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Parachuting in Kazakhstan. Parachuting in Kazakhstan Laying a traction rope under backpack rubber

SPECIAL CASES AND ACTIONS OF A PARACHUTTER IN SPECIAL CASES WHEN PARACHUTING D-1-5U. (reserve parachute z-5)

SPECIAL CASES

Special cases in parachuting are called emergency situations during a jump that threaten the life and health of the parachutist.

When jumping on a “round” parachute technique, the main ones, i.e. the most likely special cases are:

1 .Parachutist's hooking on aircraft (plane, helicopter) elements of the parachute system.

2 . Dome failure– i.e. parachute malfunction when opening. Dome failures are divided into complete and partial.
Complete refusal implies complete absence canopy when trying to put it into operation due to its failure to come out of the backpack or case (and when jumping with parachutes of type D-5.. D-6., D-10 from the backpack or camera). Also considered a complete failure is the situation in which the parachutist himself cut off the main canopy from suspension system in case of getting caught on an aircraft (in rarer cases, for jumps on round equipment, it is also possible to uncouple or trim the main canopy when colliding with other parachutists).
Partial failure implies a situation when the canopy enters the flow from the backpack but does not provide the required rate of descent of the parachutist safe for his landing, due to damage. Most often this happens in cases where the canopy overlaps, the lines break, or the canopy fabric is torn in more than one square meter.

3 . Convergence in the air– that is, a collision in the air of several parachutists with subsequent failure of operation (extinguishing) of one or all canopies of the participants in this situation.

4 . Getting into an updraft or downdraft– that is, a situation in which a parachutist, being under a normally operating canopy, cannot descend (if he gets caught in an updraft) and is carried away from the prepared landing site. Or vice versa (in case of falling into a downward flow) it decreases with higher speed than is necessary for a safe landing.

5 . Landing on obstacles- i.e. landing of a parachutist on an unprepared site with various natural (forest, rocks, ponds) or other obstacles (buildings, poles, equipment, power lines, railways and highways, etc.), landing on which may result in injury or death of the parachutist.

ACTIONS OF A PARACHUTTER IN SPECIAL CASES (parachute D-1-5U deployment method - full forced)

Clinging to an airplane.

If, after separation, the parachutist, feeling a jerk, raised his head to inspect the canopy and realized that there was an engagement with the aircraft, he must establish visual contact with the releasing instructor, that is, find the door of the aircraft with his eyes and see the releasing person there. After the releasing instructor is convinced that the parachutist sees him and is able to act adequately, a carbine (or “cat”) is lowered from the plane on a special halyard. Having received the carbine, he must hook it to the soft elements of his harness system, usually by the shoulder girths closer to the chest jumper. It is prohibited to hook the carabiner (cat) to any metal parts of the suspension system: other carabiners, half rings, etc. Having hooked the carabiner onto the soft elements of the suspension system, the paratrooper, after making sure that the engagement is reliable (i.e., by pulling the carabiner several times), gives a hand sign to the releaser, after which the other paratroopers on board pull the hooked person into the plane.
If attempts to pull the parachutist into the plane fail, due to insufficient number of people on board or for other reasons, the releaser gives the go-ahead to the caught parachutist, indicating that the retraction was unsuccessful. After this, a lanyard knife is lowered from the plane to the parachutist on another halyard. Having accepted the lanyard knife, the parachutist first of all cuts it off from the halyard on which it was lowered, in order to avoid a possible cut on his hand in the future. After cutting the line cutter from the halyard, the parachutist cuts off (or unfastens) the previously obtained carabiner (cat). Then he begins to cut off the free ends of the suspension system. Trimming the risers begins with the least tension (the weakest, sagging) riser. All actions with a sling cutter are performed with chopping movements in a direction away from you. After the parachutist cuts off the outermost (fourth) free end, he finds himself in free fall. Finding himself in free fall, the parachutist throws out the knife, finds with his eyes the ring of the reserve parachute, takes it with his hand, turns it out of his backpack pocket, and, putting the opposite hand to the side, pulls the ring the entire length of his arm forward from himself. When deploying the reserve parachute, it is advisable to tilt your head and legs back slightly.
When descending with a reserve parachute, the parachutist must take into account that the rate of descent with the reserve parachute exceeds the rate of descent when descending with the main one, and therefore it is necessary to be prepared for a harder landing.

Dome failure.

Dome failures are divided into complete and partial.
Complete failure implies the complete absence of the canopy over the parachutist after he used the exhaust ring as a result of the parachute not exiting. A complete failure can also be considered
a situation in which the parachutist himself cut off the main parachute due to entanglement with the aircraft.
Partial failure implies a situation in which the canopy of the main parachute, emerging from the backpack, is damaged and is not able to perform its functions to the full extent necessary for a safe landing.
Dividing canopy failures into complete and partial is necessary due to the fact that in case of complete and partial failure of the main parachute, the actions of the parachutist are significantly different and the reserve parachute is activated differently.

Complete refusal . (Parachute D-1-5U, forced deployment method, reserve parachute Z-5, manual deployment)

After separating from the aircraft, the parachutist mandatory, begins the countdown: 501, 502, 503. implying that immediately after saying 503 a dynamic jerk will occur, indicating the opening of the main parachute. If, after counting down to 503, a dynamic jerk does not occur, this indicates that the parachute canopy has not left the backpack. That is, there was a complete failure.
In this situation, the parachutist, without hesitation, finds with his eyes the reserve parachute ring, grabs it, turns it out of the backpack pocket, and, putting the opposite hand to the side, sharply pulls the ring forward from himself to the entire length of his arm. In this case, it is advisable to move your legs back slightly bent at the knees; it is also advisable to throw your head back to avoid a possible cut on your face by the lines of the reserve parachute when leaving the backpack.
ATTENTION! Extending your arm to the side is mandatory since this eliminates the possibility of the parachutist falling in a strictly horizontal position, which can lead to the reserve parachute canopy falling into a “shading” that prevents it from opening.

Partial failure canopies and activation of the reserve parachute (parachute D-1-5U forced deployment method, reserve parachute Z-5 manual deployment)

Partial failure of the canopy when jumping with a D-1-5U parachute to full forced deployment implies three possible options: Overlap (overlap of the canopy with one or more lines leading to its deformation). Broken lines (break of one or more lines). Rip of the dome (tear in the fabric of the main dome measuring one square meter or more)

Overlap.

Having made the countdown: 501, 502, 503 and feeling the dynamic jerk, the parachutist raises his head up and inspects the canopy, the canopy must be of the correct round shape without gusts, overlaps or broken lines. If, when inspecting the canopy, the parachutist, instead of the correct well-filled air hemisphere of the main canopy, discovers that it is deformed - that is, instead of the correct round one, the canopy has a crumpled hemisphere divided into two or several parts by lines that overlap through it, this indicates that the main parachute canopy is overlapped.
Dome overlaps are divided into light and deep.
A slight overlap is considered to be a shallow overlap of one or more lines near the edge of the canopy. Such overlap can be eliminated by the parachutist by pulling, for which it is necessary to find the desired line (or lines) at the place of its attachment to the free end and, holding it with both hands, pull it down with force, if it will take several times. If this does not eliminate the overlap, it is necessary to activate the reserve parachute.
Deep overlap implies the overlap of the canopy with one or more lines closer to the center of the dome with a deep (sometimes more than a meter) division of the canopy into several parts. A deep overlap cannot be eliminated by the parachutist; therefore, when a deep overlap is detected, the parachutist immediately activates the reserve parachute.

video example of overlap of the main parachute D-1-5U

Broken lines.

If, when inspecting the canopy, the parachutist discovers a break in one or more lines, he must act in accordance with the situations described below.

If one to three lines break, no action is taken, the descent is carried out as usual.

If three or more adjacent lines break, the reserve parachute is activated. (adjacent slings are slings attached to one free end)

If one to five lines are broken at different free ends, no action is taken and the descent is carried out as normal (for example, one line is broken at one free end, two at the second, and one line at the third or fourth)

If five or more lines in total break, the reserve parachute is activated.

Rush of the dome.

A canopy tear is a rupture of the canopy fabric to a size that makes the parachute unable to carry out a safe landing for the parachutist. The D-1-5U parachute does not lose its stability and controllability in a gust of up to one square meter. If a canopy gust is detected, the parachutist visually determines its size. If the canopy gust does not exceed one square meter, then the landing is carried out normally according to the instructions.
When a canopy gust exceeds one square meter (or several gusts close to a square meter), the parachutist activates the reserve parachute according to the scheme provided for the insertion of the reserve parachute in case of partial failure.
Determining the size of the main canopy gust is carried out in the following way - the entire canopy of the D-1-5U parachute is stitched with clearly visible reinforcing tapes 2 cm wide, which divide the dome area into many sectors (squares) in case the gust is in one sector (square) and does not affect reinforcing tapes with a transition to the next sector, the size of the gust is considered less than one square meter and the landing is carried out as usual. If a gust, having damaged the fabric of one of the sectors, crosses the reinforcing tape and passes to the next sector, then the size of this gust is considered to exceed one square meter and the parachutist is obliged to activate the reserve parachute according to the scheme for introducing a reserve parachute in case of partial failure.

COMMISSIONING A RESERVE PARACHUTE IN THE EVENT OF PARTIAL FAILURE(main parachute D-1-5U, reserve parachute Z-5)

The activation of the reserve parachute in case of partial failure is carried out as follows: The parachutist finds the ring with his eyes and takes it with the hand on which side it is located, at the same time, with the palm of his other hand, the parachutist presses the reserve parachute pack to himself, after which the parachutist turns the ring out of the pocket of the pack sharply pulls it forward from himself the entire length of the arm, followed by moving the arm down towards the leg. After this, the ring is thrown away. As a result of unchecking the reserve parachute backpack, the valves of the backpack, under the influence of the backpack rubber bands, jump out from under the parachutist’s palm and the reserve parachute canopy itself is at hand. Continuing to press the reserve parachute to himself, the parachutist puts his hand under it, with which he pulled out the ring and, taking it in this way In this way, the reserve parachute is thrown with both hands, throwing it forward and upward at an angle of forty-five degrees.
ATTENTION! Before throwing a reserve parachute, the parachutist must determine the presence or absence of rotation. As a rule, in the event of a partial failure of the main canopy, the parachutist constantly rotates along its axis, and therefore the reserve parachute must be thrown by the parachutist exclusively in the direction of rotation to eliminate the possibility of twisting the lines of the main parachute with reserve lines. Throwing the reserve parachute in the direction opposite to the rotation is strictly prohibited.
When throwing a reserve parachute, the parachutist’s legs should be bent at the knees and tightly squeezed to eliminate the possibility of the lines getting caught on the legs because the canopy of the reserve parachute, when used in the event of a partial failure, usually fills relatively slowly and part of the lines, coming out of the backpack elastic bands, first sags downwards and can entangle the parachutist's legs.
To speed up the filling of the reserve parachute canopy, the parachutist can help it fill by independently releasing the lines from the backpack elastic bands and, as it were, shaking them. As a result of the tension in the lines created, the canopy of the reserve parachute fills faster.
When using a reserve parachute in the event of a partial failure, a situation is possible in which the reserve parachute, after being thrown out by the parachutist, does not fill and simply lies in the air, while no twitching or shaking of the lines changes anything. In such a situation, the parachutist needs to clench his legs, bend them at the knees, bring his feet under him as much as possible, and raise his knees to waist level, using the lines to pull the reserve parachute towards himself. Then roll it up on your knees and throw it forward and up again at an angle of 45 degrees, in the direction of rotation. If after this the parachute still does not fill, the action should be repeated.
If, after two or three throw-ins, or when reaching a height of 150 meters, the reserve parachute is still not filled, the parachutist pulls it towards himself, rolls it up, and holding it between his legs lands on the main parachute.
Failure to inflate the reserve parachute after several drops indicates a low rate of descent for the parachutist, which means that the canopy of the main parachute, even in a damaged state, performs its functions in full, providing a safe rate of descent for landing.
In this case, the parachutist, holding the reserve parachute between his legs, lands under the canopy of the main parachute according to the instructions for landing in a normal situation. In this case, the reserve parachute must be controlled and held firmly by the parachutist until it touches the ground in order to prevent the reserve parachute from slipping out and opening at an unexpected moment, or sliding back between the legs and then opening behind the back, which can lead to a change in the parachutist’s body position almost to horizontal , which in turn will inevitably lead to injury. However, if a situation does arise in which the reserve parachute, freed, slips between the parachutist’s legs and opens behind his back, and the parachutist finds himself in a horizontal position, then the parachutist needs to place his palms between his stomach and the lines of the reserve parachute and push the lines as far away from himself as possible, carefully, trying not to get caught, throw one leg over them, as a result of which the reserve parachute will be in front and the parachutist will take a vertical position. After which the descent is carried out under two domes. At altitude, the canopies of the reserve and main parachutes tend to diverge from each other, which puts the parachutist’s body in an inclined position close to horizontal. To correct this situation, it is necessary to grab the free ends of the reserve parachute and pull them towards you. At the ground, the opposite situation is created in which the main and reserve parachutes converge, pressing against each other, this is corrected by pressing the free ends of the reserve parachute away from you.
ATTENTION! It is prohibited to use the control lines and try to deploy the main parachute canopy in case of descent under two canopies, as this can lead to the lines of the main and reserve parachutes twisting together with their subsequent extinguishing or reducing the area, which will lead to a critical increase in landing speed.

Convergence in the air.(parachute D-1-5U)

A mid-air convergence is a situation in which two or more skydivers collide with each other after the parachutes open.
Being in dangerous proximity to each other, which could lead to such a collision, is called a prerequisite for this special case and must be eliminated by the parachutist without delay.

Prerequisites for convergence in the air and ways to eliminate them.

If, during a side-by-side inspection, a parachutist discovers another parachutist dangerously close to him, he is obliged to immediately take measures to move away from the course of a probable collision.
Moving to the side in this situation is carried out using the sliding method.

Sliding method.(moving to the side by pulling the risers)

To move to the side using the sliding method, the parachutist grabs with both hands those free ends in which direction he wants to go, and forcefully pulls them down as far as possible, holding them in this position until he moves to a safe distance from the course of a probable collision. Simultaneously with the tension of the risers, the parachutist must, with his voice, attract the attention of the parachutist with whom there is a threat of collision and give him the command to go in the opposite direction. For example, if the second parachutist moves directly towards the first, facing him, then the first takes hold of the right risers with his hands and pulls them down, and gives the command to the second parachutist to go to the left (pull the left risers). If the second parachutist approaches the first with his back to him, then the first parachutist, pulling the right risers of his harness, gives the second parachutist the command to also pull the right risers (go to the right) because in this case there is no mirror effect.
As a result of prolonged tension on the risers chosen by the parachutists, the edge of the parachute canopy seems to bend downwards in the direction of tension and the parachute slides down in this direction. That is, if the parachutist needs to go to the right, he pulls the right risers; if to the left, then the left ones; if forward, then the front ones; back rear. It is also possible to go to the side diagonally (obliquely), to do this, pull one free end with both hands, located on the side in which you need to go.

Convergence in the air and the actions of the parachutist in this situation.

If, when there is a threat of collision in the air, attempts to move to the side by sliding did not lead to desired result and the distance between the approaching parachutists was reduced to several meters, making a collision inevitable, the paratrooper must:

1.Collision on the same level(along the horizon).

If the second parachutist is advancing straight ahead at approximately the same level, that is, a collision with each other is inevitable, the parachutist needs to squeeze his legs at the knees and cover his face by holding his hands crosswise at the front risers, while the backs of the hands should be turned towards the face( veins inward), this will reduce the likelihood of injury from the equipment or parts of the harness of another skydiver. After a collision, parachutists are prohibited from sharply pushing away from each other in an attempt to move to the side, since there is a high probability that the parachutists will begin to swing for a long time under their canopies, with the heavier one gradually moving down and the lighter parachutist, who ends up above, getting caught in the lines of the first one. Therefore, parachutists should grab the harness systems each other (preferably shoulder girths closer to the chest bridge) and continue the descent together, constantly monitoring the domes and the approach of the ground. They should also land together without trying to move away from each other directly at the ground, since swaying at this moment will most likely lead to injury. The task of both parachutists, when they touch the ground, will each land on their own feet, eliminating the option of one person hanging on the other, as a result of which the force of the impact on the feet of the parachutist on whom his comrade will hang will increase significantly. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary, even during the descent, to try to take a position in which the feet of both parachutists will be at the same level.

2.Collision on different levels .(threat of another parachutist getting caught in the parachute lines with the subsequent extinguishing of one or both main parachutes)

If there is a threat of convergence in the air, in a position where one of the parachutists approaches the other at the level of the lines of his parachute, and it is not possible to avoid convergence, the parachutist flying into the lines of his friend’s parachute must spread his arms and legs as wide as possible to the sides (star position ) as if increasing the area of your body and thereby reducing the likelihood of slipping between the lines of an approaching parachutist and at the moment of contact with the lines, carefully push off from them and immediately after pushing off begin to move away to the side using the sliding method, by tensioning the rear free ends. The move to the side does not stop until until the distance between the parachutists becomes completely safe, eliminating the possibility of a repetition of the situation.
If they push off and move to the side fails and the parachutist gets tangled in the lines of the parachute of another parachutist below and the canopy of the lower parachutist begins to fade (lose its shape and fullness), the upper parachutist (who got into the lines of a comrade) is obliged to take several lines of the lower parachutist and hold him Before landing, the two of them descend using their parachute. In this case, for reliability, it is best to wrap the parachute lines of the lower parachutist several times around the backpack of your reserve parachute. When landing, the lower parachutist must take into account the possibility that the upper parachutist may land directly on him, so immediately upon touching the ground it is advisable to run away or roll away from the landing point.
If the top parachutist, having secured the lower parachutist’s parachute lines on himself, discovers that his (the top parachutist’s) canopy is starting to go out, then the top parachutist gives the command to the bottom parachutist to put the reserve parachute into action. Next, both paratroopers descend using the lower one’s reserve parachute. In this situation, both parachutists must be prepared for a hard landing; immediately upon touching the ground, it is advisable to use a roll to reduce the force of the impact.

3.Hitting another parachutist's canopy.

If, when inspecting the sides, the parachutist, examining the space below him, discovers that he is descending onto the canopy of another parachutist descending below him, he is obliged to begin leaving by sliding method towards the nearest edge of the lower parachutist’s canopy until he is completely gone to a safe distance, while simultaneously giving a command to the lower one. the paratrooper should go in the opposite direction.
If the speed of escape by gliding turns out to be insufficient and the upper parachutist touches the lower canopy with his feet closer to the center, then he, without ceasing to pull the free ends in the direction chosen for escape, immediately from the moment he touches the canopy he runs away from it to the nearest edge, that is, in the same direction in which was carried out by sliding.
If the contact with the legs occurs at the edge of the canopy, then the parachutist puts his legs forward and slides off it, after which he leaves by sliding to a safe distance.
If this fails and the top parachutist falls into the canopy and gets tangled in the lines of the bottom parachutist, then further actions are carried out, the same as when descending at different levels with entanglement in the lines, based on the development of the situation.

video examples of another parachutist getting into the canopy (contains profanity)

Russian Airborne Forces parachute D-10

DShB Kazakhstan parachute D-6

Getting into the up/down flow.

Getting caught in an updraft is characterized by stopping the descent and the parachutist hanging at the same altitude, and often by an additional climb. In this case, the parachutist gradually moves away from the prepared area. The hovering time in the updraft can be up to several tens of minutes, and the drift from the airfield (landing site) up to several tens of kilometers in the most unexpected direction, followed by landing on various obstacles at the landing point, which creates an immediate threat to the life and health of the paratrooper. If a parachutist, while descending under the canopy, suddenly feels a stop in his descent, he must visually verify whether he has fallen into an updraft or not.
Most in a simple way is to assess the situation by observing other parachutists, especially those who left the aircraft a little later, as well as the horizon level. If, while observing the skydivers leaving the plane and opening after it, the skydiver finds that they are much lower or have already landed, and the horizon level remains stationary or is falling, then this is a clear indication that the skydiver is in an updraft. In this situation, the parachutist is obliged to exit the updraft by sliding in any direction, choosing the safest landing point.
The departure method is carried out by sliding until the parachutist feels the beginning of the descent or reaches a height of 100-150 meters. After which the landing is carried out as usual according to the instructions.

Getting into a downdraft is characterized by unexpected high speed reduction with a normally filled operating dome. It is also determined by other parachutists descending nearby.
If parachutists who left the aircraft and opened much earlier find themselves higher and the horizon level rises too quickly, this indicates that they are caught in a downdraft, in which the parachutist descends at a speed unsafe for a normal landing. In such a situation, the parachutist activates the reserve parachute in the manner used in the event of a partial failure.

LANDING ON OBSTACLES.(parachute D-1-5U)

The most likely obstacles when landing a parachutist are:

Forest areas, separately standing trees, poles, power lines, complex terrain (mountains, ravines, etc.), reservoirs, various buildings and structures, vehicles, railways. and highways, runways, as well as groups of people (parachute launch).

If there is a threat of landing on obstacles at a height that does not allow the use of control lines, the parachutist moves to a safe side using the sliding method.
If attempts to move to the side do not lead to the desired result, the parachutist prepares for landing in the following way:

Landing on trees.

If there is a threat of landing on trees, the parachutist covers his face with his hands, holding the front free ends crosswise, so that the backs of the hands are turned towards the face (veins inward). The legs should be tightly clenched, half-bent and set slightly forward in order to meet them possible obstacle: large branches, twigs, etc. This position is maintained until a complete stop or landing.
When hanging on a tree, the parachutist needs to make sure that he is firmly fixed to the tree before changing his position. To do this, while remaining in the same grouping position, the parachutist pulls the front risers several times, while continuing to hold his hands in a crosswise position, with the veins inward, covering his face, chest and neck with them, in case of an unexpected fall down through the branches and branches of a tree. The legs also continue to remain brought together and half-bent at the knees, and the feet are parallel to the ground.
Having made sure that the paratrooper is securely fixed to the tree, he assesses the situation and makes a decision to descend.

Descent to the ground when hanging in trees.

If the hovering height is small (up to two meters), the parachutist sits as deep as possible in the harness system, unfastens the chest strap and leg straps in sequence, and releases
one hand from the shoulder girths and holding the straps of the harness with both hands,
carefully descends to the ground.
ATTENTION! Preliminary seating in the harness system and the sequence of unfastening the leg loops and chest strap are carried out strictly, regardless of the height of the parachutist’s hover!
Failure to comply with these requirements can lead to the parachutist accidentally slipping out of the harness system and his death if an unfastened chest jumper gets under the parachutist’s chin, with the leg straps unfastened earlier.
Also, in case of shallow landing in the suspension system, there is a possibility of accidental falling out
from it the parachutist heads down, after unfastening the chest jumper while the leg loops are fastened.
When hanging on a tree at a high altitude, the parachutist, having previously sat down as deep as possible in the harness system, unfastens one of the sides of the reserve parachute pack from it and pulls out the ring for its manual deployment; after the reserve parachute canopy falls down, the parachutist releases all available lines from the backpack rubber bands. length (for Z-5 6.5 meters). Having made sure that the lines are completely released, the parachutist, by twitching, checks the reliability of the remaining fastening of the reserve parachute pack to the harness system and, having unfastened the chest jumper and leg straps in sequence, descends to the ground along the lines of the reserve parachute, holding onto them so as to exclude the possibility of cutting or burning your palms during a rapid descent, i.e. to break.
ATTENTION! Complete release of the reserve parachute lines from the backpack rubber bands before descending along them is mandatory, since leaving even a small length in the backpack rubber bands during descent will lead to their sudden sharp release under the weight of the parachutist, and an inevitable, uncontrolled fall of the person to the ground.

Landing on poles

If there are any pillars or supports in the path of the parachutist’s landing and it is not possible to get away from them by sliding, then the parachutist must meet the pillar with his feet, for this the legs must be tightly pressed together and slightly bent at the knees and the feet are slightly turned along the axis to the side in order to avoid the possibility of their divergence at the moment of hitting the pole and getting it between the legs. If the height of the pillar or support is small, then after meeting an obstacle in this way, the parachutist lands in normal mode. If the height of the pillar or support is significant and there is a collision with its upper part, the parachutist immediately after meeting the obstacle with his feet leaves by sliding to the side or backward.

Landing on power lines (power lines)

If a parachutist descends onto a power line, you must try with all your might to move to the side by sliding, while at the same time preparing to meet the wire with your feet, your legs must be tightly pressed together and your feet should be turned perpendicular to the direction of the wires to prevent the possibility of the wire slipping between the skydiver’s legs. With this position of the legs, at the moment of contact with the wire, the parachutist either slides down from it or the wire breaks under the weight of the parachutist and landing occurs. In this case, the parachutist holds with his hands the free ends of the harness and is in a grouped position until the moment of landing; it is forbidden to try to grab any wires or support elements that are nearby, as this can lead to electric shock.
If, after the parachutist lands, his parachute turns out to be hanging on the wires, the parachutist removes the harness as quickly as possible and runs to the side. Trying to remove a parachute from a power line yourself is strictly prohibited.
ATTENTION! In no case is the parachutist’s task to necessarily hit the wire with his feet! On the contrary, he must try in every possible way to slip past or between the wires, and the described position of the legs is adopted in order to reduce the likelihood of injury if contact of the legs with the wire does occur.)

Landing on buildings

When landing on buildings or structures, the parachutist, if it is impossible to avoid the obstacle by sliding, prepares for landing as follows:

1. Landing on the task wall

When approaching the wall of a building, the parachutist, holding the rear free ends with his hands, puts his legs tightly compressed in front of him, slightly bent at the knees, the soles of his feet should be directed directly at the wall so as to meet it with the entire area of two feet pressed together and not any separate part: fingertips, toes or heels. At the moment of contact with the wall, the paratrooper pulls the rear free ends of the suspension system and leaves the building by sliding; if the collision with the wall occurs close to the edge of the building, then it is possible to escape by sliding in that direction, with the appropriate wind direction. At the moment of contact with the wall, it is not recommended to push away from it too vigorously, as this will lead to amplitude swinging of the parachutist, which may lead to a repeated collision with the wall of the building.

2. Landing on a building window

If, when approaching the wall of a building, a parachutist discovers that at the point of contact with the wall he is in a window and cannot move to the side by sliding, then he needs to cover his face and neck with his hands, holding the front free ends cross to cross with the veins inward and put the compressed ones forward , legs half bent at the knees.
If there is a central frame near the window, you need to aim your feet at it with your feet slightly turned to the side, as if landing on a pole. If the frame turns out to be strong enough, the parachutist pushes off from it and goes back (or to the side) by sliding.
If the parachutist does not hit the central frame with his feet or the frame breaks or is missing altogether and the parachutist breaks the glass with his feet and flies into the room, then he must immediately secure his suspension system with one or more slings to any stationary object, for example, wind the slings in several turns around the battery, for so that the parachute canopy, which has not yet extinguished, does not have time to pull it back out of the building while the parachutist is freed from the harness.
Fixing with slings to a stationary object before removing the suspension system is mandatory! The height of the building and the floor on which the window is located do not matter since dragging a parachutist through a broken window, even on the first floor, will most likely lead to injuries from glass fragments remaining in the frame, and when the room is on the upper floors, the parachute canopy will pull the parachutist out of the window already will not be able to provide him with a safe landing as it will be partially or completely extinguished.

3.Landing on the roof of a building

If a parachutist lands on a roof in the center or far from its edge, then immediately after landing he needs to secure himself with parachute lines to any stationary object, antenna, pipe, etc., and only after that remove the harness. Locations of such stationary objects It is advisable to install it visually in advance even at the landing stage, which will significantly reduce the time it takes to secure the parachute lines for them and reduce the likelihood of the parachutist being pulled off the roof by the unextinguished canopy.
In the event that a skydiver lands close to the edge of a roof and there is real threat pulling him off the roof of the building, then while still in the process of landing, the parachutist, barely touching the roof with his feet, immediately runs away from it and jumps down without allowing the dome to go out, with further escape from the building by sliding.

CLARIFICATION

Taking into account the fact that general instructions according to the rules of landing when jumping with a parachute, D-1-5U requires the novice parachutist to take a low drift position (against the wind) at an altitude of 50 meters, then if the parachutist encounters an obstacle after turning to low drift, and the wind speed exceeds the horizontal speed of the canopy, As a result, the parachutist approaches the obstacle with his back, then he needs to make a turn in the suspension system, using the method used when inspecting from the sides, and land while holding in this position, trying to meet the obstacle with his feet brought together.

Landing on a body of water

The D-1-5U parachute, thanks to its design and control lines, allows for the choice of flight direction in the desired direction, if this is not interfered with by the direction and strength of the wind. Therefore, if a parachutist, after deployment, discovers any body of water near a possible landing site, he is obliged to use these capabilities of the canopy to move away from the body of water to a safe distance. However, if for some reason this could not be done either using control lines at altitude or by sliding directly near the ground and falling into a body of water is inevitable, then the paratrooper prepares for it as follows:
1.Sits as deeply as possible in the suspension system.
2. Unfastens the reserve parachute pack from one of the sides of the harness.
3. Unfastens the chest strap and leg loops in sequence, being careful to prevent accidental slipping from the circular strap and falling out of the harness system.
4.Grip the rear free ends firmly with your hands and wait for it to touch the water.
ATTENTION! It is forbidden to jump out of the suspension system until it comes into contact with water, as when visually assessing the height above the water surface, an error of tens of meters is possible.
5. As soon as the parachutist’s feet touch the water, he makes a deflection (throws his head, arms and legs back) and, having slipped out of the harness, under water, swims as far as possible away from the splashdown course (to the right or left) so that when he emerges he does not end up under the canopy or in the lines of your parachute.
6. Having emerged to the surface, he assesses the situation and swims to the nearest shore.
7. If a parachutist has problems with swimming or the shore is far away, then until help arrives he can stay on the surface of the water using a reserve parachute - a reserve parachute
Z-5, when folded, contains between the folds of the dome a sufficient amount of air to use it as an auxiliary floating device for up to half an hour inclusive. Having decided to use a reserve parachute, the parachutist must be careful not to get entangled in the lines and canopy of the main parachute located nearby both on the surface of the water and under water.

Landing on the runway

When landing on the airfield runway, immediately after extinguishing the canopy, the parachutist, without wasting time, takes the parachute canopy and lines in his arms and quickly (runs) leaves the airfield. Care is carried out towards the nearest edge. Removing the harness and placing the parachute in a portable bag is carried out only after the paratrooper has moved away from the edge of the airframe to a safe distance (at least 15-20 m).
ATTENTION! Prompt exit from the runway is carried out by a parachutist in any case! Regardless of whether he sees planes landing/taking off or not.
If it is necessary to cross the runway, the runway is crossed directly perpendicularly (at a right angle). Crossing the runway “obliquely”, “zigzag”, etc. is prohibited.

Landing at the parachute launch

When landing on a parachute launch where other parachutists are located, as well as if there are people at any other landing point, the parachutist loudly gives the command “Air!” several times. until those at the landing point leave it.

Happy and safe jumping!

The article was prepared by Oleg Russkikh. Karaganda. This article is the property of the site. When copying or reprinting, please provide a working link.

7 ..

Chapter 2.

TRAINING PARACHUTES

PARACHUTE D-1-5U

The controlled parachute D-1-5U (Fig. 11) is designed for training jumps.

Tactical and technical data of the parachute

1. When total mass parachute and parachutist 120 kg parachute design provides:

─ reliable operation at an altitude of up to 1000 m, both when it is immediately put into operation at a horizontal flight speed of up to 250 km/h, and with any delay in opening the backpack, while the maximum overloads occurring at the moment of filling the canopy do not exceed 10g;

─ minimum jump height from a horizontally flying aircraft at a flight speed of 180 km/h with immediate deployment of the parachute ─ 150 m;

average vertical speed of descent, normalized to the standard atmosphere, measured in the area 0─35 m from the ground, ─5.1 m/s;

─ stability during decline; parachute control using two control lines;

─ turning the canopy and horizontal movement of the paratrooper during the descent, and turning the canopy 360° in any direction in a time of no more than 18 s when tensioning one control line and horizontal movement of the parachute forward with average speed 2.47 m/s;

─ use of a semi-automatic parachute deployment device PPK-U-575A or

KAP-ZP-575;

─ disconnecting the canopy from the suspension system both on the ground and in the air; use of a reserve parachute type 3-2, 3-Sh, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5;

─ the force required to pull out the pull ring or pull rope both during forced opening of the backpack and manually, ─ no more than 16 kgf;

─ technical resource ─ 200 applications (to be specified during operation) subject to timely repair and replacement of the dome cover.

2. Dimensions of the stowed parachute, mm:

length ─ 570+20;

width ─ 377+20;

height ─ 262+20.

Rice. eleven. General form open parachute D-1-5U

3. The weight of the parachute is no more than 17.5 kg with a semi-automatic device without a carrying bag.

Tactical and technical data of parachute parts

1. The traction rope is a nylon tape LTKMkrP-27-1200 with a strength of 1200 kgf, a length of 3000 mm with two loops (the second loop is at a distance of 1400 mm from the first). To protect the traction rope from burns, it is covered with a cover made of cotton tape LHBMkr-35-260 in the form of a hollow hose. The same covers are put on all the loops of the rope and on the carabiner.

2. A lineless pilot parachute consists of a parachute base and a spring mechanism. The hemispherical part is made of nylon mesh fabric, and the conical part is made of nylon fabric (art. 56005krP). The upper part of the parachute is also made of nylon fabric. The parachute area is 0.22 m².

3. The dome cover is made of percale B orange color(art. 7015кр), has the shape of a sleeve 5280 mm long, one pair of double removable honeycombs, 11 pairs of rubber non-removable honeycombs, an apron with two windows for passing double rubber honeycombs.

4. The dome is round in shape, made of percale P (art. 7019), consists of four sectors with a total area of 82.5 m². The diameter of the pole hole is 430 mm. The canopy has 28 slings, 8870 mm long, made of ShKhBP-125 cotton cord with a strength of 125 kgf. On the dome panels, between slings No. 27 and 28, 28 and 1, 1 and 2, longitudinal holes are arranged. To control the canopy, control lines are mounted to lines No. 26, 27, 28 and 3, 2, 1.

Rice. 11A Dome D-1-5U in plan

1 ─Panels; 2 ─ Reinforcing frame; 3─Reinforcing tape; 4 ─ Holes

5. The suspension system made of nylon tape LTK-44-1600 with a strength of 1600 kgf is equipped with OSK locks. To ensure correct connection of the risers to the harness locks, the rear risers are marked with the words<левый>, <правый>. The length of the free ends of the suspension system is ─ 560 mm.

6. The parachute backpack is made of avisent A (art. 6700) and consists of a bottom and four valves. The material of the ring that replaces the middle cone is silk cord ShSh-80. The length of a single backpack rubber with pendants is 370 mm, and a double one is 385 mm.

7. Flexible hoses made of metal sleeves are covered with cotton tape

LXX-40-130, the ends of the hoses with tape are tucked into caps.

Length of flexible hoses ─ 515 mm.

8. The pull ring consists of a housing, a cable, three pins and a limiter. The body is trapezoidal, made of red steel wire with a diameter of 7 mm. The cable studs are located one from the other at a distance of 150 mm. The first pin, counting from the ring, has a length of 38 mm, the rest are 32 mm each. The length of the cable from the end of the last pin to the limiter inclusive is 1070 mm.

9. The traction ring with a rope loop is designed to open the parachute in the event of a break or misalignment of the traction rope and consists of a ring, a cable, a loop and a limiter. The length of the cable from the loop to the limiter inclusive is 785 mm.

10. The traction rope has three pins at one end and a loop at the other. The cable loop is braided with cotton cord ShKhB-40. The studs are located one from the other at a distance of 150 mm. The length of the first pin is 38 mm, the rest are 32 mm each. The length of the exhaust cable from the loop to the last pin inclusive is ─ 1015 mm.

11. The safety cover for the exhaust cable is made of raincoat fabric (art. 3101kr), has the shape of a sleeve with a length of 990 mm. At one end there is a loop, which is attached by a noose loop to the loop of the exhaust cable.

12. The PPK-U-575A or KAP-ZP-575 device has a hose 575 mm long. Loop length ─ 19 mm, cable length ─ 732 mm. The flexible pin halyard is not included in the kit of the device, but is included in the parachute kit.

(installation option for forced tightening of the cover)

1. Exhaust halyard - serves for forced unclip of the backpack and tightening of the cover:

Length – 3 meters, breaking force – 1200 kg.

Has a carabiner 1 , average 4 and lower 3 loop, to protect the traction rope from burns, a cover is put on it 2 made of cotton tape (LHBMkr-35-260) in the form of a hollow hose.

2. Checking cable (pulling cable) – used for securing the backpack. Has three studs 2 , rubberized loop 3 , protective case 4 , cover loop 5 .

3. Dome cover:

Material: percale. Length – 5.3m.

The dome cover is made of orange percale B (art. 7015cr), has the shape of a sleeve -1 5.28 m long and fits over the entire length of the folded canopy.

The entire length of the cover is reinforced with tapes -2 strength 150 kg (LHB-25-150), which form a bridle in its upper part -3 for attaching a lineless ball parachute (ball screw).

There are two pockets sewn into the top of the case. -4 , facilitating the release of the lines from the honeycomb and the pulling of the cover from the canopy.

At the bottom of the case there is one pair of double rubber (removable) honeycombs -5 , eleven pairs of rubber (non-removable) honeycombs -6 and two tapes for the laying frame -7 .

The apron of the cover has two windows -8 for passing double rubber (removable) honeycombs.

Above the windows there are pockets for storing bundles of slings.

Bundles of slings, inserted into double rubber (removable) honeycombs, seal the lower part of the cover and prevent the canopy from leaving the cover prematurely (two out of 11 honeycombs are allowed to break on each side).

Safety lanyard -9 designed to protect slings laid in honeycombs from snagging.

Two guides made of power tapes for inserting the frame (during installation, for more convenient fastening of the slings).

Dome

Area: 82.5m2

Material: percale P.

The entire area of the dome is stitched with power strips, forming a power frame.

On the panels, between 27 and 28, 28 and 1, 1 and 2 slings, there are triangular slots for the release of excess pressure air, as a result of which horizontal speed and the ability to control appear.

Slings

Length: 8.87m

Quantity: 28

Material ШХБ-125 (cotton cord with tensile strength 125 kg).

Line #14 is marked red along its entire length (or with orange cuffs at the free end and on the edge of the canopy). Laying begins with this sling.

A control line is mounted to slings 26, 27, 28 and 1, 2, 3.

Hanging system

Material: LTK-1600 (nylon rigging tape, tensile force 1600 kg)

4 loose ends

Main (circular) strap

2 leg loops

2 dorso-shoulder girths

Chest strap (jumper)

Waist circumference

2 ZP fastening locks

Ring pocket on left shoulder

Flexible hose mounting harness (ring side)

1 chest carabiner

2 foot carabiners

3 reciprocal D-shaped buckles for carabiners

The suspension system (Fig. 11) is made of nylon tape with the strength 1600 kg(LTK-44-1600) and consists of a main strap and two shoulder straps.

The main strap is stitched from tape in two additions, the ends of which form two free ends of length 430 mm.
The main strap has two curved buckles designed to connect it to the back-shoulder straps at the top of the harness.

A pull ring pocket is sewn onto the main strap at chest level on the left side. A flexible hose is sewn above the pocket.
At the bottom, the main strap is bifurcated, the straps are sewn end-to-end and an overlay is sewn to them for more comfortable sitting in the harness during descent.

To attach the reserve parachute to the harness system, two fastening brackets with locks are built into the main strap.
The back-shoulder girths, right and left, passing through the curved buckles and windows of the main strap, form a chest bridge and, with the help of two buckles, a waist girth, providing adjustment of the suspension system according to height.

The back-shoulder girths are fastened together, forming a cross, to which the backpack is attached.

The back-shoulder girths, going down from the cross, go around the main strap below the windows for the waist girth, forming triangles with a carbine attached on the left side, and a buckle on the right.

The lower ends of the dorso-shoulder loops, passed between the main strap and bending around it in several places, form leg loops on which buckles are mounted to adjust them according to height. Three carabiners and three buckles located on the leg loops and chest strap are used to fasten the harness.

The backpack is attached to the harness, and the canopy slings are attached to the half-ring buckles of the harness.

Satchel

The backpack is designed to accommodate a canopy in a case, part of the lines and free ends of the harness system, a lineless ball parachute and a semi-automatic device.

The backpack is made of avisent A (art. 6700) and consists of the bottom of the backpack and four valves: two side, one upper and one lower.

To the top valve 1 two flexible hoses are sewn 2 , plate head 3 for attaching the hose of a semi-automatic device and a tie-tie 4 , intended for fastening the hose of a semi-automatic device. There are two windows at the base of the top flap 5 for the exit of the free ends of the suspension system.

The top and two side flaps of the backpack have flaps with pockets 6 , which, after placing the canopy in the backpack, are tucked with a stowage ruler under the bottom and side flaps. The flaps protect the dome from contamination.

To hold the valves in closed position the backpack has a closing device consisting of a cord ring 7 , two cones 8 located on the backpack valves, four eyelets with a sewing washer 29 and one eyelet buckle 28 .

Fifth eyelet 18 , installed on the right side flap between the lower and middle eyelets, is designed to fix the position of the ball lineless pilot chute inside the backpack when folded.

Cord ring 7 made of silk cord ShSh-80.
Eight backpack rubbers ensure quick opening of the backpack valves 9 , of which seven are single and one is double.

The length of a single backpack rubber with pendants is equal to 370 mm, and double - 385 mm. At one end, the backpack rubbers are permanently attached to the wire loops on the backpack valves.

Two scarves with buckles are sewn onto the side flaps of the backpack on the outside along the perimeter tape. 10 , to which the reserve parachute mounts are attached 13 , designed to attach it to the main parachute and to regulate the tightness of the parachute to the parachutist’s body.

The reserve parachute attachment consists of a ribbon (LRT art. 159-T) and a carabiner. The factory markings are placed on the outside of the left side valve.

Metal hinges 12 sewn on the backpack perimeter tape to fasten the double backpack rubber of the upper valve in order to prevent the pilot parachute from getting caught on the tail nut of the semi-automatic device and to protect the parachutist from being hit by the tail nut of the semi-automatic device.

On the right side flap 16 located in the device pocket 14 for placing a semi-automatic device, carabiner pocket 15 , which serves as a pocket for a substitute passport card and for stowing a carabiner of a traction rope, a tie ribbon for attaching the device, a ring 20 for securing the traction rope, hose fastening tape 21 for laying a flexible hose when jumping with manual opening of the backpack.

Safety valve 19 , which is a continuation of the right side flap, is fastened with four turnstile buttons 17 after tightening the backpack.

Safety and bottom valves have metal plates 27 to add rigidity.

Bottom of the backpack 23 on the outside it has four pairs of loops 22 for attaching the harness to the backpack, belt loops 11 for guiding backpack rubbers.

At the bottom of the backpack, on the inside, along the sides and bottom of the perimeter of the stiffening frame, pockets are sewn, left and right 24 , and valve 31 , preventing the canopy placed in the cover from blowing off from the bottom of the backpack at the moment the parachute opens and ensuring consistent pulling of the cover with the canopy placed in it.

By internal parties The backpack cord is missing from the pockets.
The pockets at the top flap of the backpack have holes 25 , under the facing of which metal rings are inserted for rigidity.

Rubber honeycombs are passed through the holes 26 , which are closed by bunches of slings. Rubber honeycombs are attached with a noose loop to a cord attached to the upper valve of the backpack near the stiffening frame. The cord and the place of attachment of the honeycomb with the cord are covered with belt loops.

1. Interior:

a) Two rubber honeycombs in the upper part of the backpack (participate in the formation of supporting valves - the two lower folds of the cover are placed in them)

b) Two support valves - they regulate the exit of the cover from the backpack

c) Lower safety valve – protects the lines from wear

2. External part

a) Right valve (when viewed from the back)

1. Four eyelets (1, 2, 4 – elements of the checker device, 3 – inspection)

2. Safety valve with rigid plate and 4 turnstiles

3. 3 fur coat loops for backpack rubbers

4. Wire ring for fixing the cable

5. Pocket for mounting a belay device

6. Flexible hose harness

b) Left valve

2. Wire ring with soft loop (<неразборч>)

3. Cone – element of the checking device

4. 3 fur coat loops

5. Factory and inventory numbers of the parachute

c) Bottom valve

1. Eyelet buckle

2. One fur coat loop

d) Top valve

2. Fur loop

3. Bayonet plate for mounting the belay device (guarantees that when the device is triggered, it will not be pulled towards the checking device)

4. 2 flexible hoses

3. Back of the backpack

a) 9 fur coat loops for backpack rubbers

b) 2 harnesses for passing backpack elastics (elastic bands must be passed through the harnesses!)

c) Harness for attaching the backpack to the harness (there are no large loads on the connection, the backpack can be unfastened from the harness, when the parachute is open there is no load on the backpack, only on the harness)

d) 2 scarves with ribbons for pulling up the reserve parachute (the ribbons after pulling up should be tied in a knot to prevent them from spontaneously loosening).