Scientific - research work "Phraseologisms. Use of phraseological units in speech by representatives of different age categories". Examples of phraseological units with explanation and their meaning

Russian language 6th grade

1. Programs of educational institutions. Russian language grades 5-9 Moscow “Enlightenment”, 2007 Authors: M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, N.M., Shansky
2. Russian language: a textbook for the 6th grade of educational institutions / M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya / M.: Enlightenment, 2007.

The purpose of the lesson:

1. Tutorial:

to acquaint students with the synonymy of phraseological units, with the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units in speech;

Developing: replenish the phraseological dictionary of students; develop the skills and abilities to use phraseological units in speech.

Nurturing: comprehension national culture with the help of phraseological units

Lesson objectives:

1. To consolidate the concept of "phraseologism", to determine the history of the emergence of stable combinations, the sources of phraseological units.
2. Develop thinking student activities their creativity.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Announcement of the purpose and topic of the lesson.

In the last lesson, we got acquainted with phraseological units, their structure.

Today we will continue to discover the amazing and entertaining world of phraseological units.

Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebooks: Sources of phraseological units. The use of phraseological units in speech. Phrasebook. Slide #1 .

III. Repetition of what has been learned.

1. Conversation with the class.

Question 1: What do you already know about phraseology?
Phraseology is a science that studies phraseological units.
2nd question: what are phraseological units?
Phraseological units are stable combinations of words. For example: knock off your feet, creaking heart, circle around the finger.

3rd question: what part of the sentence is a phraseological unit?

Let's look at the hint on the slide. Slide #2 .

You have completed the task. Now we can continue the study of this entertaining section of linguistics - Phraseology, and we are welcomed by a very kind phraseological unit. Which!? Welcome!
The message “Welcome!” appears. Slide #3

IV. Explanation of new material

1. Pages of history

One of the best decorations of speech are special phrases, set expressions, which are called phraseological units.

Even the great M. V. Lomonosov called stable combinations "phrases"

“Russian proverbs”, offering to include them in the dictionary. Scientists have realized that phraseological units create, as it were, a special tier in the language. A new section on language was born - phraseology. Phraseologisms in their own way reflect the life of our people from very distant times, they express the spirit of the people, their history, customs. Slide #4

2. Oral observation

Sometimes, guys, you don't understand the expressions of adults. Because you don't know how phraseological units are born. Here, listen to my story.

Words-details live and live, they are used separately, or in the form of temporary combinations, but at some point, when the need arises, the words merge into indivisible combinations - phraseological units. There are, for example, words water, on, merge and phraseology “Water will not spill”. So from words, more precisely from combinations, most phraseological units are born. In phraseological units, words lose their former meanings

3. Skill development: research work students.

- “It is not without reason and not without purpose that the word is spoken and will not break for a century” - they say among the people. Indeed, every expression, having become a catchphrase, has its basis, often in ancient times. Knowing the origin of such expressions opens our eyes to many interesting facts from the history of our people. .

Guys, do you want to know where phraseological units come from in our speech? Why do we say " cornucopia”, “beat the buckets”, “crocodile tears”? Let's listen to the guys.

Pupils for the lesson should prepare messages about the origin phraseological units using different dictionaries and manuals.

Cornucopia.

The ancient Greek myth tells that the cruel god Kron did not want to have children, as he was afraid that they would take away his power. Therefore, his wife gave birth to Zeus in secret, instructing the nymphs to look after him. Zeus was fed with the milk of the divine goat Amalthea. Once she, clinging to a tree, broke off her horn. The nymph filled it with fruits and presented it to Zeus. He gave it to the nymphs who raised him, promising that whatever they wished would appear from him. So the expression became a symbol of inexhaustible wealth, prosperity.

Beat the buckets.

What are buckets? It turns out that originally this phrase meant: to split an aspen block into chocks (baklushas) for making spoons, ladles and other small items from them. It was a simple matter that did not require much effort and skill, so the expression “beat the thumbs” turned into an idiom.

Crocodile tears.

This phraseological unit means feigned, hypocritical pity, insincere regret. The expression comes from the belief that was widespread in the old days that the crocodile supposedly cries when eating its prey.

4. Skill development: students work with a phraseological dictionary.

We can learn about the meaning and history of the emergence of phraseological units in explanatory dictionaries. There are dictionaries of phraseological units. For example, Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. A.I. Molotkov. From such a dictionary you can learn about the history of the origin of phraseological units let's work with it. Find in the dictionary about the origin of phraseological units:

Kazan orphan.

After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the Tatar murzas (princes), taking advantage of the invincibility of the Russians, pretended to be poor and importunately begged for rewards. Since that time, the one who comes to shame in order to pity someone and get his own benefit, the people derisively call the Kazan orphan.

Pull the rope.

In the old days, copper, gold and silver threads for church chasubles, officer epaulettes and for embroidery on velvet were made by hand, in an artisanal way: they heated the metal and carefully pulled out a thin wire called a gimp with tongs. This was done for a very long time, so they began to say: pull the gimp, i.e. slow down, hesitate. Hence the word wire - one root with wire, which had to be dragged and pulled for a very long time.

Boil porridge.

Nowadays, porridge is only a type of food, but earlier this word had another meaning: a wedding feast, a wedding. The importance attached to porridge can be judged from the wedding of Dmitry Donskoy. It was nice to arrange porridge at the father of the bride. But Dmitry Donskoy considered it below his dignity to go to the Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich, and the latter refused to go to Moscow, to the young Dmitry, who at that time was 16 years old. Therefore, a mess was arranged between the two cities in Kolomna. From these troublesome “porridges”, into which the whole city was drawn, the expression “brew a mess” was born.

The thief's hat is on fire.

This expression comes from an old anecdote. Once they were looking for a thief, they could not find it and turned to the sage. He led the victims to the bazaar, where everyone usually gathered, and suddenly shouted into the crowd: “The cap is on fire on the thief!” One man involuntarily grabbed his head. He turned out to be a thief. Since then, they have been talking about a person who involuntarily gives himself away by an accidental word or deed.

5. Observation by pictures.

In the pictures, the artist depicted phraseological units, let's try to determine their meaning and write them down in a notebook. Slide №5,6

Chickens do not peck money - in sufficient quantities.
Living well is good.
Eyes run wide - you can not concentrate on the variety of impressions.
Nodding - dozing.
Without a hitch without a hitch - conscientiously, clearly, accurately.
Falling in love is very, very strong.
Ride as a hare - without a ticket, without payment.
Take on the mind - become more reasonable, prudent.

6. Additional information.

How did phraseologisms appear? stay with the nose and chop on the nose?

It turns out that they are not only of different origin, but also have nothing to do with the word nose as a designation of a part of the face. According to the ancient custom, the groom brought the bride's parents a gift, a ransom. If the groom was refused, he remained with his nose. Later, this word was associated with the word nose in the modern sense and expressions appeared:

show nose
pull up the nose
to lead by the nose (to mislead, to fool)

Phraseologism of a different origin Nick down (good to remember). In the old days, a nose was called a commemorative plaque, a tag that illiterate people carried with them (thereby nose - from the verb to wear), making various notes, notches on it.

7. Skill development: creative search.

Guys, try to write down as many stable combinations with words as possible:

head, nose, tongue

Let's write examples in a notebook Slide number 7

V. Consolidation

1. Work from drawings

Name the phraseological units that are shown in the pictures Slide number 8, 9

Explain when these phraseological units are used in speech.

(Children get acquainted with comic drawings and guess what phraseological units are drawn on them, explain their use in speech)

Phraseological units in the figures:

crocodile tears with
eat in a galosh
take the bull by the horns
the cat cried
like a dog's fifth leg,
slipshod
like water off a duck's back
at a snail's pace
like a fish in water
buy a pig in a poke
bear stepped on the ear
how a cow licked her tongue
pull the cat by the tail.

Now remember a few constant comparisons. Illustrations will help you

Slide #10

2. Didactic game

Solve riddles. Slide #11

What do they say about a person who is completely devoid of an ear for music?

It is done quickly, dexterously, well.

So they say about a person who easily changes his decisions, intentions

It's very dark, you can't see anything at all.

Be in an awkward, stupid position.

Be silent, do not speak too much.

Fulfill a promise.

Invent something or report something that has long been invented or known.

As they say about a very modest, quiet, meek person.

They hang him, becoming discouraged.

Not flowers, but wither.

1. The bear stepped on his ear.
2. Burning in your hands.
3. Seven Fridays in a week.
4. Nothing is visible.
5. Sit in a galosh.
6. Like he swallowed a fly.
7. Give a vow.
8. Open America.
9. Flies won't hurt.
10. Hang your nose.
11. Ears wither.

3. Skill development

Find idioms in the text. Explain what they mean. Slide number 12,13.

Got hooked.
Once the forester's son invited us to his place. For mushrooms, he says, we'll go, we'll hunt, we'll fish. Let's cook the ear- real jam.
Of course, we were happy ears hung, listen. My brother is so lost his head from happiness. Then he did not give me peace: "Let's go, let's go! They say he is such a master of catching fish, dog on this case ate." I don't know what kind of dogs he ate, but here we are got hooked.
We agreed to come on Saturday evening. five kilometers in one spirit stepped back. But our friend was not at home.
"Here's a chatterbox," the grandfather was indignant, "all the time someone shakes his head.
At the little brother tears in three streams. Me too of course not at ease.
"It's okay, kids," grandfather reassured us, "come with me."
And let's go. And they caught fish, and lit a fire, and the ear was - neither in a fairy tale to tell, nor to describe with a pen.

We write phraseological units in a notebook and determine their meaning.

4. Creative task

Some scholars also include proverbs and sayings as phraseological units. (They are usually called winged words and expressions.) Finish the started proverbs:
Do you like to ride... Quieter you go - ... . Better a tit in the hands than ... . Finished the job... Don't rush your tongue... Taste and color... Prepare the sleigh in the summer, and ....
(Love and carry sledges; you will continue; a crane in the sky; walk boldly; hurry up; there is no comrade; a cart in winter.)Slide #14

5. Didactic game "Lotto".

In the Russian language there are many synonymous phraseological units, different in their sound, but close in meaning. We will play loto with you. For the game, phraseological units are prepared in the 1st row, in the 2nd row - also phraseological units, but phraseological units are synonyms. Your task is to select the appropriate phraseological synonyms for these phraseological units. (The teacher pronounces phraseological units of the 1st row, students call a synonymous phraseological unit from the 2nd row).

The winner is the one who names the most syntactic phraseological units and, at the request of the teacher, will be able to explain the meanings of some of them. A point is given for each correct answer.

1. Without a hitch and a hitch. 2. Falls out of hand. 3. An important bird. 5. Brew porridge. 6. Along and across. 7. I bet. 8. Go out into the world. 9. Will not blink an eye. 10. Face to face. 11. Count the crows. 12. They ask for porridge. 13. The sea is knee-deep. 14. Milk on the lips is not dry. 15. On the edge of the abyss. 16. Be discouraged. 17. Hands in trousers. 18. Grated roll. 19. Row with a shovel. 20. Wipe your nose. 21. Lose your head.
2. Like clockwork. 2. Hands go down. 3. A high-flying bird. 4. Go crazy. 5. Fence the garden. 6. Like the back of your hand. 7. Bet. 8. See the light. 9. The hand will not tremble. 10. Get off the stage. 11. Eye to eye. 12... Sit back. 13. Open your mouth. 14. 19. Tryn-grass. 15. The nose has not grown. 16. On the edge of death. 17. Hang your nose. 18. Humpty Dumpty. 19. No end. 20. Plug in the belt. 21. Be confused.

Let's calculate the points earned (name the winner).

VI. conclusions

Slide #16

Let's remember what we learned new about phraseological units today?

How do phraseological units help to study the past of our people?

How can phraseological units-synonyms differ?

What should be considered when using phraseological units in speech?

What is the role of phraseological units in the language?

VII. Lesson summary

Guys, we are convinced that the science of Phraseology is fabulously rich. In her pantries are stored words from the most ancient to the newly born. There, bit by bit, phraseological turns were collected - the wisdom of the Russian people. But listen to how the poetess Maria Komisarova said about the same, but only in verse:

Slide #17

The people are the master of the secret of the word
And all the treasures of the language,
They woven its foundation
For generations for ages.
He created a miracle of shadow, light,
And the sound of the rise, and the words of harmony,
They warm the life of poetry,
In it the stars of eternity burn.
The people are a singer, a sculptor, a warrior,
And in your serenity
He has been awarded immortality
Know how to live one life with him.

Slide #18

This is where our lesson ends. They say the end is the crown. And I want to believe that all these tasks and stories not only captivated you, but also showed how interesting it is to study the Russian language, how many secrets it contains, how many unexpected things are in every word, if you look closely at it.

Our language is a great treasure of the people, created over many centuries of its history. Take care of it, do not spoil it, do not distort it, do not litter it with rude words.

VIII. Homework

Slide #19

Tasks by groups:

1 group is preparing for the competition " The best designer of the book of phraseological units ".

2 group will be essay - story ,using phraseological units .

Group 3 writes the meaning of phraseological units :

Augean stables.
Achilles' heel.
Babel.
Keep in tight grip.
Prodigal son.

from the phraseological dictionary.

Introduction

From childhood to old age, the whole life of a person is inextricably linked with the language. The rich and powerful, truly magical Russian language is given to man as a possession. And careful attention to one's own and others' speech, good understanding all shades of the word, mastering the language culture - this task modern society. To speak well, you need to know the language you speak well. The one who reads a lot, who listens attentively to people who own the culture of speech, speaks and writes better. Listening to others, you can notice a lot of interesting things in their speech, and most importantly, learn to distinguish a well-aimed Russian word from a verbal weed.The purpose of this work : to analyze the use of phraseological units (phraseological means) using an example in journalism and fiction. Tasks: consider the concept of "phraseology" more widely, because phraseological units are one of the sources of enrichment of the Russian language, learn how to choose phraseological units correctly. This is a necessary condition for bright, expressive and accurate speech.

After all, the phraseological richness of the Russian language is enormous. And only the one who loves native speech who knows it well will feel the joy of free possession of it.

Words are combined with each other to form phrases. Some of them are free, they are formed by us in speech as needed. Each word in them retains an independent meaning and performs the function of a separate member of the sentence. For example,read an interesting book, walk down the street . But there are phrases that are called non-free, related, or phraseological. In them, words, when combined together, lose their individuality. lexical meaning and form a new semantic whole, which, according to semantics, is equated to a separate word, for example:release a red rooster - set firebeat the buckets - mess aroundat any moment - soon,pinhead - small.

As a rule, such combinations are fixed in the language as a result of frequent and long, sometimes centuries-old practice of use. One and the same combination can act as either free or bound, depending on the context and meaning. For example:He closed his eyes and quickly fell asleep - the Dean's office closed his eyes to the misbehavior of the student .

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Chapter 1. Phraseological units, definition and classification.

Phraseology (from Greekphrase "expression" andlogos "teaching, science") - a set of lexically indivisible, integral in meaning, reproduced in the form of ready-made speech units of word combinations.

Phraseological units can be divided into groups in terms of origin and tradition of use:

expressions from colloquial everyday speech:to speak teeth, to lose one's head, miracles in a sieve, fish without fish and cancer, born in a shirt;

expressions from professional areas of use, from slang:baffle, green street - from the usage of railroad workers;clumsy work, no hitch, no hitch - from the speech of carpenters;rub glasses, a bit card - from the slang of gamblers;

expressions from literary speech:
a) terms and phrases from scientific use:center of gravity, chain reaction, roll on inclined plane, bring to white heat;
b) expressions from works of fiction and journalism:"And the chest just opened" (I. Krylov); "with feeling, with sense, with arrangement" (A. Griboedov); "living corpse" (L. Tolstoy); "It smells like kerosene" (M. Koltsov).

By stylistic coloring distinguish the following phraseological units:

1. Neutral – used in all styles of speech: a vicious circle, a just cause, live a century, with bated breath, know your worth, a game of imagination. regain consciousness.

2. Book – used in book styles, mainly in writing : probe the soil, follow in the footsteps, tempt fate, disappear from the face of the earth, Egyptian execution, stumbling block, Augean stables.

3. Conversational – used primarily in oral communication: live happily ever after, behind seven locks, the eye rejoices, as if on pins and needles, through teeth, the first pancake is lumpy, seven Fridays a week.

4. Colloquial – differ from colloquial lowering, rudeness: to Kudykina mountain, to give a miss, to fool the head, a trifling matter, to reach the handle, to starve the worm, to shed a tear.

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Chapter 2 The use of phraseological units in speech

Phraseological turns are widely used in various styles .. speech.

In fiction, journalism, colloquial speech the use of phraseological units is associated with their expressive possibilities. Imagery, expression, characteristic of a significant part of phraseological units, help to avoid stereotyping, dryness, facelessness in speech communication. At the same time, phraseological units of a bookish nature have an "increased" expressive-stylistic coloring, their use gives speech solemnity, poetry, and bookishness.

For colloquial everyday phraseological units, a "reduced" expressive-stylistic coloring is characteristic, which allows expressing irony, familiarity, contempt, etc. It is necessary to take into account the especially reduced nature of phraseological units located on the periphery of the literary language, vernacular phraseological units (to rage with fat, just spit, slurp soup with bast shoes ) and roughly colloquial (no skin, no faces, show Kuz'kin's mother, spawn ). These specific properties of phraseological units are especially clearly visible when compared with commonly used lexical synonyms. Compare:die - lay down your head - break your neck, deceive - mislead - lead by the nose. In all styles of speech, interstyle phraseological turns with "zero" coloring are also widely used, such asany day, secret ballot, go crazy.

The use of phraseological units gives speech liveliness and figurativeness. It's appreciated

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journalists who willingly turn to Russian phraseology in feuilletons,

essays:The Volga, along with its dashing driver, disappeared as if it had fallen through the ground; The director - an atheist to the marrow of his bones - does not believe in either a brownie or a goblin. He claims that the apartment drought in the new five-story building is caused by builders. And their trace caught a cold in the state farm. Look for the wind in the field!

The appeal to colloquial phraseology in such cases often leads to a mixture of stylistically heterogeneous elements, which contributes to the comic sound of speech.

Humorists and satirists especially like to use phraseological units:Ostap came close to Vorobyaninov and, looking around, gave the leader a short, strong and invisible blow to the side. Here's a devil in your ribs!; That's right, - said Ostap, - and now on the neck. Twice. So. Nothing to do about. Sometimes the eggs have to teach the presumptuous chicken... One more time... So. Do not be shy. Don't hit the head again. This is his weakest point. (I. and P.). At the same time, stable combinations are transformed and often acquire new shades of meaning, as can be seen in the example of the quoted lines. Ilf and Petrov dismembered phraseologygray hair in beard , and the demon in the ribs , which in the second part of the sentence partly loses its metaphorical meaning (cf .:devil in the ribs - kick to the side); phraseological unitteach your grandmother to suck eggs transformed into its antonym (occasionalism). Phraseologismweakness in the text it sounds two-dimensional: both figuratively and literally (about the head), which creates a pun.

The creative transformation of phraseological units deserves more detailed consideration. Let us dwell on some methods of phraseological innovation of journalists and writers.
A tried and tested stylistic device for updating the semantics of phraseological units is a change in the number of components in them. It is expressed in expanding the composition of the phraseological unit through the use of clarifying words for certain components, which can change the phraseological unit beyond recognition, giving it a new figurative form:Cats not ordinary, but with long, yellow claws, scraped her heart (Ch.). In other cases, there is a reduction (reduction) in the composition of the phraseological unit, which is also associated with its rethinking:Helpful Hints : Don't be born beautiful (From gas.) - cutting off the second part of the proverbDon't be born beautiful, but be born happy creates a new aphorism: "beauty is the source of ..unhappiness."

The replacement of vocabulary components of phraseological units is also used for their ironic rethinking:With every fiber of his suitcase he strove abroad (I. and P.);Critics honored the novel with silence; He laughs well who laughs without consequences; Came? Saw? Shut up! (From gas.). Such a transformation of phraseological expressions leads to a radical change in their meaning and creates an acutely satirical effect.

A peculiar stylistic device of the author's processing of phraseological units

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is a contamination of several expressions:Is it because silence is golden because it is

- sign

consent?; Divide someone else's opinion and rule; Lived my life at someone else's expense (From

gas.). Such a "crossing" returns the original lexical meaning to the phraseological components, and the phraseological units themselves are involved in a new figurative system. This gives a special semantic capacity and expressiveness to such puns.

One of the most striking stylistic devices for updating phraseological units is the destruction of their figurative meaning. At the same time, outwardly the phraseologism does not change, but loses its metaphorical meaning and is perceived literally:The writer Ivanov again received an open letter. It turned out that his letters were opened by a neighbor in stairwell Sidorov . In such situations, puns arise, built on the so-called external homonymy of phraseological units and free combinations of words.

Many of Emil Krotky's jokes are based on a two-dimensional comprehension of phraseological units:The play made a lot of noise: in all its actions they shot; Wise men and dentists look to the root; A firefighter always works with a spark; The radio awakens the thought. Even in those hours when you really want to sleep .

The second plane of meaning of a phraseological unit is sometimes revealed in a small context:Got into hardcover but consoled by reading his name on the cover; Trouble never comes alone, and his essay was published in two volumes . In other cases, the two-dimensional meaning of a phraseological unit is clarified only in a broad context. So, reading in the newspaper the title of the article "broken map ", at first we perceive it in the usual sense -" a complete failure of someone's plans. "However, the article talks about the operational geographical map that hung in recent months war at the headquarters of the fascist command. This makes us rethink the phraseological unit taken for the title of the publication in the context of the entire article.

Phraseological units updated by writers are sometimes distinguished into special group occasional phraseological neologisms. Like lexical neologisms, they perform in artistic speech expressive function, approaching the paths:He is reputed for being a man of duty, that he has not yet repaid a debt to anyone; He made suggestions, but only subordinate clauses; Modesty adorns even those to whom it is not for face .

Chapter 3

The use of phraseological units in speech creates certain difficulties, since language norm requires their exact reproduction, which is not always taken into account by speakers. So, in non-standardized speech, combinations of a pleonastic nature, formed from phraseological units and redundant definitions, are quite often found.

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to their components: "endure complete fiasco ", " heavy Sisyphean labor ",

" cheerful homeric laughter ". The expansion of the phraseological unit in such cases is not

justified.
There is also an unjustified reduction in the composition of a phraseological unit as a result of missing one or another of its components: "aggravating circumstance "

(instead ofaggravating guilt circumstance ); " wish this student success

the best " (instead ofleave something to be desired the best ).

The replacement of components in the composition of phraseological units is also unacceptable: "The teacher must know what lies the success of this work "; " Visit these places where else no journalist's foot has set foot "; " On the eve of the championship, the leaders more than enough worries ".

Often the reason for the distortion of the composition of phraseological units is an associative error: one or another of its components is replaced by a similar sound (often by a paronym): "not fell spirit ", " spend around the finger ", " broke out off his tongue ", " dot on and ", " seven spans on the forehead " etc.

Sometimes the grammatical forms of dictionary components are mistakenly replaced as part of phraseological units: "His head is whitened gray hair " (instead ofgray hair ); " kids froze worms " (instead ofworm ), " He doesn't want to work chasing for long rubles "(distorted phraseological unitchasing a long ruble ).

Often the erroneous use of phraseological units is associated with the contamination of several (usually two) turns: "plays a role " - " has a role " (instead ofmatters - plays a role ), " give importance " (instead ofAttention , butattach importance ), " has a significant effect " (instead ofeffect produces andhas an impact ) etc.

Misunderstanding the etymology of phraseological units leads to comic errors: "at least a stake on the head scratches " (instead ofteshi ): " bring to white knee " (instead ofheat ; white heat - "the highest degree of heating of the metal, which first turns red, and then white"), "creaking heart " ( holding together - fromfasten ).

Sometimes in speech you can observe misunderstanding speaking values used phraseological unit: "Cheerful and happy, the graduates sang their parting swan song ". " Today we have happy event: we escort to the last journey our senior comrades "The use of phraseological units without taking into account their semantics, as well as the structure, fundamentally distorts the meaning of the statement.

A gross speech error is also a distortion of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit, which in the context is perceived not in its metaphorical meaning, but literally: "The record hasn't said its last word yet. "- context revealed direct meaning

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words that formed a phraseological unit, and as a result a pun arose. Perception

phraseological units in their unusual, ugly meaning gives speech an inappropriate comic: "AT this year, Aeroflot managed to keep the flow of passengers at a high level ". However, it also happens that a free phrase in the text is perceived as

phraseological unit, which also creates a pun: "Printing house No. 5 issued geographical maps with white spots "(i.e., without a print). The reason for the inappropriate pun was the external homonymy of phraseological units and free phrases.

Both in oral and written speech, a significant number of errors are observed when

the use of phraseological units. The most typical are the following:

Component replacement phraseological combination(sort from empty to empty instead of pouring from empty to empty; the lion's share instead of the lion's share).

Unjustified reduction or expansion of the composition of the phraseological turnover (new rules entered into force instead of new rules; leave much to be desired instead of leave much to be desired).

The use of an unsuccessful definition as part of a phraseological combination (Unfortunately, at the evening dedicated to A.S. Pushkin, they asked slanderous questions about Natalya Nikolaevna instead of asking tricky questions).

Contamination (mixing) of two turns (on the coffin of the board instead of on the coffin of life and up to coffin board; lean against the throat instead of lean against the wall and approach the throat; play a role instead of play a role and make a difference).

Distortion of the grammatical form of the components of a phraseological unit (tuck under the arm instead of tuck under the arm, the grandmother said for two instead of the grandmother said for two).

Violation of the grammatical connection of a phraseological unit with words adjacent to it (he never broke his hat to anyone instead of anyone and he never broke his hat; the speaker expressed regret for what happened instead of the speaker expressed regret in connection with what happened).

The use of phraseological units that do not correspond to the context (Among the listeners there were students who did not knit a bast in Russian, instead of Among the listeners there were students who did not know Russian well; The audience inspires me with confidence that I, as an actress, can still do a lot, instead of the audience they inspire I believe that as an actress I can still do a lot).

The stylistic inappropriateness of using a phraseological phrase (the Commander ordered to reel in the fishing rods instead of the Commander ordered to leave).

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Conclusion

Phraseologisms (phraseological means) reflect the national specifics of the language, its originality. The phraseology captures the rich historical experience of the people, it reflects the ideas associated with labor activity, life and culture of people. The study of phraseology is a necessary link in the assimilation of the language, in improving the culture of speech. The correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech a unique originality, special expressiveness, accuracy, imagery.

Phraseologisms, along with words, serve as the building material of the sentence and have essential features.

Sustainability - this is a measure, a degree of fusion, semantic indissolubility of all constituent parts phraseologism. The more stable the phraseologism in this regard, the more its constituent parts lose their previously generally accepted meanings. For example: to carry water with a sieve - to work aimlessly and to no avail. Here, all components of a phraseological unit have lost their own lexical meaning and serve to express the phraseological meaning as a whole.

Reproducibility- regular repetitionrenewabilityphraseological units in speech. For example, such phraseological units are reproduced as squeezing juice, not far off, hands do not reach, and so on.

Phraseological turns are almost untranslatable into another language, since they have a holistic meaning, and the words that make up the phraseological unit, as it were, lose their eigenvalue. For example: blood with milk - good health (person); baby talk - to speak naive, primitive, unreasonable, frivolous; wait for the weather by the sea - passively expect something, do nothing (usually forced).

Structure openness phraseologism is manifested in the fact that it is usually combined with all its composition, as one indivisible whole, in speech with the significant words (word) that surround it.

Phraseologism performs the role of one member of the sentence: "The casket threw itself into the eyes with decoration, cleanliness" (it stood out, it was different). (I. Krylov.) The guys worked with their sleeves rolled up (well, diligently).

In order to correctly use phraseological units in speech, you need to know their meaning and stylistic properties well. Here you may need a reference book, a dictionary. For example, the School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by Zhukov V.P. and Zhukov A.V., intended mainly for high school students. Here are the phraseological units used in modern Russian. The authors reveal the meaning of phraseological units, show how they should be used in speech, give a stylistic description of each phraseological phrase, in some cases provide historical and etymological references that help to understand the semantic content of these units of the language.

9

Content

1. Introduction 2

2. Chapter 1 Phraseological units, definition and classification. 3-4

3. Chapter 2. The use of phraseological units in speech. 4-6

4. Chapter 3 Erroneous, unsuccessful use of phraseological units 6-8

5. Conclusion 9

6. List of used literature. ten

1

List of used literature

1. Abramova S. V. Organization of educational and research work in the Russian language // Russian language. - 2006. - No. 19. - S. 2 - 10.

2. Ashukin N.S., Ashukina M.G. Winged words. Literary quotations. Figurative expressions / Ans. ed. V.P. Vompersky; Il. A.B. Markevich. – M.: Pravda, 1986. – 768 p.

3 . Vvedenskaya L.A., Baranov M.T., Gvozdarev Yu.A. Russian word. Optional course "Vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language". - M.: Enlightenment, 1990. - 144 p.

4. Grigoryan L.T. My tongue is my friend. (Materials for extracurricular activities in Russian lang.). A guide for teachers. M., "Enlightenment", 1976. - 224 With.

5. Internet resources.

10

Administration of Ulan-Ude

Education Committee

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution

"Secondary school No. 46"

The role of phraseological units in speech

Completed by: student of the 6th "c" class Gordeev A.

Scientific adviser:

Nechaeva V.A.,

teacher of Russian language

and literature

Ulan-Ude

2015

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format

Introduction

I was interested in the topic "Phraseologisms" I decided to learn more about stable combinations, their meaning, origin, appearance in the Russian language. I decided to explore phraseological units and try to understand how often they occur in speech, what they mean. Based on this, I had questions: “Do all the guys know what phraseological units are? Are there phraseological units that are used more often than others? Do the guys in our class know the meaning of phraseological units? It became interesting to me, and I decided to learn as much as possible about phraseological units, having spent a certain search job.

Relevance of the topic due to the fact that in Everyday life When faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units in speech, because they do not know their meanings. Before graduates of grades 9.11, when passing the OGE, EGE, the task is set: to know and understand the meaning of idioms, to be able to use phraseological units in speech.

The purpose of my work: to explore the use of phraseological units in speech, to arouse interest among peers in the use of phraseological units in oral and written speech.

Object of study: oral speech and survey materials of teachers and students.

Subject of study: phraseological units.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

to search for the necessary language information about phraseological units;

find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;

get acquainted with phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language;

make a dictionary "Learn phraseology"

Hypothesis: I suppose that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature;

collection of information;

survey - questioning;

observation;

study.

Hypothesis testing: having collected information about phraseological units, having carried out research and observations, I compiled a dictionary “Learn phraseologism”. In my opinion, this material helps to learn not only the Russian language, but the history, traditions, customs of the Russian and other peoples.

Brief review of used literature and sources

When writing this work, scientific and educational methodological literature were used.

In the book L.A. Vvedenskaya, M.T. Baranov "Russian Word"" contains theoretical information on the course "Vocabulary and Phraseology of the Russian Language".

In the dictionaries of A.V. Zhukov and V.P. Zhukov included phraseological units used in modern Russian. All dictionary entries contain bright illustrated material, and some are provided with historical and etymological references.

In the book of A.I. Molotov "Fundamentals of phraseology of the Russian language" in an accessible form tells about the science of etymology.

M.I. Stepanov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language". This dictionary includes phraseological units that were used in the texts of fiction. Each phraseological unit has an interpretation, description, information about the origin.

Dictionaries were reviewed and a selection of phraseological units was made, the total volume of which was 113 units.

As a result of the study, it was proved that the study of phraseological units is important for the knowledge of the language itself. Phraseologisms are closely related to vocabulary, the study of idioms helps to understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Russian phraseological units reflected historical events, expressed the people's attitude towards them, which allows us to better understand the history and character of our people.

As a result of the study, it was found that

Russian phraseological units reflected historical events, expressed the people's attitude towards them;

Acquaintance with Russian phraseology allows you to better understand the history and character of our people.

Thanks to phraseological units, our vocabulary it becomes richer, the more interesting, the more vividly a person expresses his thoughts;

The study of phraseology is important for improving a person's speech, for improving his speech culture.

Practical value of the project lies in the fact that the collected materials on phraseological units reflecting historical processes, can be used in the study of the topic "Vocabulary and Phraseology", as well as in extracurricular activities. Knowledge of phraseological units, the ability to find them in the text enables students to successfully prepare for the olympiads, and graduates of grades 9.11 to complete certain tasks of the OGE, EGE.

Chapter I Theoretical part

1.1 Definition and features of phraseological units

What are phraseological units?

To answer this question, I considered several sources: dictionaries, encyclopedias, Internet portals.

Dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov gives the following definition: Phraseologism - stable expression with independent meaning.

In the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"(1969-1978) has the following definition of this concept:

Phraseologism- phraseological unit, a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and known speakers given language meaning (in most cases - figuratively), not derived from the meaning of its constituent components. This meaning is reproduced in speech in accordance with historically established norms of use.

In this way, I found out that phraseological units are stable combinations that form a semantic unity and perform the function of a separate word. The words that make up the phraseologism, all together mean not at all what they mean individually. In free phrases, one word can be replaced by another if it fits the meaning (for example: eat Apple, eat candy, learning lessons , did lessons). Phraseologisms do not allow such a substitution. It would not occur to anyone to say “the cat cried” instead of “the cat cried”, instead of “scatter with the mind” - “scatter with the mind” or “scatter with the head”.

1.2. The use and origin of phraseological units

phraseological units used in modern language, have different origins. Some originated in the distant past, others were created in recent decades.

According to their origin, phraseological units can be divided into following groups:

Groups of phraseological units
Phraseological units, the origin of which is connected with the history of our country, with the customs and rituals of our ancestors.	Climb on the wall, on (in) the whole of Ivanovo, Potemkin villages, put aside in a long box, beat with a brow, rank with rank.
Phraseologisms that arose in a particular professional environment or came to literary language from jargon.	Beat the thumbs, get into a mess, butcher, play first fiddle, take on the gun, rub points, put on the card.
Expressions from the pages works of art Russian and foreign literature and become winged.	A disservice, to shoe a flea, like a squirrel in a wheel, Demyanov's ear, to grandfather's village, to fight with windmills.
Phraseological turns that came to us from the Old Slavonic language.	Daily bread, prodigal son, carry your cross, bury your talent in the ground, unbelieving Thomas.
Phraseological units of biblical origin.	Holy of holies, by the grace of God, manna from heaven, sprinkle ashes on your head.
Phraseological turns of ancient origin (from mythology, literature, history).	Apple of contention, Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, Augean stables, cut the Gordian knot, golden mean.
Borrowed phraseological units from other languages ​​(translation of foreign expressions).	Not at ease, dot over and, blue stocking, storm in a teacup, fail, castles in the air.
Phraseologisms, which are by origin stable combinations - the terms of science.	Bring to a common denominator, a star of the first magnitude, a chain reaction.

1.3. Sources of phraseological units

All phraseological units of the Russian language by origin can be divided into two groups: 1) Russian origin; 2) borrowed from other languages.

A number of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. A prime example such phraseological units are the following stable combinations: to plug in the belt, where the crayfish hibernate, you can’t lure with a roll.

Oral folk art is also one of the sources of the appearance of phraseological units. Here are examples of phraseological units from Russian folk tales: the beaten unbeaten are lucky, Koschei the Deathless. There are stable expressions formed from proverbs: chase two rabbits- from the proverb “If you chase two hares, you won’t catch one”; without a king in my head("frivolous person") from the proverb: "Your mind is the king in the head."

The origin of some phraseological units is connected with Russian ancient crafts. So, for example, phraseological units originate from carpenters: without a hitch, without a hitch, remove the chips. From shoemakers - two of a Kind, made in one piece.

Quite a lot of phraseological units came to us from the fables of I.A. Krylov. Here is some of them: I didn't notice the elephant(I. Krylov) - “not to notice the main thing”; monkey labor(I. Krylov) - "vain, fussy work";

In Russian phraseology there is a considerable number of phraseological units that have come to us from other languages. Basically, these are expressions associated with Greek mythology: for example, the expression Augean stables, meaning "a neglected room or a mess that is difficult to remove," is associated with the myth of Hercules, who cleaned the huge stables of King Avgii.

In this way, considering the ways of origin set expressions I have come to the following conclusions:

Phraseologisms have long been used in people's speech;

The origin of phraseological units is connected with the traditions, customs, crafts of Russian people;

Many phraseological units came into our speech from folklore, literary works, Greek mythology.

From the end of the 18th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names: winged expressions, aphorisms,

idioms, proverbs and sayings.

M. V. Lomonosov called stable combinations "Russian proverbs", "phrases", "idiocy", offering to include them in the dictionary.

Chapter II. Practical part

2.1. The results of the survey on the topic "Phraseologisms in our speech"

After studying the theoretical part, it was very interesting to find out if the students of our school and parents are familiar with the concept of "phraseologism", what phraseological units they know, whether they use them in speech. I developed questionnaires for school students and parents ( Annex 1 Questionnaire).

The purpose of the survey: to find out whether they know what phraseological units are, whether they are often used in everyday speech.

10 students and 5 parents took part in the survey. A total of 15 people were interviewed.

So I got the following results:

Diagram 1

To the question: “Do you know what phraseological units are?”

answered: - "yes" - 7 students (53%);

- "no" - 8 students (47%).

To the question: "Where are phraseological units most often found?"

Give examples of phraseological units, answered:

Adults: in fairy tales, in proverbs;

Children: in prose, fables

Everyone gave examples: nodding off, hitting the buckets, breaking into a cake, hacking on the nose

To the question: Where did phraseological units come from?

Adults: most do not know; from the Bible, myths;

Children: Most don't know Ancient Russia

Diagram 2

Explain the meaning of the following expressions:

Diagram 3

To the question: " Do you use idioms in your speech?

answered: - "yes" - 8 students (53%);

- “no” - 3 students (20%).

- “rarely” -4 students (27%)

Additionally, I conducted a survey of six residents of the village of Lopukhinka from 17 to 52 years old, inviting them to answer the questions of the questionnaire.

I got the following results:

Do you know what phraseologism is? - everyone knows

Where are phraseological units most often found?

In colloquial speech -5 people,

in books - 1 person.

Give examples of phraseological units: to chop on the nose, to make an elephant out of a fly, an eye for an eye, to know by heart, neither fluff nor a feather ...

Where did phraseological units come from? - from fairy tales, from myths, from the Bible

Do you use in your speech? - everyone uses.

Thus, I found out that most of the survey participants know phraseological units and use them in their speech ( diagram 1).

At the same time, the survey showed that there are guys who are not familiar with the concept of "phraseologism", some of the students cannot name them or know very few stable combinations of words and, as a result, do not use them in speech. ( diagram 2, 3).

Based on the foregoing, I came to the conclusion that schoolchildren need a dictionary of phraseological units and visual material to enrich their speech with more vivid, figurative, emotional expressions.

2.2. Creation of a phraseological dictionary and thematic booklets.

I decided to create my own dictionary of phraseological units .(Appendix 2) This dictionary explains the meanings of phraseological units, historical and etymological information about the origin of phraseological units will also be added, and illustrative material will be given to some of them. To create a dictionary, 26 phraseological units most frequently encountered in everyday life were selected. The presentation of the dictionary was offered to the children for review and further use in their work.

After studying the dictionary, I played the game "Learn Phraseologism".

All the children coped with the task and were able to correctly combine the phraseological unit with its meaning. After the guys studied the dictionary, their speech became more vivid and expressive, the guys began to use phraseological units in their speech.

Conclusion

Having considered this topic and having studied the relevant literature, I:

Found out what is phraseological units.

I learned that phraseological units have existed throughout the history of the language, but the system of phraseological units is not permanently changed once and for all, new phraseological units inevitably appear in modern speech

I learned that the sources of phraseological units are different.

The use of phraseological units enriches and enlivens our speech.

I found out whether students of our school and their parents, residents of the village of Lopukhinka, use phraseological units in their speech.

In the future, I will continue to study the literature on this topic and pay attention to the peculiarities of the Russian language, I will continue to work on compiling the second part of the dictionary. I believe that the materials collected on this topic can be successfully used in Russian language lessons, as well as in extracurricular activities.

The purpose of the research work: to investigate the use of phraseological units in speech, to arouse interest among peers in the use of phraseological units in oral and written speech, has been achieved.

Conclusion: you need to constantly replenish your vocabulary, learn to use phraseological units in your speech; it is necessary to read more, refer to various dictionaries, conduct search work, referring to the work of writers, the works of Russian scientists

Beautiful correct speech is an undoubted advantage, both for adults and children. A person who knows phraseology mother tongue who knows how to use it, usually easily expresses thoughts, for the word does not climb into the pocket.

Bibliography

1. Vvedenskaya L.A. Baranov M.T. Russian Word.- M.: Enlightenment, 2003.- 384p.

2. Zhukov A.V. Lexico - phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. -361s.

3. Zhukov A.V., Zhukov V.P. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. -M.: Enlightenment, 2003. -167p.

4.Memerovich A.M. Phraseological units in Russian speech: a dictionary. -M AST, 2005.-213 p.

5. Molotkov A.I. Fundamentals of phraseology of the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2006. -248 p.

6. Stepanov M.I. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language-St. Petersburg: Victoria Plus, 2003.-608 p.

Attachment 1

Questionnaire Use of phraseological units

Friends!

We ask you to answer the questions of the questionnaire for conducting research work on phraseological units

1. Do you know what phraseologism is?

2. Do you use phraseological units in your speech?

3. Where are phraseological units most often found?

_________________________________________

4. Give examples of phraseological units you use. (if using)

________________________________________________________________________________

5. Where did phraseological units come from?

__________________________________________________________

6. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units:

Bite your tongue- ___________________________________________

The cat cried-___________________________________________

To beat with a forehead - ________________________________________________________

Sit in a galosh-__________________________________________________

Down the drain - _____________________________________________________________

To beat with a forehead - ________________________________________________________

Appendix 2

Material for creating a dictionary

"LEARN PHRASEOLOGISM"

The dictionary will contain pictures of phraseological units, and on the reverse side of the sheet - material about what this phraseological unit means.

Like a chicken paw - write or draw illegibly, incomprehensibly and ugly. If you observe chickens and what footprints they leave on the ground, you will notice that they form intricate patterns. "After four years art school I still draw like a chicken paw.”

Work through the sleeves careless, irresponsible attitude to work, the desire to do everything in a blunder, inaccurately, with laziness, that is, “slipshod”. Careless, lazy people carelessly read, write, study, treat their duties, sew, build, manage - in a word, do any work.

White crow

Let's start with the obvious. Ravens are usually black, sometimes black and grey, but by no means white. Albinos are generally rare. From here White crow(see below for the meaning of a phraseological unit) is an object that stands out strongly from the general series. This is not just a quantitative difference, but a natural internal feature of something that creates a completely different idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe state of things. Foggy wording. Examples will help us to clarify it.

Cat in a bag means to acquire something behind the eyes, not knowing anything about the disadvantages or advantages of the purchase.

Nick down remember firmly, firmly, once and for all.

It seems to many that this was not said without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. In vain fear. Word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but only a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such boards with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches, cuts. These tags were called noses.

crocodile tears

Since ancient times, many peoples have believed that a crocodile cries when it eats its prey. And it seems that he is crying out of pity for the one he is now eating. Since "this cannot be, because it can never be," then the expression crocodile tears(or pouring crocodile tears) in a figurative sense means hypocritically showing regret to your victim, hypocritically worrying, showing feigned condolences.

In fact, the crocodile has glands under the eyes through which excess salt is excreted from the body, which looks very much like tears. By the way, our human tears also partially perform the function of removing salts - try your tears on the tongue - they are salty.

In the bag

Several centuries ago, when mail in its present form did not exist, all messages were delivered by messengers on horseback. At that time, quite a few robbers wandered along the roads, and a bag with a package could attract the attention of robbers. Therefore, important papers, or, as they used to be called, deeds, were sewn up under the lining of hats or caps. This is where the expression came from: in the bag". This phraseological unit means that everything is fine, everything is in order. About the successful completion, the outcome of something

Hold the bull by the horns

Do something firmly, decisively and consistently.

Sharpen laces

Semenov balusters have long been famous on the Volga. From aspen blocks they made curly balusters for decorating railings, balcony handrails, window frames. This work was considered relatively easy and frivolous: it’s not for you to set up a house. Balusters sharpened balusters (or laces) and sang, had a lively joking conversation.

Phraseologism "to sharpen folly" means: to talk, chat.

Climb on the rampage

In ancient Russia rampage- "a stake pointed at one end, a pole, a spear." Daredevil hunters went to the bear with a stake in front of them. Having run into trouble, the beast perished.

Hence the proverb jump on the rampage. Its meaning is to "run into" big troubles of one's own free will.

Disservice- an inept, awkward service that brings harm instead of help. Phraseologism goes back to I. A. Krylov's fable "The Hermit and the Bear", which tells about the friendship of the hermit with the bear. Once the hermit lay down to sleep, and the bear drove flies away from him. He drove the fly off his cheek, she sat on his nose, then on his forehead. The bear took a heavy cobblestone and killed a fly on his friend's forehead with it.

Gogol walk

Gogol is wild duck. Along the shore, he walks importantly, waddling, thrusting his chest forward and proudly throwing back his head. About a person who walks importantly, walks, they say that he walks like a gogol.

The most famous phraseological units of the Russian language

• Augean stables

Rake first these Augean stables, and then you will go for a walk.

Meaning. A cluttered, polluted place where everything is in complete disarray.

Origin. Lived in ancient Elis, is told in ancient Greek legend, King Avgiy, a passionate lover of horses: he kept three thousand horses in his stables. However, the stalls in which the horses were kept had not been cleaned for thirty years, and they were overgrown with manure up to the roof.

Hercules was sent to the service of Avgius, to whom the king instructed to clean the stables, which no one else could do.

Hercules was as cunning as he was powerful. He directed the waters of the river through the gates of the stables, and a stormy stream washed out all the dirt from there in a day.

The Greeks sang this feat along with the other eleven, and the expression "Augean stables" began to apply to everything neglected, polluted to the last limit, and in general to denote a great mess.

• Arshin swallow

It stands as if the arshin swallowed.

Meaning. Stay unnaturally straight.

Origin. The Turkish word "arshin", meaning a measure of length of one cubit, has long become Russian. Until the revolution, Russian merchants and artisans constantly used arshins - wooden and metal rulers seventy-one centimeters long. Imagine how a person who swallowed such a ruler should look like, and you will understand why this expression is used in relation to stiff and arrogant people.

• henbane overeat

In Pushkin's "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish," an old man, indignant at the shameless greed of his old woman, angrily says to her: "What are you, a woman, overeating with henbane?"

Meaning. Act absurdly, viciously, like crazy.

Origin. In the countryside, in the backyards and dumps, you can find tall bushes with dirty yellowish, purple-veined flowers and an unpleasant smell. This is henbane - very poisonous plant. Its seeds resemble poppies, but the one who eats them becomes like a madman: he raves, rages, and often dies.

• lead by the nose

The smartest man, more than once or twice led the enemy by the nose.

Meaning. To deceive, mislead, promise and not fulfill the promise.

Origin. The expression was associated with fairground entertainment. Gypsies took bears to the show for a ring threaded through their noses. And they forced them, poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of handouts.

• Hair on end

Horror seized him: his eyes popped out, his hair stood on end.

Meaning. So they say when a person is very scared.

Origin. “Stand on end” is to stand at attention, on your fingertips. That is, when a person is frightened, his hair stands on tiptoe on his head.

• That's where the dog is buried!

Ah, that's it! Now it is clear where the dog is buried.

Meaning. That's the thing, that's the real reason.

Origin. There is a story: the Austrian warrior Sigismund Altensteig spent all campaigns and battles with his beloved dog. Once, while traveling in the Netherlands, the dog even saved his owner from death. The grateful warrior solemnly buried his four-legged friend and erected a monument on his grave, which stood for more than two centuries - until early XIX century.

Later, the dog monument could be found by tourists only with the help of local residents. At that time, the saying “That's where the dog is buried!” Was born, which now has the meaning: “I found what I was looking for”, “got to the bottom of the matter”.

But there is an older and no less likely source of the proverb that has come down to us. When the Greeks decided to give the Persian king Xerxes a battle at sea, they put old men, women and children on ships in advance and transported them to the island of Salamis.

They say that the dog that belonged to Xanthippus, the father of Pericles, did not want to part with his master, jumped into the sea and swam, following the ship, reached Salamis. Exhausted from fatigue, she immediately died.

According to the historian of antiquity Plutarch, this dog was placed on the seashore with a kinosema - a canine monument, which was shown to the curious for a very long time.

Some German linguists believe that this expression was created by treasure hunters, who, out of fear of the evil spirit that allegedly guarded each treasure, did not dare to directly mention the purpose of their search and conditionally began to talk about a black dog, meaning the hell and the treasure.

Thus, according to this version, the expression "this is where the dog is buried" meant: "this is where the treasure is buried."

• Pour in the first number

For such deeds, of course, they should be poured on the first number!

Meaning. Severely punish, scold someone

Origin. Something, but this expression is familiar to you ... And where did it just fall on your unfortunate head! Believe it or not, but... from the old school, where students were flogged every week, regardless of whether they were right or wrong. And if the mentor overdoes it, then such a spanking was enough for a long time, until the first day of the next month.

rub glasses

Do not believe it, they rub glasses on you!

Meaning. To deceive someone by presenting the matter in a distorted, incorrect, but favorable light for the speaker.

Origin. We are not talking about glasses that are used to correct vision. There is another meaning of the word "glasses": red and black marks on playing cards. Ever since there were cards, there have been dishonest players, cheaters in the world. They, in order to deceive a partner, indulged in all sorts of tricks. By the way, they were able to quietly “rub glasses” - turn a seven into a six or a four into a five, on the go, during the game, sticking a “point” or covering it with a special white powder. It is clear that “rubbing glasses” began to mean “cheating”, hence the special words were born: “fraud”, “fraudster” - a trickster who knows how to embellish his work, pass off bad as very good.

Goal like a falcon

Who will say a kind word to me? After all, I'm an orphan. Goal like a falcon.

Meaning. Very poor, beggar.

Origin. Many people think that we are talking about the bird. But she is neither poor nor rich. In fact, the “falcon” is an old military wall-beating weapon. It was a completely smooth (“bare”) cast-iron ingot, mounted on chains. Nothing extra!

• Naked truth

This is the state of affairs naked truth without embellishment.

Meaning. Truth as it is, no bluff.

Origin. This expression is Latin: Nuda Veritas [nuda veritas]. It is taken from the 24th ode of the Roman poet Horace (65 - 8 BC). Ancient sculptors allegorically portrayed the truth (truth) in the form of a naked woman, which was supposed to symbolize the true state of affairs without silence or embellishment.

• Woe onion

Do you know how to cook soup, onion woe.

Meaning. Idiot, unlucky person.

Origin. The corrosive volatile substances contained in the onion in abundance irritate the eyes, and the hostess, while she crushes the onion for her cooking, sheds tears, although there is not the slightest grief. It is curious that tears caused by the action of irritating substances chemical composition different from sincere tears. There is more protein in fake tears (this is not surprising, because such tears are designed to neutralize caustic substances that have entered the eye), so fake tears are slightly cloudy. However, every person knows this fact intuitively: there is no faith in muddy tears. And onion grief is not called grief, but a transitory nuisance. Most often, half-jokingly, half-sadly, they turn to a child who has again done something wrong.

• Bring to white heat

Vile type, brings me to white heat.

Meaning. To piss off to the limit, to bring to madness.

Origin. When the metal is heated during forging, it glows differently depending on the temperature: first red, then yellow, and finally dazzling white. At higher temperatures, the metal will melt and boil. An expression from the speech of blacksmiths.

• smoke rocker

In the tavern, smoke stood like a yoke: songs, dances, screams, fights.

Meaning. Noise, noise, confusion, turmoil.

Origin. AT old Russia the huts were often heated in a black way: the smoke did not leave through chimney, but through a special window or door. And the shape of the smoke predicted the weather. There is smoke a pillar - it will be clear, a drag - to fog, rain, a yoke - to the wind, bad weather, and even a storm.

• Nick down

And cut it on your nose: you will not be able to deceive me!

Meaning. Remember firmly, firmly, once and for all.

Origin. The word "nose" here does not mean the organ of smell. Oddly enough, it means "commemorative plaque", "record tag". In ancient times, illiterate people carried such sticks and tablets with them everywhere and made all kinds of notes and notches on them. These tags were called noses.

The use of phraseological units in speech

Completed by: Badalova Sh.V

Head: Kaldanova S.S.

Kentau Multidisciplinary College

Kentau, Tole bi street, 72,[email protected]

USE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN SPEECH

Speech is a way of communication between people. In order to achieve complete mutual understanding, to express one's thoughts more clearly and figuratively, many lexical devices are used, in particular, phraseological units - stable turns of speech that have an independent meaning and are characteristic of a particular language.

Phraseology is the greatest treasury and enduring value of any language. It, like a mirror, reflects the history and centuries-old experience of labor and spiritual activity of the people, their moral values, religious views and beliefs. Phraseology reflects the world of feelings, images, assessments of a particular people, it is most directly related to the culture of speech production. Phraseology directly reflects in the language the culture of the people who speak it, everything that characterizes the way of life of the people, its national psychology. The richer the vocabulary, the more interesting and brighter the person expresses his thoughts. Each phraseological unit, like a person, has its own history, its own origins. They are rooted, as a rule, in the depths of centuries, and therefore we often use them without even realizing their true meaning. Phraseologisms help us express our feelings, emotions, make our speech brighter, more precise, more expressive. In the phraseology section, proverbs, sayings, apt expressions of famous authors are studied. We often use phraseological units in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing - after all, some of them are simple, familiar, and familiar from childhood. Many of the phraseological units came to us from other languages, eras, fairy tales, legends. Each person has in memory a certain stock of phraseological units, the lexical meaning of which makes it possible to replace words that are close in meaning. Phraseologisms have firmly entered our everyday life. Understanding the meaning of phraseological units facilitates the perception of literary works by A.S. Pushkin, I.A. Krylov, N.V. Gogol and others. Phraseological units are used in everyday speech, works of art, and journalism. They give expressiveness to the statement, serve as a means of creating imagery.

The term "phraseologism" has several definitions. Here are some of them:

Phraseology or phraseological unit is a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit). Phraseological units are described in phraseological dictionaries.

A stable combination of words, the meaning of which as a whole differs from the simple sum of the meanings of its parts (to make money, stay with the nose, ate the dog).

A stable combination of words, constant in composition and meaning, reproduced in speech as a finished unit. For example, play box (die).

The origin of phraseological units

Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language. Already from the end of the 16th century, they were explained in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names (winged words, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings). However, the phraseological composition of the Russian language began to be studied relatively recently. The creation of a base for the study of stable combinations of words in the modern Russian literary language belongs to Academician V.V. Vinogradov. It was to them that they were first given "classification of phraseological phrases of the Russian language in terms of their semantic unity and outlined ways of their further study". The emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science is associated with the name of VV Vinogradov.

By origin, some phraseological units are actually Russian, others are borrowed.

"Originally Russian" phraseological units are opposed to "foreign" ones. They were born thanks to:

1.History and culture of Russia: ate a dog, a shot sparrow;

2. Artistic works: trishkin caftan, a disservice, like a squirrel in a wheel, to the village of grandfather;

3. Customs;

4. Traditions;

5. Creativity of the Russian people, Russian writers;

6. Old Slavonic language: carry your cross, salt of the earth, manna from heaven, unbelieving Thomas;

7. Myths different peoples: Augean stables.

The second are the creations of other peoples, other literatures. Many phraseological units came from ancient Greek and Roman mythology: Achilles' heel, Procrustean bed.

Many quotes, winged words from foreign classical literature have become phraseological units, for example: to be or not to be (from the tragedy of W. Shakespeare "Hamlet").

Sometimes a third group of set expressions is distinguished, calling them "international". These are popular expressions that arose on the basis of biblical legends and ancient literatures and entered the fund of many languages ​​​​of the world, while maintaining a stable meaning and image in any language. They are the property of all mankind: such, for example, is the expression like a dog in the manger, meaning “it does not use itself and does not give to others”, which arose on the basis of the fable of the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop. Everyone knows borrowed phraseological units from the Bible, for example: the prodigal son, Valaam's donkey. The main source of Russian phraseology is free phrases, which, when used in a figurative sense, become phraseological units: The boat goes with the flow.

Some phraseological units are associated with professional speech: in an hour, a teaspoonful from medical vocabulary; get off the stage - from the speech of the artists.

Many phraseological units turn out to be difficult to understand due to their grammatical design, the unclear meaning of the words that make them up. For example, the voice of one crying in the wilderness is a call for something that remains unanswered.

To understand the meaning of phraseological units, it is advisable to refer to the phraseological dictionary.

Classification of phraseological units

According to the classification of VV Vinogradov, there are three main types of phraseological units: phraseological fusions (idioms), phraseological units and phraseological combinations.

N. M. Shansky also identifies an additional type - phraseological expressions.

Phraseological fusions (idioms)

Phraseological fusion, or idiom, is a semantically indivisible turnover, the meaning of which is not at all deducible from the meanings of its constituent components. For example, "Sodom and Gomorrah" - an extreme degree of debauchery, debauchery; "railroad" - a special type of communication with train rails, sleepers, etc., and not just a road paved with iron.

Phraseological units

Phraseological unity is a stable turnover, in which, nevertheless, the signs of the semantic separation of the components are clearly preserved. Phraseological unity is characterized by figurativeness; each word of such a phrase has its own meaning, but in the aggregate they acquire a figurative meaning. Usually phraseological units of this type are tropes with a metaphorical meaning (for example, "granite of science", "go with the flow", "throw a bait").

Phraseological combinations

A phraseological combination is a stable turnover, which includes words, both with a free meaning, and with phraseologically related, not free (used only in this combination). Phraseological combinations are stable turns, but their holistic meaning follows from the meanings of their individual words.

Phraseological expressions

Phraseological expressions are phraseological phrases that are stable in their composition and use, which are not only semantically articulated, but also consist entirely of words with a free nominative meaning. Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics.

Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech.

stable formulas like "all the best", "see you again", etc.

Features of phraseological units and their use in speech.

1) Phraseologism can be replaced with one word, for example: hack on the nose - remember; how to look into the water - to foresee.

2) Synonymy of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms act as synonyms if they express the same idea, for example: smeared with one world, two boots of steam or: darkness, darkness, even a dime a dozen.

Phraseologisms that repeat individual components are also considered synonyms (cf .: the game is not worth the candle - the game is not worth the candle). Phraseologisms, partially coinciding in composition, but having different images at the base, are synonymous (cf .: hang your head - hang your nose).

3) Antonymy of phraseological units.

The antonymy of phraseological units is supported by the antonymic relations of their lexical synonyms (cf .: smart - stupid, seven spans in his forehead - he won’t invent gunpowder).

Antonymous phraseological units are distinguished into a special group, partially coinciding in composition, but having components that are opposed in meaning (cf .: time to scatter stones - time to collect stones).

4) Homonymy of phraseological units.

Homonymous phraseological units appear as a result of a figurative rethinking of the same concept, when its different features are taken as the basis, for example, “just right” - it fits, corresponds to someone, something; "just right" - when you need it, at the right moment.

5) In a sentence, a phraseological unit is one member: subject, predicate,

an addition or a circumstance - depending on what part of speech it can be replaced with, for example, in the sentence: The guys work, rolling up their sleeves - the idiom "rolling up their sleeves" can be replaced by an adverb - good (diligently). Therefore, this phraseological unit will play the role of the circumstance of the mode of action.

6) Reproducibility - phraseological units are not created in the process of speech (like phrases), but are used as they are fixed in the language.

7) Complicated in composition - they consist of several components (get into a mess, upside down). These components cannot be used on their own (“prosak”, “upside down”) or may change their usual meaning.

8) The constancy of the composition - a phraseological unit cannot replace words in its composition, but it may have options (“wear a stone in your bosom” and “keep a stone in your bosom”).

9) The impenetrability of the structure - it is not permissible to include new words in the phraseological unit (it's time for you to take up your mind).

10) The stability of the grammatical structure - the grammatical forms of words do not change, for example, you cannot say “beat the thumbs”, replacing the plural form with the singular form.

11) Strictly fixed word order. The rearrangement of components is usually allowed in phraseological units consisting of a verb and nominal forms that depend on it.

Phraseologisms are assistants and support for those who study the Russian language, who master the works of great Russian writers. They help to improve the culture of speech, enrich the vocabulary with figurative expressions. Phraseological units help to quickly master the Russian language, put them into practice, use them in different situations. They testify to the richness of the language and its diversity. Language is the great treasure of the people. Phraseological units are his wisdom, which is transmitted through generations, making the language figurative and apt.

List of used literature:

Phraseologisms should be distinguished from free phrases. To understand their fundamental differences, let us dwell on the features of the use of phraseological units in speech.

The most important feature phraseological units is their reproducibility. They are not created in the process of speech (like phrases), but are used as they are fixed in the language.

Phraseologisms, like other words, serve to convey thoughts, to reflect the phenomena of reality. Their main meaning is to give emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning. If they are used correctly, they will help to add special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery to speech.

However, not all phraseological units are figurative. They do not characterize the phenomenon, but only name it. Some terminological phraseological units sometimes begin to be used in a figurative sense, and in this case they acquire figurativeness. So, the marine phraseological unit to make ends meet - “to sail away from the coast” began to be used in the meaning of “to die”.

Phraseological units are inherent in the stability of the grammatical structure, they usually do not change the grammatical forms of words. So, you can’t say to beat the bucket, grind the lyas, replacing the forms plural baklushi, lyasy in the singular, or use full adjective instead of a short one in a phraseological unit on a bare foot. However, in special cases, variations grammatical forms in phraseological units are possible (cf .: warm your hand - warm your hands, have you heard of it - have you heard of it).

Most phraseological units have a strictly fixed word order. For example, it is impossible to swap words in expressions neither light nor dawn; beaten unbeaten lucky; everything flows, everything changes; although the meaning would not seem to be affected if we said: "Everything changes, everything flows."

At the same time, in some phraseological units, it is possible to change the order of words (cf .: take water in your mouth - take water in your mouth, do not leave a stone on a stone - do not leave a stone on a stone). The rearrangement of components is usually allowed in phraseological units consisting of a verb and nominal forms that depend on it.

Some phraseological units are the only ones for expressing the phenomena they denote, because there are no words or other phraseological units in the language that can convey the same meaning.

Other phraseological units have synonyms. For example, if you need to say about something that is very small, then people say: “the cat cried” or “a drop in the ocean”. However, not in any case it is possible to use these phraseological units.

Mistakes in spoken language are quite common.

These include:

1. The use of a phraseological unit in an unusual meaning: Vasya beautifully, like a chicken paw, wrote the title.

2. Replacement of words in the composition of a phraseological unit: “talk wide open” instead of “soul wide open”.

3. The use of phraseological units in an unusual style (for example, colloquial phraseological units in business papers).

Thus, we see that in colloquial speech, along with the correct use, there is an incorrect use of phraseological units. In fiction, phraseological units are sometimes transformed to create figurativeness.

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological turns:

You will not find friendlier than these two guys in the world.
They are usually referred to as water...

We walked the town literally along and …
And we were so tired on the road that we barely ...

Your friend asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, you will give this to a friend ...

They are out of tune, they confuse words, someone sings in the forest, ...
The kids won't listen to them.
From this song, ears ...
Conclusion. Sometimes there are cases when a phraseological unit has no equal expression and in order to accurately convey a particular phenomenon, it is necessary to use it. Phraseological units are used both in ordinary colloquial speech and in fiction. This makes our speech brighter and more figurative. Some phraseological units become obsolete over time, “go out of the language”, but they are always replaced by others that are associated with the events of our lives.