Words denoting the characteristics of an object and answering the questions “which?” and “whose?” in Russian they are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, an adjective cannot exist at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in a sentence and can even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(Which?) old man– adj. and sat (who?) blind– noun).
Accordingly, with a change in the defined word, the dependent word will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic characteristics. This is expressed by endings. Adjectives always have the same gender, number and case as the noun with which they are related in meaning.
Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the ending of an adjective, you should:
What are quality adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.
Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form. h., and for the masculine gender - in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful ones(what?) shoes and I see handsome ones(which?) girls).
The categories of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, typically when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative in case fox(which one? What is it made of?) fur coat, and the relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what kind? i.e. strong) patience.
And finally, there are some special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) Gross Net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchangeable and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).
Some qualitative adjectives have modern language There are only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also unchangeable.
Thanks to this amazing part of speech, the language gains expressiveness and brightness; without it, our speech would not be so colorful and rich. defines an object by its characteristics and affiliation. They ask him questions: “Which one?” which? which? which ones?”, and it also answers the questions “whose?” whose? whose? whose?"
In a sentence, an adjective is usually associated with nouns and pronouns. This part of speech is always dependent on them. This connection will tell us how to determine the case. Cases in Russian: nominative, followed by genitive, then dative, followed by accusative, then instrumental, and then prepositional. It is easy to find out the endings of adjectives by case if you ask them a question from the part of speech on which they depend. Usually the ending that appears in the question is the same as that of the adjective.
Changing adjectives by case depends on the number and gender of this part of speech. And here you need to remember two things. Firstly, adjectives can be changed by gender only when they are in the singular. Secondly, they can be changed by numbers. Let's look at both theses with examples.
Let’s take the phrase “noun + adjective in the singular” and see how the ending of the adjective changes in different genders. The gender of an adjective always has the same gender as the noun to which it refers.
Adjectives vary freely in numbers. In the singular, they denote a characteristic of one object or group of objects and answer the questions “which, which, which?” For example: smart question, wide road, gentle sun, cheerful team, large gathering, noisy crowd.
In names, adjectives denote many objects, answering the question “which?” For example: big hopes, small disappointments. As you can see, the number of an adjective depends on the number of the noun with which it is associated.
To determine this moment, you can follow a simple algorithm. First you need to ask a question from a noun to an adjective.
If the question is “which?”, you need to check whether the ending is stressed. If yes, then we write -oh, if not, then we write -y(s).
If a question from a noun sounds like “whose?”, then you should write -y at the end
If you can only ask questions from a noun to an adjective, then you should write the same ending that sounds in the question (taking into account the hard and soft declension). Let's consider the last statement in more detail.
Let us now get acquainted with the peculiarities of declension of adjectives by case. This information will help you figure out how to determine the case of an adjective in each specific case.
These are singular adjectives that are feminine. They tend like this:
Note that the endings of adjectives coincide in four cases: genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional.
These are singular adjectives that are masculine. They tend like this:
These are singular adjectives in the neuter gender. They bow like this.
Here we see that in all three groups the answer to the question of how to determine the case of an adjective comes down to one thing - it is recognized by the case of the noun on which the adjective depends.
These are adjectives that are in plural. Let's say the following about them:
Note that in this group the adjectives have similar endings in the genitive, accusative (if they refer to animate nouns), and prepositional cases.
If it is difficult to figure out whether a noun (and its dependent adjective) is used in the nominative or accusative case, you should look at it. If a noun in a sentence acts as the subject, then it has a nominative case. The cases of adjectives will be the same. If the noun is minor member sentence, then it is used in the accusative case. Therefore, adjectives will have the same case.
We looked at how to determine the case of an adjective and made sure that it is not at all difficult.
Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of relationships between the two forms and provides illustrative examples for securing the material.
In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:
Complete and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.
Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:
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Let's reveal the secret of the ending options -y, ee. To do this, you need to determine what sound the stem of the adjective ends with. A stem is a part of a word without an ending.
Roads are happy, sad,
Now near, now far,
Both light and thick,
Winding, mountainous.(S. Mikhalkov)
(Tough means smooth, even)
In words funny, sad, rough, winding, mountainous the stem ends with a hard sound l, n, T.
In words near, far, light the stem ends in a soft consonant n", To" .
If the stem of an adjective ends in a hard sound, the ending is written: е.
If the stem ends in a soft sound, the ending is different: ie.
There are exception words. Let's find them in riddles.
In the summer they are fresh and green in the garden, and in the winter they are salted in a barrel.(Cucumbers)
When she looks into the garden,
The grapes will become more transparent,
Big apples are redder
And late pears taste better.(Autumn) (I. Kulskaya)
Fresh, large, green, salty - the stem ends in a hard consonant, but write zhi-shi with the letter I, so the ending is written -ee.
Late - the stem ends in a soft consonant, ending -i. Another spelling is an unpronounceable consonant sound, a test word to be late.
Let's select adjectives and write them down, following the commands for nouns.
Birds of paradise.
Bird feathers…,…. , …., ….. In shape they are…. : some - ..., others - .... with tassels on the wings, the third - .... Legs …. and..., because they live in trees. …. birds!
Information desk: yellow, orange, green, black, unusual, wide, narrow, fluffy, strong, tenacious, fabulous. (see Fig. 2)
Birds of paradise.
Bird feathers (what?) are yellow, orange, green, black. They are (what?) unusual in shape: some are wide, others are narrow with tassels on the wings, and others are fluffy. Legs (what kind?) are strong and tenacious, because they live in trees. Fairytale birds!
People admiring the beauty birds of paradise, are often surprised by their croaking. But there is nothing surprising: these birds are close relatives of our common crow.
What nouns can be used with an adjective? delicious?
vermicelli
orange
Delicious oranges, zucchini, candies, cucumbers, pies, salads.
Nouns from the first column do not change by number. Nouns bread, butter, milk, jam, chocolate, vermicelli have a singular form.
Fun guys.
In distant... times in Rus' there lived cheerful... people - amusements. Holidays, folk celebrations would not be complete without these people. Buffoons staged puppet shows right on the streets. Friendly gangs could be seen in villages and cities. The amuse-bouches carried multi-colored balls... and boxes of carvings..., mummers walked nearby... goats and bears on chains. The musicians carried their musical instruments.(According to I. Nikitina)
What times? distant people, what kind of people? merry, what kind of festivities? What folk ideas? What kind of puppet gangs (these are noisy crowds)? friendly, what kind of balls? What kind of multi-colored boxes are they? carved, what kind of goats? mummers, what instruments? musical.
Matryoshka.
Matryoshka is a (wooden) doll. (Russian) masters endowed the nesting dolls with beauty. The nesting doll has a (ruddy) face, (blue) eyes, (scarlet) lips, (sable) eyebrows. The (dressy) shawl and (bright) dress complement the beauty of the toy. (Russian) matryoshka is the (best) gift.
What doll(s) is it? wooden, unit, liquid
What kind of masters? Russians, plural
What is the face like? ruddy, singular, average
What are the eyes like? blue, plural
What kind of sponges? scarlet, plural
What eyebrows? sable, plural
What kind of shawl is it? elegant, singular, female
What kind of dress is it? bright, singular, average
What is Matryoshka (she)? Russian, singular, female
What is the gift? best, singular, m.r.
Matryoshka.
Matryoshka is a wooden doll. Russian craftsmen endowed the nesting dolls with beauty. The nesting doll has a ruddy face, blue eyes, scarlet lips, and sable eyebrows. An elegant shawl and a bright dress complement the beauty of the toy. Russian matryoshka is the best gift.
Put adjectives in the required form. Determine the number of adjectives and gender in the singular.
Tundra in summer.
The multicolored summer tundra. On the melt water there is a motley... of birds. There are bright flowers on the hummocks. The deer lie lazily, well fed. Their branches... horns against the golden sunset are like a fabulous... bone forest. And there is endless silence all around.(According to N. Sladkov)
Tundra in summer.
The summer (what?) tundra is multicolored (l.r.ed.h.). On the melt water there are colorful (what?) birds (plural). On the hummocks there are bright (what?) flowers (plural). Well-fed (what?) deer lie lazily (plural). Their branchy (what?) horns (plural) against the golden sunset are like a fabulous (what?) bone forest (plural). And there is endless (what?) silence all around. (l.r.ed.h.) (According to N. Sladkov)
During the lesson, you learned that a plural adjective always has the same command - which ones? The adjective, obeying this command, is used in the plural. Adjectives in the plural do not differ in gender, since the endings are always the same: -y or ee.
fast... rivers
far away... mountains
fragrant... lilies of the valley
mighty... pine trees
rarely... forest
autumn...mushrooms
Friendly team - …
Friendly family - …
Friendly link -...
City Park - …
Town Square - …
City building -…
Walk of Chuk and Gek.
The children walked to the spring along a narrow... path. A cold light shone above them... blue sky. How fabulous... castles, high... cliffs rose to the sky. In frosty... curious magpies chirped sharply in the silence. Gray... brambling... squirrels were jumping between the cedar branches.
Discharge is the only constant morphological feature this part of speech. There are three categories of adjectives:
Most qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form vary according to number and gender. Short adjectives are not inflected; in a sentence they are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of attribute, and adjectives that are part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very and have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) or compound (consists of two words): the harder, the quietest.
Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with the adverb very, and do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives vary by case, number and gender (singular).
To assign an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.
The boundaries of the lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives are flexible. Thus, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive), dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.
Gender, case and number of the adjective depend on relevant characteristics noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition in relation to the noun; their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.
The declension of adjectives includes changes in numbers, and in the singular - also in cases and genders.
The form of an adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.
Short adjectives change only by gender and number.
The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, but are the same in other forms.
There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:
Masculine adjectives in -Ouch bow in the same way as on th, but always have stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.
The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in a number of cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - bel[ъвъ], letn-him - letn[въ].
Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:
Hard declension of adjectives
Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant are inclined according to the hard type, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, dear, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n y. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: Not big, and prefix-suffix ways: under water n y. Adjectives are also formed in a complex suffix way: flax O seed peeler identifiable. Adjectives can also be formed by combining two stems: pale pink, three-year-old.
Most often, participles become adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( He's not much of an artist).
Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, become nouns: Russian, military.
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