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Domestic weapons and military equipment. Hand fragmentation grenades and fuses used with them How the fuse works

The F-1 grenade has French roots and a long history. Under this designation, but in Latin transcription - F-1 - the grenade was put into service French army in 1915

The French F-1 grenade had a percussion fuse. The simplicity and rationality of the design of the grenade body played a role - the grenade was soon adopted for service in Russia. At the same time, the impact fuse was not sufficiently reliable and safe to use and was replaced by a simpler and more reliable remote domestic fuse designed by Koveshnikov.

In 1939, military engineer F.I. Khrameev plant of the People's Commissariat of Defense, based on the model of the French hand fragmentation grenade F-1, developed a sample of the domestic defensive grenade F-1, which was soon put into mass production.

For the F-1 grenade designed by Khrameev, the cast iron body of the grenade was somewhat simplified; it lost the lower window.

The F-1 grenade, like the French F-1 model, is designed to destroy enemy personnel in defensive operations. With her combat use the throwing fighter needed to take cover in a trench or other defensive structures.

Initially, the F-1 grenade used a fuse designed by F.V. Koveshnikov, which was much more reliable and easier to use than the French fuse. The deceleration time of Koveshnikov's fuse was 3.5-4.5 seconds.

In 1941, designers E.M. Viceni and A.A. Poednyakov developed and put into service to replace Koveshnikov's fuse a new, safer and simpler in design fuse for the F-1 hand grenade. In 1942, the new fuse became common for the F-1 and RG-42 hand grenades; it was called UZRG - “unified fuse for hand grenades.” The fuse of the UZRGM type grenade was intended to explode the explosive charge of the grenade. The principle of operation of the mechanism was remote. After World War II, modernized, more reliable UZRGM and UZRGM-2 fuses began to be used on F-1 grenades.

The F-1 grenade consists of a body, a bursting charge and a fuse. The body of the grenade is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves along which the grenade usually exploded into fragments. In the upper part of the body there was a threaded hole for screwing in the fuse. When storing, transporting and carrying the grenade, a plastic plug was screwed into this hole. The explosive charge filled the body and served to break the grenade into fragments. The body served to connect the parts of the grenade and to hit the enemy with fragments during the explosion. To increase the number of fragments, the surface of the body was made corrugated. When the hull ruptured, it produced 290 large heavy fragments with initial speed expansion is about 730 m/s. At the same time, 38% of the mass of the body was used to form lethal fragments, the rest was simply sprayed. The reduced area of scattering of fragments is 75 - 82 m2.

The fuse consisted of a fuse and an igniting (percussion) mechanism, assembled together in the frame of the fuse. In the walls of the frame there were holes for a safety ball and a safety pin.

The UZRG fuse consisted of an igniter primer, a remote composition and a detonator primer. The ignition mechanism consisted of a firing pin, a mainspring, a safety ball, a safety cap with an outer lever, a cap spring and a safety pin with a ring. The drummer was placed inside the frame. At the bottom, the striker had a firing pin, and on the side there was a semicircular recess for a safety ball. The deceleration time of the UZRG fuse was 3.2-4.2 seconds.

F-1 grenades were stored and transported without fuses, with blank plugs screwed in instead. The ignition mechanism of the fuse was always cocked, the firing pin was cocked, and the mainspring was compressed. The striker was held in the cocked position by a safety pin, which passes through the holes of the frame and striker, and by a safety ball, which with one half entered into the hole of the frame, and the other into the recess of the striker. The ball was held in this position by a safety cap.

To load a grenade you need: unscrew the blank plug, take the fuse and carefully screw it into the grenade hole.

To throw a grenade you need: take a grenade right hand and with your fingers firmly press the outer lever of the safety cap to the grenade body; while holding the lever, pull out the safety pin with your left hand; in this case, the firing pin and the safety cap are released, but the firing pin remains cocked, held by the safety ball; swing and throw a grenade.

The grenade was thrown from behind cover. Grenades entered the troops in wooden boxes. In the box, grenades, handles and fuses were placed separately in metal boxes. There was a knife to open the boxes. The walls and lid of the box were marked, indicating: the number of grenades in the box, their weight, the name of the grenades and fuses, the manufacturer's number, the batch number of the grenades, the year of manufacture and the danger sign. All supplies of grenades and fuses, except for portable ones, were stored in factory closures. Soldiers carried grenades in grenade bags. The fuses were placed in them separately from the grenades, and each fuse had to be wrapped in paper or a clean rag. In tanks (armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery units), grenades and fuses separately from them were placed in bags.

The F-1 grenade was widely used during the Soviet-Finnish military conflict of 1939 - 1940, on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, in other wars and military conflicts. During the Great Patriotic War, soldiers affectionately called the F-1 grenade “fenusha” and “limon” because it appearance looks like a lemon. Usually, when conducting assault operations, one soldier had five to ten F-1 grenades. The F-1 grenade was readily used as a trophy and German soldiers, since such defensive grenades were not in service with the Wehrmacht.

The production of F-1 grenades during the war years was carried out at plant No. 254 (since 1942), 230 (Tizpribor"), 53, in the workshops of the Povenetsky shipyard, a mechanical plant and a railway junction in Kandalaksha, the central repair workshops of the NKVD Soroklag, an artel "Primus" (Leningrad), other domestic enterprises.

During the war, many non-core enterprises and organizations were involved in the production of F-1 grenades. By order of the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on December 28, 1941, production (casting and machining) of F-1 hand grenade cases was organized in the experimental workshops of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. In total, the workshops cast 11,000 cases. 5,000 unprocessed cases were delivered to plant No. 103, 4,800 of them were machined and transferred to the Pyatiletka factory. The order for the production of grenade casings was suspended on the instructions of the city committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

During the war, Leningrad enterprises mastered the production of a version of the fuse for a grenade using one of the brands of hunting gunpowder instead of special tubular gunpowder. In 1942, tests of such a fuse under the designation “PP-42” for the F-1 grenade were carried out at ANIOP (“Rzhev Test Site”). Grenades with PP-42 fuses were launched at mass production only at Leningrad enterprises. These implementations were temporary. There were other examples of unusual grenade production during the war.

Many inventions and design proposals are associated with the F-1 grenade. In August 1942, a sergeant from Mortar Battalion 284 rifle regiment N.K. Deryabin developed the “flea grenade” project. It was intended to defeat enemy personnel. The composition of the “flea grenade” included: an expelling charge, a firing pin with a striker and a nut, and an F-1 grenade with the fuse removed. The grenade exploded in the air at a height of 10-15 meters. It was proposed to use a grenade with a parachute for mining. But Deryabin's system turned out to be too complicated. According to military experts, the project was not implemented due to lack of practical value.

For training personnel troops in the handling of remote-action hand fragmentation grenades, techniques and rules for throwing them, a training and simulation was created hand grenade URG weighing 530 g, similar in appearance to the F-1 combat grenade. The URG grenade is equipped with a UZRG fuse simulator.

The F-1 combat grenade is painted in green color(from khaki to dark green). The training and simulation grenade is painted black with two white (vertical and horizontal) stripes. In addition, it has a hole at the bottom. The fighting fuse has no color. In the training-imitation fuse, the pin ring and the lower part of the pressure lever are painted scarlet. Externally, the grenade has an oval ribbed body made of steel cast iron.

Another training split grenade F-1-A (57-G-7214U) was developed by the Training Instruments Plant No. 1 in January 1940. The grenade had a quarter-body cutout, instead explosive plaster was poured. It was intended to demonstrate the design of the F-1 combat grenade. The F-1-A grenade was used for a long time for training in the Red and Soviet armies. The F-1 grenade was widely used in military conflicts of the 1940s-1990s in different parts Sveta.

The disadvantages of the F-1 grenade are not so much related to this sample, how many are due to the general obsolescence of this generation. Corrugation of the body, as one of the methods of specified crushing, cannot fully ensure the formation of fragments of a satisfactory shape and the optimal distribution of fragments by mass. The crushing of the hull is largely random. The advantages of a remote fuse include failure-free operation, independent of the impact energy when a grenade falls, and whether it falls on the ground, in snow, in water or in swampy soil. But its drawback is that it cannot ensure an instant detonation of a grenade when it touches the target: the retarder has a specified burning time.

Performance characteristics of F-1 grenades

And the F-1 grenade, as one of the outstanding representatives of the classic type of hand grenades with a solid cast iron body of virtually natural crushing and a simple, reliable remote fuse, cannot compete with modern grenades for the same purpose - both in terms of optimal fragmentation action and versatility of action fuse. All these problems are solved differently at modern technical, scientific and production levels. So, in Russian Army a grenade (defensive hand grenade) was created, largely unified with the RGN grenade (offensive hand grenade). The unified fuse of these grenades has a more complex design: its design combines remote and impact mechanisms. Grenade bodies also have significantly greater fragmentation efficiency.

However, the F-1 grenade has not been removed from service and will probably remain in service for a long time. There is a simple explanation for this: simplicity, cheapness and reliability, as well as time-tested are the most valuable qualities for a weapon. And in a combat situation, it is not always possible to counter these qualities with technical perfection, which requires large production and economic costs.

Of course, these are not exactly airplanes, and they can’t do without pilots, but... Not pilots, but operators, and not airplanes, but rather airplanes. But with certain capabilities and hidden abilities.

1. "Granat-1"

A wearable remote monitoring and relay complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo and video equipment. Included in the Navodchik-2 complex of divisions barrel artillery and MLRS.

Designed in accordance with the "flying wing" design from composite materials.

Wing span - 0.82 m.
Flight altitude - up to 3500 m.

The maximum flight duration is 75 minutes.
Range up to 10 km in line of sight conditions.
Take-off weight - 2.4 kg.

The engine is electric.

The Granat-1 complex includes:

UAV Granat-1 - 2 pcs.
Ground control station - 1.
Transport backpack - 1.
Set of replaceable payload modules - 1 set (photo and TV).
Catapult - 1.

Developer and manufacturer - Izhmash LLC.

2. "Granat-2"

It is also part of the “Gunner-2” complex of cannon artillery and MLRS battalions.

A wearable remote surveillance and relay complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at any time of the day at a range of up to 15 km.

Wing span - 2 m.
Flight altitude - up to 3500 m.
Cruising flight speed is 65 km/h.
Maximum flight speed is 120 km/h.
The maximum flight duration is 60 minutes.
Range up to 15 km in line of sight conditions.
Take-off weight - 3.5 kg.

Launch - from an elastic catapult or from hand.
Landing - parachute, automatic.
The engine is electric.

It differs from "Grenade-1" in a wider range of applications. The ability to use a thermal imager makes the complex less dependent on weather conditions and time of day.

3. "Granat-3"

The next step in the development ladder of reconnaissance UAVs. A transportable remote surveillance and relay complex designed for aerial reconnaissance using photo, video and thermal imaging equipment at any time of the day at a range of up to 25 km.

Wing span - 2 m.
Flight altitude - up to 2000 m.
Cruising flight speed is 60 km/h.
Maximum flight speed is 120 km/h.
The maximum flight duration is 120 minutes.

Take-off weight - 7 kg.

Launch - from a transportable ground catapult.
The engine is gasoline.
Tank capacity - 2 l.
Fuel consumption - 0.4 l/h.

4. "Granat-4"

Transportable drone aviation complex aircraft type. It is part of the "Gunner-2" complex of cannon artillery and MLRS battalions. Designed for monitoring the underlying surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment in near real time, as well as radio monitoring of networks cellular communication.

Wingspan - 3.2 m.
Range - up to 100 km.
Weight - about 30 kg.
Flight speed - 90-140 km/h.
Maximum flight altitude is 4000 m.
The maximum flight duration is 6 hours.

Landing - parachute, automatic.
Takeoff - ejection.
The engine is gasoline.
Tank capacity - 15 l.
Fuel consumption - 2 l/h.

Payload: up to 3 kg, type: TV / IR / electronic warfare / camera.

5. "Orlan-10"

Tactical remote-controlled reconnaissance UAV. Can carry out target designation, panoramic and plan photo and video shooting of the area, and be used with electronic warfare complex to suppress radio signals as part of the Leer-3 complex (cellular communication blocker within a radius of about 6 km). There is a variant of the complex for detecting and determining the location of VHF-UHF radio emission sources, their registration for subsequent technical analysis and automatic classification. Used as a communication repeater for the radio range and mobile communications and the Internet.

It can also be used by civil organizations for geodetic surveying, including in autonomous mode beyond radio visibility, which is convenient for observing extended objects in hard-to-reach areas.

Produced in modifications “Orlan-10”, “Orlan-10E” (export), “Orlan-10M” and others special modifications, differing in target loads.

It can be part of complexes that include 2-4 UAVs, a ground control panel with built-in technical training equipment, and an external antenna.

The Orlan-10 UAV in its basic configuration is equipped with a camera and a gyro-stabilized television camera, and the modular load system allows you to quickly change attachments depending on the task.

The ground control station (GCS) allows you to simultaneously control 4 devices. Any of the devices can be used as a repeater to transmit control signals to a remote UAV.

Wing span - 3.1 m.
Take-off weight - up to 20 kg.
Payload: up to 5 kg.
Range: 700-1000 km (according to various sources).
Communication range with a ground antenna is up to 100 km.
Maximum speed - 150 km/h.
Cruising speed - 80 km/h.
Ceiling - up to 6000 m.

The engine is gasoline.
Non-stop flight time is up to 960 minutes.
Takeoff - from a catapult.
Landing - parachute.

In one flight it can survey an area of up to 500 square meters. km.

6. "Aileron-3"

A reconnaissance complex designed to operate at close ranges. Provides round-the-clock surveillance using optical and electronic equipment. Can be used for border security or surveillance of an area, coastline, railway or highway. Supports display of object coordinates on the ground control panel via GLONASS or GLONASS/GPS.

Length - 0.635 m.
Wing span - 1.47 m.
Maximum take-off weight - 3.5 kg.
Payload weight - up to 0.5 kg.
Maximum speed - 130 km/h.
Cruising speed - 70 km/h.

The engine is electric.
Flight duration is up to 2 hours.
The maximum flight altitude is up to 5000 meters.
Range - up to 25 km.

The complex is equipped with a gyro-stabilized suspension of a replaceable modular payload: TV, thermal imaging camera, photo camera, electronic reconnaissance and jamming station.

At first glance, the topic of drones (those that fly) is somehow not very connected with the armored basis of this site, but, as stated in one of Viktor Tretyakov’s songs “Everything in our life is interconnected...”, and the words further can be easily find on the net. So, during tactical and special training with drivers and driver mechanics at a Russian military base in Armenia, while performing multi-kilometer marches in automobile and armored vehicles began to be used for the first time the newest complex"Novodchik-2" with an unmanned aerial vehicle. This innovation, as reported by the press service of the Southern Military District of the Russian Ministry of Defense, allows for a more objective assessment of trainees, and also enables driving lesson leaders to adjust driving routes during marches, monitor compliance with speed limits, distances and safety requirements when driving as part of military convoys.

In total, more than 800 drivers of all categories and about 300 units of automobile and armored vehicles, - says the press service of the Southern Military District.

The road network, located at altitudes of 1600-2500 meters above sea level in the area where the Russian military base is located, requires high skill and attention from drivers and driver mechanics. In this case, the movement of the columns is recorded by video cameras of the Granat-1 UAV and then in specialized classes is examined by instructors when summing up the results. During the march, drivers also practice how to overcome conditionally contaminated areas of the terrain wearing individual and collective protective equipment and repelling air strikes from a mock enemy.



Photo: War diary of Igor Korotchenko
"Click" on the photo to enlarge

The Navodchik-2 complex includes four types UAV "Granat". These complexes have various purposes, allowing you to perform reconnaissance and special missions with long flight duration and altitude, which is very important when performing tasks in the mountains. They are simple and reliable in operation and can perform a wide range of tasks in the interests of military intelligence. Latest technology, installed on UAV complexes, allows you to simultaneously track several targets, including through clouds; in addition, night time is not a hindrance. An important factor in new developments is the complete stealth of these unmanned aerial vehicles. aircraft from the ground.

The Granat-1 UAV is included as a subcomplex as a component of the Navodchik-2 complex. The complex with unmanned aerial vehicles "Granat-1" is designed for monitoring the surface, various objects, highways, manpower, equipment in a time scale close to real. The complex includes:

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 2 pcs.
Ground control station (GCS) 1 set.
Transport backpack 1 pc.
Set of adjacent payload modules (TV/photo) 1 set.
Catapult 1 pc.
Spare parts kit-O for UAV (packed in a container with UAV) 1 set.
Spare parts kit-O for complex 1 K-T.

Characteristics of "Granat-1"

Max. flight altitude above sea level, m	3500
Flight speed relative to air flow, not less than km/h	60
Application radius, km:
for video equipment (subject to line of sight)	10
for photographic equipment	15
Maximum flight duration, min.	75
UAV take-off weight, kg	2,4
Wingspan, cm	82
Payload type	TV/photo
engine's type	electric
Flight speed relative to air flow, km/h	not less than 60
Deployment time, min.	no more than 5
Flight altitude range above the underlying surface, m	from 40 to 1500
Maximum flight altitude above sea level, m	3500
Operating temperature range, C°	-30…+40
Start method	from hands or from an elastic catapult
Landing method	automatic with parachute
Calculation, pers.	2

Everyone, from the military to military weapon enthusiasts, knows the F-1 anti-personnel hand grenade. The boys, playing in the yard and throwing stones, always imagined that this was the famous lemon tree. One way or another “fenka” was the name given to the F-1 grenade during the Great Patriotic War.

The history of the invention of the F-1 grenade began in 1939. Designer Fedor Khrameev was given the task of developing a new anti-personnel grenade in two months. He was able to complete it on time, despite being too short time. The designer took the French-made F-1 grenade and the Lemon system grenade as a basis. It was shaped like a lemon, hence the name. And according to official version it came from a French counterpart.

F-1, thanks to its design, is in service large quantity countries even today. Chinese “masters” took it as a prototype and began to produce their own fake, which indicates its popularity. Now the F-1 is also produced in Iran, completely copying the Soviet model.

F-1 hand grenade fragmentation type used to undermine equipment, it was often used during the war of 1941-1945. In addition, it was installed as a trip mine. It was enough to pull the wire to avoid the use of mines.

The Limonka grenade also gained fame in the cinema. Not a single war film can do without it. Although, you can often see the grenade being used incorrectly. In particular, it was always carried in a bag, and was never hung with it, so as not to trigger the “Limonka” mechanism. In addition, the pin cannot be pulled out with teeth; this requires considerable effort.

F-1 became widespread in the 90s. It was often used together with a Kalashnikov assault rifle during gang warfare. Despite its simplicity, the F-1 hand grenade has been used for more than 70 years and continues to be in service.

from the Chebarkul test site ( Chelyabinsk region) training of crews of unmanned aerial vehicles "Granat-1" and "Zastava" Ground Forces Russia.

The report states that " The drone operators located the positions of military equipment and engineering fortifications of the mock enemy and transmitted their coordinates to the command post.After this, targets simulating military equipment and firing points of the mock enemy were destroyed by concentrated 122-mm fire self-propelled units"Gvozdika" and jet systems volley fire"Grad".

Mini UAV "Outpost" is an Israeli apparatus Bird Eye 400 developed and manufactured by Israel Aerospaces Industries (IAI), which was assembled OJSC "Ural Plant" civil aviation"(UZGA, part of OJSC Oboronprom) in Yekaterinburg. Mini-UAV"Granat-1" was developed and manufactured by Izhmash - Unmanned Systems LLC in Izhevsk.

Launch of a mini-UAV "Zastava" (IAI www.arms-expo.ru

In turn, the press service of the Central Military District reported on this event on February 16, 2015:

Commanders of the Central Military District units practiced new techniques for fighting a high-tech enemy

At the Chebarkul training ground, formation commanders and military units The Central Military District (CMD) developed new methods of fighting the enemy, equipped with high-tech equipment and technology.

During the training, officers and generals supervised the actions of tactical groups to detect, block and destroy a mock enemy, equipped with modern types of reconnaissance, communications and firepower equipment.

“The main goal of the lesson is to teach commanders of combined arms formations to manage artillery and air strikes with the help of advanced air controllers and artillery spotters, to organize the leadership of assigned units and all types of weapons in a short time frame. combat support from reconnaissance to medical,” said the commander of the Central Military District, Colonel General Vladimir Zarudnitsky.

Reconnaissance units, using Strelets complexes and unmanned aerial vehicles, uncovered areas where manpower and equipment of the mock enemy were concentrated. Artillery and air strikes were carried out on the identified positions using self-propelled howitzers"Msta" jet systems multiple rocket launchers "Grad" and "Uragan", Mi-24 helicopters.

The artillerymen used the “firing fringing” technique - with the help of stationary barrage fire the enemy was driven into a cauldron, the center of which was covered with volleys rockets. Immediately after this, the units performed a counter-fire maneuver, avoiding a retaliatory strike.

To counter the mock enemy aircraft, simulated by Mi-8 helicopters, the movement of troops was covered by anti-aircraft gun crews. missile systems"Strela-10M", "Tunguska" and "Igla". In addition, electronic suppression of reconnaissance assets and the destruction of unmanned aerial vehicles of a mock enemy were practiced.