Colloquial speech and vernacular. Colloquial speech

COLLOQUIAL SPEECH, a type of literary language that is implemented primarily orally in a situation of unprepared, relaxed communication with direct interaction between communication partners. The main area of ​​implementation of spoken language is everyday communication taking place in an informal setting. Thus, one of the leading communicative parameters that determine the conditions for the implementation of spoken language is the parameter “informality of communication”; according to this parameter, it is opposed to the book and written codified literary language serving the sphere of official communication. Speakers of colloquial speech are people who speak a literary language, i.e. In terms of the “native speaker” parameter, this variety is contrasted primarily with dialects and vernacular.

Correlation of concepts colloquial - literary, colloquial - codified, colloquial - written, colloquial - dialect, colloquial - vernacular is filled with different content in different national languages ​​and is largely determined by the peculiarities of their historical development. For example, due to the greater activity of dialects on German soil, local features in German colloquial speech are more pronounced than in Russian. The linguistic status of colloquial speech and its place in the system of oppositions standard/substandard, language/speech, language/style are also heterogeneous. Thus, the place of colloquial speech in the national language system is specific. Features of the language situation and the relationship between spoken language and other subsystems within each specific language are often reflected in the name of this linguistic phenomenon (cf. Umgangssprache - German, Obecná češtiná – Czech, La langue parlée – French, Conversational English – English, Styl potoczny – Polish and etc.).

Russian colloquial speech and its place in the literary language system in modern Russian studies are defined in different ways. Some researchers consider it as an oral variety within the literary language (O.A. Lapteva, B.M. Gasparov) or as special style(O.B. Sirotinina). A group of scientists at the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of E.A. Zemskaya developed a theoretical concept according to which Russian colloquial speech (RR), being an uncodified variety of the literary language, is opposed to the codified literary language (CLL) as a whole and differs from it both from an extralinguistic point of view (conditions of use), and from the point of view of the language itself (specific system-structural properties). Thus, KLYa and RR represent two subsystems within the literary language, the implementation of which is determined by communicative conditions: KLYA serves the sphere of official communication (personal and public), RR – the sphere of unofficial unprepared personal communication. What happened during last years socio-political changes had a certain impact on the Russian language situation: the binary division of the communicative space into official and unofficial became less rigid, the boundaries of functional spheres turned out to be more permeable, which led, on the one hand, to a widespread invasion of colloquial elements into oral public speech, the language of mass media, and on the other hand - to intensify the use of foreign words, elements of official business and special speech in everyday everyday communication. Thus, we can talk about socially determined changes that affected the very conditions for the implementation of different types of speech (official/unofficial, personal/public, prepared/unprepared communication, etc.). This also applies to such a defining parameter as the speaker’s attitude towards one or another type of communication. The changed conditions of implementation influenced the nature of language processes in various communicative spheres, but nevertheless did not cancel the very division of the literary language into CFL and RR.

Many linguistic features of colloquial speech are determined by its close cohesion with the situation. Being a full-fledged component of the communicative act, the situation “melts” into speech, which is one of the reasons for the high ellipticity of colloquial utterances. The communicative act in colloquial speech is characterized by close interaction of verbal and non-verbal (gestural and facial) components. Various paralinguistic indicators, actively included in the context, can replace the actual linguistic means of expression. Wed: A. Where did Sasha go? B. He ( tilts his head to his folded palms, indicating with a gesture"sleeping"). The close contact of spoken speech with sign language allows us to talk about the coordination and mutual adaptation of two codes - verbal and visual, about the active interaction of sign and spoken grammar.

The predominantly oral nature of functioning, high consituational conditioning, and the important role of the gesture-facial channel in the act of communication determine the actual linguistic features of spoken speech, which manifest themselves at all linguistic levels. The general feature of the system of colloquial speech, permeating the phenomena of all its tiers, is the confrontation of two tendencies - the tendency towards syncretism and the tendency towards dismemberment. The named tendencies manifest themselves in terms of expression and in terms of content, in syntagmatics and paradigmatics. So, for example, syncretism in phonetics (plane of expression) is found in large number neutralizations of phonemes, in phonetic ellipsis, contraction of vowels (cf. pronunciation of words such as naturally naturally[sn], imagine[vb]vrazhat), dismemberment, - in the appearance of prosthetic vowels, rarefying consonantal combinations: [rubl"]). Syncretism in terms of content is manifested in the appearance of generalized undifferentiated nominations like what to write(instead of pen, pencil), dismemberment - in the wide distribution of derivative words that are motivated designations of persons, processes, objects, etc. (type opener, cleaner). The tendency towards syncretism in paradigmatics reveals itself in the absence of specialized verbal and adjectival forms for expressing semi-predication, the tendency towards dismemberment - in the presence of specialized vocative forms (such as Tan!;Tang-a-Thanh!;Tanya-a - Tanya!). Syncretism in syntagmatics manifests itself in such phenomena as syntactic interference, polyfunctionality, etc. noun, dismemberment - in the wide distribution of constructions with nominative themes. The systematic nature of colloquial speech allows us to talk about the existence of a certain system of norms in it. A feature of colloquial norms is their high variability, often not functionally differentiated (cf., for example, the possible use of different types of nominations to denote the same object: can opener, opener, how to open; the presence of several pronunciation variants for one word: jumped off[sskach"il, s:kach"il, ]).

The phonetic system of spoken language is characterized by the same set of linguistic units as the codified literary language, but each phoneme is represented here by a large set of sound representations. The specificity of the phonetic tier is manifested in the peculiarities of the implementation and compatibility of phonemes. Thus, in colloquial speech, a qualitative reduction (up to zero) of vowels (including high vowels) is possible in any relation to stressed syllable(sor(o)kovy, s(u)povoy set, s(e)stra, ob(i)zat(e)lno, he pros(i)t), loss of individual consonants or their combinations in different positions (ho( e) it, see (t) rite, (h) begin, (h) ate), ellipsis of syllables and even larger sections of the speech chain, leading to a restructuring of the syllabic and rhythmic structure of the word ( with someone– [with k"emn"it"], some– [k "it], because[tush]). High-frequency words are subject to the greatest phonetic deformation. The elliptical pronunciation of some of them is so typical of colloquial speech that these words in an abbreviated, reduced form are considered as colloquial lexical doublets. These include, for example, the sound forms of the following words: Now[just in a minute, right now], thousand[thousand], Means, at all in the meaning of introductory words [meaning, beginning, nasch; in general, generally], I say, speaks[grue, grit], Today[sednya, senya, senya]. Syllabic reduction and other phonetic phenomena of colloquial speech are closely related to its rhythmic and intonation properties. In particular, the degree of deformation of words largely depends on the degree of their stress in the phrase, place in the syntagma (initial, middle, final), position in relation to phrasal emphasis, and tempo of pronunciation. Thus, various phonetic features of spoken speech are determined not only by the positional conditions for the implementation of phonemes within a word, but also by the position of the word within a phrase.

In morphology, as in phonetics, there are no special differences from the codified literary language in the set of units itself. Nevertheless, there is some specificity here. For example, there are special colloquial vocative forms (such as Dad!,Mom, and mom!). In colloquial speech, the quantitative relationship of certain grammatical classes of words and word forms is different from that in book and written language. Statistical studies of recordings of live conversational speech have shown that in this subsystem the most common non-nominal and semi-nominal vocabulary is: conjunctions, particles, pronouns; the frequency of nouns is lower than that of verbs, and among the verb forms the least common are gerunds and participles. These forms are practically not used in the function of secondary predication (i.e., as part of participial and participial phrases). Wed. colloquial: Bring a book lies on the table(v. book-letter: Bring a book, lying on the table); I'm completely exhausted I washed this stain// (vm. book-letters: I’m completely exhausted, removing this stain). The morphological system of colloquial speech is distinguished by pronounced features of analyticism, which confirms, for example, the active functioning of various classes of unchangeable significant words. In colloquial speech these words are very common, numerous and varied. These are, first of all, so-called predicates - unchangeable words that perform the function of a predicate in a personal sentence. These include, for example, interjection-verb words (such as la-la, bang, shu-shu-shu, cf.: And they sit in the corner and shu-shu-shu between themselves); predicative evaluations (such as no ah, so-so, not that, Wed the weather was no ah; She sings so-so). Analytical adjectives (units like air, auto, tele, beige and many more etc.), having greater independence in colloquial speech. Wed: (conversation in the mail) A. What kind of envelopes do you want? B. To me air and simple//; Did you find the book? Sber? Features of the morphology of colloquial speech are most clearly manifested in the specific functions of some grammatical forms. Thus, the infinitive often plays a syntactic role usually characteristic of a noun: Swim did they come there? (subject); A. What are you looking for? B. I'm looking for wash it down(addition); This is a towel dry off(definition). Among the case forms of nouns, the most common forms are imitative. case. Expansion is a name. case in colloquial texts is manifested in the fact that its functional load is much greater. The nominative case occurs in oral speech in any prepositional and non-prepositional positions and acts as other cases: Petrushechka fresh I'll buy it now (vm. fresh parsley, i.e. blames case), His disciples were our teachers(vm. by our teachers - tv. p.), A pickle half can't you take it? (vm. half the pickle).

The specificity of colloquial speech is most clearly manifested at the syntactic level. Conversational speech is a speech stream, which is not always easy to divide into sentences. The sentence as the main syntactic unit is distinguished in a codified literary language and is characterized by the following features: predicativeness (expressiveness of the categories of modality and tense), the presence of connections between components, semantic and intonation completeness. In colloquial speech, not all segments of the speech stream are sentences. For example, one predicative unit can, in a specific situation, break up into several independent intonation fragments: (two friends agree to meet) A. See you tomorrow B. At five A. On Pushkinskaya. Or, conversely, parts of a complex predicative whole intonationally merge into one speech segment, and the word located at the junction of the first and second “sentences” refers to both: They turned to Sretenka they have to go; I'll give it to you tomorrow read you wanted an article. In a codified literary language, situationally determined formations are considered “non-sentential”. If we approach spoken remarks in the same way, then more than half of them should be excluded from the syntactic analysis - after all, the “inclusion” of spoken remarks in the situation is an important feature of spoken speech, which determines its specificity at the system level. When segmenting the conversational continuum, an essential criterion for researchers is intonation-semantic completeness, and the main syntactic unit is the utterance. The speech flow is divided into intonationally independent segments - syntagms. One or more syntagmas, characterized by intonational integrity and semantic completeness, form a statement. When recording oral conversational speech in writing, due to its “non-sentence” nature, a special system of notations is used, the purpose of which is to adequately convey the features of sound. The usual punctuation marks in written texts - dashes, colons, periods and commas - are not used. Instead, the following are used: / – a sign of intonation division of a statement when it is incomplete; //, ?, ! – signs of completion of a statement pronounced with affirmative, interrogative or exclamatory intonation, respectively; An ellipsis (...) indicates a pause of hesitation (searching for a suitable word), a break in a statement or self-interruption. Compare, for example, a fragment of an oral story: Here this year / my son / brought this to... in the spring... He is a passionate fisherman / he was on La... on this... not Ladoga / but Lake Peipsi / caught fish / and brought it from there / among the fish/ a kitten/ a small black kitten// And then I... when this kitten... He was fed/ from a pipette for the first days// And then/ I-a/ looking at this kitten began to say that it was obviously a cross between/ a cat and a pike such a strange kitten was// He attacked everyone who entered/ and tormented him//.

Many syntactic properties of colloquial speech are determined by the peculiarities of its functioning - unpreparedness, spontaneity, close connection with the situation. In colloquial utterances, some grammatically and semantically necessary components are often unexpressed (non-verbalized). Their absence is possible only due to the “inclusion” of the statement in a certain situation. Wed. the following examples (the buyer contacts the shoe department salesperson): Here these brown ones please show // (missed shoes); (conversation during breakfast) Do you want it with cheese or sausage? (not expressed do sandwich). Verbal ellipsis does not prevent the interlocutors from understanding each other: knowing the situation, they easily “complete” the missing fragments of the text. Statements of this type are called constructions with unsubstituted syntactic positions. Most of these constructions are constitutively related, but there are a number of constructions with zero predicate verbs, the meanings of which are determined by the language system and do not require the support of the situation. These include, for example, zero verbs of motion (I'm home //; We're at the dacha //; Aren't you from the forest?); zero verbs with a general meaning of speech (What are you talking about? About a new film?; Are you talking about Katya?) and some. etc. Constructions with nominative themes are widespread in colloquial speech. The noun in the nominative case is placed at the absolute beginning of the statement, updating (highlighting) its topic. Further, the statement may contain a correlative member, which acts as a “link” between the nominative case, which is in preposition, and the rest of the statement. The role of the correlate is usually played by pronouns or nouns that have the form like eminent. pad., and indirect cases. Wed: Dad / he hasn’t had dinner yet //, Dad/ dad haven't had lunch yet Flowers/ their I didn't buy//, Flowers/ colors I didn't buy//.

Colloquial speech has a specific type of connection between two predicative constructions into one statement - the connection of a free connection. The semantic relations that develop on the basis of connections of free connection are very diverse and syncretic. Wed: Where's my wallet? lay here?; What kind of transmission is this you have said will it be on TV today?; Lena I know will not come//; Komarov you were is there a lot?; House we went through today almost completed //.

Colloquial speech has its own norms of word arrangement, which are closely related, first of all, to the peculiarities of the actual division of the utterance. One of the most important tendencies regulating the order of words in an utterance is the tendency to place in preposition the communicatively most important component: Of bread go buy it at the bakery//; Sonya I'm worried today/ if I weren't sick//. Spontaneity, unpreparedness of spoken language, and the linear nature of its construction lead to the fact that the words in a statement “unfold” according to the principle of free associative addition. As a result, semantically and grammatically related phrases often turn out to be disconnected, with the most significant word moving to the beginning. Wed: Towel bring it pure//; A cap didn't see where my? The weakening role of conjunctions and allied words is expressed in the fact that their place in a spoken utterance is not fixed (unlike book and written language, where their syntactic position is rigidly fixed). For example: Tanya I don’t know Where left// (cf. codef. I don’t know where Tanya went); I can’t leave the house / I’m waiting for a locksmith because// (cf. codef. I can’t leave the house because I’m waiting for a locksmith). The order of words in colloquial speech is closely related to its intonation and rhythmic features. A conversational utterance is often constructed as an intonationally divided unit with two intonation centers, between which there are components that are not accentuated (the so-called “intonation hole”). In such two-vertex constructions, phrasal accents fall on the most important words that form the communicative core of the utterance: Doctor you do not know when will he arrive?; Very you have it independent//; Luda asked to call Tikhvinskaya//.

Colloquial word formation shows less dependence on usage and on various kinds of grammatical and semantic restrictions. In the process of casual communication, interlocutors often do not reproduce words existing in the language, but produce, create them “by chance,” relying on productive word-formation models. In words formed in this way, the meaning suggested by a specific situation is updated: And where do we cleaner? The toilet is clogged / needs to be cleaned // (instead of the term word plunger the speaker uses non-usual cleaner, formed from the verb clean out). In colloquial speech there are specific methods of word production - univerbation and truncation. During universalization, the original phrase (generative base), consisting of two or more components, is collapsed into one derivative word, which “absorbs” the meaning of the generating base: buckwheat - buckwheat, “Komsomolskaya Pravda” - “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, five-story building - five-story building; folding bed - cot. Another productive way of conversational derivation is truncation of the productive stem. Nouns and adjectives are subject to truncation: tape recorder - magician, teacher - Rev., sandwich - sandwich, state exams – gosy, primitive – primitive, intimate – intimate. In colloquial speech, word formation methods that are also active in book and written language manifest themselves more actively: suffixal (open - opener(can opener), doctor – doctor, old - old stuff, synchronous – synchronize(engage in simultaneous translation) and many others. etc.), prefixal (She will have redefense//; Rassuchi sleeves for me!; This antisoup/ real porridge // No liquid), prefix-suffix (cf. humorous formations: We lack of matches/ forgot to buy matches//; Thank you! You me fermented//). Colloquial speech is characterized by the wide use of various word-formation models and the weakening of prohibitions on the compatibility of affixes with a generating stem. The “source material” can be words that have a wide variety of lexical and grammatical properties. For example, borrowings, abbreviations, interjections: cinema - filmmaker, MSU – emgeushny, Ouch! – ooh, bam! – bang and many more etc. The productive basis can be phrases and even whole statements: This tethicatin scarf // (from Aunt Katya); [mother to child] Don't get into a puddle! Or grandma goddammit will! (from My God!). In colloquial speech, a derived word is often associated with the generating stem only in the most general meaning. As a result, many newly formed words are ambiguous and incomprehensible out of context. For example, core– this could be a cardiologist or a person suffering from heart disease. The meanings of such words become clear only in a specific speech situation. Wed: A. He who? Surgeon? B. No/ core//; My father has a heart attack/ suffered three heart attacks//. In the process of direct dialogical communication, the stimulus for the formation of a non-usual word may be the previous remark of the interlocutor: A. I don't love/so that I regretted// B. The point here is not pity//; A. Want cabbage soup? I got dressed//; A. Temirkanov conducted the “Carmen Suite” great // B. Yes/ carmened out//.

In terms of lexico-style, colloquial texts are heterogeneous: in them one can find, first of all, words associated with everyday life, everyday life, the so-called bytovisms ( spoon, saucepan, frying pan, comb, hairpin, rag, broom etc.), words that have a pronounced colloquial, often reduced, connotation ( snag, get into trouble, dirty etc.), stylistically neutral words that make up the main vocabulary of the modern literary language ( work, rest, young, now, no time and many more etc.), special terminological vocabulary and, conversely, individual jargon inclusions. This stylistic “omnivorousness” of colloquial speech is explained primarily by its wide thematic range. In an informal setting, with people you know well, you can talk about any topic: about everyday household chores, work, politics, friends and acquaintances, the illness of loved ones, a new film, etc. At the same time, the speaker’s linguistic preferences: his tendency to joke, play with words, or, conversely, to widely include bookish and written vocabulary in his speech, are most clearly manifested in a situation of relaxed direct communication. Compare, for example, fragments of a conversation between a student girl and her mother. The topic of the conversation (a story about hydrological practice) and the professional activities of the informant, a student at the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University, determine the presence of special vocabulary in the text ( reconnaissance, slope, lot, echo sounder, take a count, depression, dredgers), inclusion in the story of words of youth, student jargon ( we hesitated, Rev.), statements with a bright conversational coloring ( some kind of circus meaning "funny situation", form anyway vm. codif. at all, shvark) give an idea of ​​the age and social status of the narrator, and also indicate her emotional uninhibition during the conversation: Yes, there was always some kind of circus// With this/ when we were on reconnaissance/ with us/ with us in general all the teachers had a very interesting manner// We come/ we say “we have a slope of three and a half centimeters per kilometer”// “This can’t happen here”//<…>With this bias, we convinced them// We still proved that we were right// Then... um... we went/ there was also reconnaissance/ there/ you measure the depth/ with a hand survey// There, not with a mechanical/ echo sounder/ namely manual // That is, a rope/ with a load/ there is a weld/ and you take the countdown//<…>We had Vadik with the lot //<…>We reach such a bottleneck / this means the dredgers / / So this one is approaching us /<…>On the boat our teacher// They are waiting// Vadik throws out the lot/ and he himself goes there like that ( shows) leaves // Depression/ twelve and a half meters //.

A typical feature of colloquial vocabulary is its semantic syncretism and polysemy. So-called “sponge” words are widespread in colloquial speech, the meaning of which is determined by the situation. For example, general meaning words makeshift– “something temporary,” but depending on the specific conditions of the conversation, it can “absorb” different meanings: “temporary house, staircase, stove, extension,” etc.; glass in everyday communication, any building with large display windows can be called: a store, a hairdressing salon, a savings bank, a canteen, an institution, etc. Some words with a generalized meaning (cf. simple, normal, empty, ordinary) under certain conditions can act as unmarked members of semantic oppositions, while in each specific situation a certain component of meaning is actualized. For example, simple - silk, simple - festive, simple - with syrup, simple - air (cf.: Look here / silk as many dresses as you want simple no one//; A. Put it on festive blouse// B. No / I simple/ I feel more comfortable in it //; What kind of water will you be/ simple or with syrup?; I need two envelopes air/ and one simple//); Wed also common colloquial combinations: empty potato - potato With butter, empty tea - sweet tea and more etc. In colloquial speech there are different ways of naming objects, signs or actions. In the process of direct, relaxed communication, it may be easier for interlocutors to construct a new word “on occasion” than to reproduce a lexical unit that already exists in a codified language. In addition to the highly productive word-formation models described above (suffixal univerbation, truncation, suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal methods), other techniques are used to create colloquial nominations: substantivization (meat dish - meat; Wed: Something for me today meat I don’t want to / I’d rather have vegetables //, laboratory work – laboratory; treatment room - procedural and so on.); semantic contraction of phrases by eliminating the definable or defining (thesis – diploma, viral flu - virus, perm – chemistry, Academic Council - advice, kindergarten - kindergarten, granulated sugar - sand); construction of nominations based on metonymic transfer (Yesterday in the book / Sasha Cherny(book by Sasha Cherny) bought //, They said that us(our house) is being demolished//, Girl/a lycra(tights with lycra) do you have?, Q dinner(during lunch break) we'll meet //); verbal nominations, including verbum finitum and characterizing a person or object by its action ( He brings milk/ on vacation now / yes?, She just came into our room/ works in the inventory department//); verbal nominations consisting of a verb in the infinitive form and a relative pronoun ( What to write Don't you have it?, Bring it what to put on//, What to put flowers in in that room//). The close cohesion of colloquial utterances with a communicative act gives rise to a special type of names, called the “name of the situation.” Behind such one-word nominations used by the speaker, there is hidden a whole complex of meanings, which is understandable to the interlocutor, “involved” in the situation, but remains unclear to others, “uninitiated”, and requires comment. The speech signal of the name of the situation is the unusual combination of words in the text. Wed: A skis we changed our minds / yes? (i.e. changed their minds about discussing the details of the ski trip); Oh your birthday we didn’t discuss // (we didn’t discuss how we would celebrate your birthday). Wed. also typical expressions for everyday communication: turn off the fish, turn on the soup, turn down the pasta and so on. (i.e. the burner on which there is fish, soup, pasta, etc.). The wide possibility of using a variety of models for constructing nominations gives rise to a number of doublet words: ladle, ladle, ladle, pourer, pourer, what to pour; laboratory work, laboratory, laboratory, laboratory and so on.

Conversational texts are characterized by a high degree of expression. As researchers note, the ability of colloquial speech to exaggerate sometimes leads to the exclusion of words with a neutral evaluative value from the colloquial dictionary. “Emotional tension” of colloquial utterances is created through a variety of means, such as, for example, repetition of lexemes (Nam very very liked//; She was sad-sad Today//; A. Do you want ice cream? B. Oh want Want//); pronoun use such as a quality intensifier (Behind us like this queue!; You have her like this smart/ such a sweetie//). To express a high degree of intensity of a property, metaphor is widely used - cf. typically colloquial assessments: a sea of ​​flowers, a mountain of gifts, a lot of complaints and etc.; Wed also: Me today I'm falling off my feet from fatigue // We've been here for an hour sunbathed/they were waiting for you//I called him all evening/ phone cut off/ busy all the time //; What the garbage dump on your desk!

In recent years, the focus of research interest has moved from the study of systemic and structural features of spoken language to the analysis of its textual characteristics. This explains the special attention to the genre stratification of colloquial speech. Speech genres as types of texts are realized in certain conditions and can be considered through the prism of the communicative situation and its participants. To characterize any communicative situation, such parameters as space (i.e. the place where communication takes place: at home or outside the home - at work, on the street, in a store, sanatorium, clinic, etc.), time (when communication occurs: on weekdays or on holidays, during working or free time, etc.), communication partners (their communicative roles - speaker/listener, family, professional roles, the nature of their relationship on the “higher”/“lower” scale, communicative goals of the speaker and listener, etc.), situational topic (for example, “Waking up”, “Lunch”, “Family holiday”, “Shop”, “Transport”, etc.). Each of the parameters of the situation influences the speaker’s genre choice. For example, numerous situations of home communication are “cast” into different stereotypical microgenres (depending on the time and topic of conversation, family roles). Wed: [Morning. Awakening] A. [mother of daughter] Good morning// Mash/ get up/ sleep through school// B. Right now/ I’m getting up// Hello mommy//; [Leaving home] A. [husband to wife] Well, I'm off // Bye // B. Happy // Don't linger there //; [Cooking dinner] A. [husband to wife, entering the kitchen] What are you doing? Did you buy pizza? B. Yeah // So as not to mess around // Let's quickly put it in the oven/ and in fifteen minutes it's ready //. Our speech behavior in situations outside the home is equally stereotyped: [On the street] A. « Child's world"/ how to get? B. Straight ahead/then left around the corner// A. Thank you//; [Book Shop] A. [buyer] Please tell me / are there any manuals for the German language? B. [salesman] German department//. In colloquial speech, large and small, monological and dialogic genres are distinguished. Large monologue and dialogic genres, for example, include story, conversation, conversation; small genres are monologues, microdialogues, stereotypes. Our everyday speech communication represents a genre continuum. Observation of the specific organization of this continuum allows us to identify the features of the everyday linguistic existence of modern speakers of the Russian literary language.

Literature:

Vinokur T.G. Stylistic development of modern Russian colloquial speech. – In the book: Development of functional styles of the modern Russian language. M., 1968
Russian colloquial speech. M., 1973
Sirotinina O.B. Modern colloquial speech and its features. M., 1974
Lapteva O.A. Russian colloquial syntax. M., 1976
Russian colloquial speech. Lyrics. 1978
Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres. – In the book: Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. M., 1979
Devkin V.D. German conversation: Syntax and vocabulary. M., 1979
Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and learning problems. M., 1979
Zemskaya E.A., Kitaigorodskaya M.V., Shiryaev E.N. Russian colloquial speech: General issues. Word formation. Syntax. M., 1981
Russian colloquial speech. Phonetics. Morphology. Vocabulary. Gesture. M., 1983
Yakubinsky L.P. ABOUT dialogical speech . – In the book: Yakubinsky L.P. Selected works: Language and its functioning. M., 1986
Kapanazde L.A. About genres of informal speech. – In the book: Varieties of urban oral speech. M., 1988
Phonetics of spontaneous speech. L., 1988
Krasilnikova E.V. Noun in Russian colloquial speech. Functional aspect. M., 1990
Vinokur T.G. Speaker and listener: options for speech behavior. M., 1993
Wierzbicka Anna. Speech genres. – In the book: Genres of speech. Saratov, 1997
Kitaigorodskaya M.V., Rozanova N.N. Speech of Muscovites: Communicative and cultural aspect. M., 1999



Colloquial speech

Introduction
§1. The concept of colloquial speech and its features
§2. Pragmatics and stylistics of colloquial speech. Conditions for successful communication
§3. Causes of communication failures
§4. Communication goals, speech strategies, tactics and techniques
§5. Genres of speech communication
§6. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

An important requirement of a culture of language proficiency is the requirement to distinguish between its functional varieties, to use any of them freely, with a clear understanding of which variety of language should be chosen in accordance with the tasks of communication. One of the fundamental differences between such a non-literary form of language as vernacular and a literary language is that speakers of the first of them do not distinguish or poorly distinguish between varieties of language. Finding himself, for example, in an official business environment, a speaker of vernacular will tend to speak differently from the way he is used to speaking at home, but he does not know exactly how to speak in this situation.

The culture of proficiency in different functional varieties of a language is, first of all, such a choice and such an organization linguistic means, which distinguish this variety from others, determine its face.

Among functional varieties, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Not so long ago, colloquial speech was considered among functional styles.

The fact is that colloquial speech, in comparison with other functional varieties, has very significant features. If the language of fiction and functional styles of language are built on the basis of language rules recorded in dictionaries and grammars, then the features of colloquial speech are not recorded anywhere. Nowhere does it say, for example, that in certain conditions of communication one can encounter the use of the nominative case of a noun in statements like: “Can you tell me how to get to Tretyakov?”

Speech culture develops the skills of selecting and using linguistic means in the process of verbal communication, helps to form a conscious attitude towards their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks.

To be modern means in the field of oral speech to proceed from the norms accepted at the present time, and those who seek to influence others with their speech cannot afford non-normative elements. Knowledge of the norm is a prerequisite for competent and expressive speech, free and interesting communication.

“To communicate fully,” he writes, “a person must have a number of skills. He must quickly and correctly navigate the conditions of communication; be able to correctly plan your speech, correctly select the content of the act of communication, find adequate means to convey this content, and be able to provide feedback. If any of the links in the act of communication is disrupted, then it will not be effective.”

(“1”) Serious work on yourself and your speech begins only when you clearly understand why you need it. Linguists, studying oral speech, have concluded that it is structurally different from written language. They are fundamentally similar, otherwise it would be impossible to retell what was read and write down what was said. If in writing one channel of information (the text itself), then verbally there are two:

Information contained in spoken words

Information that is received in addition to words, which accompanies speech, is to some extent related to words.

Spoken speech, due to its two-channel nature, is distinguished by great heuristic and creative possibilities. The writer and philosopher repeatedly addressed this thesis: “To the last extreme we must be careful about using philosophical concepts and stick to the language of whispering about everything with a close friend, always understanding that with this language we can say more than philosophers have tried to say something for a thousand years and not they said."

Creating a text of a certain functional orientation is a creative process, with the exception of some canonical genres of official business style. Creativity presupposes the manifestation of linguistic individuality. Each functional variety of language has such a rich arsenal of linguistic means and ways of organizing them that it is always possible to construct the corresponding texts in a variety of ways, but in all cases effectively. The higher the culture of proficiency in functional varieties of language, the more linguistic individuality is manifested. It is hardly possible to learn linguistic individuality - this, as they say, is from God, but it is probably possible to learn not to create texts that are ineffective in communicative terms.

§1. The concept of colloquial speech and its features

Colloquial speech is a special functional variety of literary language. If the language of fiction and functional styles have a single codified basis, then colloquial speech is contrasted with them as an uncodified sphere of communication. Codification is the fixation in various kinds of dictionaries and grammar of those norms and rules that must be observed when creating texts of codified functional varieties. The norms and rules of conversational communication are not fixed.

A famous Russian psychologist and linguist once remarked: “Paradoxically, I think that linguists have been studying the silent man for a long time.” And he was absolutely right. For a long time it was believed that they speak the same or approximately the same way as they write. Only in the 60s. our century, when it became possible to record spoken speech using tape recorders and this speech came fully into the field of view of linguists, it turned out that existing codifications were not entirely suitable for the linguistic understanding of spoken speech. So what is colloquial speech?

Spoken speech as a special functional variety of language, and accordingly as a special object of linguistic research, is characterized by three extralinguistic, external to the language, features.

The most important feature of colloquial speech is its spontaneity and lack of preparation. If, when creating even such simple written texts as, for example, a friendly letter, not to mention complex texts such as a scientific paper, each statement is thought out, many “difficult” texts are first written in rough form, then a spontaneous text does not require this kind of operation. The spontaneous creation of a colloquial text explains why neither linguists, nor even native speakers of the language, noticed its great differences from codified texts: linguistic colloquial features are not realized, are not fixed by consciousness, unlike codified linguistic indicators. This fact is interesting. When native speakers are presented with their own colloquial statements for normative assessment, such as “House of Shoes,” how to get there? (codified version: How to get to the “House of Shoes”), these assessments are often negative: “This is a mistake,” “They don’t say that,” although such a statement is more than usual for conversational dialogues.

Second hallmark colloquial speech is that conversational communication is possible only in informal relations between speakers.

And finally, the third feature of colloquial speech is that it can only be realized with the direct participation of speakers. Such participation of speakers in communication is obvious in dialogical communication, but also in communication when one of the interlocutors speaks mainly, the other interlocutor does not remain passive; he, so to speak, has the right, in contrast to the conditions for the implementation of a monologue official speech, to constantly “interfere” in communication, whether agreeing or disagreeing with what was said in the form of remarks: “Yes”, “Of course”, “Okay”, “No”, “Well, that’s it,” or simply demonstrating one’s participation in communication with interjections like “Uh-huh,” the real sound of which is difficult to convey in writing. The following observation is noteworthy in this regard: if you talk on the phone for a long time and do not receive any confirmation from the other end that you are being listened to - at least in the form of “Uh-huh” - then you begin to worry whether they are listening to you at all, interrupting themselves with remarks like “Can you hear me?”, “Hello”, and the like.

The pragmatic factor plays a special role in conversational communication. Pragmatics are those conditions of communication that include certain characteristics of the addresser (speaker, writer), addressee (listener, reader) and the situation that influence the linguistic structure of communication. Conversational informal communication with the direct participation of speakers is usually carried out between people who know each other well in a specific situation. Therefore, speakers have a certain total stock knowledge. This knowledge is called background knowledge. It is background knowledge that makes it possible to construct such reduced statements in conversational communication that are completely incomprehensible without this background knowledge.

As has already been said, the spontaneity of colloquial speech, its great differences from codified speech, lead to the fact that colloquial texts recorded in writing, one way or another, leave native speakers with the impression of some disorder; much in these texts is perceived as verbal negligence or simply as a mistake. This happens precisely because colloquial speech is assessed from the standpoint of codified instructions. In fact, it has its own norms, which cannot and should not be assessed as non-normative. Conversational features regularly and consistently manifest themselves in the speech of native speakers who have an impeccable command of codified norms and all codified functional varieties of the literary language. Therefore, colloquial speech is one of the full-fledged literary varieties of the language, and not some kind of linguistic formation that, as it seems to some native speakers, stands on the margins of the literary language or even beyond its borders.

What is a conversational norm? The norm in colloquial speech is something that is constantly used in the speech of native speakers of a literary language and is not perceived during spontaneous perception of speech as an error - “does not hurt the ear.” In colloquial speech there are often such pronunciations as stokko (instead of the codified so much), kada, tada (instead of the codified when, then) - and all this is an orthoepic colloquial norm. In colloquial speech, a special morphological form of address is more than common - the truncated nominative case of personal names, sometimes with repetition: Kat, Mash, Volod, Mash-a-Mash, Len-a-Len - and this is the morphological norm. In colloquial speech, the nominative case of a noun is consistently used where in codified texts only the indirect case is possible: “Conservatory... how can I get closer?” (“How can I get closer to the conservatory?”), “We have a big pack of sugar” (“We have a big pack of sugar”) - and this is a syntactic norm.

The norms of colloquial speech have one important feature. They are not strictly obligatory in the sense that instead of a colloquial one, a general literary norm can be used, and this does not violate the colloquial status of the text: there are no prohibitions on saying in an informal setting: “You’d better take the fourteenth trolleybus to Kazansky Station” and “The fourteenth trolleybus is better for you than Kazansky.” There are, however, a large number of words, forms, and phrases that are intolerable in colloquial speech. Everyone, presumably, will easily feel the unnaturalness for a conversational situation of such a statement as: “It will be more convenient for you to get to the Kazansky station if you use the trolleybus route number fourteen.”

So, colloquial speech is spontaneous literary speech, realized in informal situations with the direct participation of speakers based on pragmatic conditions of communication.

The linguistic features of colloquial speech are so significant that they have given rise to the hypothesis that colloquial speech is based on a special system that cannot be reduced to the system of a codified language and cannot be derived from it. Therefore, in many studies, spoken language is called spoken language. This hypothesis can be accepted or rejected. In all cases, it remains true that colloquial speech has its own characteristics compared to codified language. Let's look at the main ones.

Phonetics. In colloquial speech, especially at a fast pace of pronunciation, a much stronger reduction of vowel sounds is possible than in a codified language, up to their complete loss. In the area of ​​consonants main feature colloquial speech - simplification of consonant groups. Many phonetic features of colloquial speech act together, creating a very “exotic” phonetic appearance of words and phrases, especially frequency ones.

Morphology. The main difference between colloquial morphology is not that it has any special morphological phenomena (apart from the already mentioned vocative forms of address like “Mash, Mash-a-Mash” it is difficult to name anything else), but that some there are no phenomena in it. Thus, in colloquial speech such verbal forms as participles and gerunds are extremely rarely used in their direct functions associated with the creation of participial and participial phrases, which in works on syntactic stylistics are rightly characterized as purely bookish phrases. In colloquial speech, only such participles or gerunds are possible that perform the functions of ordinary adjectives or adverbs and are not the center of participial or gerund phrases: knowledgeable people, decisive, close-fitting dress, trembling voice, shiny glass; lay without getting up, poured a full cup without measuring, walked without turning, arrived at the same time without saying a word, answered without hesitation. The absence of gerunds in colloquial speech has one important syntactic consequence for it. Those relations that in a codified language are conveyed by gerunds and participial phrases, in colloquial speech are formalized by a construction with double heterogeneous verbs that is completely intolerable in the codified language: “Yesterday I actually lay my head down, I couldn’t raise it”; “Write two phrases, don’t be lazy”; “I was sitting here covered in dictionaries.”

("2") Syntax. Syntax is the part of grammar in which conversational features manifest themselves most clearly, consistently and diversely. The features of conversational syntax are found primarily in the area of ​​connection between words and parts of a complex sentence (predicative constructions). In a codified language, these connections are usually expressed by special syntactic means: prepositional case forms, conjunctions and allied words. In colloquial speech, the role of such syntactic means is not so great: in it, semantic relationships between words and predicative constructions can be established on the basis of the lexical semantics of the connected components, an example of which is the nominative case of a noun, which can be used, as can be seen from many of the examples already given, in place many oblique cases. Languages ​​with clearly expressed syntactic connections are called synthetic; languages ​​in which connections between components are established based on the lexical-semantic indicators of the components are called analytical. Russian is a synthetic language, but some elements of analyticism are not alien to it. It is the tendency towards analyticism that represents one of the the most important differences colloquial syntax from codified.

Vocabulary. In colloquial speech there are almost no special words unknown in the codified language. Its lexical features are manifested in another way: colloquial speech is characterized by a developed system of its own methods of nomination (naming).

The main, if not the only, form of implementation of spoken language is the oral form. Only notes and other similar genres can be classified as the written form of colloquial speech. So, while sitting at a meeting, you can write to a friend: “Shall we leave?” - and given the conditions of this situation and the corresponding background knowledge (you need to be on time somewhere), it will be clear what we are talking about. There is an opinion that all the features of colloquial speech are generated not by the conditions of its implementation (spontaneity, informality, direct contact between speakers), but rather by the oral form. In other words, it is believed that unreadable official public oral texts (report, lecture, radio conversation, etc.) are constructed in the same way as informal spontaneous ones.

From the point of view of linguistic features, one should distinguish between oral codified and uncodified spoken texts.

What significance does the information presented about the linguistic characteristics of spoken language have for the culture of language proficiency? Only one thing: in the context of conversational communication there is no need to be afraid of spontaneous manifestations of spoken language. And, naturally, you need to know what these spontaneous manifestations are in order to be able to distinguish them from errors, which, of course, can also occur in colloquial speech: incorrect stress, pronunciation, morphological forms, etc.

§ 2. Pragmatics and stylistics of colloquial speech.

Conditions for successful communication.

The functional variety of the codified literary language “colloquial speech” is an example of communicative interaction between people, and therefore shows all the nuances of purposeful behavior. The informality of the communication environment, the situational conditionality of speech, its spontaneity, instantaneousness and simultaneity (simultaneity) of speech-thought processes obscure the complex nature of this phenomenal human behavior, which is largely determined by the social roles of the participants, their psychological characteristics, emotional state.

Since antiquity, researchers of colloquial speech have distinguished such forms as dialogue, polylogue and monologue, recognizing dialogue as a “natural” form of language existence, and monologue as an “artificial” one. A polylogue is a conversation between several participants in communication. Monologue is the addressed speech of one participant in communication, for example a letter, a note (written forms of speech), a story, a story. Researchers, as a rule, project the problems of polylogue onto dialogue, defining dialogue as a conversation between more than one participant in communication, mainly oral interpersonal verbal interaction.

The structure of dialogue is determined not so much by the rules of people’s linguistic behavior, but by the canons of human communication and the individual characteristics of the speakers’ worldview, therefore dialogue is studied not only by linguistic disciplines, but also by other sciences. Discoveries in philosophy, cultural studies, psychology, and neuropsychology are especially valuable for speech culture. Thus, it is dialogue that is language in Hegel’s understanding: “self-consciousness that exists for others, which in this capacity is given directly and is universal.” There is a well-known statement by E. Benveniste that man was created twice: once without language, another time with language. Thus, long before the conclusions of modern neuropsychology, philosophers came to the idea of ​​the dialogical nature of consciousness, the appearance of the pure Self in speech (the internal form of the word “consciousness”). Thus, consciousness (and speech creativity) is always targeted. introduced the concept of the “highest authority of response understanding”, the “addressee”, who will understand the speaker in any case and will help reveal the author’s intention. To understand the essence of colloquial speech, the following conclusion is important: a speaking person always declares himself as an individual, and only in this case is it possible to establish contact in communication with other people. In each statement, the speaker appears as a person with certain ethnic, national, cultural characteristics, revealing his own characteristics of worldview, ethical and value guidelines.

1. A necessary condition for the emergence of a dialogue and its successful completion is the need for communication, not explicitly expressed in linguistic forms, communicative interest (by definition). Interest in communication and equal rights in the dialogue do not influence: a) depth of acquaintance (close friends, acquaintances, strangers); b) the degree of social dependence (for example, the primacy of the father, subordinate position in the team); V) emotional background(benevolence, neutrality, hostility). In any case, if there is interest, there is an agreement to “listen”, “solidarity”. And this is the first step to successfully completing the conversation.

The success of verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiator (initiators) of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors.

2. The next important condition for successful communication, correct perception and understanding is the attunement to the world of the interlocutor, the closeness of the worldview of the speaker and the listener. defined this as the proximity of the speakers' apperceptual base. called this phenomenon the apperceptive background of speech perception. The past life experiences of the interlocutors, similar interests and cultural canons give rise to rapid mutual understanding, which is expressed by a rapid change of remarks using such paralinguistic means as facial expressions, gestures, tone, and timbre of voice.

Speech forms of correct attunement to the world of the listener are very different: type of address, intonation, voice timbre, speech rate, one and a half, special means of expressing the speaker’s attitude to the subject of speech (epithets, evaluative adverbs, introductory words and sentences), to the interlocutor, hints, allusions, ellipsis; implicit (or, conversely, explicit) ways of transmitting information, pauses, silence, etc.

3. The main condition for successful verbal communication is the listener’s ability to penetrate into the communicative intent (intention, intention) of the speaker. Since communicative intention is formed at the pre-verbal level of speech-thought, and comprehension of the meaning of what is said occurs parallel to the linear development of the utterance, the listener does a great deal of work in interpreting the speech flow and “reconstructing” the speaker’s intention, in rethinking what was previously said and understood, in correlating his “model” of what is understood with real facts and the interlocutor’s line of behavior. This “work” is just as instantaneous, simultaneous and biological in nature as the process of speaking, so individual differences are natural here. “To master a language means: (a) to be able to express a given meaning in different (ideally, all possible in given language) ways (ability to paraphrase); (b) be able to extract meaning from what is said in a given language, in particular, to distinguish between outwardly similar, but different in meaning statements (distinguishing homonymy) and finding a common meaning in apparently different statements (mastery of synonymy); (c) be able to distinguish linguistically correct sentences from incorrect ones.”

Communicative competence presupposes knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of verbal communication. Thus, someone who knows these norms knows not only the meaning of units of different levels and the meaning of the types of combinations of these elements, but also the meaning of textual social parameters; for example, knows the techniques of dialogizing speech (knows how to use appeals in various forms, knows how to sincerely express his assessment of a particular fact or event, which usually evokes a response, reciprocal empathy), knows how to predict the emotive reactions of interlocutors, knows the means of intimate communication. An important role is played by the speaker’s knowledge of expressions known to the addressee with an “incremented” meaning that have undergone the process of “secondary signification” in various speech situations: aphorisms, proverbs, sayings, text cliches, precedent texts, allusions.

It is important to understand that linguistic (communicative) competence, helping the listener to recognize “true hierarchies” in a statement or text, allows one to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact (word, expression, syntactic model) with the speaker’s intention. This can be called the key to adequate understanding.

4. The success of communication depends on the speaker’s ability to vary the way of linguistic representation of a particular real event. This is primarily due to the possibility of different conceptualizations of the surrounding world. The speaker constructs his speech with an orientation towards the world of knowledge of the addressee, adapting the form of presenting information to the possibilities of its interpretation.

The basic rule of speaker behavior is the hierarchization of the content of what is being communicated, which should be based on the speaker’s awareness of a particular issue; First, information is provided that can be used in interpreting the subsequent one. For successful verbal communication, the speaker should not strive to tell the interlocutor only the facts, the “naked truth,” the objective truth: he will still reveal his opinion. On the contrary, one should consciously combine “direct” communication (information) and “indirect”, putting the message in a “shell”, a “fleur” of one’s own understanding, which seeks sympathy from the addressee. It could be irony, humor, paradox, symbol, image. Such speech is always a search for agreement.

5. The success of verbal communication is influenced by external circumstances: the presence of strangers, the communication channel (for example, a telephone conversation, SMS to the phone, a note, a letter, a face-to-face conversation), mood, emotional mood, physiological state - all this can determine the fate of the conversation . There is a distinction between contact and distance communication; direct - indirect; oral - written. Communication will be more successful if it occurs orally and the interlocutors are alone. But even favorable circumstances are not a guarantee of success or agreement. A conversation is “created” by speech segments (replicas), pauses, tempo, gestures, facial expressions, glances, postures, the conversation develops over time, and each subsequent replica “layers” on everything said previously, interacts with it, and the result of this interaction is unpredictable. The atmosphere of the dialogue becomes no less significant than its content, and therefore the “element” of the conversation increasingly captivates the interlocutors.

(“3”) 7. An important component of successful verbal communication is the speaker’s knowledge of the norms of etiquette speech communication. Regardless of politeness formulas, a language has a certain set of statements, fixed by the tradition of language use, which “prescribe” a certain form of response to the addressee. Etiquette speech behavior is strictly predetermined not only by “traditional” questions, but also by the circumstances of the conversation, the tone of communication, and its style. The basic rule for responding to an address: the remark must fit into the “context” of the dialogue, that is, be appropriate.

8. The conditions for successful verbal communication are also rooted in the correspondence of the plans and patterns of speech behavior of the interlocutors, which are based on a certain level of human relations and social interaction.

How realistic is it to implement the dialogue plans? Even a carefully thought-out course of conversation and the prescribed procedure for exchanging opinions does not always lead to agreement between the interlocutors and a successful conclusion of the conversation. Success in dialogue is led by a successful prediction of the listener's perception of the speaker's remarks, the speaker's ability to predict the general intention of the listener's interpretation and the strategy of his perception. At the same time, perception should also be assessed as a “behavioral” act. The success of verbal communication depends on the desire of the participants in the form of dialogue to express their opinions, desires, requests, communicate something, etc.; from the ability to determine all the personal characteristics of communicants, to organize their remarks in accordance with this, containing information on a certain issue, expressing an opinion, a call to action or a question in an optimal form under the given circumstances, at an intellectual level worthy of the interlocutors, from an interesting perspective.

§ 3. Causes of communication failures

The linguistic given “speech communication” is “largely formed by non-linguistic factors and constructs extra-linguistic entities: relationships, action, state, emotions, knowledge, beliefs, etc. Therefore, both the success of verbal communication and failures do not always depend on the choice of linguistic forms by speakers .

Communication failures are the failure of the initiator of communication to achieve the communicative goal and, more broadly, pragmatic aspirations, as well as the lack of interaction, mutual understanding and agreement between the participants in communication.

The linear development of a dialogue (or polylogue) is determined by different-order, but at the same time interconnected factors, linguistic and extralinguistic processes. Therefore, the search for the causes of communicative failures should be carried out in different areas: in the socio-cultural stereotypes of communicants, in their background knowledge, in differences communicative competence, in the psychology of gender, age, personality. In addition, naturally, the distance of participants, the presence of strangers, communication through notes, letters, pagers, and by telephone can have a negative impact on the outcome of verbal communication. All features of the development of the speech situation, including the state of the communicants and their mood, play a large role.

The apparent amorphousness and intangibility of the components of verbal communication nevertheless allows us to highlight the following unfavorable factors leading to communication failure.

1. An alien communication environment reduces the efforts of the participants in communication to nothing, since disharmony reigns in such an environment, and the interlocutors are not attuned to each other’s phenomenal inner world. In dialogue communication in front of strangers, the interlocutors feel discomfort, which prevents them from realizing themselves in a given situation and determining the tone of their speech behavior. A small degree of familiarity can aggravate discomfort and complicate the search " common language" Incomplete verbal contact (even with interest in communication) can manifest itself in a low rate of exchange of remarks, inappropriate statements, inappropriate jokes and emotional reactions (for example, in irony instead of sympathy), incorrect interpretation and in general in “dissonant” exchanges of remarks.

2. A serious reason for alienating conversation participants may be a violation of the parity of communication. In this case, there is also a violation of the rules of solidarity and cooperation between interlocutors. This is manifested in the dominance of one of the participants in the conversation: starting from the initial remark, the same person chooses the topic of conversation, asks questions, interrupts the interlocutor, without waiting for signals of perception and correct interpretation of what was said, thus turning the dialogue into a monologue. In this case, the determining role is played by such factors as the psychological traits of the participants in communication, social status, emotional relationships, and cultural skills.

3. The communicative intentions of the interlocutors will not be realized, agreement will not arise if live speech communication is ritualized. In a ritualized remark, all pragmatic characteristics of speech (who - to whom - what - why - why) are leveled, the rule of a sincere friendly attitude towards the interlocutor, i.e., ethical norms, is violated, and the use of a “set of words” for the occasion takes place.

4. The reason for breaking contact with the interlocutor and ending the conversation may be an inappropriate remark addressed to the listener about his actions, personal qualities, which can be interpreted as an unfriendly attitude of the speaker (violation of the rules of cooperation, solidarity, relevance). Inappropriateness can be caused by the speaker’s inability to grasp the mood of the interlocutor, determine his train of thought. This is typical for conversations between unfamiliar people.

A discrepancy between the sociocultural characteristics of the participants in communication can also lead to inappropriate phrases leading to communication failure.

5. Misunderstanding and failure of interlocutors to reach agreement can be caused by a number of circumstances when the listener’s communicative expectations are not met. And if eliminating the causes of unsuccessful communication, which lie in the sphere of sociocultural stereotypes, background knowledge, and psychological biases, is impossible in principle, then misunderstanding caused by a low level of linguistic competence can be overcome. Communication discomfort, misinterpretation and alienation arise when the linear organization of an utterance is incorrect. Syntactic errors in agreement, stringing of cases, truncated sentences, lack of understanding, jumping from one topic to another, even a close one - all this causes strained attention and failure to fulfill the communicative expectations of the listener. The situation is aggravated by a fast pace of speech and pauses in thinking (hesitations). If the speaker informs the listener on a topic known to him, then the listener has to do a lot of “work” to figure out the overall picture, and if the topic of the message is unknown to the addressee, then the speaker risks being misunderstood.

Communicative disharmony and misunderstanding can be caused by differences in behavior patterns of dialogue participants, which is reflected in the incoherence (fragmentation) of parts of the dialogue, unrealized communicative valence of remarks, and unjustified pauses.

§ 4. Communication goals, speech strategies,

tactics and techniques

Speech communication, being a special type of purposeful human behavior, requires an analysis of such types of speech communication that can be considered exemplary in the aspect of speech culture.

l. According to the communicative attitude, all speech acts are divided into two large categories: informative and interpretative.

According to the modal characteristics, informative dialogues include informative (or messages), discursive genres and “prescriptive” types of communication. The initial remarks and the role of the leader in the conversation predetermine the next stage of typology of dialogues. Interpretative dialogues can be divided into the following classes: goal-directed and undirected. Purposeful according to modal characteristics, in turn, are divided into dialogues that form an evaluative model, and dialogues that form a modality of another type. Undirected dialogues differ in which aspect of the personality is realized in the conversation: I-intellectual, I-emotional, I-aesthetic.

(“4”) 2. Speech strategies are identified based on an analysis of the course of dialogue interaction throughout the conversation. The smallest unit of research is a dialogue “step” - a fragment of dialogue characterized by semantic exhaustion. The number of such “steps” in a dialogue may vary depending on the topic, the relationship between the participants in communication and all pragmatic factors.

As a rule, the strategy is determined by the macrointention of one (or all) participants in the dialogue, determined by social and psychological situations. The strategy is associated with the search for a common language and the development of the foundations of dialogic cooperation: this is the choice of the tone of communication, the choice of a linguistic method of presenting the real state of affairs. Strategy development is always carried out under the influence of the requirements of the stylistic norm.

According to the attitude of the participants in the dialogue to such a principle of organizing speech communication as solidarity or cooperation, speech strategies can be divided into cooperative and non-cooperative.

Cooperative strategies include different types of informative and interpretative dialogues; for example, reporting information (initiator-active participant in the dialogue); clarification of the true state of affairs (dispute, exchange of opinions on any issue; all participants are active); dialogues with the expectation of a response by the initiator of the dialogue and “dialogues” that exclude response remarks (the first category includes request, advice, persuasion, exhortation; the second - demand, order, recommendation). An accurate description of the type of dialogue is given by verbs that directly reveal the purpose of the initiator’s speech - I ask, I advise, I beg, I demand, etc.; expressions of gratitude, recognition, love, apologies, expressions of sympathy, sympathy, friendly feelings, compliments.

Non-cooperative strategies include dialogues based on violation of the rules of verbal communication - benevolent cooperation, sincerity, adherence to the “code” of trust, for example: conflicts, quarrels, altercations, claims, threats, aggression, anger, irony, slyness, lies, evasion from the answer.

Speech strategies outline the general development of the dialogue, which is fully revealed only in the final remarks, because, we remind you, there are no rules for “managing” the conversation and any parameter of the pragmatic characteristics of speech communication can have a significant impact on the outcome of the dialogue. In addition, the chosen framework of communication style dictates the “plot twists” of the conversation and methods of expression.

3. Speech tactics perform the function of ways to implement speech strategy: they form parts of the dialogue, grouping and alternating modal shades of conversation (assessments, opinions, annoyance, joy, etc.). So, for example, a strategy for refusing to fulfill a request may include the following tactics: a) impersonate an incompetent person (incapable of fulfilling this request); b) refer to the impossibility of fulfilling the request at a given time (being busy); c) irony; d) refusal without reason; e) avoid answering, do not promise anything definite; f) make it clear that he does not want to comply with the request. All these tactics are based on a non-cooperative strategy of speech behavior of the communication participant. Regardless of the chosen methods of expression, agreement will not be achieved; the initiator of communication will face a communicative failure. A special kind of speech tactics are needed to establish contact between speakers (phatic communication). They are based on cooperative strategies and use a wide range of tactics to maintain the communicative interest of interlocutors, activate attention and awaken interest in the topic of conversation and the participants in communication. This creates an atmosphere of conversation, where each statement has a special overtone of meaning, and symbolic words and clichéd constructions are often used. In spontaneously occurring conversations that have only conative goals (establishing verbal contact), the same tactics are often repeated, for example, suggesting a topic of general interest (fashion, politics, raising children, weather, etc.), tactics of attracting attention and involving in a conversation between many interlocutors, a tactic of shocking interlocutors through the denial of habitual patterns of behavior or the denial of value guidelines in a given microsociety, aimed at strengthening the role of a leader. Tactics for implementing a certain speech strategy bear the stamp of national psychology.

4. Methods of verbal embodiment of strategies and tactics can be divided into trivial and non-trivial ways of expressing meaning. Trivial methods are stereotypes of expression that have developed in the language system: ensembles of multi-level means are organized in a given stylistic key. At the same time, lexical elements and syntactic constructions, historically established correspondences of word order and sentence models, and types of inversions act in close interaction. The purpose of units of different levels for their use as part of units of a higher level, the role of all units in the formation of the meaning of the replica is revealed. Techniques for expressing role relationships in dialogue are also stereotyped: options for expressing apologies and requests indicate cooperative and non-cooperative strategies. There are implicit ways of expressing the meaning of a statement, the point of view of the speaker. They are based on known facts, generally accepted assessments or opinions of the speaker.

The means of expressing the cooperative strategy are different ways of evaluating one’s own speech: introductory words, quotation marks in letters and notes, words denoting their own content. An important technique for implementing a number of tactics in cooperative and non-cooperative strategies is silence.

5. Specific to such a functional variety, such as colloquial speech, is the constant attraction of the interlocutor’s attention. Therefore, the expressive effect of the statement planned by the speaker and the emotive reaction of the listener determine the atmosphere of the dialogue.

6. The success of communicative interaction is always the implementation of the speech intention of the speaker and the conviction of the listener, as well as his desired emotional reaction. Linguistic units of all levels, for example, specially selected constructions, act as linguistic means of persuasion.

7. The stylistic tone of speech of each participant in the conversation creates an aesthetic atmosphere of communication. Each speech situation has its own aesthetics, and all linguistic means perform a certain aesthetic function. They reveal the aesthetic categories of the beautiful and the ugly, the comic and the tragic, the heroic and the everyday, harmony and dissonance, high ideals and base motives, spiritual aspirations, and earthly interests.

The principle of solidarity and cooperation in verbal communication, the aesthetics of the comic refracts into a convention to use a common language for interlocutors of metaphorical comprehension and improvisation.

§ 5. Genres of speech communication

The first clear division of forms of verbal communication was made by Aristotle. A major role in identifying everyday speech genres belongs to those who, without using the term “pragmatics,” characterized the necessary pragmatic components of speech communication, emphasized the importance of the role of the addressee, anticipating his response. defined speech genres as relatively stable and normative forms of utterance in which each utterance is subject to the laws of integral composition and types of connections between sentences and statements. He defined dialogue as a classical form of verbal communication.

The following genres are distinguished according to the types of communicative attitudes, the method of participation of partners, their role relationships, the nature of the remarks, the relationship between dialogic and monologue speech: conversation, conversation, story, story, proposal, recognition, request, argument, remark, advice, letter, note, message on pager, diary.

1. Conversation. This is a genre of verbal communication (dialogue or polylogue), in which, with a cooperative strategy, the following occurs: a) exchange of opinions on any issues; b) exchange of information about the personal interests of each participant - to establish the type of relationship; c) aimless exchange of opinions, news, information (phatic communication). Different types conversations are characterized by corresponding types of dialogic modality.

2. Conversation. This genre can implement both cooperative and non-cooperative strategies. The purposes of communication differ: a) informative conversation; b) prescriptive conversation (requests, orders, demands, advice, recommendations, beliefs in something); c) conversations aimed at clarifying interpersonal relationships (conflicts, quarrels, reproaches, accusations). Purposefulness is a characteristic feature of conversation, in contrast to conversation, which can be an idle speech genre.

3. Dispute. A dispute is an exchange of opinions with the aim of making a decision or clarifying the truth. Different points of view on a particular issue nevertheless have a common phase, not explicitly expressed in linguistic forms - interest in communication. This determines a positive beginning in a dialogue or polylogue, a kind of code of trust, truthfulness and sincerity, expressed in etiquette forms of address, politeness, and the truth of arguments. The purpose of the dispute is to find an acceptable solution, but at the same time it is also a search for truth, the only correct solution. Depending on the topic of the dispute, it is possible to form an epistemic modality (in disputes on topics of science, politics) or an axiological modality (in disputes about the world of values, on moral issues, etc.).

4. Story. This is a genre of colloquial speech in which the monologue form of speech within a dialogue or polylogue predominates. The main strategic line of verbal communication is solidarity, agreement, cooperation, “permission” to one of the participants to carry out their communicative intention, which basically comes down to information. The theme of the story can be any event or fact that happened to the narrator or someone else. The course of the story can be interrupted by question remarks or evaluation remarks, to which the narrator answers with varying degrees of completeness.

("5") 5. History. This genre of colloquial speech, like the story, is predominantly monologue speech, which takes into account all the components of the pragmatic situation. In addition, an important pragmatic factor in speech when telling a “story” is memory. This factor determines the structure of the narrative and the content of speech. It is characteristic that the stories do not include the addressee himself as a character. The communicative purpose of history is not only to convey information about events that happened earlier (at an unspecified moment), but also to sum up a semantic result, a summary, and a comparison with an assessment of modern events and facts.

6. Letter. A necessary condition for this genre of verbal communication is sincerity, which is possible with the internal closeness of related or friendly people. “The context of agreement characteristic of the concept of sincerity corresponds to the etymological meaning of the word: sincere meant “close, close, nearby.” Whatever mode prevails in writing, the very fact of addressing one’s feelings and thoughts in written form, which involves non-immediate reading, indicates that the author has the opportunity to use a natural way of explicating himself as a person (and this is the most important pragmatic condition of any verbal communication).

7. Note. Unlike writing, this genre of written colloquial speech is largely shaped by common world feelings-thoughts of the sender and the addressee, the same epistemic and axiological modality, the relevance of the same circumstances. Therefore, the content of the note is usually brief; detailed reasoning can be replaced by one or two words that play the role of a hint.

8. Diary. Diary entries are texts of addressed conversational speech, and therefore, have all the stylistic features of texts determined by a multifactorial pragmatic space. The addressee of the diary texts is an alter ego, a supersubject, “the highest authority of response understanding” (in terminology), which helps the writer express his thoughts, feelings and doubts. This pragmatic factor forces the author diary entries verify the accuracy of the expression of thoughts, introduce synonyms and specifiers, use syntactic devices such as gradation, question-and-answer moves, rhetorical questions; introductory words and sentences that are signals of the author's reflection.

§ 6. Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech

The ethics of verbal communication begins with compliance with the conditions of successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, demonstration of interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attuned to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of the intellectual, as well as “game” or emotional nature The choice of topic and tone of conversation is of particular importance. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms and national and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and are expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-nominal word forms and words of incomplete-nominal parts of speech (particles, interjections).

The main ethical principle of verbal communication - respect for parity - is expressed from greeting to farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and addresses set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, fireworks, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role. National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers.

2. Etiquette formulas.

Each language has fixed methods and expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those). Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

4. Interruption.

Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication requires listening to the interlocutor’s remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, demonstration of their solidarity, agreement, introduction of their assessments “in the course” of the partner’s speech is a common phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories.

5. V S-communication and T S-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and distant long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of the polite “You”. In addition, YOU communication demonstrates respect for the participants in the dialogue; So, you-communication is typical for long-time friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. Parity relationships as the main component of communication do not negate the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.

Conclusion

Spoken speech occupies a special place among the functional varieties of language; it has significant features at all linguistic levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language system. It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that linguistic features of spoken speech are speech errors that should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in conditions of manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although one must remember that in colloquial speech there may be speech errors; they must be distinguished from colloquial features.

(“6”) The functional variety of language “colloquial speech” has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, that is, under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction of people. All the nuances of the phenomenon of human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization. A speaking person always declares himself as an individual, and only in this case is it possible to establish contact with other people.

Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. Mandatory conditions for successful communication are the interlocutors’ interest in communication, an attunement to the recipient’s world, the ability to penetrate into the speaker’s communicative intent, the ability of interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the “creative handwriting” of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or “pictures of the world”, the ability to predict “vector” » dialogue or polylogue. Therefore, the central concept of successful verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which presupposes knowledge of the rules of grammar and dictionary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows one to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker’s intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one's own understanding and individual presentation of information.

The reasons for communicative failures are rooted in ignorance of language norms, in the difference in background knowledge of the speaker and the listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, as well as in the presence of “external interference” (alien communication environment, distance of interlocutors, presence of strangers).

The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine speech strategies, tactics, modality and techniques of dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.

Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of the techniques of fiction and oratory: anaphora, antithesis, hyperbole, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, questions of self-verification, metaphors, metonymies, allegories, hints, allusions, periphrases, redirection to a third participant; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.

Colloquial speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is determined by the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture.

Historically, relatively stable forms of speech communication have developed - genres. All genres are subject to the rules of speech ethics and linguistic canons. The ethics of verbal communication prescribes the speaker and listener to create a favorable tone of conversation, which leads to agreement and success of the dialogue.

Knowledge of the culture of colloquial speech allows you to demonstrate the strengths of the human personality, build successful communication, and achieve your goals.

List of used literature

Apresyan research of the Russian verb. M., 1967. “Believe” and “see” (to the problem of mixed propositional attitudes) // Logical analysis of language. Problems of intensional and pragmatic contexts. M., 1989. Arutyunov’s modality and the phenomenon of citation // Human factor in language. Communication. Modality. Deixis. M., 1992. Bart R. Selected works. Semiotics. Poetics. M., 1989. Bakhtin’s verbal creativity. M., 1982; 2nd ed. M, 1986. Benveniste E. General linguistics. M., 1974 Hegel G. Phenomenology of spirit // Collection. op. M., 1959. Towards the construction of a typology of communicative failures (based on the material of natural Russian dialogue) // Russian language in its functioning. Communicative-pragmatic aspect. M., 1993. Krysin aspects of studying the modern Russian language. M., 1989. Lazutkin’s speech among other linguistic disciplines // Culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. M., 1996. Pavilionis of speech and philosophy of language // New in foreign linguistics. Vol. XVII. M., 1986. (“7”) Forman etiquette and culture of communication. M, 1989. Shiryaev syntactic characteristics of functional varieties of the modern Russian language // Russian language in its functioning. Levels of language. M., 1995. Shcherba system and speech activity. L., 1974. Yakubinsky works. Language and its functioning. M., 1986. Yastrezhembsky aspects of linguistic analysis of dialogue // Dialogue: Theoretical problems and research methods. Sat. scientific and analytical reviews. INION. M., 1991. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities. Ed. prof. and prof. . - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA M, 1999. Muranov. Reader for practical work. M.: Russian Pedagogical Agency, 1997.

COLLOQUIAL SPEECH, a type of literary language that is implemented primarily orally in a situation of unprepared, relaxed communication with direct interaction between communication partners. The main area of ​​implementation of spoken language is everyday communication taking place in an informal setting. Thus, one of the leading communicative parameters that determine the conditions for the implementation of spoken language is the parameter “informality of communication”; according to this parameter, it is opposed to the book and written codified literary language serving the sphere of official communication. Speakers of colloquial speech are people who speak a literary language, i.e. In terms of the “native speaker” parameter, this variety is contrasted primarily with dialects and vernacular.

Correlation of concepts colloquial - literary, colloquial - codified, colloquial - written, colloquial - dialect, colloquial - vernacular is filled with different content in different national languages ​​and is largely determined by the peculiarities of their historical development. For example, due to the greater activity of dialects on German soil, local features in German colloquial speech are more pronounced than in Russian. The linguistic status of colloquial speech and its place in the system of oppositions standard/substandard, language/speech, language/style are also heterogeneous. Thus, the place of colloquial speech in the national language system is specific. Features of the linguistic situation and the relationship of spoken language with other subsystems within each specific language are often reflected in the name of this linguistic phenomenon (cf. Umgangssprache - German, Obecná češtiná – Czech, La langue parlée – French, Conversational English – English, Styl potoczny – Polish and etc.).

Russian colloquial speech and its place in the literary language system in modern Russian studies are defined in different ways. Some researchers consider it as an oral variety within the literary language (O.A. Lapteva, B.M. Gasparov) or as a special style (O.B. Sirotinina). A group of scientists at the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the leadership of E.A. Zemskaya developed a theoretical concept according to which Russian colloquial speech (RR), being an uncodified variety of the literary language, is opposed to the codified literary language (CLL) as a whole and differs from it both from an extralinguistic point of view (conditions of use), and from the point of view of the language itself (specific system-structural properties). Thus, KLYa and RR represent two subsystems within the literary language, the implementation of which is determined by communicative conditions: KLYA serves the sphere of official communication (personal and public), RR – the sphere of unofficial unprepared personal communication. The socio-political changes that have taken place in recent years have had a certain impact on the Russian language situation: the binary division of the communicative space into official and unofficial has become less rigid, the boundaries of functional spheres have turned out to be more permeable, which has led, on the one hand, to a widespread invasion of colloquial elements into oral speech. public speech, into the language of mass media, and on the other hand, to intensify the use of foreign words, elements of official business and special speech in everyday everyday communication. Thus, we can talk about socially determined changes that affected the very conditions for the implementation of different types of speech (official/unofficial, personal/public, prepared/unprepared communication, etc.). This also applies to such a defining parameter as the speaker’s attitude towards one or another type of communication. The changed conditions of implementation influenced the nature of language processes in various communicative spheres, but nevertheless did not cancel the very division of the literary language into CFL and RR.

Many linguistic features of colloquial speech are determined by its close cohesion with the situation. Being a full-fledged component of the communicative act, the situation “melts” into speech, which is one of the reasons for the high ellipticity of colloquial utterances. The communicative act in colloquial speech is characterized by close interaction of verbal and non-verbal (gestural and facial) components. Various paralinguistic indicators, actively included in the context, can replace the actual linguistic means of expression. Wed: A. Where did Sasha go? B. He ( tilts his head to his folded palms, indicating with a gesture"sleeping"). The close contact of spoken speech with sign language allows us to talk about the coordination and mutual adaptation of two codes - verbal and visual, about the active interaction of sign and spoken grammar.

The predominantly oral nature of functioning, high consituational conditioning, and the important role of the gesture-facial channel in the act of communication determine the actual linguistic features of spoken speech, which manifest themselves at all linguistic levels. The general feature of the system of colloquial speech, permeating the phenomena of all its tiers, is the confrontation of two tendencies - the tendency towards syncretism and the tendency towards dismemberment. The named tendencies manifest themselves in terms of expression and in terms of content, in syntagmatics and paradigmatics. So, for example, syncretism in phonetics (plane of expression) is found in a large number of neutralizations of phonemes, in phonetic ellipsis, contraction of vowels (cf. the pronunciation of words such as naturally naturally[sn], imagine[vb]vrazhat), dismemberment, - in the appearance of prosthetic vowels, rarefying consonantal combinations: [rubl"]). Syncretism in terms of content is manifested in the appearance of generalized undifferentiated nominations like what to write(instead of pen, pencil), dismemberment - in the wide distribution of derivative words that are motivated designations of persons, processes, objects, etc. (type opener, cleaner). The tendency towards syncretism in paradigmatics reveals itself in the absence of specialized verbal and adjectival forms for expressing semi-predication, the tendency towards dismemberment - in the presence of specialized vocative forms (such as Tan!;Tang-a-Thanh!;Tanya-a - Tanya!). Syncretism in syntagmatics manifests itself in such phenomena as syntactic interference, polyfunctionality, etc. noun, dismemberment - in the wide distribution of constructions with nominative themes. The systematic nature of colloquial speech allows us to talk about the existence of a certain system of norms in it. A feature of colloquial norms is their high variability, often not functionally differentiated (cf., for example, the possible use of different types of nominations to denote the same object: can opener, opener, how to open; the presence of several pronunciation variants for one word: jumped off[sskach"il, s:kach"il, ]).

The phonetic system of spoken language is characterized by the same set of linguistic units as the codified literary language, but each phoneme is represented here by a large set of sound representations. The specificity of the phonetic tier is manifested in the peculiarities of the implementation and compatibility of phonemes. Thus, in colloquial speech, a qualitative reduction (up to zero) of vowels (including high vowels) is possible in any relative to the stressed syllable (sor(o)kovye, s(y)povoy set, s(e)stra, ob( i)zat(e)lenno, he ask(i)t), loss of individual consonants or their combinations in different positions (ho(d)it, see(t)rite, (h)start, (h)aste), ellipsis syllables and even larger sections of the speech chain, leading to a restructuring of the syllabic and rhythmic structure of the word ( with someone– [with k"emn"it"], some– [k "it], because[tush]). High-frequency words are subject to the greatest phonetic deformation. The elliptical pronunciation of some of them is so typical of colloquial speech that these words in an abbreviated, reduced form are considered as colloquial lexical doublets. These include, for example, the sound forms of the following words: Now[just in a minute, right now], thousand[thousand], Means, at all in the meaning of introductory words [meaning, beginning, nasch; in general, generally], I say, speaks[grue, grit], Today[sednya, senya, senya]. Syllabic reduction and other phonetic phenomena of colloquial speech are closely related to its rhythmic and intonation properties. In particular, the degree of deformation of words largely depends on the degree of their stress in the phrase, place in the syntagma (initial, middle, final), position in relation to phrasal emphasis, and tempo of pronunciation. Thus, various phonetic features of spoken speech are determined not only by the positional conditions for the implementation of phonemes within a word, but also by the position of the word within a phrase.

In morphology, as in phonetics, there are no special differences from the codified literary language in the set of units itself. Nevertheless, there is some specificity here. For example, there are special colloquial vocative forms (such as Dad!,Mom, and mom!). In colloquial speech, the quantitative relationship of certain grammatical classes of words and word forms is different from that in book and written language. Statistical studies of recordings of live conversational speech have shown that in this subsystem the most common non-nominal and semi-nominal vocabulary is: conjunctions, particles, pronouns; the frequency of nouns is lower than that of verbs, and among the verb forms the least common are gerunds and participles. These forms are practically not used in the function of secondary predication (i.e., as part of participial and participial phrases). Wed. colloquial: Bring a book lies on the table(v. book-letter: Bring a book, lying on the table); I'm completely exhausted I washed this stain// (vm. book-letters: I’m completely exhausted, removing this stain). The morphological system of colloquial speech is distinguished by pronounced features of analyticism, which confirms, for example, the active functioning of various classes of unchangeable significant words. In colloquial speech these words are very common, numerous and varied. These are, first of all, so-called predicates - unchangeable words that perform the function of a predicate in a personal sentence. These include, for example, interjection-verb words (such as la-la, bang, shu-shu-shu, cf.: And they sit in the corner and shu-shu-shu between themselves); predicative evaluations (such as no ah, so-so, not that, Wed the weather was no ah; She sings so-so). Analytical adjectives (units like air, auto, tele, beige and many more etc.), having greater independence in colloquial speech. Wed: (conversation in the mail) A. What kind of envelopes do you want? B. To me air and simple//; Did you find the book? Sber? Features of the morphology of colloquial speech are most clearly manifested in the specific functions of some grammatical forms. Thus, the infinitive often plays a syntactic role usually characteristic of a noun: Swim did they come there? (subject); A. What are you looking for? B. I'm looking for wash it down(addition); This is a towel dry off(definition). Among the case forms of nouns, the most common forms are imitative. case. Expansion is a name. case in colloquial texts is manifested in the fact that its functional load is much greater. The nominative case occurs in oral speech in any prepositional and non-prepositional positions and acts as other cases: Petrushechka fresh I'll buy it now (vm. fresh parsley, i.e. blames case), His disciples were our teachers(vm. by our teachers - tv. p.), A pickle half can't you take it? (vm. half the pickle).

The specificity of colloquial speech is most clearly manifested at the syntactic level. Conversational speech is a speech stream, which is not always easy to divide into sentences. The sentence as the main syntactic unit is distinguished in a codified literary language and is characterized by the following features: predicativeness (expressiveness of the categories of modality and tense), the presence of connections between components, semantic and intonation completeness. In colloquial speech, not all segments of the speech stream are sentences. For example, one predicative unit can, in a specific situation, break up into several independent intonation fragments: (two friends agree to meet) A. See you tomorrow B. At five A. On Pushkinskaya. Or, conversely, parts of a complex predicative whole intonationally merge into one speech segment, and the word located at the junction of the first and second “sentences” refers to both: They turned to Sretenka they have to go; I'll give it to you tomorrow read you wanted an article. In a codified literary language, situationally determined formations are considered “non-sentential”. If we approach spoken remarks in the same way, then more than half of them should be excluded from the syntactic analysis - after all, the “inclusion” of spoken remarks in the situation is an important feature of spoken speech, which determines its specificity at the system level. When segmenting the conversational continuum, an essential criterion for researchers is intonation-semantic completeness, and the main syntactic unit is the utterance. The speech flow is divided into intonationally independent segments - syntagms. One or more syntagmas, characterized by intonational integrity and semantic completeness, form a statement. When recording oral conversational speech in writing, due to its “non-sentence” nature, a special system of notations is used, the purpose of which is to adequately convey the features of sound. The usual punctuation marks in written texts - dashes, colons, periods and commas - are not used. Instead, the following are used: / – a sign of intonation division of a statement when it is incomplete; //, ?, ! – signs of completion of a statement pronounced with affirmative, interrogative or exclamatory intonation, respectively; An ellipsis (...) indicates a pause of hesitation (searching for a suitable word), a break in a statement or self-interruption. Compare, for example, a fragment of an oral story: Here this year / my son / brought this to... in the spring... He is a passionate fisherman / he was on La... on this... not Ladoga / but Lake Peipsi / caught fish / and brought it from there / among the fish/ a kitten/ a small black kitten// And then I... when this kitten... He was fed/ from a pipette for the first days// And then/ I-a/ looking at this kitten began to say that it was obviously a cross between/ a cat and a pike such a strange kitten was// He attacked everyone who entered/ and tormented him//.

Many syntactic properties of colloquial speech are determined by the peculiarities of its functioning - unpreparedness, spontaneity, close connection with the situation. In colloquial utterances, some grammatically and semantically necessary components are often unexpressed (non-verbalized). Their absence is possible only due to the “inclusion” of the statement in a certain situation. Wed. the following examples (the buyer contacts the shoe department salesperson): Here these brown ones please show // (missed shoes); (conversation during breakfast) Do you want it with cheese or sausage? (not expressed do sandwich). Verbal ellipsis does not prevent the interlocutors from understanding each other: knowing the situation, they easily “complete” the missing fragments of the text. Statements of this type are called constructions with unsubstituted syntactic positions. Most of these constructions are constitutively related, but there are a number of constructions with zero predicate verbs, the meanings of which are determined by the language system and do not require the support of the situation. These include, for example, zero verbs of motion (I'm home //; We're at the dacha //; Aren't you from the forest?); zero verbs with a general meaning of speech (What are you talking about? About a new film?; Are you talking about Katya?) and some. etc. Constructions with nominative themes are widespread in colloquial speech. The noun in the nominative case is placed at the absolute beginning of the statement, updating (highlighting) its topic. Further, the statement may contain a correlative member, which acts as a “link” between the nominative case, which is in preposition, and the rest of the statement. The role of the correlate is usually played by pronouns or nouns that have the form like eminent. pad., and indirect cases. Wed: Dad / he hasn’t had dinner yet //, Dad/ dad haven't had lunch yet Flowers/ their I didn't buy//, Flowers/ colors I didn't buy//.

Colloquial speech has a specific type of connection between two predicative constructions into one statement - the connection of a free connection. The semantic relations that develop on the basis of connections of free connection are very diverse and syncretic. Wed: Where's my wallet? lay here?; What kind of transmission is this you have said will it be on TV today?; Lena I know will not come//; Komarov you were is there a lot?; House we went through today almost completed //.

Colloquial speech has its own norms of word arrangement, which are closely related, first of all, to the peculiarities of the actual division of the utterance. One of the most important trends regulating word order in an utterance is the tendency to place the communicatively most important component in preposition: Of bread go buy it at the bakery//; Sonya I'm worried today/ if I weren't sick//. Spontaneity, unpreparedness of spoken language, and the linear nature of its construction lead to the fact that the words in a statement “unfold” according to the principle of free associative addition. As a result, semantically and grammatically related phrases often turn out to be disconnected, with the most significant word moving to the beginning. Wed: Towel bring it pure//; A cap didn't see where my? The weakening role of conjunctions and allied words is expressed in the fact that their place in a spoken utterance is not fixed (unlike book and written language, where their syntactic position is rigidly fixed). For example: Tanya I don’t know Where left// (cf. codef. I don’t know where Tanya went); I can’t leave the house / I’m waiting for a locksmith because// (cf. codef. I can’t leave the house because I’m waiting for a locksmith). The order of words in colloquial speech is closely related to its intonation and rhythmic features. A conversational utterance is often constructed as an intonationally divided unit with two intonation centers, between which there are components that are not accentuated (the so-called “intonation hole”). In such two-vertex constructions, phrasal accents fall on the most important words that form the communicative core of the utterance: Doctor you do not know when will he arrive?; Very you have it independent//; Luda asked to call Tikhvinskaya//.

Colloquial word formation shows less dependence on usage and on various kinds of grammatical and semantic restrictions. In the process of casual communication, interlocutors often do not reproduce words existing in the language, but produce, create them “by chance,” relying on productive word-formation models. In words formed in this way, the meaning suggested by a specific situation is updated: And where do we cleaner? The toilet is clogged / needs to be cleaned // (instead of the term word plunger the speaker uses non-usual cleaner, formed from the verb clean out). In colloquial speech there are specific methods of word production - univerbation and truncation. During universalization, the original phrase (generative base), consisting of two or more components, is collapsed into one derivative word, which “absorbs” the meaning of the generating base: buckwheat - buckwheat, “Komsomolskaya Pravda” - “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, five-story building - five-story building; folding bed - cot. Another productive way of conversational derivation is truncation of the productive stem. Nouns and adjectives are subject to truncation: tape recorder - magician, teacher - Rev., sandwich - sandwich, state exams – gosy, primitive – primitive, intimate – intimate. In colloquial speech, word formation methods that are also active in book and written language manifest themselves more actively: suffixal (open - opener(can opener), doctor – doctor, old - old stuff, synchronous – synchronize(engage in simultaneous translation) and many others. etc.), prefixal (She will have redefense//; Rassuchi sleeves for me!; This antisoup/ real porridge // No liquid), prefix-suffix (cf. humorous formations: We lack of matches/ forgot to buy matches//; Thank you! You me fermented//). Colloquial speech is characterized by the wide use of various word-formation models and the weakening of prohibitions on the compatibility of affixes with a generating stem. The “source material” can be words that have a wide variety of lexical and grammatical properties. For example, borrowings, abbreviations, interjections: cinema - filmmaker, MSU – emgeushny, Ouch! – ooh, bam! – bang and many more etc. The productive basis can be phrases and even whole statements: This tethicatin scarf // (from Aunt Katya); [mother to child] Don't get into a puddle! Or grandma goddammit will! (from My God!). In colloquial speech, a derived word is often associated with the generating stem only in the most general meaning. As a result, many newly formed words are ambiguous and incomprehensible out of context. For example, core– this could be a cardiologist or a person suffering from heart disease. The meanings of such words become clear only in a specific speech situation. Wed: A. He who? Surgeon? B. No/ core//; My father has a heart attack/ suffered three heart attacks//. In the process of direct dialogical communication, the stimulus for the formation of a non-usual word may be the previous remark of the interlocutor: A. I don't love/so that I regretted// B. The point here is not pity//; A. Want cabbage soup? I got dressed//; A. Temirkanov conducted the “Carmen Suite” great // B. Yes/ carmened out//.

In terms of lexico-style, colloquial texts are heterogeneous: in them one can find, first of all, words associated with everyday life, everyday life, the so-called bytovisms ( spoon, saucepan, frying pan, comb, hairpin, rag, broom etc.), words that have a pronounced colloquial, often reduced, connotation ( snag, get into trouble, dirty etc.), stylistically neutral words that make up the main vocabulary of the modern literary language ( work, rest, young, now, no time and many more etc.), special terminological vocabulary and, conversely, individual jargon inclusions. This stylistic “omnivorousness” of colloquial speech is explained primarily by its wide thematic range. In an informal setting, with people you know well, you can talk about any topic: about everyday household chores, work, politics, friends and acquaintances, the illness of loved ones, a new film, etc. At the same time, the speaker’s linguistic preferences: his tendency to joke, play with words, or, conversely, to widely include bookish and written vocabulary in his speech, are most clearly manifested in a situation of relaxed direct communication. Compare, for example, fragments of a conversation between a student girl and her mother. The topic of the conversation (a story about hydrological practice) and the professional activities of the informant, a student at the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University, determine the presence of special vocabulary in the text ( reconnaissance, slope, lot, echo sounder, take a count, depression, dredgers), inclusion in the story of words of youth, student jargon ( we hesitated, Rev.), statements with a bright conversational coloring ( some kind of circus meaning "funny situation", form anyway vm. codif. at all, shvark) give an idea of ​​the age and social status of the narrator, and also indicate her emotional uninhibition during the conversation: Yes, there was always some kind of circus// With this/ when we were on reconnaissance/ with us/ with us in general all the teachers had a very interesting manner// We come/ we say “we have a slope of three and a half centimeters per kilometer”// “This can’t happen here”//<…>With this bias, we convinced them// We still proved that we were right// Then... um... we went/ there was also reconnaissance/ there/ you measure the depth/ with a hand survey// There, not with a mechanical/ echo sounder/ namely manual // That is, a rope/ with a load/ there is a weld/ and you take the countdown//<…>We had Vadik with the lot //<…>We reach such a bottleneck / this means the dredgers / / So this one is approaching us /<…>On the boat our teacher// They are waiting// Vadik throws out the lot/ and he himself goes there like that ( shows) leaves // Depression/ twelve and a half meters //.

A typical feature of colloquial vocabulary is its semantic syncretism and polysemy. So-called “sponge” words are widespread in colloquial speech, the meaning of which is determined by the situation. For example, the general meaning of the word makeshift– “something temporary,” but depending on the specific conditions of the conversation, it can “absorb” different meanings: “temporary house, staircase, stove, extension,” etc.; glass in everyday communication, any building with large display windows can be called: a store, a hairdressing salon, a savings bank, a canteen, an institution, etc. Some words with a generalized meaning (cf. simple, normal, empty, ordinary) under certain conditions can act as unmarked members of semantic oppositions, while in each specific situation a certain component of meaning is actualized. For example, simple - silk, simple - festive, simple - with syrup, simple - air (cf.: Look here / silk as many dresses as you want simple no one//; A. Put it on festive blouse// B. No / I simple/ I feel more comfortable in it //; What kind of water will you be/ simple or with syrup?; I need two envelopes air/ and one simple//); Wed also common colloquial combinations: empty potato - potato With butter, empty tea - sweet tea and more etc. In colloquial speech there are different ways of naming objects, signs or actions. In the process of direct, relaxed communication, it may be easier for interlocutors to construct a new word “on occasion” than to reproduce a lexical unit that already exists in a codified language. In addition to the highly productive word-formation models described above (suffixal univerbation, truncation, suffixal, prefixal, prefix-suffixal methods), other techniques are used to create colloquial nominations: substantivization (meat dish - meat; Wed: Something for me today meat I don’t want/ I’d rather have vegetables//, laboratory work – laboratory; treatment room - procedural and so on.); semantic contraction of phrases by eliminating the definable or defining (thesis – diploma, viral flu - virus, perm – chemistry, Academic Council - advice, kindergarten - kindergarten, granulated sugar - sand); construction of nominations based on metonymic transfer (Yesterday in the book / Sasha Cherny(book by Sasha Cherny) bought //, They said that us(our house) is being demolished//, Girl/a lycra(tights with lycra) do you have?, Q dinner(during lunch break) we'll meet //); verbal nominations, including verbum finitum and characterizing a person or object by its action ( He brings milk/ on vacation now / yes?, She just came into our room/ works in the inventory department//); verbal nominations consisting of a verb in the infinitive form and a relative pronoun ( What to write Don't you have it?, Bring it what to put on//, What to put flowers in in that room//). The close cohesion of colloquial utterances with a communicative act gives rise to a special type of names, called the “name of the situation.” Behind such one-word nominations used by the speaker, there is hidden a whole complex of meanings, which is understandable to the interlocutor, “involved” in the situation, but remains unclear to others, “uninitiated”, and requires comment. The speech signal of the name of the situation is the unusual combination of words in the text. Wed: A skis we changed our minds / yes? (i.e. changed their minds about discussing the details of the ski trip); Oh your birthday we didn’t discuss // (we didn’t discuss how we would celebrate your birthday). Wed. also typical expressions for everyday communication: turn off the fish, turn on the soup, turn down the pasta and so on. (i.e. the burner on which there is fish, soup, pasta, etc.). The wide possibility of using a variety of models for constructing nominations gives rise to a number of doublet words: ladle, ladle, ladle, pourer, pourer, what to pour; laboratory work, laboratory, laboratory, laboratory and so on.

Conversational texts are characterized by a high degree of expression. As researchers note, the ability of colloquial speech to exaggerate sometimes leads to the exclusion of words with a neutral evaluative value from the colloquial dictionary. “Emotional tension” of colloquial utterances is created through a variety of means, such as, for example, repetition of lexemes (Nam very very liked//; She was sad-sad Today//; A. Do you want ice cream? B. Oh want Want//); pronoun use such as a quality intensifier (Behind us like this queue!; You have her like this smart/ such a sweetie//). To express a high degree of intensity of a property, metaphor is widely used - cf. typically colloquial assessments: a sea of ​​flowers, a mountain of gifts, a lot of complaints and etc.; Wed also: Me today I'm falling off my feet from fatigue // We've been here for an hour sunbathed/they were waiting for you//I called him all evening/ phone cut off/ busy all the time //; What the garbage dump on your desk!

In recent years, the focus of research interest has moved from the study of systemic and structural features of spoken language to the analysis of its textual characteristics. This explains the special attention to the genre stratification of colloquial speech. Speech genres as types of texts are realized in certain conditions and can be considered through the prism of the communicative situation and its participants. To characterize any communicative situation, such parameters as space (i.e. the place where communication takes place: at home or outside the home - at work, on the street, in a store, sanatorium, clinic, etc.), time (when communication occurs: on weekdays or on holidays, during working or free time, etc.), communication partners (their communicative roles - speaker/listener, family, professional roles, the nature of their relationship on the “higher”/“lower” scale, communicative goals of the speaker and listener, etc.), situational topic (for example, “Waking up”, “Lunch”, “Family holiday”, “Shop”, “Transport”, etc.). Each of the parameters of the situation influences the speaker’s genre choice. For example, numerous situations of home communication are “cast” into different stereotypical microgenres (depending on the time and topic of conversation, family roles). Wed: [Morning. Awakening] A. [mother of daughter] Good morning// Mash/ get up/ sleep through school// B. Right now/ I’m getting up// Hello mommy//; [Leaving home] A. [husband to wife] Well, I'm off // Bye // B. Happy // Don't linger there //; [Cooking dinner] A. [husband to wife, entering the kitchen] What are you doing? Did you buy pizza? B. Yeah // So as not to mess around // Let's quickly put it in the oven/ and in fifteen minutes it's ready //. Our speech behavior in situations outside the home is equally stereotyped: [On the street] A. "Children's World" / how to get there? B. Straight ahead/then left around the corner// A. Thank you//; [Book Shop] A. [buyer] Please tell me / are there any manuals for the German language? B. [salesman] German department//. In colloquial speech, large and small, monological and dialogic genres are distinguished. Large monologue and dialogic genres, for example, include story, conversation, conversation; small genres are monologues, microdialogues, stereotypes. Our everyday speech communication represents a genre continuum. Observation of the specific organization of this continuum allows us to identify the features of the everyday linguistic existence of modern speakers of the Russian literary language.

Literature:

Vinokur T.G. Stylistic development of modern Russian colloquial speech. – In the book: Development of functional styles of the modern Russian language. M., 1968
Russian colloquial speech. M., 1973
Sirotinina O.B. Modern colloquial speech and its features. M., 1974
Lapteva O.A. Russian colloquial syntax. M., 1976
Russian colloquial speech. Lyrics. 1978
Bakhtin M.M. The problem of speech genres. – In the book: Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. M., 1979
Devkin V.D. German conversation: Syntax and vocabulary. M., 1979
Zemskaya E.A. Russian colloquial speech: linguistic analysis and learning problems. M., 1979
Zemskaya E.A., Kitaigorodskaya M.V., Shiryaev E.N. Russian colloquial speech: General questions. Word formation. Syntax. M., 1981
Russian colloquial speech. Phonetics. Morphology. Vocabulary. Gesture. M., 1983
Yakubinsky L.P. About dialogical speech. – In the book: Yakubinsky L.P. Selected works: Language and its functioning. M., 1986
Kapanazde L.A. About genres of informal speech. – In the book: Varieties of urban oral speech. M., 1988
Phonetics of spontaneous speech. L., 1988
Krasilnikova E.V. Noun in Russian colloquial speech. Functional aspect. M., 1990
Vinokur T.G. Speaker and listener: options for speech behavior. M., 1993
Wierzbicka Anna. Speech genres. – In the book: Genres of speech. Saratov, 1997
Kitaigorodskaya M.V., Rozanova N.N. Speech of Muscovites: Communicative and cultural aspect. M., 1999



COLLOQUIAL SPEECH, a type of literary language that is implemented primarily orally in a situation of unprepared, relaxed communication with direct interaction between communication partners. The main area of ​​implementation of spoken language is everyday communication taking place in an informal setting. Thus, one of the leading communicative parameters that determine the conditions for the implementation of spoken language is the parameter “informality of communication”; according to this parameter, it is opposed to the book and written codified literary language serving the sphere of official communication. Speakers of colloquial speech are people who speak a literary language, i.e. In terms of the “native speaker” parameter, this variety is contrasted primarily with dialects and vernacular.

Colloquial speech - functional style speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material.

In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.”

The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

In a conversational style of speech, especially at a fast pace, a large reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-formation features: suffixes of subjective evaluation are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.

Limited: abstract vocabulary, foreign words, book words.

As an example, we can cite the statement of one of the characters in A. P. Chekhov’s story “Revenge”:

Open it, damn it! How long will I have to remain frozen in this through wind? If you knew that it was twenty degrees below zero in your corridor, you wouldn’t have made me wait so long! Or maybe you don't have a heart?

This short excerpt reflects the following features of the conversational style:

· interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

· colloquial style interjection “damn it”;

· personal pronouns of 1st and 2nd persons, verbs in the same form.

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

It's a shame, lady. You are angry with me, not deciding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter reassured me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny it may be, is not funny to me at all. What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty little provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, apparently, that’s your nature.

This passage reveals the following: linguistic features conversational style:

· use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, trudge, bad, drive around, what kind of hunt, the conjunction “yes” in the meaning of “but”, particles “already” and “not at all”, the introductory word “apparent”;

· a word with the evaluative derivational suffix gorodishko;

· inverse word order in some sentences;

· lexical repetition of the word nasty;

· appeal;

· presence of an interrogative sentence;

· use of personal pronouns 1st and 2nd person singular;

· use of verbs in the present tense;

· the use of the absent plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) to designate all small provincial towns.

· 31. Richness of speech. Lexical means of speech richness.

· richness of speech- this is the criterion speech culture, which speaks of the erudition of the speaker. Every person needs to have as much vocabulary as possible in order to express their thoughts clearly and clearly. “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl contains 200,000 words, although it does not contain all the words used in the Russian language of the mid-19th century. It is impossible to determine the exact number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. The richness of a language is judged not only by the number of words. The vocabulary of the Russian language is enriched by polysemantic words, synonyms, homonyms, antonyms, paronyms, phraseological units, as well as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms.

· It should be added that the richness of any language determined by its stylistic diversity and flexibility. And one of the features of the modern Russian language state is that in the stylistic structure of the Russian language the language of the media comes to the fore, which performs a function that in the past belonged to the language of fiction.

· Indicators of rich speech are:

· – Use of various lexical forms(ambiguous words, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, phraseological units, neologisms);

· – Use of various syntactic structures;

· – Use of various morphological forms.

· Speech is considered rich if it is varied in its linguistic structure. A person must have more vocabulary, from which he can select the desired word and apply it in his speech.
The richness of the Russian language lies not only in the large number of words, but also in the diversity of their meanings. New semantic shades give the language flexibility, liveliness and expressiveness. There are many different homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, and paronyms in our language, which make our speech colorful, varied, help avoid repetition of the same words, and allow us to express thoughts figuratively.

· Visualization, imagery, and liveliness of oral speech are given by the so-called trails - words used in a figurative sense. Almost every word of the language has, in addition to its first, direct meaning, usually also a number of figurative meanings. Such figurative meanings of words are called tropes (from the Greek “tropos” - turn), and the culture of speech, among other things, presupposes the art of free use of words not only in their direct form, but also in figurative meaning, alternating the two or even pitting them against one another in a witty pun. Purpose of tropes, or linguistic metaphors, - decorate, make a person’s individual speech more expressive. During the seminar classes you will get acquainted with the main types of tropes and will be able to see how expressive the speech of a person using these linguistic means can become.

· Lexical means of expressiveness include phraseological units- stable combinations of words, proverbs, sayings. They help to achieve both emotionality of speech and its brevity, elegant accuracy in conveying thoughts. The most complex meaning can be conveyed accurately, briefly and expressively with the help of an aphorism or a proverb.

· They decorate speech very much, making it not only expressive, but also brilliant, “intellectual” foreign phraseological units, for example, carte blanche, alma mater, com-il-faux, force majeure, ab-ovo, alter ego, ami-cauchon, entre-nu, ultima-ratio, etc. I think you will pay attention to them at the seminars: these expressions should, if not be used, then at least be understood if they are pronounced in front of you.

· 32. Expressiveness of speech. Characteristics of the expressive capabilities of figures of speech.

· expressiveness of speech - these are such features of its structure that maintain the attention and interest of the listener or reader; speech that has these features is called expressive.

· Indicators of this criterion are:

· – Good knowledge of the expressive capabilities of the language;

· – Using a variety of intonations;

· – Ability to pause;

· – The ability to evoke a reaction in the listener.

· Expressive capabilities of synonyms - The skillful use of synonyms allows us to pay attention to this or that detail, express a certain attitude towards the named object or phenomenon, evaluate it and, therefore, enhance the expressiveness of speech.

· Expressive possibilities of antonyms- Antonyms are used in speech as an expressive means of creating contrast and sharp opposition. They underlie the creation of antithesis (Greek antithesis - opposition) - a stylistic figure built on a sharp contrast of words with opposite meanings. This stylistic device is widely used by poets, writers, and publicists to add emotionality and extraordinary expressiveness to speech.

· Expressive possibilities of homonyms- Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. Lexical homonyms are combined into rows. They belong to the same part of speech. Relative homonyms (homoforms, homophones and homographs) differ from lexical homonyms. With homonymy, only sound identity is established between words, and there are no semantic associations.

· expressive capabilities of paronyms - Paronymous words have considerable expressive potential. They serve as a means of creating humor, irony, satire, etc.

· expressive capabilities of nouns-The noun stands out from all other names in that its grammatical categories - gender, number, case - are capable of receiving special stylistic meanings. The stylistic activity of these categories is due to their functional-style specialization and expressive use in artistic speech.

· The category of gender has the greatest expressive potential for a noun.

· Expressive possibilities of adjectives-The stylistic possibilities of qualitative, relative, possessive adjectives are not the same, which is due to the very nature of these semantic categories of words, which are used in speech differently.

· Expressive capabilities of numerals A numeral is a lexically closed category, numbering only a few dozen words and no longer being replenished with new formations. However, even with such lexical material, it can be noted that numerals have variable use associated with stylistic differentiation.

· The variability of case forms of numerals in the modern Russian language is primarily due to the development of analyticism in their declension. According to V.V. Vinogradova, " old technology language comes into conflict with the new principles of understanding and expressing the abstract concepts of number and quantity,” and, “submitting to the influence of mathematical thinking, numerals unify their forms.”

· 33Logicality of speech and appropriateness of speech.

· consistency of presentation. The statement must reflect the logic of reality, the logic of thought and is characterized by the logic of speech expression. The logical nature of a thought (or the content of a statement) means the correct reflection of the facts of reality and their connections (cause - effect, similarity - difference, etc.), the validity of the hypothesis put forward, the presence of arguments for and against, the reduction of arguments to a conclusion that proves or rejects the hypothesis. For example: “There is an elderberry in the garden, and there is a guy in Kyiv” “It was raining and two students, one going to the university, the other in galoshes”, “It was raining on the street and a company of Red Army soldiers.”

· Logicity as a communicative quality has much in common with accuracy. It characterizes speech from the content side. Characteristic features of logical speech:

· - combinations of words and phrases should not be contradictory

· - logical connections in a sentence. New information is conveyed into the structure of a Russian narrative sentence: the theme (the initial data of the utterance) must in this case precede the rheme (the communicative center that communicates something new, unknown to the interlocutor).

· At the text level, consistency is ensured by connecting individual statements using special techniques: 1) lexical repetition, 2) synonym, 3) anaphoric pronoun (from the Greek anaphora - bringing to the top), a pronoun indicating the previous word, referring to what was previously said; 4) violation of the logic of speech expression also often manifests itself in incorrect division of the text into paragraphs. A paragraph is a segment of written text from one red line to another. In terms of content, a paragraph is a complete part of the whole, a separate link in the general dynamics of thought and a transition to the next link. The logic of the text also depends on its overall composition.

· Relevance as the quality of good speech - the selection and organization of language means that make speech consistent with the goals and conditions of communication. Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, and the composition of the audience. Relevance as a quality of literate speech was given much attention in the oratory art of antiquity. The appropriateness of certain linguistic means depends on the context, situation, and psychological characteristics of the interlocutor: “In the house of a hanged man, they don’t talk about rope.”

· Relevance is distinguished:

· 1.Style appropriateness manifests itself in the ability to take into account the specifics, patterns of selection and use of language material in accordance with the style used to create the text - business, scientific, artistic, journalistic, colloquial. Thus, colloquial speech is characterized by incomplete syntactic constructions (Where is the string bag? Platov Street, how to get there?). Transferring them to written speech styles is inappropriate.

· 2 . Contextual relevance of a particular linguistic unit is also regulated by the context, i.e. speech environment. Context regulates the use or rejection of a particular element in a specific linguistic situation. The importance of context was pointed out by P. S. Porokhovshchikov, a famous lawyer of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, author of the book “Judicial Eloquence” (1910): “The beauty and liveliness of speech are not always appropriate: is it possible to flaunt the grace of style when speaking about medical research dead body, or shine with beautiful expressions, conveying the content of a civil transaction? Relevance of speech in judicial practice was defined by him with a coined formula: “Do not speak in such a way that the judge can understand you, but in such a way that the judge cannot fail to understand you.” A little paraphrased, it is quite applicable to everyone else speech situations, both in everyday and business speech.

· 3. The most typical manifestation personal-psychological inappropriateness− rudeness.

· 34.Purity of speech. Typicality and accessibility of speech.

· Purity of speech is the absence in speech of elements alien to the literary language, primarily of language elements rejected by moral norms (which are subject to social veto). This communicative quality of speech, more than others, is based on the moral consciousness of the speaker.

· Accessibility of speech is the communicative quality of speech, which consists in the fact that the speaker selects facts, arguments, speech means with maximum consideration of the capabilities of speech perception in a specific audience.

· The level of accessibility as a communicative quality must be determined by the speaker each time, in each specific case, depending on what audience the speech is directed at, so that it is most correctly perceived by the listener. In this case, one should take into account age, level of education, social status, psychological and emotional condition audience, etc.

· 35.Correct speech.

· Correct speech is determined by mastery of language norms.6 Language norm

· A norm is the generally accepted and legalized use of language variants in speech, which are recognized by society at a certain stage of its development as correct, exemplary and best performing the basic linguistic functions.

· This language standard, sample is contained in special normative dictionaries and orthological manuals. The legitimization of a norm by literature, its consolidation in dictionaries and reference books is called codification. Naturally, codified standards are the strictest.

· The normativity of linguistic phenomena is characterized by compliance with the structure of the language, mass and regular reproducibility in the process of communication, public approval and recognition.

· There are two types of norms depending on their severity.

· Strict norm ( imperative) – does not allow choice, prescribing the use of only one option from among those available, recognizing others as incorrect, violating the norm. Violation of an imperative norm indicates poor command of the norms of the literary language: quarters - quarters(not right.), alphabet - alphabet(not right.), accepted - accepted(not right.), horse[shn]about - horse[chn]O(not right.), thanks to what - thanks to what(not right.), chicken - chicken(not right.). In dictionaries, incorrect and non-normative options are accompanied by restrictive and prohibitive marks: not right.(wrong), grossly wrong.(grossly wrong) not rec.(Not recommended), simple(colloquial), brutally simple.(roughly colloquial) vulg. (vulgar).

· Lax norm ( dispositive) – allows the use of different options, recognizing them as correct and not violating the norm. There are two types of dispositive norm:

· 1) equal (in dictionaries options are given with the conjunction AND ): and squeaky And sparkling, in the sun And wave m, , about[shn]th And quite a lot[chn]oh, I smelled it And groin.

· 2) unequal: one option is recognized as basic and commonly used, the other is only acceptable and somewhat limited (in dictionaries, the commonly used option is given without a mark, limited - with a mark extra.)

· There are types of norms depending on their belonging to a certain language level:

· 1) accentological: regulates the placement of stress;

· 2) orthoepic: regulates pronunciation;

· 3) morphological: determines the correct choice of word form;

· 4) syntactic: defines the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

· 5) lexical: defines logically justified word usage based on knowledge of the lexical meaning of a word and the characteristics of the combination of words in speech;

· 6) stylistic: determines the choice of linguistic means in accordance with a certain style of speech.

· In addition, the following standards are highlighted:

· 7) spelling: regulates spelling;

· 8) punctuation: defines the rules for placing punctuation marks.

· 1.7 Literary language

· 36. Business conversation. Speech means of influencing a partner.

· business communication requires a person to have a high psychological culture, as well as constant study and consideration of the emotional side of business relationships. Anyone who believes that the concept of "feelings" does not apply to work is likely to cause numerous and costly conflicts. Many have encountered cliches: “let’s talk business,” “let’s leave our feelings aside,” “our work is just business, and no emotions,” etc.

· With the help of these techniques, you cannot convince anyone of anything or prove anything to anyone, but you can only win over your interlocutor. Is this a lot or a little to increase the effectiveness of your business communication - let each of you decide for yourself. What are these techniques?

· There are two main types of speech influence: verbal (using words) and non-verbal .

· At verbal (from lat. verbum- word) influence It is important in what speech form you express your thoughts, in what words, in what sequence you present certain facts, how loudly, with what intonation, what, when and to whom you say. For verbal speech influence, both the choice of linguistic means for expressing thoughts and, naturally, the very content of speech - its meaning, the argumentation given, the arrangement of text elements relative to each other, the use of speech influence techniques, etc. are essential. Verbal signals are words. See the paragraph “Speech Communication” for more details.

· Nonverbal speech influence- this is an influence using non-verbal means that accompany our speech (gestures, facial expressions, our behavior during speech, the appearance of the speaker, communication distance, etc.).

· Factors of speech influence- a set of typical verbal and non-verbal signals that affect the effectiveness of communication.

· The main factors of speech influence are:

· 1. appearance of the speaker;

· 2. compliance with communicative norms;

· 3. establishing contact with the interlocutor;

· 4. look;

· 5. physical behavior during speech (movement, gestures, postures),

· 7. communication style (friendliness, sincerity, emotionality, non-monotony, inspiration);

· 8. organization of communication space?

· 10. language design;

· 11. message volume;

· 12. arrangement of facts and arguments, ideas;

· 13. duration;

· 14. addressee (including the number of participants);

· 15. communicative genre (taking into account the rules of effectiveness of a certain genre of speech - rally speech, entertaining speech, criticism, remark, order, request, etc.).

· Rules of communication and speech influence- these are the ideas and recommendations for communication that have developed in society:

· - Regulatory rules communication (how it should be? how correctly?), i.e. the rules of speech etiquette.

· - Rules of speech influence (what is better, what is more effective?), i.e. specific speech recommendations.

· 37.Speech culture. The main directions for improving the skills of competent writing and speaking.

· Speech culture is a relatively young area of ​​language science. As an independent section of this science, it took shape under the influence of fundamental social changes that occurred in our country. Involving the broad masses of people in active social activities required increased attention to increasing the level of their speech culture

· This first of all means possessing a certain set of skills, i.e. knowing the rules for using vowels and consonants, the correct use of vocabulary, rules of syntax, stylistics, etc. For example, stylistics. It is very important that the text is written in the same style and that there are no individual words that fall out of the overall picture. Recently, in this part of linguistics, there has been a tendency to expand some concepts, which will help, if not remove controversial issues, then reduce their number. This is how the main directions for improving literacy skills in stylistics are expressed. As for vocabulary, full mastery of the lexical composition of the language is accessible to very literate people. But improving your knowledge in this area is a task facing every literate person and is the task of the theory of the Russian language.

· As with anything, the best way to improve your writing skills is through constant practice. Learning new rules and repeating those already learned are the fundamental rules. The use of vowels in the roots of nouns, the correct identification of participial and participial phrases, and much more - this is something that needs to be improved and is, in turn, the main directions for increasing the level of literate writing skills.

· Equally important is the question of competent speaking. What does it mean to speak competently? This is the ability to correctly place stress, correctly pronounce sounds (i.e. phonetics), this includes stylistic skills, and the richness and diversity of the language. But the basis of competent speaking is, first of all, the skills of competent writing. For example, such an important point as accuracy of speech. This is the ability to clearly and clearly express your thoughts. Like any skill, it can be improved. In order for your speech to be accurate, you must first know what you want to say. Otherwise, confusion results and the logic of the story is disrupted. There is another reason that makes the speech inaccurate. This is poor and insufficient knowledge of the Russian language and its features.

· Everything that surrounds us has names. Therefore, the more words a person knows, the richer his language, the more accurately he expresses his thoughts. There are many pitfalls in speech, for example, homonyms - words that are identical in spelling and pronunciation, but different in meaning. They cannot be used in more than one sense. Syntactic homonymy is also dangerous in speech.

· One of the requirements for the speech of the speaker and writer is the understandability of speech. This is the most important communicative quality of speech. It is necessary to comply with this requirement because it is associated with the effectiveness and efficiency of the spoken word.

· Another point is the expressiveness of speech. Speech filled with comparisons, proverbs and other stylistic devices attracts attention.

· All of the above areas require constant improvement in both written and oral communication.

· 38.Ethical aspect of speech culture. Speech etiquette. Types of dictionaries and their significance in the development of speech culture.

· Ethical the aspect of speech culture is the moral and moral justification of the spoken and written word: knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations. Ethical standards, or otherwise - speech etiquette, relate primarily to addressing “you” and “you”, choosing a full or abbreviated name (Vanya or Ivan Petrovich), choosing addresses such as citizen, gentleman, etc., choosing ways to greet and say goodbye (hello, hello, fireworks, goodbye, all the best, all, see you, bye, etc.). Ethical standards are in many cases national

· The ethical aspect of speech culture does not always appear explicitly. R.O. Jacobson, a world-famous linguist, identifies six main functions of communication: designation of extra-linguistic reality (It was a beautiful mansion), attitude to reality (What a beautiful mansion!), magic function(Let there be light!), poetic, metalinguistic (judgments about the language itself: They don’t say that; Another word is needed here) and factual, or contact-establishing. If, when performing the first five functions mentioned here, the ethical aspect manifests itself, say, usually, then when performing the contact-establishing function, it manifests itself in a special way. The contact-establishing function is the very fact of communication, the topic is not of great importance; it doesn’t matter whether this topic is covered well or poorly

· Ethics of verbal communication begins with compliance with the conditions of successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, demonstration of interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attuned to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “game” or emotional nature, the choice of topic and tone of conversation becomes especially important. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze.

· Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms and national and cultural traditions. The main ethical principle of verbal communication - respect for parity - is expressed from greeting to farewell throughout the conversation.

· Dictionaries can be divided into two main types: encyclopedic and philological (linguistic). Encyclopedic dictionaries provide a description of a particular phenomenon, concept, event, etc. Encyclopedic dictionaries include encyclopedias, scientific reference books that provide information on any branch of knowledge, and terminological dictionaries. Encyclopedias can be general and special, sectoral.

· IN linguistic dictionaries contains interpretations of words (basic meanings, direct and figurative, are indicated), grammatical, stylistic and other notes are given. Linguistic (philological) dictionaries are divided into multilingual, bilingual and monolingual. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are translation dictionaries, in which the meanings of words in one language are explained by comparison with another language (for example, dictionaries English-Russian, Russian-English, Russian-English-Arabic, etc.). In monolingual dictionaries, words are interpreted using words of the same language. Monolingual dictionaries can be complex (such as explanatory dictionaries) and aspectual, reflecting one or another aspect (for example, synonymous, word-formative, etc.).

· Encyclopedic dictionaries describe the world, explain concepts, give curriculum vitae O famous people, information about countries and cities, about outstanding events (wars, revolutions, discoveries).

· The most important types of modern dictionaries

· 1. Explanatory dictionaries

· 2. Phraseological dictionaries as a type of explanatory dictionaries.

· 3. Synonymous dictionaries.

· 4. Dictionaries of antonyms.

· 5. Dictionaries of homonyms

· 6. Orthological dictionaries, their varieties.

· 7. Spelling dictionaries.

· 8. Orthoepic dictionaries.

· 9. Dialect dictionaries as explanatory dictionaries of vocabulary in space.

· 10.Historical dictionaries as explanatory dictionaries of vocabulary in time.

· 11.Etymological dictionaries as reference books on the original structure of the word and the elements of its ancient meaning.

· 12. Dictionaries of foreign words.

· 13. Word-forming dictionaries, their types.

· Dictionaries are not only reference books, but also an element of national culture: after all, many aspects of national life are captured in words. All the richness and diversity of the language's vocabulary is collected in dictionaries. The creation of dictionaries is the task of a special branch of the linguistic science of lexicography. Dictionaries are numerous and varied. Encyclopedic dictionaries describe the world, explain concepts, provide biographical information about famous people, information about countries and cities, and outstanding events (wars, revolutions, discoveries).

ABSTRACT
SPOKEN SPEECH AND ITS FEATURES

Plan
Introduction 3
1. General characteristics of colloquial speech 4
9
Intonation and pronunciation 10
Vocabulary of colloquial speech. 10
Phraseology of colloquial speech 10
Morphology of colloquial speech. 11
Syntax of spoken language. 12
3. Trends in the development of conversational style of speech. Specifics of Russian speech etiquette 13
Conclusion 15
Literature 16

Introduction
Democratic processes in our society over the past 15 years have led to the destruction of censorship, an increase in the personal element in speech, and the expansion of the sphere of spontaneous communication, not only personal, but also oral public. This allowed the speaker to freely express his position and show individuality, as a result of which elements of colloquial speech began to penetrate into the texts of journalistic and official business styles. The anthropocentric view of language, established today in the communicative concept of language, is based on the perception of man as the central figure of language, both as the person speaking and as the main character of the world about which he speaks.
Thanks to the view of a person as a subject of speech activity, it became significant to clarify the position of the speaker in the selection of speech means.
All of the above makes the stated topic relevant.
Oral speech– this is spoken speech, it is created in the process of conversation. It is characterized by verbal improvisation and some linguistic features:
1) freedom in choosing vocabulary;
2) use of simple sentences;
3) the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds;
4) repetitions;
5) incompleteness of expression of thought.
The oral form comes in two varieties:
1) colloquial speech;
2) codified speech.
Colloquial speech allows ease of communication; informality of relationships between speakers; unprepared speech; use of nonverbal means of communication (gestures and facial expressions); the ability to change the roles of speaker and listener. Conversational speech has its own norms, which each speaker must adhere to.
Codified speech is used in formal areas of communication (at conferences, meetings, etc.).
The mutual relationship between the literary language and colloquial speech was rightly defined by M. Gorky, pointing out that the division of a language into folk and literary means only that in one case it means a “raw” language, and in the other - processed by masters.
So, the needs for language as a means of communication are not the same in the field of literary activity and in the everyday sphere. The specifics of colloquial speech are to be revealed in this work.
The work consists of an introduction, three paragraphs revealing the main content, a conclusion and a list of references.

General characteristics of colloquial speech

Colloquial speech is spontaneous literary speech, implemented in informal situations with the direct participation of speakers based on pragmatic conditions of communication.
The conversational style is contrasted with book styles in general. This determines its special place in the system of functional varieties of the Russian literary language. Conversational style is the most traditional communication style.
The famous Russian psychologist and linguist N.I. Zhinkin once remarked: “Paradoxical as it may seem, I think that linguists have been studying the silent person for a long time” 1. And he was absolutely right. For a long time it was believed that they speak the same or approximately the same way as they write. Only in the 60s. our century, when it became possible to record spoken speech using tape recorders and this speech came fully into the field of view of linguists, it turned out that existing codifications were not entirely suitable for the linguistic understanding of spoken speech. So what is colloquial speech?
The conversational style is characterized by mass use. It is used by people of all ages, of all professions, not only in everyday life, but also in informal, personal communication in the socio-political, industrial, labor, educational and scientific spheres of activity. It is widely represented in fiction. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the modern Russian language. This is the original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of a later (often even historically recent) period.
Colloquial speech as a special functional variety of language, and accordingly as a special object of linguistic research, is characterized by three extralinguistic, external to the language, signs or components (see Figure 1). The most important feature of colloquial speech is its spontaneity , unpreparedness. If, when creating even such simple written texts as, for example, a friendly letter, not to mention complex texts such as a scientific paper, each statement is thought out, many “difficult” texts are first written in rough form, then a spontaneous text does not require this kind of operation. The spontaneous creation of a colloquial text explains why neither linguists, nor even native speakers of the language, noticed its great differences from codified texts: linguistic colloquial features are not realized, are not fixed by consciousness, unlike codified linguistic indicators. This fact is interesting. When native speakers are presented with their own colloquial statements for normative assessment, such as “House of Shoes” how to get there? (codified version of How to get to the “House of Shoes”), then often these assessments are negative: “This is a mistake,” “They don’t say that,” although for conversational dialogues such a statement is more than usual.

Rice. 1. Components of a speaking situation 2
The second distinctive feature of colloquial speech is that conversational communication is possible only with unofficial relationships between speakers.
And finally, the third feature of colloquial speech is that it can only be realized with the direct participation of speakers . Such participation of speakers in communication is obvious in dialogical communication, but even in communication when one of the interlocutors speaks mainly (cf. the genre of a colloquial story), the other interlocutor does not remain passive; He. so to speak, has the right, in contrast to the conditions for the implementation of a monologue official speech, to constantly “interfere” in communication, whether by agreeing or disagreeing with what is said in the form of remarks Yes, Of course, Okay, No, Well, or simply demonstrating his participation in communication interjections like Uh-huh, the real sound of which is difficult to convey in writing. The following observation is noteworthy in this regard: if you talk on the phone for a long time and do not receive any confirmation from the other end that you are being listened to - at least in the form of Uh-huh - then you begin to worry whether they are listening to you at all, interrupting themselves with remarks like can you hear me? Hello, and the like 3.
The situation of colloquial speech consists of specific components , which determine the speaker’s choice of the spoken variety of language.
In addition to the three listed components of the situation, there are additional components that also influence the choice and construction of spoken language. These include: 1) the number of speakers and the genre of speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue); 2) conditions for speech; 3) reliance on the extra-linguistic situation; 4) the presence of common everyday experience, general preliminary information among the interlocutors 4.
Let's look at these components.
1. Number of speakers is defined this way: one, two, more than two. In accordance with this, the following are distinguished: genres colloquial speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue. The named genres have their own specifics.
Distinctive feature monologue in colloquial speech – its dialogical nature, i.e. addressed to the listener, who can interrupt the narrator, ask him a question, agree with him or object to him at any moment. Compare: in monologue types of speech of a bookish literary language, it is not customary to interrupt the speaker (speaker, lecturer, orator at a meeting).
Dialogue - the main genre of colloquial speech. It is characterized by a frequent change of roles “speaker – listener”, so that the interlocutors alternately act in one or another role. In real colloquial speech, monologue and dialogue are usually presented not in their pure form, but in intersecting forms: dialogue can contain elements of a monologue (micro-stories, mini-monologues), and a monologue can be interrupted by remarks from the interlocutors.
For polylogue colloquial speech is characterized by a mixture of different topics (mixed topics), since often each of the interlocutors speaks about his own, “leads his own party.” In a polylogue, different forms of interaction between speakers are possible. For example, the interlocutor can interrupt one topic of conversation (leave his partner) and interject into the remarks of other participants in the polylogue, he can conduct a conversation by participating in two or more topics at once, etc.
It should be noted that diversity of topics can also be characteristic of dialogue, i.e. speakers can easily switch from one topic to another. For example, at home, two people talk at breakfast about work (first topic) and breakfast (second topic):
A: Who are you on duty with? / Is he young?
B: One and a half to two years younger than me.
A: Would you like some more cabbage?
B: I don’t want cabbage./ He’s leaving us./ Because he was invited to another institute.
2. Conditions for speech are divided into contact(personal conversation) and distant(conversation at a distance, for example on the phone). During a contact conversation, interlocutors can use gestures and facial expressions as means of transmitting information; with distance communication, only one communication channel is used - auditory.
3. Reliance on extra-linguistic situation - one of the striking features of colloquial speech. The extra-linguistic situation, that is, the immediate setting of speech in which communication takes place, is usually called constitution. In conditions of casual communication, conversational speech is often structured in such a way that constitution and speech form a unity, a single act of communication. The constitution determines the ellipticity of speech and increases the role of pronouns. For example:
(A woman inspects her boots before leaving home) Which should I wear something (about boots)? Here these whether? Or here these? Not raw? (feels) I don’t think so //
The speaker uses pronouns, word boots She doesn’t use, but from the situation everyone understands what we’re talking about.
4. Availability of general preliminary information , the general everyday experience of interlocutors is an important condition for constructing conversational speech.
The commonality of everyday life can be due to both long-term acquaintance of the participants in the dialogue, their extensive (often many years) joint communication with each other, and short-term experience that is important only for this conversation. This allows speakers not to name, not to explain, to leave verbally unexpressed. For example:

A: Tanechka/little one!

B (angrily): I haven’t gone yet.

The meaning of this dialogue is clear only to the participants in the dialogue: A asks B for a book that she was supposed to borrow from the library.
An indicator of what a big role in verbal communication is played by joint everyday experience, knowledge of the interlocutors of the pre-situation, is that in response to the same laconic (but typical for Russian colloquial speech) question So how? Completely different answers may be obtained: Five!(if you passed the exam); Getting better!(if someone was sick); Had arrived!(if someone should come); Unanimously!(if someone defended a dissertation); Warm!(if a person went swimming and reports what kind of water is in the sea).
The main, if not the only, form of implementation of spoken language is the oral form. Only notes and other similar genres can be classified as the written form of colloquial speech. So, while sitting at a meeting, you can write to your friend Shall we leave? - and given the conditions of this situation and the corresponding background knowledge (you need to be on time somewhere), it will be clear what we are talking about. There is an opinion that all the features of colloquial speech are generated not by the conditions of its implementation (spontaneity, informality, direct contact between speakers), but rather by the oral form. In other words, it is believed that unreadable official public oral texts (report, lecture, radio conversation, etc.) are constructed in the same way as informal spontaneous ones.
The famous researcher of oral texts O. A. Lapteva, who owns the version about orality as the leading feature of uncodified texts, rightly notes the special, unknown to written texts, nature of the division of any oral unreadable texts (see Table 1):
Table 1. Features of oral unreadable text 5

Fragment of an oral lecture

Its written form after editing

Uh // how / after / how / the phenomenon / of incommensurability / of two segments / was discovered / in the Pythagorean school / uh-this / in-in mathematics// a very serious crisis arose // From the point of view of mathematics / of that time / on the one hand / everything had to be measured by numbers / and thus / e / the presence / of two / of two segments / that cannot be compared / resulted / from the non-existence of one of them /on the other side / it was and was clear / what is clear / absolutely clear / and obvious I previously seemed / abstraction / as we say a square / or an isosceles right triangle / uh / completely I uh / well / they can’t stand / / well here / can’t stand it // well, they turn out to be non-existent // in a sense, they turn out to be non-existent //.

After the phenomenon of incommensurability of two segments was discovered in the Pythagorean school, a very serious crisis arose in mathematics. From the point of view of mathematics of that time, on the one hand, everything had to be measured by numbers, and, thus, from the presence of segments that could not be compared, the non-existence of one of them followed, and on the other hand, it was clear that such a previously seemingly perfect a clear and obvious abstraction, like, say, a square or an isosceles right triangle, in a sense, turns out to be non-existent.

However, when translating them onto a codified written basis, authentic spoken texts require not editing, but translation (see Table 2):
Table 2. Features of spoken text 6

Spoken uncodified text

Written codified translation

You know / this is industrial training // Sasha is just great // He’s on this / some kind of radio // Our transistor has gone bad // He took everything out and shook it out // I think I well! And he did // Everything // He speaks and plays //

Industrial training gives a lot in practical terms (it gives a lot to a person, it’s very useful). Sasha works in radio (radio specialist at a radio company). And he achieved great success. For example, our transistor has gone bad. He took it all apart. I thought that he wouldn’t be able to put it together (that he broke it). And he collected everything and fixed it. And the receiver now works properly.

It is easy to see that in the translated text only the meaning is preserved, while the grammatical and lexical basis of the original and the translation are completely different.
So, from the point of view of linguistic features, one should distinguish between oral codified and uncodified spoken texts. According to the opinion of most experts, we can classify only the latter as conversational style in its pure form.

2. Linguistic features of spoken language

The spontaneity of colloquial speech, its great differences from codified speech, lead to the fact that colloquial texts recorded in writing, one way or another, leave native speakers with the impression of some disorder; much in these texts is perceived as verbal carelessness or simply as a mistake. This happens precisely because colloquial speech is assessed from the standpoint of codified instructions. In fact, it has its own norms, which cannot and should not be assessed as non-normative.
Conversational norm - this is something that is constantly used in the speech of native speakers of a literary language and is not perceived during spontaneous perception of speech as an error - “does not hurt the ear.”
The norms of colloquial speech have one important feature. They are not strictly obligatory in the sense that a general literary norm can be used in place of a colloquial one, and this does not violate the colloquial status of the text.
Let us consider the manifestation of the norms of colloquial speech at various levels of the language system.

Intonation and pronunciation. In everyday conversation, for which the oral form is primordial, intonation plays an extremely important role. In interaction with syntax and vocabulary, it creates the impression of conversationality. Casual speech is often accompanied by sharp increases and decreases in tone, prolongation, “stretching” of vowels, prolongation of consonants, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech, as well as its rhythm.

Vocabulary of colloquial speech. Everyday colloquial vocabulary is words that are accepted in everyday life, including: 1) significant neutrals (time, business, work, person, house, hand, go, red, rain) and 2) non-significant (such, that means, in general, here; what, how, where, when, yes, no), often acting as a means of semantic connection or highlighting statements.

The vocabulary of everyday conversation, in addition to neutral ones, includes words that are characterized by expressiveness and evaluativeness. Among them: words colloquial and vernacular colors (excites, wretched, living creature, blond, crazy, infuriate).
Colloquial speech is also characterized by words with situational meaning, the so-called situational vocabulary. These words can denote any concepts, and even entire situations, if they are well known to the participants in the dialogue ( thing, thing, carousel, music, parsley, bandura, business, question, trifles, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, pies, toys). For example: I just can't figure this thing out! i.e.: “I just can’t understand how (TV, vacuum cleaner, washing machine) works.”
The main signs of colloquialism in the area word formation are:
1) the use of words with suffixes of pronounced expressiveness, emotionality, stylistic decline, for example:
-l (liar), -ash- (trader), -un- (chatterbox), -ushch- (huge), -ast- (armed), -sha- (doctor), -ikh-a (watchman);
2) widespread use of words formed according to specific conversational models of “semantic contraction” (abbreviation), i.e. combining two or more words into one: evening newspaper - evening; urgent Care - ambulance; foreign literature course – abroad: higher mathematics – tower; graduate work - diploma.

Phraseology of colloquial speech . The everyday conversational style is characterized by an abundance of colloquial phraseology. These are: a) stable speech patterns from everyday speech: on bare feet, to be sure; b) jargon phrases: cut like a nut, hatchet work, green street, put a paw on; c) phrases borrowed from scientific terminology: go downhill and etc.

Colloquial speech uses phraseological units as ready-made and integral semantic units of language, for example: There was a fracture in the arm/ gives know yourself sometimes.
In colloquial speech, the synonymy of phraseological units is widely developed: I don’t even kick you in the teeth = I don’t know anything about it = I don’t know boom-boom.

Morphology of spoken speech .

1. Morphological features of everyday colloquial speech are manifested primarily in the very set of parts of speech. Thus, we can note the absence in colloquial speech of participles and gerunds, short adjectives (in their syntactic contrast to full ones), a decrease in the proportion of nouns, and an increase in the proportion of particles.
2. Colloquial speech is no less unique in the distribution of case forms. For example, the predominance of the nominative case is considered typical: Shoe House/ where to get off? Porridge/ look // Isn’t it burnt?
3. The presence of a special vocative form is noted: Roll! Mom!
4. Unlike the book styles of the literary language, many words naming a substance can be used in the sense of “a portion of this substance”: two milk, two Ryazhenka
5. In colloquial speech, truncated versions of function words, conjunctions and particles are widely used: so, what, so, at least, as well as truncated versions of nouns: five kilogram orange (Right: kilograms of oranges).
Pronouns in colloquial speech. Pronouns very popular in modern colloquial speech. Being insignificant words, i.e. words without lexical meaning, they, like a sponge, absorb various meanings, playing one role or another. The word sounds significant in the mouths of modern youth something, which, depending on the situation, can exhibit positive or negative shades of meaning:
- Well? Have you talked to her?
- This something! (the conversation was unsuccessful)
- Well, did you like the film?
- This something! (a very good movie)
– I saw his sister. This something(strange girl, extravagant, unlike anyone else).
The pronoun can act as a form of alienation, reluctance to communicate. This role is especially pronounced in modern oral speech. Words no way, nothing, somehow, someday become an obstacle in conversation between people. It’s as if a person is delineating the border of his world, not wanting to let anyone into it:
- Can I help you?
- Yes, I am somehow... (I don't need your help.)
– Somehow come in. We will be glad.
- Thank you, somehow let's go in. (A vague, non-specific form of polite etiquette invitation, after which people may not see each other for years.)
A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is also the use of the pronoun We when asking (a question) to one person. This is most likely how a doctor will address a patient during a round in the hospital, or an adult will address a child. We in meaning You - the appeal of the strong to the weak, the loving to the beloved:
- How We how are we feeling?
– We Are you already awake?
– We still angry?
“Game” with personal pronouns is a striking feature of Russian speech, introducing many semantic shades into it. In particular, the pronoun You It can be a manifestation of friendly feelings, love, familiarity, or a contemptuous and even insulting attitude. It all depends on who the interlocutor is addressing and in what situation, and what cultural environment the interlocutors belong to. For example, in a village, unlike in a city, it is more common to call You, on the other hand, parents are addressed respectfully You. Sometimes You acts as a sign of trust or belonging to the same “caste”, a group bound by common interests (for example, speaking in You motorists). On You Small children address everyone, since they have not yet had time to master etiquette rules. You more typical for male than female communication.

Syntax of spoken language. The colloquial syntax is very unique. The above conditions for the implementation of colloquial speech (unpreparedness of the statement, ease of verbal communication, influence of the situation) have a particular impact on its syntactic structure. The main syntactic features of the colloquial style of speech include 7:

1) the predominance of simple sentences;
2) widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
3) the use of words-sentences ( Yes. No.);
4) the use of incomplete sentences on a large scale, the so-called “chopped speech” ( This dress/nowhere. No/well, nothing at all/if with a belt);
5) in the syntactic structure of conversational speech, pauses are allowed due to various reasons (searching for the right word, the speaker’s excitement, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.), repeated questions, repetitions.
The named syntactic features in combination with expressive vocabulary create a special, unique flavor of colloquial speech:
A: Are you cold? B: Not at all!; A: Did you get your feet wet again? B: But of course! What a rain!; A: How interesting it was! B: Lovely!-,
etc.................