its anxiety. Animals hide in holes.

But of all the harbingers of a storm, the most reliable is the barometer. Already 24 hours, and sometimes 48 hours before the storm begins, air pressure begins to drop.

The faster the barometer “falls”, the sooner and the stronger the storm will be. The barometer stops falling only when it is close to the center of the cyclone. Now the barometer begins to fluctuate without any order, rising and falling until it passes the center of the cyclone.

Red or black wisps of torn clouds rush across the sky. A huge black cloud is approaching with terrible speed; it covers the entire sky. Every minute there are sharp gusts of howling wind, like a blow. Thunder rumbles incessantly; dazzling lightning pierces the ensuing darkness. In the roar and noise of the approaching hurricane, there is no way to hear each other. As the center of the hurricane passes, the noise begins to sound like artillery fire.

Of course, a tropical hurricane does not destroy everything in its path; he encounters many insurmountable obstacles. But how much destruction does such a cyclone bring with it? All the fragile, light buildings of the southern countries are sometimes destroyed to the ground and carried away by the wind. The water of the rivers, driven by the wind, flows backward. Individual trees are uprooted and dragged along the ground over long distances. Branches and leaves of trees are carried in the air in clouds. Centuries-old forests bend like reeds. Even grass is often swept from the ground by a hurricane like rubbish. The tropical cyclone rages most of all on the sea coasts. Here the storm passes without encountering any major obstacles.

moving from warm regions to colder ones, cyclones gradually expand and weaken.

Some tropical hurricanes sometimes travel very far. Thus, the coasts of Europe are sometimes reached, however, by greatly weakened tropical cyclones of the West Indies.

How do people now fight such formidable natural phenomena?

Man is not yet able to stop the hurricane, to direct it along a different path. But to warn about a storm, to inform ships at sea and the population on land about it - this task is successfully performed by the meteorological service in our time. Such a service daily produces special weather maps, according to which

successfully predicts where, when and how strong a storm is expected in the coming days. Having received such a warning by radio, ships either do not leave the port, or rush to take refuge in the nearest reliable port, or try to move away from the hurricane.

Anticyclone We already know that when the front line between two air currents sags, a warm tongue is squeezed into the cold mass, and thus a cyclone is born. But the front line can also bend towards warm air. In this case, a vortex appears with completely different properties than a cyclone. It is called an anticyclone. This is no longer a basin, but an airy mountain.

The pressure in the center of such a vortex is higher than at the edges, and the air spreads from the center to the outskirts of the vortex. Air from higher layers descends in its place. As it descends, it contracts, heats up, and the cloudiness in it gradually dissipates. Therefore, the weather in an anticyclone is usually partly cloudy and dry; on the plains she hot in summer And cold in winter. Fogs and low stratus clouds can occur only on the outskirts of the anticyclone. Since in an anticyclone there is not such a big difference in pressure as in a cyclone, the winds here are much weaker. They move clockwise (Fig. 4).

Fig.4

As the vortex develops, its upper layers warm up. This is especially noticeable when cold tongue is cut off and the vortex stops “feeding” on the cold or when the anticyclone stagnates in one place. Then the weather there becomes more stable.

In general, anticyclones are calmer vortices than cyclones. They move more slowly, about 500 kilometers per day; they often stop and stand in one area for weeks, and then continue on their way again. Their sizes are huge. An anticyclone often, especially in winter, covers all of Europe and part of Asia. But in individual series of cyclones, small, mobile and short-lived anticyclones can also appear.

These whirlwinds usually come to us from the northwest, less often from the west. On weather maps, the centers of anticyclones are designated by the letter B (Fig. 4).

On our map we can find the anticyclone and see how the isobars are located around its center.

These are atmospheric vortices. Every day they pass over our country. They can be found on any weather map.

2. Study of atmospheric vortices at school

IN school curriculum Atmospheric vortices and air masses are studied in geography lessons.

In lessons they study c circulation air masses in summer and winter, TtransformationYuair masses, and whenresearchatmosphericvorticesstudycyclones and anticyclones, classification of fronts according to the characteristics of movement, etc.

2.1 Studying atmospheric vortices in geography lessons

Sample lesson plan on the topic<< Air masses and their types. Circulation of air masses >> and<< Atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric vortices: cyclones and anticyclones >>.

Air masses and their types. Air circulation

Target:familiarize yourself with the different types of air masses, the areas of their formation, and the types of weather determined by them.

Equipment:climate maps of Russia and the world, atlases, stencils with the contours of Russia.

(Working with contour maps.)

1. Determine the types of air masses dominating the territory of our country.

2. Identify the basic properties of air masses (temperature, humidity, direction of movement).

3. Establish areas of air mass action and possible influence on climate.

(The results of the work can be entered into a table.)

WHO stuffy mass	Formation area	Basic properties		Areas of coverage	Manifestation of transformation	Impact on climate
		Tempera tour	humidity

Comments

1. Students should pay attention to the transformation of air masses when moving over a particular territory.

2. When checking students' work, it is necessary to emphasize that depending on the geographic latitude, arctic, temperate or tropical air masses are formed, and depending on the underlying surface they can be continental or maritime.

Large masses of the troposphere, differing in their properties (temperature, humidity, transparency), are called air masses.

Three types of air masses move over Russia: arctic (AVM), temperate (UVM), tropical (TVM).

AVMform over the Arctic Ocean (cold, dry).

UVMare formed in temperate latitudes. Over land - continental (KVUSH): dry, warm in summer and cold in winter. Over the ocean - sea (MKVUSH): wet.

Moderate air masses dominate in our country, since Russia is located mostly in temperate latitudes.

- How do the properties of air masses depend on the underlying surface? (Air masses that form over the sea surface are marine, humid, over land - continental, dry.)

- Are air masses moving? (Yes.)

Provide evidence of their movement. (Changeweather.)

- What makes them move? (Difference in pressure.)

- Areas with different pressure the same throughout the year? (No.)

Let's consider the movement of air masses throughout the year.

If the movement of masses depends on the difference in pressure, then this diagram should first depict areas with high and low pressure. In summer, areas of high pressure are located over the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

Summer

- What air masses form in these areas?(INArctic - continental arctic air masses (CAW).)

- What kind of weather do they bring? (They bring cold and clear weather.)

If this air mass passes over the continent, it heats up and transforms into a continental temperate air mass (CTMA). Which already differs in properties from KAV (warm and dry). Then KVUSH turns into KTV (hot and dry, bringing dry winds and drought).

Transformation of air masses- this is a change in the properties of air masses in the troposphere when moving to other latitudes and to another underlying surface (for example, from sea to land or from land to sea). At the same time, the air mass heats up or cools down, the content of water vapor and dust in it increases or decreases, the nature of cloudiness changes, etc. Under conditions of a radical change in the properties of the air

its masses belong to a different geographical type. For example, masses of cold Arctic air, penetrating into the south of Russia in summer, become very warm, dry and dusty, acquiring the properties of continental tropical air, which often causes droughts.

A marine moderate mass (MBM) comes from the Pacific Ocean; like the air mass from the Atlantic Ocean, it brings relatively cool weather and precipitation in summer.

Winter

(On this diagram, students also mark areas of high pressure (where there are areas of low temperature).)

Areas of high pressure are forming in the Arctic Ocean and Siberia. From there, cold and dry air masses are sent to Russian territory. Continental temperate masses come from Siberia, bringing frosty, clear weather. Marine air masses in winter come from the Atlantic Ocean, which at this time is warmer than the mainland. Consequently, this air mass brings precipitation in the form of snow, thaws and snowfalls are possible.

Answer the question: “How do you explain the type of weather today? Where did he come from, what signs did you use to determine this?”

Atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric vortices: cyclones and anticyclones

Goals:form an idea of ​​atmospheric vortices and fronts; show the connection between weather changes and processes in the atmosphere; introduce the reasons for the formation of cyclones and anticyclones.

Equipment:maps of Russia (physical, climatic), demonstration tables “Atmospheric fronts” and “Atmospheric eddies”, cards with points.

1. Frontal survey

- What are air masses? (Large volumes of air that differ in their properties: temperature, humidity and transparency.)

- Air masses are divided into types. Name them, how are they different? ( Sample answer. Arctic air is formed over the Arctic - it is always cold and dry, transparent, because there is no dust in the Arctic. Over most of Russia in temperate latitudes, a moderate air mass is formed - cold in winter and warm in summer. In summer, tropical air masses arrive in Russia, which form over the deserts of Central Asia and bring hot and dry weather with air temperatures up to 40 ° C.)

- What is air mass transformation? ( Sample answer. Changes in the properties of air masses as they move over the territory of Russia. For example, temperate sea air coming from the Atlantic Ocean loses moisture, warms up in the summer and becomes continental - warm and dry. In winter, the temperate sea air loses moisture, but cools and becomes dry and cold.)

- Which ocean and why has a greater influence on the climate of Russia? ( Sample answer. Atlantic. Firstly, most of Russia

is located in the dominant westerly wind transfer; secondly, there are virtually no obstacles to the penetration of westerly winds from the Atlantic, since in the west of Russia there are plains. The low Ural Mountains are not an obstacle.)

2. Test

1. The total amount of radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is called:

a) solar radiation;

b) radiation balance;

c) total radiation.

2.The largest indicator of reflected radiation is:

a) sand; c) black soil;

b) forest; d) snow.

3.Move over Russia in winter:

a) Arctic air masses;

b) moderate air masses;

c) tropical air masses;

d) equatorial air masses.

4. The role of the western transfer of air masses is increasing in most of Russia:

in the summer; c) in autumn.

b) in winter;

5. The largest indicator of total radiation in Russia has:

a) south of Siberia; c) the south of the Far East.

b) North Caucasus;

6. The difference between total radiation and reflected radiation and thermal radiation is called:

a) absorbed radiation;

b) radiation balance.

7.When moving towards the equator, the amount of total radiation:

a) decreases; c) does not change.

b) increases;

Answers:1 - in; 3 - g; 3 - a, b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - b; 7 - b.

3. Working with cards And

Determine what type of weather is described.

1. At dawn the frost is below 35 °C, and the snow is barely visible through the fog. The creaking can be heard for several kilometers. Smoke from the chimneys rises vertically. The sun is red like hot metal. During the day both sun and snow sparkle. The fog has already melted. The sky is blue, permeated with light, if you look up, it feels like summer. And it’s cold outside, severe frost, the air is dry, there is no wind.

The frost is getting stronger. A rumble from the sounds of cracking trees can be heard throughout the taiga. In Yakutsk, the average January temperature is -43 °C, and from December to March an average of 18 mm of precipitation falls. (Continental temperate.)

2. The summer of 1915 was very stormy. It rained all the time with great consistency. One day it rained very heavily for two days in a row. He did not allow people to leave their houses. Fearing that the boats would be carried away by the water, they pulled them further ashore. Several times in one day

they knocked them over and poured out the water. Towards the end of the second day, water suddenly came from above and immediately flooded all the banks. (Monsoon moderate.)

III. Learning new material

Comments.The teacher offers to listen to a lecture, during which students define terms, fill out tables, and make diagrams in their notebooks. Then the teacher, with the help of consultants, checks the work. Each student receives three score cards. If within

lesson, the student gave a score card to the consultant, which means he needs more work with the teacher or consultant.

You already know that three types of air masses move across our country: arctic, temperate and tropical. They differ quite strongly from each other in the main indicators: temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. When air masses with

different characteristics, in the zone between them the difference in air temperature, humidity, pressure increases, and wind speed increases. Transition zones in the troposphere, in which air masses with different characteristics converge, are called fronts.

In the horizontal direction, the length of fronts, like air masses, is thousands of kilometers, vertically - about 5 km, the width of the frontal zone at the Earth's surface is about hundreds of kilometers, at altitudes - several hundred kilometers.

The lifetime of atmospheric fronts is more than two days.

Fronts together with air masses move at an average speed of 30-50 km/h, and the speed of cold fronts often reaches 60-70 km/h (and sometimes 80-90 km/h).

Classification of fronts according to their movement characteristics

1. Fronts that move towards colder air are called warm fronts. Behind the warm front, a warm air mass enters the region.

2. Cold fronts are those that move towards a warmer air mass. Behind the cold front, a cold air mass enters the region.

IV. Consolidating new material

1. Working with the map

1. Determine where the Arctic and polar fronts are located over Russian territory in the summer. (Sample answer). Arctic fronts in summer are located in the northern part of the Barents Sea, over the northern part of Eastern Siberia and the Laptev Sea and over the Chukotka Peninsula. Polar fronts: the first in summer stretches from the Black Sea coast over the Central Russian Upland to the Cis-Urals, the second is located in the south

Eastern Siberia, the third - over the southern part of the Far East and the fourth - over the Sea of ​​Japan.)

2 . Determine where arctic fronts are located in winter. (In winter, Arctic fronts move south, but remainsfront over the central part of the Barents Sea and over the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Koryak Plateau.)

3. Determine in which direction the fronts shift in winter.

(Sample answer).In winter, fronts move south, because all air masses, winds, and pressure belts shift south following the apparent movement

Sun.

2. Independent work

Filling out tables.

	Cold front
1. Warm air moves towards cold air. 2. Warm light air rises up. 3. Lingering rains. 4. Slow warming	1. Cold air moves towards warm air. 2. Pushes light warm air upward. 3. Showers, thunderstorms. 4. Rapid cooling, clear weather

Atmospheric fronts

Cyclones and anticyclones

Signs	Cyclone	Anticyclone
What is this?	Atmospheric vortices carrying air masses
How are they shown on the maps?	Concentric isobars
Atmospheres new pressure	Vortex with low pressure at the center	High pressure in the center
Air movement	From the periphery to the center	From the center to the outskirts
Phenomena	Air cooling, condensation, cloud formation, precipitation	Warming and drying the air
Dimensions	2-3 thousand km in diameter
Transfer speed displacement	30-40 km/h, mobile	Sedentary
Direction movement	From west to east
Place of birth	North Atlantic, Barents Sea, Sea of ​​Okhotsk	In winter - Siberian anticyclone
Weather	Cloudy with precipitation	Partly cloudy, warm in summer, frosty in winter

3. Working with synoptic maps (weather maps)

Thanks to synoptic maps, you can judge the progress of cyclones, fronts, cloudiness, and make a forecast for the coming hours and days. Synoptic maps have their own symbols, by which you can find out about the weather in any area. Isolines connecting points with the same atmospheric pressure (they are called isobars) show cyclones and anticyclones. In the center of concentric isobars there is the letter H (low pressure, cyclone) or IN(high pressure, anticyclone). Isobars also indicate air pressure in hectopascals (1000 hPa = 750 mmHg). The arrows indicate the direction of movement of the cyclone or anticyclone.

The teacher shows how a synoptic map reflects various information: air pressure, atmospheric fronts, anticyclones and cyclones and their pressure, areas with precipitation, the nature of precipitation, wind speed and direction, air temperature.)

From the suggested signs, select what is characteristic of

cyclone, anticyclone, atmospheric front:

1) atmospheric vortex with high pressure in the center;

2) atmospheric vortex with low pressure in the center;

3) brings cloudy weather;

4) stable, inactive;

5) established over Eastern Siberia;

6) zone of collision of warm and cold air masses;

7) rising air currents in the center;

8) downward air movement in the center;

9) movement from center to periphery;

10) movement counterclockwise to the center;

11) can be warm or cold.

(Cyclone - 2, 3, 1, 10; anticyclone - 1, 4, 5, 8, 9; atmospheric front - 3,6, 11.)

Homework

2.2 Study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena from 6th grade

The study of atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena in school begins in sixth grade in geography lessons.

From the sixth grade, students studying the geography section<< Атмосфера – воздушная оболочка земли>> they begin to study the composition and structure of the atmosphere, in particular, the fact that the force of gravity of the earth holds this air shell around itself and does not allow it to dissipate in space, and students also begin to understand that clean air is the most important condition for human life. They begin to distinguish the composition of air, gain knowledge about oxygen and learn how important it is for humans in its pure form. They gain knowledge about the layers of the atmosphere, and how important it is for the globe, from which it protects us.

Continuing to study this section, students will understand that the air at the surface of the earth is warmer than at altitude and this is due to the fact that Sun rays, passing through the atmosphere, almost do not heat it, only the surface of the earth is heated, and if there was no atmosphere, then the surface of the earth

would quickly give off the heat received from the sun, taking into account this phenomenon, children imagine that our earth is protected by its air shell, in particular the air, retains part of the heat leaving the surface of the earth and at the same time heats up. And if you rise higher, then the layer of the atmosphere becomes thinner and, therefore, it cannot retain more heat.

Already having an idea of ​​the atmosphere, children continue their research and learn that there is such a thing as average daily temperature, and it is found using a very simple method - they measure the temperature during the day for a certain period of time, then the arithmetic average is found from the collected indicators.

Now schoolchildren, moving on to the next paragraph of the section, begin to study the morning and evening cold, and this is so because during the day the sun rises to its maximum height, and at this moment the maximum heating of the earth's surface occurs. And as a result, the difference between air temperatures can vary during the day, in particular over oceans and seas by 1-2 degrees, and over steppes and deserts it can reach up to 20 degrees. This takes into account the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, terrain, vegetation and weather.

Continuing to consider this paragraph, schoolchildren learn that why it is warmer in the tropics than at the pole, and this is so, because the further from the equator, the lower the sun is above the horizon, and therefore the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the earth is less, and there is less solar energy per unit of earth's surface.

Moving on to the next paragraph, students begin to study pressure and wind, consider issues such as Atmosphere pressure, what air pressure depends on, why the wind blows and what it is like.

Air has mass; according to scientists, a column of air presses on the surface of the earth with a force of 1.03 kg/cm 2 . Atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer, and the unit of measurement is millimeters of mercury.

A normal pressure is considered to be 760 mm Hg. Art., therefore, if the pressure is higher than normal, it is called high, and if it is lower, it is called low.

There is an interesting pattern here: atmospheric pressure is in equilibrium with the pressure inside human body, so we do not experience discomfort, despite the fact that such a volume of air is pressing on us.

Now let’s look at what air pressure depends on, and so, as the altitude of the area increases, the pressure decreases, and this, because there is less air column pressing on the ground, the air density also decreases, therefore, the higher you are from the surface, the more difficult it is to breathe.

Warm air is lighter than cold air, its density is lower, the pressure on the surface is weak, and when heated, warm masses rise upward, and the reverse process occurs if the air is cooled.

Analyzing the above, it follows that atmospheric pressure is closely related to air temperature and terrain altitude.

Now let's move on to the next question, and find out why the wind blows?

In the middle of the day, sand or stone heats up in the sun, but the water is still quite cool - it heats up more slowly. And in the evening or at night it can be the other way around: the sand is already cold, but the water is still warm. This happens because land and water heat up and cool down differently.

During the day, the sun's rays heat the coastal land. At this time: the land, the buildings on it, and from them the air heats up faster than water, warm air above the land rises, the pressure above the land decreases, the air above the water does not have time to heat up, its pressure is still higher than above the land, the air from the area of ​​​​higher pressure above the water tends to take place above the land and begins to move, equalizing the pressure - with the sea blew onto the land wind.

At night, the surface of the earth begins to cool. The land and the air above it cool faster, and the pressure over the land becomes higher than over the water. Water cools more slowly, and the air above it remains warm longer. It rises and the pressure over the sea decreases. The wind starts to blow from

sushi at sea. Such a wind, changing direction twice a day, is called a breeze (translated from French as a light wind).

Now the students already know that WIND ARISES DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AT DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE.

And after that, students can already explore the next question. What kind of wind is there? Wind has two main characteristics: speed And direction. The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows, and the wind speed is the number of meters the air travels per second (m/s).

For each area, it is important to know which winds blow more often and which winds blow less often. This is essential for building designers, pilots and even doctors. Therefore, experts build a drawing that is called a wind rose. Initially, a wind rose was a sign in the shape of a star, the rays of which pointed to the sides of the horizon - 4 main and 8 intermediate. The top beam always pointed north. The compass rose was present on ancient maps and compass dials. She showed the direction to sailors and travelers.

Moving on to the next paragraph, students begin to explore moisture in the atmosphere.

Water is present in all the earth's shells, including the atmosphere. She gets there evaporating from the water and solid surface of the earth and even from the surface of plants. Along with nitrogen, oxygen and other gases, the air always contains water vapor - water in a gaseous state. Like other gases, it is invisible. When the air cools, the water vapor it contains turns into droplets - condenses. Fine water particles condensed from water vapor can be observed as clouds high in the sky or as fog low above the earth's surface.

At subzero temperatures, the droplets freeze and turn into snowflakes or pieces of ice.Now let's considerWhich air is humid and which is dry?The amount of water vapor that can be contained in the air depends on its temperature. For example, 1 m 3 of cold air at a temperature of about -10 ° C can contain a maximum of 2.5 g of water vapor. However, 1 m 3 of equatorial air at a temperature of +30 ° C can contain up to 30 g of water vapor. How higher air temperature, the higher water vapor may be contained in it.

Relative humidity shows the ratio of the amount of moisture in the air to the amount it can contain at a given temperature.

How do clouds form and why does it rain?

What happens if air saturated with moisture cools? Some of it will turn into liquid water, because colder air can hold less water vapor. On a hot summer day, you can observe how first a few, and then more and more large clouds appear in the cloudless sky in the morning. It is the sun's rays that heat the earth more and more, and from it the air heats up. The heated air rises, cools, and the water vapor in it turns into a liquid state. At first these are very small droplets of water (hundredths of a millimeter in size). Such drops do not fall to the ground, but “float” in the air. This is how they are formed clouds. As more droplets become available, they can become larger and eventually fall to the ground as rain or fall as snow or hail.

"Puffy" clouds that form when air rises as a result of heating the surface are called cumulus. Shower It is raining from powerful cumulonimbus clouds There are other types of clouds - low

layered, taller and lighter feathery. Precipitation falls from nimbostratus clouds.

Cloudiness- an important characteristic of the weather. This is the portion of the sky occupied by clouds. Cloudiness determines how much light and heat will not reach the surface of the earth and how much precipitation will fall. Cloudiness at night prevents the air temperature from decreasing, and during the day it reduces the heating of the earth by the sun.

Now let's consider the question - what kind of precipitation is there? We know that precipitation falls from clouds. Precipitation can be liquid (rain, drizzle), solid (snow, hail) and mixed - wet snow (snow and rain). Important characteristic precipitation is its intensity, i.e. the amount of precipitation that fell over a certain period of time, in millimeters. Amount of precipitation on earth's surface determined using a precipitation gauge. Based on the nature of the precipitation, rainfall, heavy precipitation and drizzle are distinguished. Stormwater precipitation is intense, short-lived, and falls from cumulonimbus clouds. Covers Precipitation falling from nimbostratus clouds is moderately intense and long-lasting. drizzling precipitation falls from stratus clouds. They are small droplets, as if suspended in the air.

Having studied the above, students move on to consider the question - What types of air masses are there? In nature, almost always “everything is connected to everything,” so the elements of the weather do not change arbitrarily, but in relation to each other. Their stable combinations characterize various types air masses. The properties of air masses, firstly, depend on geographic latitude, and secondly, on the nature of the earth's surface. The higher the latitude, the less heat, the lower the air temperature.

Finally, students will learn thatclimate - long-term weather regime characteristic of a particular area.

Mainclimate factors: geographic latitude, proximity of seas and oceans, direction of prevailing winds, relief and altitude above sea level, sea currents.

Further study by schoolchildren of climatic phenomena continues at the level of continents separately, they consider separately which phenomena occur on which particular continent, and having studied by continent, in high school they continue to consider individual countries

Conclusion

The atmosphere is a shell of air that surrounds the earth and rotates with it. The atmosphere protects life on the planet. She saves solar heat and protects the earth from overheating, harmful radiation, and meteorites. It is where the weather is formed.

The air of the atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases; it always contains water vapor. The main gases in the air are nitrogen and oxygen. The main characteristics of the atmosphere are air temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, wind, clouds, and precipitation. The air shell is connected with other shells of the Earth primarily through the global water cycle. The bulk of the atmospheric air is concentrated in its lower layer - the troposphere.

Solar heat reaches the spherical surface of the earth unequally, therefore different climates are formed at different latitudes.

Bibliography

1. Theoretical foundations of methods of teaching geography. Ed. A. E. Bibik and

Dr., M., “Enlightenment”, 1968

2. Geography. Nature and people. 6th grade_Alekseev A.I. and others_2010 -192s

3. Geography. Beginner course. 6th grade. Gerasimova T.P., Neklyukova

N.P. (2010, 176 pp.)

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5. Geography. 7th grade At 2 o'clock Part 2._Domogatskikh E.M_2011 -256s

6. Geography. 8th grade_Domogatskikh, Alekseevsky_2012 -336sChanging of the climate. A manual for high school teachers. Kokorin