Resistor markings. Which LEDs are the brightest and most powerful?

How to convert amps to watts

Not every housewife will immediately figure out how to convert amps into watts or kilowatts, or vice versa - watts and kilowatts into amperes. Why might this be needed? For example, the following numbers are indicated on the socket or plug: “220V 6A” - a marking that reflects the maximum permissible power of the connected load. What does it mean? What is the maximum power of a network device that can be plugged into such an outlet or used with this plug?

To get the power value, just multiply these two numbers: 220 * 6 = 1320 watts - the maximum power for a given plug or socket. For example, an iron with steam can only be used at two, and an oil heater can only be used at half power.

So, to get watts, you need to multiply the indicated amperes by volts: P = I*U - multiply the current by the voltage (in the outlet we have approximately 220-230 volts). This is the main formula for finding power in single-phase electrical circuits.

What is current strength:

Converting watts to amperes

Or the case when power in watts needs to be converted into amperes. This problem is faced, for example, by a person who decides to choose a water heater.

On the water heater it is written, for example, “2500 W” - this is the rated power at a network of 220 volts. Therefore, to get the maximum amps of the water heater, we divide the rated power by the rated voltage, and we get: 2500/220 = 11.36 amps.

So, you can choose a 16 amp machine. A 10-amp circuit breaker will clearly not be enough, and a 16-amp circuit breaker will work as soon as the current exceeds the safe value. Thus, to get amperes, you need to divide the watts by the supply volts - divide the power by the voltage I = P/U (volts in a household network 220-230).

How many amperes are in a kilowatt and how many kilowatts are in an ampere

It often happens that on a network electrical appliance the power is indicated in kilowatts (kW), then it may be necessary to convert kilowatts to amperes. Since there are 1000 watts in one kilowatt, then for mains voltage at 220 volts we can assume that there are 4.54 amperes in one kilowatt, because I = P/U = 1000/220 = 4.54 amperes. The opposite statement is also true for the network: in one ampere there are 0.22 kW, because P = I*U = 1*220 = 220 W = 0.22 kW.

For approximate calculations, it can be taken into account that with a single-phase load, the rated current I ≈ 4.5P, where P is the power consumption and kilowatt ah. For example, with P = 5 kW, I = 4.5 x 5 = 22.5 A.

What to do if the network is three-phase

If we were talking about a single-phase network above, then for a three-phase network the relationship between current and power is slightly different. For a three-phase network P = √3*I*U, and to find the watts in a three-phase network, it is necessary to multiply the volts of the line voltage by the amperes in each phase and also by the root of 3, for example: an induction motor at 380 volts consumes a current of 0.83 amperes for each phase.

To find the total power, multiply the line voltage, current, and multiply by √3. We have: P = 380*0.83*1.732 = 546 watts. To find amperes, it is enough to divide the power of the device in a three-phase network by the value of the line voltage and by the root of 3, that is, use the formula: I = P/(√3*U).

Conclusion

Knowing that the power in a single-phase network is equal to P = I*U, and the voltage in the network is 220 volts, it will not be difficult for anyone to calculate the appropriate power for a particular current value.

Knowing the inverse formula that the current is equal to I = P/U, and the voltage in the network is 220 volts, everyone can easily find amperes for their device, knowing its rated power when operating from the network.

Calculations are carried out similarly for a three-phase network, only a coefficient of 1.732 is added (the root of three is √3). Well, a convenient rule for network single-phase devices: “one kilowatt has 4.54 amperes, and one ampere has 220 watts or 0.22 kW” - this is a direct consequence of the above formulas for a network voltage of 220 volts.

Andrey Povny

We choose two things in the store that should be used “in tandem,” for example, an iron and a socket, and suddenly we encounter a problem - the “electrical parameters” on the label are indicated in different units.

How to choose suitable friend to each other instruments and devices? How to convert amps to watts?

Related but different

It must be said right away that a direct conversion of units cannot be done, since they represent different quantities.

Watt - indicates power, i.e. the rate at which energy is consumed.

Ampere is a unit of force that indicates the speed at which current flows through a specific section.

To electrical systems worked flawlessly, you can calculate the ratio of amperes and watts at a certain voltage in the electrical network. The latter is measured in volts and can be:

• fixed;
• permanent;
• variables.

Taking this into account, a comparison of indicators is made.

"Fixed" translation

Knowing, in addition to the values ​​of power and strength, also the voltage indicator, you can convert amperes to watts using the following formula:

In this case, P is the power in watts, I is the current in amperes, U is the voltage in volts.

Online calculator

In order to constantly be “in the know,” you can create an “ampere-watt” table for yourself with the most frequently encountered parameters (1A, 6A, 9A, etc.).

Such a “relationship graph” will be reliable for networks with fixed and constant voltage.

"Variable Nuances"

For calculations at alternating voltage, one more value is included in the formula - power factor (PF). Now it looks like this:

An accessible tool such as the online amperes to watts calculator will help make the process of converting units of measurement faster and easier. Don’t forget that if you need to enter a fractional number in a column, do so through a period, and not through a comma.

Thus, to the question “1 watt - how many amperes?”, using a calculator you can give the answer - 0.0045. But it will only be valid for a standard voltage of 220V.

Using calculators and tables presented on the Internet, you can not agonize over formulas, but can easily compare different units measurements.

This will help you select circuit breakers for different loads and not worry about your Appliances and the condition of the electrical wiring.

Ampere - watt table:

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1 watt [W] = 0.001 kilowatt [kW]

Initial value

Converted value

watt exawatt petawatt terawatt gigawatt megawatt kilowatt hectowatt decawatt deciwatt centiwatt milliwatt microwatt nanowatt picowatt femtowatt attowatt horsepower horsepower metric horsepower boiler horsepower electric horsepower pump horsepower horsepower (German) Brit. thermal unit (int.) per British hour. thermal unit (int.) per minute brit. thermal unit (int.) per second brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per hour Brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per minute brit. thermal unit (thermochemical) per second MBTU (international) per hour Thousand BTU per hour MMBTU (international) per hour Million BTU per hour refrigeration ton kilocalorie (IT) per hour kilocalorie (IT) per minute kilocalorie (IT) per minute second kilocalorie (therm.) per hour kilocalorie (therm.) per minute kilocalorie (therm.) per second calorie (interm.) per hour calorie (interm.) per minute calorie (interm.) per second calorie (therm.) per hour calorie (therm) per minute calorie (therm) per second ft lbf per hour ft lbf/minute ft lbf/second lb-ft per hour lb-ft per minute lb-ft per second erg per second kilovolt-ampere volt-ampere newton meter per second joule per second exajoule per second petajoule per second terajoule per second gigajoule per second megajoule per second kilojoule per second hectojoule per second decajoule per second decijoule per second centijoule per second millijoule per second microjoule per second nanojoule per second picojoule per second femtojoule per second attojoule per second joule per hour joule per minute kilojoule per hour kilojoule per minute Planck power

More about power

General information

In physics, power is the ratio of work to the time during which it is performed. Mechanical work is quantitative characteristic action of force F on a body, as a result of which it moves a distance s. Power can also be defined as the rate at which energy is transferred. In other words, power is an indicator of the machine's performance. By measuring power, you can understand how much work is done and at what speed.

Power units

Power is measured in joules per second, or watts. Along with watts, horsepower is also used. Before the invention of the steam engine, the power of engines was not measured, and, accordingly, there were no generally accepted units of power. When the steam engine began to be used in mines, engineer and inventor James Watt began improving it. To prove that his improvements made the steam engine more efficient, he compared its power to the performance of horses, since horses have been used by people for centuries. for long years, and many could easily imagine how much work a horse could do in a certain amount of time. In addition, not all mines used steam engines. On those where they were used, Watt compared the power of the old and new models of steam engines with the power of one horse, that is, with one horsepower. Watt determined this value experimentally by observing the work of draft horses at a mill. According to his measurements, one horsepower is 746 watts. Now it is believed that this figure is exaggerated, and the horse cannot work in this mode for a long time, but they did not change the unit. Power can be used as a measure of productivity because as power increases, the amount of work done per unit of time increases. Many people realized that it was convenient to have a standardized unit of power, so horsepower became very popular. It began to be used in measuring the power of other devices, especially vehicles. Although watts have been around for almost as long as horsepower, horsepower is more commonly used in the automotive industry, and many consumers are more familiar with horsepower when it comes to power ratings for a car engine.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a wattage rating. Some fixtures limit the wattage of the bulbs they can use, such as no more than 60 watts. This is done because the lamps are more high power generate a lot of heat and the lamp and socket may be damaged. And the lamp itself high temperature It will not last long in the lamp. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps typically operate at lower wattages for the same brightness and, if used in fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs, wattage is not an issue.

The greater the power of an electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the device. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamp. The greater the luminous flux of a lamp, the brighter its light appears. For people, it is the high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, so in Lately Alternatives to incandescent lamps are becoming increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

• 450 lumens:
• Incandescent: 40 watt
• Compact Fluorescent Lamp: 9–13 watts
• LED lamp: 4–9 watts
• 800 lumens:



• Incandescent: 60 watt
• CFL: 13–15 watts
• LED lamp: 10–15 watts
• 1600 lumens:
• Incandescent: 100 watt
• CFL: 23–30 watts
• LED lamp: 16–20 watts

From these examples it is obvious that with the same luminous flux created, LED lamps consume the least amount of electricity and are more economical compared to incandescent lamps. At the time of writing this article (2013), the price LED lamps many times higher than the price of incandescent lamps. Despite this, some countries have banned or are planning to ban the sale of incandescent lamps due to their high power.

The power of household electrical appliances may vary depending on the manufacturer, and is not always the same during operation of the appliance. Below are the approximate wattages of some household appliances.



• Household air conditioners for cooling a residential building, split system: 20–40 kilowatts
• Monoblock window air conditioners: 1–2 kilowatts
• Ovens: 2.1–3.6 kilowatts
• Washers and dryers: 2–3.5 kilowatts
• Dishwashers: 1.8–2.3 kilowatts
• Electric kettles: 1–2 kilowatts
• Microwave ovens: 0.65–1.2 kilowatts
• Refrigerators: 0.25–1 kilowatt
• Toasters: 0.7–0.9 kilowatts

Power in sports

Performance can be assessed using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball travels, and the time over which that force is applied. There are websites that allow you to calculate work and power during physical exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters height, weight, duration of exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person 170 centimeters tall and weighing 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the power at which muscles work during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from technology to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. There are several main types of dynamometers used to measure vehicle power. In order to determine engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the car wheel. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures engine power under various road conditions.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for these purposes is isokinetic. Typically this is a sports trainer with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure strength and power of the entire body or specific muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to issue signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value. This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body.

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. Exercise stress during some exercises such as cycling or swimming depends on many factors environment such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise regimen, depending on the desired load.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Watt is a unit of measurement of active electrical power. In addition to active power, there is reactive power and apparent power. If we consider power from the point of view of physics, then this is a process in which energy is consumed in a certain unit of time. It turns out that one watt of electrical power is equal to the consumption of one joule (1 J) per second (1 s).

The name of the power unit comes from the name of the inventor of Scots-Irish origin named James Watt, who became famous for having created a steam engine in his time.

Before the modern unit of measurement of electrical power began to be used officially (since 1882), power was measured in horsepower. Now electrical power is indicated in watts (W). For more powerful consumers, electrical power is indicated in kilowatts (kW).

Converting watts to kilowatts

In order to know how many watts are in one kilowatt, you need to understand that the prefix “kilo” denotes a multiple of one thousand. Those. 1 kilowatt = 1 * 1000 watts = 1000 watts. It follows from this that 2 kilowatts = 2 * 1000W = 2000 watts. If the power value is 0.5 kilowatts, then the power in watts will be 0.5 * 1000W = 500 watts.

If you need to calculate how many kilowatts are in one watt, then the calculation is done the other way around. It is necessary to divide the available power value in watts by a thousand. Those. 1 watt = 1/1000 watt = 0.001 kilowatt. It turns out that 1 watt is one thousandth of a kilowatt. Then 1000 watts = 1000/1000 watts = 1 kilowatt. If the power value is 500 watts, then the power in kilowatts will be 500/1000 watts = 0.5 kilowatts.

Where is the power indicated (W and kW)

For almost every consumer electrical energy its nominal power consumption is indicated. The power is indicated either in the consumer’s passport, or the value is printed on the device itself.

For example, on an incandescent lamp, the wattage is indicated on the glass part called the bulb. It can be 60 watts, 75 watts, 95 watts, 100 watts, 150 watts, 500 watts. It is worth noting that for ordinary incandescent lamps (and for other lamps), the power is also indicated on the cardboard packaging.

In addition to incandescent lamps, the rated power consumption is indicated on electric kettles, heaters, boilers, etc. The rated power of electric kettles is usually 1.5 kilowatts. The power of the heater can be 2 kilowatts, and the power of the boiler can even be 2.5 kilowatts.

Total power in watts (kilowatts)

Sometimes it is necessary to calculate the total power consumption of several appliances or devices. For example, this is necessary in order to select the correct cross-section of an electrical cable or wire. It is also advisable to know the total power when choosing switching or protective equipment.

To calculate the power of all electricity consumers, you need to know how many watts are in a kilowatt and vice versa, because on some consumers the power is indicated in watts, while on other consumers it is indicated in kilowatts for convenience. When calculating the total power, it is necessary to convert (convert) the power of individual consumers into watts or kilowatts.

Calculation of the total power of consumers

Let's say there are several consumers. These are a 75-watt incandescent lamp, a 100-watt incandescent lamp, a 2-kilowatt electric heater, a 2.5-kilowatt boiler and a 1,500-watt electric kettle.

As you can see, the power of incandescent lamps and a kettle is indicated in watts, and the power of an electric heater and boiler is indicated in kilowatts. Therefore, to calculate the total power of all specified consumers, it is necessary to reduce all values ​​to a single measurement value, i.e. to watts or kilowatts.

Total power in watts

We determine the power in watts for those consumers whose power was initially indicated in kilowatts. This is an electric heater and boiler.

The heater has a power of 2 kilowatts, and since... There are 1000 watts in one kilowatt, then the heater power in watts will be 2 kilowatts * 1000 = 2000 watts. The value for the boiler is calculated similarly. Because its power in kilowatts is equal to 2.5 kilowatts, then the power in watts will be equal to 2.5 kilowatts * 1000 = 2500 watts.

Because Now the power in watts for all consumers is known, then the total power will be equal to the sum of the powers of all consumers. We add up the power of one and the second incandescent lamp, electric heater, boiler and electric kettle. We get a total power equal to 75 watts + 100 watts + 2000 watts + 2500 watts + 1500 watts = 6175 watts.

Total power in kilowatts

We determine the power in kilowatts for those consumers whose initially rated power is indicated in watts. These are incandescent lamps and an electric kettle. One lamp has a power of 75 watts, and since... one watt is a thousandth of a kilowatt, then the power of this lamp is 75 watts/1000 = 0.075 kilowatts. The power of the second lamp is 100 watts, which in kilowatts is 100 watts/1000 = 0.1 kilowatts. The power consumption of an electric kettle is 1500 watts, and in kilowatts it will be equal to 1500 watts/1000 = 1.5 kilowatts.

The power of each individual consumer is known, so the total power in kilowatts will be equal to the sum of all powers, i.e. 0.075 kilowatts + 0.1 kilowatts + 2 kilowatts + 2.5 kilowatts + 1.5 kilowatts = 6.175 kilowatts.

Value watt-hour or kilowatt-hour

In electricity, quantities commonly encountered are watt-hour and kilowatt-hour. Many people do not see any difference between the values ​​of watt and watt-hour or kilowatt and kilowatt-hour, considering them to be the same value. However, in reality these are two different quantities, although their names are similar.

If watt and kilowatt are power, then watt-hour (Wh) or kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the amount of electricity consumed. In practice, it looks like this: a 100-watt incandescent lamp consumes 100 watt-hours of electricity in one hour. In two hours, such a lamp consumes 100 watts * 2 hours = 200 watt-hours. Well, in 10 hours, a 100-watt lamp consumes 100 watts * 10 hours = 1000 watt-hour electricity consumption, i.e. 1 kilowatt-hour.

First of all, let's deal with Soviet resistors.

No matter what you do, you cannot escape from Soviet electronics. Therefore, a little theory will not hurt you.

At first glance, we must estimate what maximum power the resistor can dissipate. From top to bottom, below in the photo, resistors by power: 2 Watt, 1 Watt, 0.5 Watt, 0.25 Watt, 0.125 Watt. On resistors with a power of 1 and 2 Watts they write MLT-1 and MLT-2, respectively.

MLT is a type of the most common Soviet resistors, from abbreviated names M metal film, L lacquered, T heat resistant. For other resistors, the power can be estimated based on their dimensions. The larger the resistor, the more power it can dissipate into the surrounding space.

Units of measurement in MLTs - Ohms - are designated as R or E. Kilo-ohms - with the letter “K”, Mega-ohms with the letter “M”. Everything is simple here. For example, 33E (33 Ohms); 33R (33 Ohm); 47K (47 kOhm); 510K (510 kOhm); 1.0M (1 MOhm). There is also a trick that letters can precede numbers, for example, K47 means that the resistance is 470 Ohms, M56 - 560 Kilohms. And sometimes, in order not to bother with commas, they stupidly push a letter there, for example. 4K3 = 4.3 Kilohm, 1M2 – 1.2 Megaohm.

Let's look at our hero. Let's look immediately at the designation. 1K0 or in the words “one and zero”. This means that its resistance should be 1.0 Kilohm.

Let's see if this is really true?

Well, yes, everything agrees with a small error.

Color coding of resistors

To determine the resistance value of a color-coded resistor, you first need to rotate it so that its silver or gold stripes are on the right and a group of other strips are on the left. If you cannot find a silver or gold strip, then you need to rotate the resistor so that the group of strips is on the left side.

The color of the strip is a coded number:
Black – 0
Brown – 1
Red – 2
Orange – 3
Yellow – 4
Green – 5
Blue – 6
Purple – 7
Gray – 8
White – 9

The third bar has a different meaning: it indicates the number of zeros that should be added to the previous digital value obtained.

Stripe Color – Number of Zeros
Black – No zeros -
Brown – 1 – 0
Red – 2 – 00
Orange – 3 – 000
Yellow – 4 – 0000
Green – 5 – 00000
Blue – 6 – 000000
Purple – 7 – 0000000
Gray – 8 – 00000000
White – 9 – 000000000

It should be remembered that color coding is quite consistent and logical, e.g. green color means either the value 5 (for the first two stripes) or 5 zeros (for the third strip).

The sequence of colors itself coincides with the sequence of colors in the rainbow (from red to purple colors) (!!!)

If a resistor has a group of four stripes instead of three, then the first three stripes are numbers, and the fourth strip indicates the number of zeros. The third digital strip makes it possible to indicate the resistance of the resistor with higher accuracy.

Let's look at a resistor unknown to us.

Basically, there are three, four, five and even six stripes on a resistor. The first strip is closest to the resistor terminal and is made wider than all other strips, but sometimes this rule is not followed. In order not to sift through reference books on the color marking of resistors, you can download many different programs on the Internet for determining the resistor value.

Very good online calculator you can also find .

Resistor marking calculator

I really liked the program. Even a preschooler can understand this program. Let's use it to determine the value of our resistor. We drive in the strips of the resistor we are interested in and the program will give us its value.

And in the bottom left frame we see the resistor value: 1kOhm -+5%. Convenient isn't it?

Now let's measure the resistance using a multimeter: 971 ohms. 5% of 1000 ohms is 50 ohms. This means that the resistor value must be in the range from 950 Ohms to 1050 Ohms, otherwise it can be considered unsuitable. As we can see, the value of 971 Ohms fits perfectly into the range from 950 to 1050 Ohms. Consequently, we have correctly determined the value of the resistor, and it can be safely used for our purposes.

Let's practice and determine the value of another resistor.

All OK;-).

Marking of SMD resistors

Digital marking of resistors

Let's look at the markings of resistors. Resistors of size 0402 (size values) are not marked. The rest are marked with three or four numbers, since they are a little larger and you can still put numbers or some kind of marking on them. Resistors with a tolerance of up to 10% are marked with three digits, where the first two digits indicate the value of this resistor, and the last third digit is 10 to the power of this last digit. Let's look at this resistor:

The resistance of the resistor shown in the photo is 22x10 2 = 2200 Ohms or 2.2 K.

Let's check if this is true? We take this tiny SMD component between the probes and measure the resistance.

Resistance 2.18 kOhm. A small error does not count.

SMD resistors with a tolerance of 1% and size 0805 and larger are marked with four numbers. For example, a resistor with the number 4422. This is calculated as 442x10 2 = 44200 Ohm = 44.2 kOhm.

There are also SMD resistors with almost zero resistance (there is still a very, very small resistance) or simply so-called jumpers. They look more aesthetically pleasing than any wires.

Coding resistors is the most common practice these days. Sometimes you come across resistors whose markings look very strange. Don't be alarmed, this is a simple code marking that is used by some manufacturers of electronic components. It might look something like this:

or even like this:

How to determine the resistance value of such resistors? For this purpose, there is a table with which you can easily determine the value of any resistor with a code marking. So, the first two digits contain the secret value of the resistor, and the letter is the multiplier.

Here is the actual table:

Letters: S=10 -2 ; R=10 -1 ; A=1; B= 10; C=10 2 ; D=10 3 ; E=10 4 ; F=10 5

This means that the resistance of this resistor is

we will have 140x10 4 = 1.4 MegaOhm.

And the resistance of this resistor

we will have 102x10 2 = 10.2 KiloOhm.

In the Resistor 2.2 program you can also easily find the code and digital marking resistors.

Choosing the BOURNS branding

Place the marker on “3 characters”. And we type our code marking. For example, the same resistor marked 15E. Below, on the left in the frame, we see the resistance value of this resistor: 1.4 Megaohms.