Short forms. Short form of adjective, spelling examples

Adjective.

Adjective - independent part speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers questions Which? what? whose? Adjectives agree with nouns , that is, they are placed in the same gender, number and case as the nouns to which they refer. In a sentence, adjectives are modifiers or part of the predicate.

Adjectives can be extended by nouns or adverbs, forming phrases with them ( weak from illness, very cheerful).

Declension of adjectives.

At the end of adjectives, after sibilants, the letter O is written under stress, without stress - the letter E ( a lot of snow, good rain).

Plural of adjectives.

Distinguishing adjective suffixes in writing -TO- And –SK-.

Suffix -To- is written:

1. in adjectives having a short form

2. in adjectives formed from some nouns with a stem on –k-, -ch-, -ts-.

In other adjectives the suffix is ​​written - sk-.

Sharp (sharp), weaving (weaver). Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz).

Hyphen and continuous writing compound adjectives.

A hyphen is used if the adjective is complex:

1. denotes shades of colors ( yellow-blue)

2. formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen ( Tien Shan)

3. formed by adding equal words, between which you can insert the union AND ( bitter-salty )

Complex adjectives that are formed on the basis of the phrase ( railway – railway).

Classes of adjectives by meaning

Adjectives are divided into three categories:

Quality

Relative

Possessive.

Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that may be present in it to a greater or lesser extent (dark cloud). Qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison and a short form. They can be combined with adverbs very, extremely, too and others. Compound adjectives are formed from qualitative adjectives by repeating them ( pale-pale), adjectives with prefix NOT.

Not all of the listed features are found in every quality adjective.

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent ( wooden log). They, as a rule, indicate the material from which the object is made, the object consists, spatial, temporal characteristics of the object, and more.

Relative adjectives have no degrees of comparison, no short form and cannot be combined with an adverb Very.

Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the question whose? whose? whose? An object cannot have such characteristics to a greater or lesser extent.

When adjectives are used, their meanings may change. Thus, a relative adjective can become qualitative or possessive (fox trail(fox trail - possessive) – fox hat(fox hat - relative) - fox cunning(same as a fox’s - high quality) ) .

Adjectives with the suffix –IN-, -UN-, formed from nouns naming animals, can have not only a possessive, but also a qualitative meaning: donkey stubbornness, swan song.

Full and short adjectives.

Adjectives have full and short forms ( white - white, smart - smart, handsome - handsome, strong - strong).

Qualitative adjectives have two forms - full and short: kind - kind. Short qualitative adjectives vary in number and gender, but do not decline (do not change in cases); in a sentence they most often are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate ( He who is neat is liked by people).

Possessive adjectives of all genders in the nominative case have only a short form; in other cases they can have a full and short form ( Bear Den , grandfather's sheepskin coat).

Relative adjectives have only the full form ( yesterday's).

For short adjectives with a sibilant base bnot written (mighty oak).

©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2017-12-29

Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of relationships between the two forms and provides illustrative examples for securing the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:

• Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
• Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. In sentences, as a rule, a nominal predicate appears. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.

Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:

• Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
• Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
• Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).

TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this

The purpose of the lesson:

• give the concepts of full and short adjectives;
• promote the development of the ability to distinguish between full and short adjectives;
• master the importance of short adjectives in sentences;
• learn the rules for writing short adjectives.

Lesson type:

Educational and upbringing.

Qualitative adjectives come in two forms: full And brief(kind is kind, wise is wise, handsome is handsome, brave is brave, white is white).

Full adjectives can vary by gender (singular), number and case. Example: cheerful man, cheerful girl, cheerful guys, cheerful milkman.

Free, useful, indifferent, poor, difficult, necessary, important, gentle, scary, ordinary, frank, sincere, confident, subtle, sonorous, sweet, funny, full, rich, fair, cowardly, married, empty, rude, fresh, light, close, low, soft, bitter, cunning, sharp, smart, strong, pleasant, hot, friendly, neat.

Watch two videos: “Vasya’s dad is strong in mathematics" and "Sweet berry". Pay attention in the romance "Sweet berry" to the full and short form of the adjectives "sweet" and "bitter", name them. In the video, honestly answer the question "Is your dad good at mathematics?" Come up with short forms of adjectives that describe your dad.

Base of short adjectives male fully corresponds to the stem of a full adjective. Example: young - young; mighty - mighty;

female The singular ending is added -а (-я). Example: young, beautiful, powerful.

And to the base of short adjectives neuter The singular ending is added -о (-е). Example: beautiful, young.

To the base of short adjectives plural the ending -ы (-и) is added. Example: beautiful, smart, powerful.

In sentences full names adjectives can be definition Definition ( Example: A beautiful wooden mill stood on the bank of a river) or predicate Predicate_and_its_main_types (Example: The kangaroo's hind legs are strong and strong).

Short adjectives in a sentence play the role of predicates. (Example: The lieutenant is handsome, smart and cheerful. The hare is cowardly and timid).

In modern Russian language in colloquial speech The short form of the adjective is rarely used, and the long form is preferred. However, in the case of agreement with the pronoun “You” as part of forms of politeness, the use of short adjectives is mandatory. Example: Be kind. Be kind. How attentive you are.

Need to remember- short masculine adjectives with a stem ending in hissing are written without an “b” at the end: hot, skinny, fresh, good.

Exercise. Find short names adjectives, write them down, write the full form of the adjectives with a hyphen.

1. Our collective farm is young and rich.

2. The collective farm work is good and hot.

3. Spring ice is thick, but simple; autumn - thin and tenacious.

4. How fresh and green our garden is!

5. An unruly horse is formidable and stubborn. ("Sled".)

Exercise. Find short adjectives. Make up three new sentences with them and write them down.

1. The east was covered with a ruddy dawn. In the east the sky is ruddy.

2. Quiet night. The night is quiet.

3. How beautiful, how fresh the roses were! The gardener made a bouquet of nice fresh roses.

4. We admire the clean, cool air. The mountain air is clean and cool.

It is very important to understand semantic meaning names of adjectives of full and short forms in a sentence, since they may differ in their meaning.

Eg: He is deaf from birth (cannot hear from birth); he is deaf to requests (an indifferent, callous person). Our child is very lively (active child); our neighbor is still alive (still living). This method is very good (suitable, effective); this young man is good-looking (handsome, well-built)

Full adjectives usually mean permanent feature of an object(faces), and short ones - temporary sign, non-durable condition.

Example: His mother is sick (constantly ill), Ivan Vasilyevich is sick (he got sick and did not go to work). Her movements are calm (she moves calmly and smoothly), his face is calm and confident (during a conversation).

Exercise. Use the full or short form of the adjective, depending on what attribute it expresses: temporary or permanent.

1) My brother... . Today he is especially... (strict).

2) Father..., he is retired. Nikolai...he won't go to work today. (sick).

3) Today he ..., ... and, probably, ... . (cheerful, talkative, happy).

4) She... always sings, jokes, laughs; It's not boring with her. (funny).

5) Maxim Maksimych was there that evening... and..., although he tried to hide it. (sad, angry).

6) At night, city streets... . The forests in this region..., only occasionally you can meet a hare or a wild boar in them. (deserted).

7) Be..., it's icy outside. Always and in everything... this time he acted boldly and decisively (cautious).

Adjective, we know with primary classes. But how it is written in some cases has already been forgotten. Let us remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.

Adjective as part of speech

An adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, and describes what events and states may be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and rich.

The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the noun to which it refers. For example, “big table”: in this case, the noun “table” is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "big" has the same characteristics.

Varieties

There is a full and short form of the adjective. A possessive adjective has only its full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what? what are they? A qualitative adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times in Slavic languages Only short ones were used. It was from them that the complete ones came, modern forms parts of speech. Currently, in the Russian language, the use of the full form of the word is neutral. And short is mainly used in literary vocabulary.

Short form the adjective changes in the singular according to gender and number. Take for example the word “beautiful”. In the masculine gender it has a zero ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:

• beautiful - feminine singular;
• beautiful - neuter singular;
• beautiful - plural.

The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have changes in cases in phraseological units. An example of such a change is such expressions as “bare feet”; lines from songs: “I ordered green wine to be poured.” From the point of view of syntactic function in sentences, a short adjective is included in a compound adjective nominal predicate and is its nominal part. For example: he is slim, he is kind.

In this case, we are talking only about a qualitative adjective. Relative in in brief do not meet. You can try making relative words like “copper” or “washing” shorter. Nothing will work out.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -iy are usually in a short form in the singular nominative case (papin, papa vesna). In these cases, the ending coincides with a similar part of the word in nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).

In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to put a soft sign, you only need to determine the form of the adjective. But in short form after a hissing consonant soft sign It is not written: “burning - burning, hot - hot.”

The short form of an adjective is often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to a verb, in this case there is an adverb. For example: “heavily burdened” and “breathed heavily.” The question of which adjective has a short form can be answered as follows: qualitative with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have the endings -a/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in singular.

Use in text

They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since this is precisely the connotation that adjectives have in short form. Full adjective this quality is not inherent, since they significantly soften any quality of the object. For example, they say about a person that “he is brave.” This sounds affirming, but very soft. But the phrase “the guy is brave” does not tolerate any objections.

Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word “deaf” only the stem should be left, the result is the masculine gender - “deaf” (“When I eat, I am deaf and dumb”).

Shades

The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meaning, emotional connotation, methods of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel sound o-e. You can compare “low” and the “low” derived from it. A similar example: “formidable” - “formidable”.

Which adjective “characteristic” (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the color of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (outdated - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).

The short form of the adjective “peculiar” will have the following types. Singular: characteristic, characteristic, characteristic; plural: characteristic.

Signs

Adjectives have a number of differences and characteristics. The full form determines constancy in the attribute, while the short form expresses only the attribute that manifests itself at a particular moment; moreover, they lack case and declension. You can compare two phrases: sick child, child is sick.

The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in the function they perform in a sentence.

• Complete - agreed definitions.
• Short - part of the predicate.

The category of completeness/brevity is realized only in the category of qualitative adjectives and is formed by the opposition of two forms - full and short - of the same adjective: white - white; old - old

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: Ø for the masculine gender, - and I for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-Ø , deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with<н>or<к>, then when forming the m.r. a “fluent” vowel appears ( thin - thin, full - full). For adjectives with stems ending in –enn (such as painful, artificial, frivolous, numerous) in the form m.r. truncation occurs -n (painful (cf. painful), artificial).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, fraternal;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

From adjective small the short form is formed by truncation of the stem suffix – yenk - (small – small, few, small), and from the adjective big– suppletive (big - great, great, great, great).

Short form only have adjectives much, should, glad, necessary, too big, too small etc.

The short and full forms of the adjective differ in morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The short form does not change by case; in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt – short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full form – permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

The short form always names the main feature of the subject. The full form can denote both an additional attribute of an object (The cheerful girl was beautiful) and the main attribute of the same object (The cheerful girl was beautiful).

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by an inflectional category of degrees of comparison formed by the forms positive, comparative and superlative degrees (comparative called comparative, and excellent - superlative).

Positive degree comparison is the original form of the adjective, when compared with which the grammatical meaning of the comparative and superlative degrees is realized.

comparative an adjective indicates that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of a given object to a greater extent than of another ( Peterhigher Vasya; This riverdeeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

Superlative shows that the attribute expressed by the adjective is characteristic of this object to the highest degree compared to all compared objects ( beautiful from gifts, most high house in the city).

The forms of comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be synthetic And analytical.

1. Synthetic(simple) form of comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows: positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To / OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By– is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By– in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Analytical The (compound) form of the comparative degree is formed using auxiliary words more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also be in a short form ( more beautiful);

3) the compound comparative degree can be either predicate or non-separate and separate definition (A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

2. The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Synthetic The (simple) superlative form of comparison of an adjective is formed as follows: base positive degree + formative suffixes -eysh– / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, Supreme

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

Morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives: variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Analytical The (compound) superlative form of adjectives is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the cleverest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they change according to gender, number and cases, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

3. Derivational “degrees of quality” do not indicate the actual intensity of the attribute, but its subjective assessment by the speaker: forest green . Formed:

1) adding the prefixes arch-, ultra-, super-, time-, pre-, all- (arch-modern, ultra-right, super-powerful, etc.);

2) by adding the suffixes –ovat-/-evat-, -onk-/-enk-, -okhonk-/-eshenk-, -ush-/-yush-, -enn- (plump, bluish, long, hefty, etc.) d.);

3) repetition of the basics, often with prefixation in the second part (darling-cute, cheerful-cheerful).

Question 13. Adverb. Classification of adverbs by meaning. State category words, their meaning, morphological features and syntactic function. Distinguishing homonymous forms of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category.

Adverb - This is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, another sign, state, or rarely an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in - O / -e) and are syntactically adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words naming the states of living beings and environment (run fast, very fast, very fast).

In rare cases, an adverb may be attached to a noun: running a race(a noun has the meaning of action), soft-boiled egg, Warsaw coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.

The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature. However, qualitative adverbs in - O / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.

Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjacency. In a sentence it is usually an adverbial adverbial clause.

Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences ( The sea is quiet), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences ( The conversation will be frank. She is married).