Are giant squids really just a legend? The giant kraken is a terrifying monster. Does the kraken really exist?

For centuries, people have told tales of sea monsters with giant tentacles that pull people to the bottom of the sea. But is there truth in these stories?

For centuries, fishermen from Norway and Greenland have told of a fearsome sea monster, the Kraken. It was reported that this huge creature had giant tentacles that could pull you off your boat and drag you into the depths of the ocean. You can't see what's floating in the water because the dark ocean depths hide many secrets. But if you suddenly start catching a lot of fish while fishing, you should run: the Kraken may be under you, it scares the fish to the surface.

In 1857, thanks to the Danish naturalist Iapetus Stenstrup, the Kraken began to emerge from myth into reality. He was examining a large squid beak that was about 8 cm (3 inches) that had washed up on the Danish coast several years earlier. Initially, he could only guess about total size animal, but soon he received parts of another sample from Bahamas. When Steenstrup finally published the results of his research, he concluded that the Kraken was real, and that it was a type of giant squid. He called it "Architeuthis Dux", that is, Latin"giant squid"

Only after Steenstrup described the creature could scientists begin to unravel whether there was truth to the old myths. Was this huge squid really as dangerous as the legends people believed in? Where did it come from and what else is hiding in the dark depths of the ocean?

Photo 1. Engraving of the Kraken, 1870

The Kraken has captivated people's imaginations for hundreds of years. The Danish bishop Erik Pontoppidan wrote about this in detail in 1755 in the book Materials for the Natural History of Norway. According to the fishermen, wrote Pontoppidan, it was the size of “a small island” and its back was “half an English mile”.

Its prehensile tentacles were only part of the problem. "After the monster a short time found himself on the surface of the water, he began to slowly descend, and then the danger became even greater than before, because his movement created a destructive whirlpool, and everything that was nearby sank under the water with him.”

IN different peoples these monsters different names. Greek mythology describes him as Scylla, a 6-headed sea goddess who ruled the rocks on one side of the narrow strait. Swim too close and it will try to eat you. In Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus was forced to sail alongside Scylla to avoid an even worse monster. As a result, six of his people were eaten by Scylla.

Even science fiction writers did not sin to mention this monster. In Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Jules Verne describes a giant squid that is very similar to the Kraken. He “could entangle a ship of five thousand tons and bury it in the depths of the ocean.”

Photo 2. Giant squid beak described by Iapetus Stenstrup

Since Stenstrup's original discovery, approximately 21 giant squid have been described. None of them were alive, parts of them were found, and sometimes whole specimens washed ashore. Even now, no one is sure how big the giant squid can grow.

For example, in 1933 the new kind named "A. clarkei" was described by Guy Colbuorn Robson, it was found on a beach in Yorkshire (England) and was a nearly intact specimen. It "belonged to no species hitherto described" but was so badly decomposed that Robeson could not even determine its sex. Others were described after they were found in the bellies of sperm whales, which apparently ate them.

It is believed giant squid can grow up to 13 meters in length or even up to 15 m including their tentacles. One estimate suggests they could reach up to 18 meters, but this may be a serious overestimation, says John Ablett of the Natural History Museum in London. This is because in the sun, the squid's tissue can act like rubber, so it can be stretched.

This again suggests that right now no one can say how big the giant squid can grow. Due to the elusive nature of the squid, complete specimens have never been found. They spend most of their time at depths of 400 to 1000 m. They can remain partially out of reach of hungry sperm whales, but this is a partial success at best. Whales are quite capable of diving to such depths and giant squids are practically defenseless against them.

Squids have one advantage. Their eyes are the largest of all animals: they are so large in size that they can be as large as plates, up to 27cm (11 inches) in diameter. These giant peepers are believed to help spot whales at great distances, giving the squid time to make a diversionary maneuver.

In turn, giant squid prey on fish, crustaceans and small squid, all of which were found in the stomachs of the studied specimens. It even turned out that the remains of another giant squid were found in the stomach of one giant squid, and it was then suggested that they sometimes resort to cannibalism, although it is not clear how often.

Photo 3. Samples of the remains of the first giant squid

If you look at the squid, you can see that they have no problems catching prey. They have two long tentacles that can grab their prey. They also have eight arms covered with dozens of suckers, the edges of which have horny rings with sharp teeth. If an animal is caught in a net, these suckers are enough to prevent it from escaping, says Clyde Roper, a giant squid hunter at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington.

It sounds strange, but none of the evidence suggests that giant squids are active predators. Some big killers, such as the Pacific polar shark, moves slowly to conserve his energy. They only collect garbage after eating. In theory, giant squids could do the same thing.

Photo 4. The squid has eight arms covered with sharp suction cups

This idea came to life in 2004. Filled with determination to find in wildlife live giant squid, Tsumeni Kubodera from the National Science Museum in Tokyo, Japan, together with whale expert Kyoki Mori used Famous places presence of sperm whales as places where you can find giant squid. They managed to film a live giant squid off the Ogasawara Islands in the North Pacific Ocean.

Kubodera and Mori baited the giant squid and found it attacking horizontally with its tentacles extended in front of it. After the squid took the bait, its tentacles wrapped themselves “in an irregular ball, much in the same way that pythons rapidly wrap several coils around their prey immediately after attacking,” their report said.

Photo 5. First video footage of giant squids

The key to this, said team member Edith Widder of the Ocean Research and Conservation Association in Fort Pierce, Florida, was stealth. They suspected that the electric motors and most submerged chambers kept the squid away. Instead, they used a contraption called the Medusa, which had a battery-powered camera attached to it. The jellyfish emitted a blue light intended to simulate the light emitted by giant jellyfish called Atoll. When these jellyfish are chased by predators, they use their light to lure any big creatures, hiding nearby, so that they attack and attack the attacker.

Something about the nutrition of the giant squid
The footage from the first eight-hour dive was largely blank, but on the second attempt, suddenly the huge arms of a giant squid flashed onto the screen. The squid only took very small, gentle bites.

After a few more tries, they saw the squid in its entirety and noticed it wrapping its arms around the camera platform. This definitely confirmed that he is indeed an active predator.

To further entice the squid, Kubodera gave it a small squid as bait. He and two others then spent 400 hours in the cramped submarine to get even more footage and see the creature with their own eyes.

The giant squid actually attacked the bait "without tearing it apart as you might think," Widder says. The squid fed for 23 minutes, but it made very small, gentle bites with its parrot-like beak, gradually chewing. Widder believes the giant squid cannot eat its prey quickly because it might suffocate.

Photo 6. Preserved male giant squid

Giant squids are clearly not quite like that scary monsters, as they are usually presented. They only attack their prey, and Clyde Roper believes they are not aggressive towards humans. As far as we can tell about them, they are very gentle giants, according to Roper, who calls them "magnificent creatures."

Although they have been known for over 150 years, we still know almost nothing about their behavioral and social models what they like to eat or where they usually travel. As far as we know, they are solitary animals, says Roper, but their social life remain a mystery.

We don't even know where or how often they mate. While most male cephalopods have a modified arm for storing sperm, male giant squids have an external penis up to 1 m in length.

In an attempt to uncover their mysterious mating habits, two Australian researchers studied several specimens of female giant squid in 1997. Their results show that the giant squid mates forcefully. They concluded that the male uses his muscular and elongated penis to "inject" a capsule of sperm called a spermatophore directly into the females' hands, leaving shallow wounds. More recent research suggests that the spermatophores do this partly themselves, using enzymes to break through the female's skin.

It is not yet known how females access this sperm to fertilize their eggs. They may tear the skin open with their beak, or the skin covering them will burst and release sperm.

It is clear that giant squids are very successful in producing offspring. They can live in every ocean except the polar regions, and there certainly must be a lot of them to satisfy the needs of many sperm whales. It's likely there could be millions, Widder says. She says that people were clearly exploring the depths of the ocean, but they were frightened when they saw creatures larger than them.

What's more, it was revealed last year that all 21 species described since 1857 actually belong to the same species. Study of DNA sequences of 43 tissue samples taken from different countries world, showed that these individual species could interbreed freely.

This may be due to the fact that young squid larvae are carried powerful currents across all oceans. This may also explain why giant squids living on opposite sides planets may be almost genetically identical. John Ablett says that the error is understandable, since many of the supposed species originally described had only isolated animal parts.

"It's possible that the entire global population of giant squid came from a population that was increasing, but there was some kind of disruption," Ablett says. Nobody knows what caused their numbers to decline. Genetics only indicate that the population of these squids grew for some time between 110,000 and 730,000 years ago.

Photo 7. A specimen of a preserved giant squid (New Zealand Museum)

So maybe this giant squid wasn't a deep sea monster, or are there other contenders?

The colossal squid, first described in 1925, looks like a promising candidate for a giant sea ​​monster. It could grow even larger than the giant squid. The largest specimen ever taken was only 8 meters long, but it was most likely a young specimen and did not reach its full length.

Instead of teeth, he had spinning hooks with which he caught fish. But unlike giant squids, it is most likely an inactive predator. Instead, the giant squid swims in circles and uses its hooks to catch its prey.

Moreover, giant squids only live in Antarctic seas, so they cannot be the inspiration for the Norse legends of the Kraken.

Photo 8. Humboldt squid

Much more violent are the small Humboldt squid, which are known as "red devils" because of their color when they attack. They are more aggressive than the giant squid and are known to attack humans.

Roper once had a lucky escape when Humboldt squids "pierced my wetsuit with their sharp beaks." Several years ago he told the story of a Mexican fisherman who fell overboard where Humboldt squid were actively feeding. “As soon as he reached the surface of the water, his mate was trying to pull him aboard when he was attacked from below, becoming a meal for the hungry squid,” says Roper. “I considered myself very lucky that I managed to rise from the water unharmed.”

However, while Humboldt squid are clearly dangerous, even at their maximum length they are unlikely to more than a person. Thus, they do not pose a serious threat if you happen to be in the water with them. They, of course, will not be able to drag fishermen off their boats, as the legends of the Kraken say.

In general, there is little evidence of truly monstrous squid living in the ocean today. But there is reason to suspect that squid could reach colossal sizes in the distant past.

Photo 9. Fossilized spine of an ichthyosaur, maybe it was killed by a huge squid?

According to Mark McMenamin of Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, there may have been dinosaurs during the early era of dinosaurs. colossal squid up to 30 m in length. These prehistoric Krakens may have hunted ichthyosaurs, giant marine reptiles that looked like modern dolphins.

McMenamin first thought about this in 2011, when he discovered nine fossilized ichthyosaur vertebrae arranged in a row that he claims resemble the pattern of "pumping discs of the main tentacles." He suggests that the Kraken "killed the sea reptiles and then dragged the carcasses into his lair" for the feast, leaving behind the bones in an almost geometric pattern.

This is a far-fetched idea. In his defense, McMenamin points out that modern cephalopods are some of the most intelligent creatures in the sea, and that octopuses are known to collect rocks in their lair. However, its critics point out that there is no evidence that modern cephalopods hoard their prey.

Now McMenamin has found a fossil that he believes is part of the beak of an ancient squid. He presented his findings to the Geological Society of America. "We think we see a very close connection between the deep structure of a particular group of modern squid and this Triassic giant," says McMenamin. "This tells us that there were periods in the past when squid became very large."

However, other paleontologists continue to criticize him. It is still not clear whether giant squids actually lived in the seas in the past.

Photo 10. Is the fossilized fragment really part of the beak of a huge squid?

However, today it would seem that everything is there necessary tools to make a monster out of a giant squid. But instead, our perception of the real animal is clouded by stories where the Kraken is a living creature.

Perhaps squid remain so mysterious, almost mythical, because they are elusive and hide so deep in the oceans. "People need monsters," says Roper. Giant squids really look so big and such “creepy-looking animals” that it is easy to turn them into predatory animals in our imagination.

But even if giant squids are gentle giants, the ocean itself is still shrouded in mystery. Only 5% of the ocean has been explored, and new discoveries are still being made.

We don't always fully understand what's down there, says Widder. It's entirely possible that there is something much bigger and scarier than giant squids lurking in the depths far beyond human reach.

Divers found a huge squid on a New Zealand beach
Divers who visited South coast New Zealand in Wellington, searched a good place to enjoy spearfishing on Saturday morning (August 25, 2018) when they spotted one of the ocean's most majestic animals - a dead but fully intact giant squid.

Photo. Divers near the found giant squid

"After we went on the dive, we went back to the squid and took a tape measure and measured it at 4.2 metres," one of the divers, Daniel Aplin, told the New Zealand Herald.

A spokesman from New Zealand's Department of Conservation said the divers most likely found a giant squid (Architeuthis dux) rather than an Antarctic giant squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni).

Both species of squid are formidable sea creatures, the giant squid typically reaches 16 feet (5 m) in length, according to the Smithsonian Institution, the Antarctic giant squid reaches more than 30 feet (10 m) in length, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Aplin said the squid appeared unharmed except for a scratch that was so tiny that the diver "didn't think it killed him."

Perhaps the most famous sea monster is the kraken. According to legends, it lives off the coast of Norway and Iceland. Exist different opinions about his appearance. Some describe it as a giant squid, others as an octopus. The first handwritten mention of the kraken can be found in the Danish bishop Erik Pontoppidan, who in 1752 recorded various oral legends about it. Initially, the word “kgake” was used to refer to any deformed animal that was very different from its own kind. Later it passed into many languages ​​and began to mean “legendary sea monster.”

In the bishop's writings, the kraken appears as a crab fish, of enormous size and capable of dragging ships to the bottom of the sea. Its dimensions were truly colossal; it was compared to a small island. Moreover, it was dangerous precisely because of its size and the speed with which it sank to the bottom. This created a strong whirlpool, which destroyed the ships. Most the kraken spent some time hibernating on seabed, and then a huge number of fish swam around him. Some fishermen allegedly even took the risk and cast their nets directly over the sleeping kraken. The Kraken is believed to be to blame for many maritime disasters Oh.
According to Pliny the Younger, remoras surrounded the ships of the fleet of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, which to some extent contributed to his defeat.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. Some zoologists have suggested that the kraken may be a giant octopus. Naturalist Carl Linnaeus, in his book “The System of Nature,” created a classification of real-life marine organisms, into which he introduced the kraken, presenting it as a cephalopod. A little later he crossed it out from there.

In 1861, a piece of the body of a huge squid was found. Over the next two decades, many remains of similar creatures were also discovered on the northern coast of Europe. This was due to the fact that the sea changed temperature regime, which forced the creatures to rise to the surface. According to the stories of some fishermen, the carcasses of sperm whales they caught also had marks resembling giant tentacles.
Throughout the 20th century. repeated attempts were made to catch the legendary kraken. But it was possible to catch only young individuals whose height was approximately 5 m in length, or only parts of the bodies of larger individuals were caught. Only in 2004 did Japanese oceanologists photograph a fairly large specimen. Before that, for 2 years they monitored the routes of sperm whales, which eat squid. Finally, they managed to catch a giant squid with bait, whose length was 10 m. For four hours, the animal tried to escape
· 0 bait, and oceanologists took about several photographs that show that the squid has very aggressive behavior.
Giant squids are called architeuthis. To date, not a single living specimen has been caught. In several museums you can see the preserved remains of individuals that were discovered already dead. Thus, the London Museum of Quality History displays a nine-meter squid preserved in formaldehyde. A seven-meter squid is available to the general public in the Melbourne Aquarium, frozen in a piece of ice.
But can even such a giant squid harm ships? Its length can be more than 10 m.
Females are larger than males. The weight of squid reaches several hundred kilograms. This is not enough to damage a large vessel. But giant squids are predatory and can still cause harm to swimmers or small boats.
In the movies, giant squids pierce the skin of ships with their tentacles, but in reality this is impossible, since they lack a skeleton, so they can only stretch and tear their prey. Outside aquatic environment they are very helpless, but in water they have sufficient strength and can resist sea ​​predators. Squids prefer to live on the bottom and rarely appear on the surface, but small individuals can jump out of the water to a fairly large height.
Giant squids have the largest eyes of any living creature. Their diameter reaches more than 30 cm. The tentacles are equipped with strong suction cups, the diameter of which is up to 5 cm. They help to firmly hold the prey. The composition of the bodies and Lu of the giant squid includes ammonium chloride (common alcohol), which preserves its zero honor. True, such squid should not be eaten.” All these features allow some scientists to believe that the giant squid may be the legendary kraken.

Stories constantly appear about the Kraken, which are full of fiction. For example, it is assumed that there is such a creature as the Great Kraken living in the territory Bermuda Triangle. Then the fact that ships disappear there becomes understandable.

Who is this Kraken? Some consider him an underwater monster, some - a demon, and some - a higher mind, or supermind. However, scientists still received true information at the beginning of the last century, when real krakens ended up in their hands. Until that moment, it was easier for scientists to deny their existence, because until the 20th century they only had eyewitness stories to think about.

Does the kraken really exist? Yes it's real existing organism. This was first confirmed at the end of the 19th century. Fishermen fishing near the shore noticed something very bulky, firmly grounded. They made sure that the carcass was not moving and approached it. The dead kraken was delivered to science Center. Over the next decade, several more similar bodies were recovered.

They were first studied by Verrill, an American zoologist, and the animals owe their name to him. Today they are called octopuses. These are terrible and huge monsters, they belong to the class of mollusks, that is, in fact, relatives of the most harmless snails. They usually live at depths from 200 to 1000 meters. Somewhat deeper in the ocean live octopuses 30-40 meters long. This is not an assumption, but a fact, since the actual size of the kraken was calculated from the size of the suckers on the skin of whales.

In the legends they spoke about it like this: a block erupted from the water, engulfed the ship with tentacles and carried it to the bottom. It was there that the kraken from legends fed on drowned sailors.

Kraken is an ellipsoidal substance, made of a jelly-like substance, shiny and greyish, transparent color. It can reach 100 meters in diameter, while it practically does not react to any stimuli. She doesn't feel pain either. Is, in fact, huge jellyfish, looks like an octopus. She has a head a large number of very long tentacles with suckers in two rows. Even one kraken tentacle can destroy a ship.

There are three hearts in the body, one main, two gills, since they drive blood, which blue color, through the gills. They also have kidneys, liver, and stomach. The creatures do not have bones, but they have a brain. The eyes are huge, complexly arranged, approximately like those of a person. Sense organs are well developed.

Kraken- a legendary sea monster, reports of which have come down from ancient times. Legends about the kraken claim that this creature lives off the coast of Norway and Iceland. Opinions about appearance The krakens disperse. There is evidence describing it as a gigantic squid, while other descriptions present a monster in the form of an octopus.Originally this word meant any animal of a deformed shape that was very different from its own kind. However, later it began to be used in many languages ​​with a specific meaning - “legendary sea monster.”

The Kraken exists

The first written mentions of encounters with the kraken were recorded by the Danish bishop Erik Pontoppidan. In 1752, he recorded various oral traditions about this mysterious creature.

The bishop in his writings presents the kraken as a crab fish of gigantic size and capable of dragging ships into the depths of the ocean. The size of this creature was truly incredible; it was comparable to a small island. The giant kraken was very dangerous precisely because of its size and the speed with which it sank to the bottom. Its downward movement generated a strong whirlpool, leaving the ship no chance of salvation. The Kraken typically hibernated on the seabed. When he slept, a large number of fish gathered around him. In the old days, according to some stories, the most desperate fishermen, taking great risks, cast their nets directly over the kraken while it was sleeping. The kraken is believed to be responsible for many maritime disasters. Sailors in the old days had no doubt that the kraken existed.

The Mystery of Atlantis

Since the 18th century, a number of zoologists have put forward the theory that the kraken could be a giant octopus. Carl Linnaeus, a famous naturalist, in his book “The System of Nature” classified real-life marine organisms, and he also introduced the kraken into his system, which he presented as a cephalopod (however, he later removed it from there).

In this regard, it should be remembered that in many mysterious stories Giant kraken-like cephalopods often feature, either acting on someone's orders or even of their own free will. The authors of modern films also often use these motifs. Thus, the film "Leaders of Atlantis", released in 1978, includes a kraken in its plot, as giant octopus or a squid that drags the ship of treasure hunters who encroached on the forbidden statue to the bottom, and the crew itself to Atlantis, which miraculously exists in the ocean. In this film, the mystery of Atlantis and the Kraken are intricately interconnected.

Giant Kraken Squid

In 1861, a piece of the body of a giant squid was discovered, which led many to believe that the giant squid was the kraken. Over the next twenty years, many more remains of similar creatures were discovered on the northern coast of Europe. Probably, the temperature regime in the sea changed, and giant squids, which had previously been hiding in depths inaccessible to humans, rose to the surface. The stories of fishermen who hunted sperm whales say that on the carcasses of the sperm whales that they caught, there were traces of giant tentacles.

In the 20th century, they repeatedly tried to catch the legendary kraken, but only young specimens were caught, the length of which was no more than 5 m. Sometimes fragments of the torso of larger specimens were caught. And only in 2004, Japanese oceanologists managed to photograph a fairly large specimen - 10 meters.

The giant squids were given the name Architeuthis. The real giant squid has never been caught. A number of museums display well-preserved remains of individuals found already dead. In particular, the London Natural History Museum displays a nine-meter squid stored in formaldehyde. In the city of Melbourne, a seven-meter squid frozen in a piece of ice is presented.

However, even squids of this size cannot cause significant damage to ships, but there is every reason to believe that giant squids living at depths have many big sizes(there were reports of 60-meter individuals), which allows some scientists to believe that the giant kraken from Scandinavian myths may be a squid of unprecedented size.

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Marine life very diverse and sometimes frightening. The most bizarre forms of life can lurk in the abyss of the seas, because humanity has still not been able to fully explore all the expanses of water. And sailors have long had legends about a powerful creature that is capable of sinking an entire fleet or convoy with just its appearance. About a creature whose appearance inspires horror, and whose size makes you freeze in amazement. About a creature the likes of which have never been seen in history. And if the sky above the world belongs to and, the earth under our feet also belongs to the Tarascans, then the expanses of the seas belong to only one creature - the kraken.

What does a kraken look like?

To say that the kraken is huge would be an understatement. For centuries, the kraken resting in the depths of the waters can reach simply unimaginable sizes of several tens of kilometers. He is truly huge and scary. Outwardly, it is somewhat similar to a squid - the same elongated body, the same tentacles with suction cups, the same eyes and a special organ for moving underwater using air propulsion. But the sizes of a kraken and an ordinary squid are not even close to comparable. Ships that disturbed the peace of the kraken during the Renaissance sank from just one strike of the tentacle on the water.

The Kraken is mentioned as one of the most terrifying sea ​​monsters. But there is someone to whom even he must obey. It is called differently in different nations. But all the legends say the same thing - this is the God of the seas and the ruler of all sea ​​creatures. And it doesn’t matter what you call this super creature - one of his orders is enough for the kraken to throw off the shackles of a hundred years of sleep and do what he was assigned.

In general, legends often mention a certain artifact that gave a person the ability to control the kraken. This creature is by no means lazy and absolutely good-natured, unlike its owners. Without orders, a Kraken can sleep for centuries, or even millennia, without disturbing anyone with its awakening. Or it can change the appearance of an entire coast in a few days if its peace is disturbed or if an order is given to it. Perhaps, among all creatures, the kraken has the greatest power, but also the most peaceful character.

One or many

You can often find references to the fact that there are many such creatures in the service of the Sea God. But it’s very hard to imagine that this is true. Huge size The kraken and its strength make it possible to believe that this creature can be on different ends of the earth at the same time, but it is very difficult to imagine that there are two such creatures. How terrifying could a battle like this be?

In some epics, there are references to battles between krakens, which suggests that to this day almost all krakens died in these terrible battles, and the Sea God commands the last survivors. A creature that does not produce offspring, free to eat and rest, has reached such enormous dimensions that one can only wonder how hunger has not yet driven it to land and why it has not yet been encountered by researchers. Perhaps the structure of the kraken's skin and tissues makes it impossible to detect it, and the creature's hundred-year sleep hid it in the sands of the seabed? Or maybe there is a depression left in the ocean, where researchers have not yet looked, but where this creature is resting. We can only hope that even if it is found, the researchers will be smart enough not to awaken the wrath of the thousand-year-old monster and not try to destroy it with the help of any weapons.