What languages ​​belong to the Slavic group? Slavic

The South Slavic languages ​​are a group of Slavic languages ​​that includes Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian (Serbo-Croatian), Macedonian, and Slovene. Distributed to Balkan Peninsula and the territory adjacent to it: in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, as well as ... ...

A subgroup of Slavic languages ​​spoken in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula: Bulgarian and Macedonian (eastern grouping), Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian ( western group) Bulgarian and Macedonian are part of the Balkan language union; ... ...

West Slavic languages ​​East Slavic languages ​​South Slavic languages ​​South Slavic languages ​​are a group of Slavic languages ​​currently spoken in South ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Languages ​​of the world (meanings). Below is full list articles on languages ​​and their groups that are already on Wikipedia or must be. Only human languages ​​are included (including ... ... Wikipedia

Languages ​​of the peoples inhabiting (and inhabiting earlier) Earth. Total number I. m. from 2500 to 5000 (it is impossible to establish the exact figure due to the conventionality of the difference between different languages and dialects of the same language). To the most common Ya. m ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Languages ​​of the world- The languages ​​of the world are the languages ​​of the peoples inhabiting (and inhabiting earlier) the globe. The total number is from 2500 to 5000 (it is impossible to establish the exact figure, because the distinction between different languages ​​and dialects of one language is conditional). To the most common... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Slavic languages- Slavic languages ​​are a group of related languages ​​of the Indo-European family (see Indo-European languages). Distributed throughout Europe and Asia. The total number of speakers is over 290 million people. They differ in a great degree of proximity to each other, which ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

States in which the official languages ​​are: East Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200b... Wikipedia

States in which the official languages ​​​​are ... Wikipedia

A group of languages ​​belonging to the Indo-European family. Distributed throughout Europe and Asia. The East Slavic languages, the South Slavic languages ​​and the West Slavic languages ​​are divided into three subgroups. Compared to other Indo-European languages ​​... ... Handbook of etymology and historical lexicology

Books

• Selected works. Volume 1. Slavic lexicology and semasiology, N. I. Tolstoy. The book is devoted to the problems of comparative study of the vocabulary of the Slavic languages; it combines the works of Acad. N. I. Tolstoy, created and published since the beginning of the 60s. In the articles of the first...

Southern languages ​​- a group of Slavic languages, including Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian language - official language Republic of Bulgaria, which is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of this country. Together with Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian, it is part of the subgroup of South Slavic languages. More than 11 million native speakers of Bulgarian live in Bulgaria and the adjacent territories of Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia and Macedonia, as well as in the regions of Dobruja and Banat in Romania; a number of speakers live in Ukraine and Moldova.

The origin of the ethnonym "Bulgarian" is connected with the name of the Turkic tribe Bulgars. In 680 AD the Bulgars subjugated the Slavic population in the territory of modern northeastern Bulgaria, but were quickly assimilated by the Slavs, leaving a trace in the Bulgarian language only in the form of a small number of Turkisms. There are three periods in the history of the Bulgarian language: Old Bulgarian, very close to Old Slavonic (10th-11th centuries), Middle Bulgarian (12th-15th centuries) and New Bulgarian (starting from the 16th century). Formation of modern Bulgarian literary language refers to the 1820s-1830s, when interest in problems arises public education; Its origins lie in the national revival of the second half of the 18th century, marked by the publication in 1762 of the Slavic-Bulgarian history of Paisius of Hilandar.

The Bulgarian language uses the Cyrillic alphabet in writing, while the letters “E”, “Y” and “Yo” are absent in it. Unlike most Slavic languages, the cases have almost disappeared in the Bulgarian language, but the definite, indefinite and so-called "zero" articles are used. The phonetics of Bulgarian speech is distinguished by the rarer use of palatalized consonants in comparison with other Slavic languages. Lexically, the Bulgarian language is quite close to Church Slavonic and still contains many words that are considered archaic in the East Slavic languages. For historical reasons, the Bulgarian language contains many words of Turkic origin.

Meaning of SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES in Linguistics encyclopedic dictionary

SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES

- a group of Slavic languages, including Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian (Serbo-Croatian), Macedonian and Slovenian. Distributed on the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent territory: in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, as well as in adjacent roc-wahs (Greece, Albania, Austria, Hungary, Romania, the USSR), in other European countries, in America (ch. arr. . USA and Canada) and in Australia. The total number of speakers of St. 30 million people They are divided into 2 subgroups: eastern (Bulgarian and Macedonian languages) and western (Serbo-Chorvian and Slovene languages). Yu. i. ascend, like all Slavs, languages, to the Proto-Slavic language. Keeping 600 YUZHNOSLAVYANSK zest among themselves and with other glories, languages ​​at all levels of the language, they reveal and, therefore, differences. Each of them contains elements of praslav. heritage punctuated by innovation. General features characterizing Yu. Ya. as a single group: Praslav. combinations of ort, olt at the beginning of a word with descending intonation were transformed into rat, lat, and not rot, lot, as in other languages ​​(cf.: Bulgarian “equal”, “lakt”, Macedonian “ramen”, “Lakot "", Serbo-Chorvian "raven", "lakat", Slovene raven, lakat and Russian "smooth", "elbow", Czech rovny, loket); ancient nasal? in the majority of southern Slavs, dialects have changed to "e"; differences in nominal inflections are revealed: nouns have husband. and cf. kind of hard declension in Yu. Ya. the ending -om prevailed (with the zap.-glory, and “the rest.-glory. ending -ъм); nouns in -a have a soft declension into the gender, n. numbers and them. and wine. n. pl. the number was established ending -?, [when zap.-glory, and east.-glory. e(b)]; the semi-functional union "yes" is widely used; ancient obscheyuzhno-glory are known. lexical units that are absent or little known from app. and east. Slavs (for example, a verb with the meaning "to step": Bulgarian "gazya", Macedonian "gazi", Serbo-Chorv. "gaznti", Slovenian. gaziti). The phonetics of Yu. Ya. is the result of the transformation of praslav. phonetic systems. Reduced vowels disappeared or turned into full vowels of different quality, cf. lexemes with the meaning "dream", "day", "today (today)"| Bulgarian "sun", "den", "dnes", made. "son", "den", "denes", Serbo-Chorv. "san", "dan" (in the dialects of these languages ​​also "sen", "en",), "danao, sloven. sen, dan, danes, denes; nasal vowels have changed with the loss of nasal articulation, cf. Praslav roka, "hand", Bolg. «rka>, make. , Serbo-Chorv. "hand", Slovenian roka; Praslav pet "five", Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Chorv. "pet", Slovenian. pet. The ancient ё(v) is replaced by vowels ranging from *u> to; vowel matched with. In zap. the subgroup is phono-logically distinguishing between long and short vowels, in the eastern (including the eastern dialects of the Serbo-Chorvian language) quantities, the differences are lost. Consonantism is characterized by affricates varying in languages ​​and dialects, changes in the category of hardness / softness: the consistent hardening of semi-soft consonants in zap. zone, widespread curing. The accentuation is varied: in the east. subgroup stress is monotonic, in Bolg. from. and east. dialects of Serbo-Chorv. lang. - heterogeneous. in Macedonian - fixed; ia most of the territory. app. zones, i.e. in Slovenia. and Serbo-Chorov. languages, stress is polytonic, multi-local, tonic. the characteristics and distribution of stress in word forms are different in dialects. East grammatical development. systems in Yu. Ya. marked by a non-uniform reorganization of the structure in languages ​​and dialects. In Bulgaria and maked. languages ​​have lost the nominal declension, the infinitive, instead of the old forms of degrees of comparison, prefixed formations appear, the article appeared, these same features arose in the process of development of a number of Balkan languages. region (Alb., Greek, Rum. languages). Retained, however, a complex system past forms time. In Slovenian lang. and in many dialects of Serbo-Croatian, the declension is stable, but the forms of simple past. times have disappeared or are disappearing. In Slovenian lang. preserved forms. hours and soup. The loss of forms of declension in the east. subgroup was associated with transformations in syntax - with an increased development of prepositional constructions. In the vocabulary of Yu. I. with the predominance of fame, formations, stratifications are revealed that arose as a result of contacts with a foreign-speaking population in the Balkans (see Balkan Language Union). Numerous borrowings from the tour. lang., there are borrowings from Greek. lang., rom. languages ​​and dialects, from German and Hungarian. In lit. languages ​​there are many internationalisms, as well as borrowings from Russian. lang. The oldest Lit. glory. lang. - the Old Slavonic language, which arose in the 9th century, had big influence to all glory, tongues. Ancient alphabets: Cyrillic and Glagolitic. Modern speakers of Serbo-Chorv. lang. use writing based on the converted Cyrillic and Lat. alphabet, Slovenes use the Latin alphabet, Bulgarians and Macedonians use the Cyrillic alphabet. letter. Cyrillic converted based on Russian. civil font. The Glagolitic functioned up to the 1st floor. 20th century as a regional church. Croatian letter. Modern south-slav. lit. languages ​​were formed in different socio-ist. conditions, in different time and typologically differ significantly. Bulgarian norms. lit. lang. installed in the 2nd floor. 19th century His vocabulary was enriched with lexic. means of Russian and church-glory, languages. Maked. lit. lang. decorated in ser. 20th century Lit. serbo-horv. lang. formed in the 1st floor. 19th century, on a folk-speech basis with the assumption of varying elements, in particular phonetic ones (Ekavian and Iekavian pronunciation). On the basis of the marginal dialects of Serbo-Chorv. lang. and in connection with an old letter. tradition, there are regional lit. languages ​​Chakavian and Kajkavian, functionally limited by the sphere of art. liters, preim. poetry. A special regional language based on Chakavian is developing in Austria. Slovenian. lit. lang. how the system of book and written norms stabilized in the 2nd half. 19th century, its oral variety functions as a collection of local colloquialisms. koine. 9 Bernshtein SB., Essay compares, grammars of glories, languages. [Introduction. Phonetics], M., 1961; his own, Essay will compare, grammars of glories, languages. Alternations. nominal bases. M.. 1974; Napital R., Slav, languages, trans. from Slovenian, M., 1963; Glory, yaz-knowledge. Bibliography, index of literature published in the USSR [from 1918 to 1970]. parts 1-4, M., 1963-73; Mozhaeva I. E., Yuzhnoslav. languages. Annotated bibliography, LNT-ry index, publ. in Russia and in the USSR from 1835 to 1965, M., 1969; Glory, tongues. (Essays on the grammar of Western Slavic and Southern Slavic languages), M., 1977; B o sh to o-v i ch R., Fundamentals of comparison, grammar of glories, languages. Phonetics and word formation, trans. with Serbohorv, M., 1984; Ju rancid J., Juznoslovanski jeziki, Ljubljana, 1957. V. P. Gudkov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is SOUTH SLAVIC LANGUAGES in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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• ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  — sign systems created for use in areas where the application natural language less efficient or impossible. And I. differ...
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Languages. Distributed on the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent territory: in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, as well as in neighboring countries (Greece, Albania, Austria, Hungary, Romania, USSR), in other European countries, in America (mainly the USA and Canada) and in Australia. The total number of speakers is over 30 million people.

They are divided into 2 subgroups: eastern (Bulgarian and Macedonian languages) and western (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene languages). Yu. i. ascend, like all Slavic languages, to the Proto-Slavic language. While maintaining closeness with each other and with other Slavic languages ​​at all levels of the language, significant differences are also found. In each of them, elements of the Proto-Slavic heritage are interspersed with innovations. General features that characterize Yu. Ya. as a single group: the Proto-Slavic combinations ort, olt at the beginning of a word with descending intonation were transformed into rat, lat, and not rot, lot, as in other Slavic languages ​​(cf .: Bulgarian. "equal", "lact", made. "ramen", "lakota", Serbo-Chorv. "equal", "lacat", Slovenian raven, lakat and rus. "smooth", "elbow", Czech. rovný, loket); the ancient nasal ę has changed to "e" in most South Slavic dialects; differences are revealed in nominal inflections: masculine and neuter nouns have a solid declension in Yu. Ya. the ending -om prevailed (with the West Slavic and East Slavic endings -ьм); nouns in -a of the soft declension in the genitive singular and nominative and accusative plurals have the ending -ę [with West Slavic and East Slavic ě (ѣ)]; the polyfunctional union "yes" is widely used; ancient common South Slavic lexical units are known, which are absent or little known in Western and Eastern Slavs(for example, a verb with the meaning 'to step': Bulgarian. "gazya", Macedonian. "gazi", Serbo-Chorv. "gaziti", Slovenian. gaziti.

• Bernstein S. B., Essay on comparative grammar of Slavic languages. [Introduction. Phonetics], M., 1961;
• his own, Essay on Comparative Grammar of Slavonic Languages. Alternations. Name bases, M., 1974;
• Nachtigal R., Slavic languages, trans. from Slovenian, M., 1963;
• Slavic linguistics. Bibliographic index of literature published in the USSR [from 1918 to 1970], parts 1-4, M., 1963-1973;
• Mozhaeva I. E., South Slavic languages. Annotated bibliographic index of literature published in Russia and the USSR from 1835 to 1965, M., 1969;
• Slavic languages. (Essays on the grammar of the West Slavic and South Slavic languages), M., 1977;
• Boskovic R., Fundamentals of Comparative Grammar of Slavic Languages. Phonetics and word formation, trans. from Serbohorv., M., 1984;
• Jurancic J., Južnoslovanski jeziki, Ljubljana, 1957.

The Slavic group of languages ​​is the closest from this family to the Baltic group, so some scholars combine these two groups into one - Balto-Slavic subfamily Indo-European languages. Total speakers of Slavic languages ​​(for whom they are native languages) is more than 300 million. The main number of speakers of Slavic languages ​​lives in Russia and Ukraine.

The Slavic group of languages ​​is divided into three branches: East Slavic, West Slavic and South Slavic. The East Slavic branch of languages ​​includes: Russian language or Great Russian, Ukrainian, also known as Little Russian or Ruthenian, and Belarusian. Together these languages ​​are spoken by about 225 million people. The West Slavic branch includes: Polish, Czech, Slovak, Lusatian, Kashubian and the extinct Polabian language. Living West Slavic languages ​​are today spoken by approximately 56 million people, mostly in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The South Slavic branch consists of Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, Slovene and Macedonian. The Church Slavonic language also belongs to this branch. The first four languages ​​are spoken collectively by more than 30 million people in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Bulgaria.

All Slavic languages, according to linguistic research, are rooted in one common ancestor language, usually called Proto-Slavic, which, in turn, separated much earlier from Proto-Indo-European language(about 2000 BC), the ancestor of all Indo-European languages. The Proto-Slavic language was probably common to all Slavs as early as the 1st century BC, and already starting from the 8th century AD. Separate Slavic languages ​​begin to form.

General characteristics

colloquial Slavic languages very similar to each other, stronger than the Germanic or Romance languages ​​among themselves. However, even if there is common features in vocabulary, grammar and phonetics, they still differ in many aspects. One of general characteristics of all Slavic languages ​​is relatively a large number of consonant sounds. A striking example of different usage is the variety of positions of the main stress in individual Slavic languages. For example, in Czech the stress falls on the first syllable of a word, but in Polish- on the next syllable after the last, while in Russian and Bulgarian stress can fall on any syllable.

Grammar

Grammatically, the Slavic languages, with the exception of Bulgarian and Macedonian, have a highly developed system of noun inflections, up to seven cases(nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional and vocative). The verb in Slavic languages ​​has three simple times(past, present and future), but is also characterized by such a complex characteristic as the species. The verb can be imperfect (shows the continuity or repetition of the action) or perfect (denotes the completion of the action) form. Participles and gerunds are widely used (one can compare their use with the use of participles and gerunds in English language). In all Slavic languages, except for Bulgarian and Macedonian, there is no article. The languages ​​of the Slavic subfamily are more conservative and therefore closer to Proto-Indo-European than the languages ​​of the Germanic and Romance groups, as evidenced by the preservation by the Slavic languages ​​of seven of the eight cases for nouns that were characters for the Proto-Indo-European language, as well as the development of the form of the verb.

Vocabulary

The vocabulary of the Slavic languages ​​is predominantly Indo-European origin. There is also an important element of the mutual influence of the Baltic and Slavic languages ​​on each other, which is reflected in the vocabulary. Borrowed words or translations of words go back to Iranian and German groups, and also to Greek, Latin, and Turkic languages. Influenced the vocabulary and languages ​​such as Italian and French. Slavic languages ​​also borrowed words from each other. Borrowing foreign words tends to translate and imitate rather than simply absorb them.

Writing

Perhaps it is in writing that the most significant differences between the Slavic languages ​​lie. Some Slavic languages ​​(in particular, Czech, Slovak, Slovene and Polish) have a script based on the Latin alphabet, since the speakers of these languages ​​belong predominantly to the Catholic denomination. Other Slavic languages ​​(for example, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian) use adopted Cyrillic variants as a result of the influence Orthodox Church. The only language, Serbo-Croatian, uses two alphabets: Cyrillic for Serbian and Latin for Croatian.
The invention of the Cyrillic alphabet is traditionally attributed to Cyril, a Greek missionary who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III to Slavic peoples, located at that time - in the 9th century AD. in what is now Slovakia. There is no doubt that Cyril created the predecessor of the Cyrillic alphabet - Glagolitic, based on the Greek alphabet, where new symbols were added to denote Slavic sounds that did not find a match in Greek. However, the very first Cyrillic texts dating back to the 9th century AD. not preserved. The most ancient Slavic texts preserved in the church Old Church Slavonic date back to the 10th and 11th centuries.