Nuclear powered tank. Weapon of the Apocalypse: Atomic Tank. What is the history of the creation of atomic tanks?

Subject cold war and the confrontation between the two superpowers has recently become one of the most discussed in the world media. First, the Americans announced the rearmament of their strategic forces and the creation of low-power nuclear charges. And then Russia showed the world several impressive developments at once, including a real “weapon of the apocalypse” - an unmanned underwater vehicle at a nuclear installation.

Experts are talking about a new round of the arms race, although both countries deny it. However, projects conceived in anticipation nuclear war in the middle of the last century, they simply acquired some kind of ominous relevance.

A hypersonic glider attacking the enemy from space, missiles on a nuclear installation - all this was conceived back in the USSR, when the military was expecting a missile attack at any moment.

During this harsh time, the "Object 279" was conceived and tested - a heavy soviet tank, which was supposed to break through enemy defenses after nuclear bombings. The Soviet command rightly believed that it would not be possible to win the war with bombs and missiles alone.

The vehicle, preserved in a single copy in the museum in Kubinka, looks more like a flying saucer on four tracks than a traditional tank. And there is a simple explanation for this: the elliptical shape was supposed to protect the car from waves nuclear explosion.

The level of protection of the tank is amazing: the thickness of some sections of the cast armor reaches 319 millimeters. In addition, the car was protected by anti-fragmentation and anti-explosive screens. "Two hundred and seventy-nine" could withstand hits from a 122-mm armor-piercing projectile, not to mention a 90-mm cumulative one.

To prevent the tank from turning into a block of iron that cannot be moved, the thickness of the armor was varied. In some places it is only 50 mm, in others it is six times more. All armor consists of four armored elements. According to experts, the Object 279 is twice as protected as the T-10 heavy tank and five times better than the T-34.

Moreover, the “nuclear tank” weighs the same as the heavy IS-4 from the Great Patriotic War - 60 tons. A thousand-horsepower diesel engine accelerates the car on the highway to 55 km/h. And in terms of cross-country ability, thanks to its four tracks, the vehicle can give odds to any modern tank.

The specific gravity on the ground at the “plate” is only 0.6 kg per centimeter, like light tank. The car had to drive through the crater of a nuclear explosion, through loosened soil, mud, swamps and rubble. Judging by the tests, the "Object 279" coped, but it had problems with maneuverability due to its four tracks. To turn, tankers had to expend a lot of effort, and this took a colossal amount of time.

It was assumed that these vehicles would be the first to pass, followed by more maneuverable medium tanks. “Object 279” was supposed to appear in the ashes of a nuclear explosion and finish off the surviving enemy, paving the way for the rest. To break through the defense, the vehicle was armed with a 130-mm cannon with a loading mechanism. The gun's rate of fire is up to five rounds per minute, a decent figure for modern tank. The fire control system was also advanced for those times: an optical rangefinder, an automatic guidance and night vision complex, an infrared searchlight. A real "Armata" from the 1960s.

As a second weapon, the Object 279 was equipped with a 14.5-mm Vladimirov machine gun with a semi-automatic loading mechanism, mechanized stowage and a stereoscopic sight. Quite a decent boost.

Since the vehicle had to operate in conditions of radioactive contamination, it was equipped with chemical, biological and anti-nuclear protection for the crew. A special system created excess pressure in the tank and prevented contaminated air from getting inside. It was believed that the tank could have passed through the epicenter immediately after the explosion, without really stopping there.

But, fortunately, it was not possible to test this in practice. A total of three Object 279 tanks were built, after which Nikita Khrushchev canceled the project, although the vehicle was successfully tested. The USSR finally concentrated on medium tanks, which, due to their characteristics, began to step on the heels of heavy ones, and weighed much less. In addition, building a "nuclear tank" was too expensive due to complex armor and mechanics. Finally, there came a “thaw” and a long-term détente in relations between Moscow and Washington.

But now it’s simply a sin not to remember about the car, especially since there is nothing like it in Russia’s arsenal. Will the T-90 or the Armata cope with such specific combat missions? It’s unlikely, although in a normal battle they will be much better.

Modern "Armata" weighs 48 tons with an engine power of 1 thousand 500 Horse power. Highway speed is about 80 km/h. Maneuverability is simply incredible, judging by the demonstration videos. The crew in the T-14 is much more comfortable; the vehicle is equipped with active and dynamic protection systems. But how will all this work in a nuclear war? Perhaps the 30-centimeter protection of the “279” will become much more effective than all these advanced electronic systems that will simply stop functioning. After a nuclear explosion, no one will run around with Javelins, and flying airplanes and helicopters will also become extremely dangerous. "Project-279" in an unmanned version could well become a kind of "machine of the apocalypse", slowly and steadily moving into the territory of a bloodless enemy.

We have already written about the most big tanks, guns and ships. But everything is not enough for us. It turns out that there were tanks, guns and ships even larger than the largest ones, but they did not go into production. That won't stop us from learning about them.

Nikolay Polikarpov

The most, the most, the most

Once upon a time there lived a king of Sweden, Gustav II Adolf, in the 17th century. And he ordered to build a warship, and not just a simple one, but the largest and most powerful in the Baltic - to the fear of his enemies. The shipbuilders got down to business, but the king himself wanted to indicate the dimensions of the future flagship: “Higher the stern, more luxurious carved decoration! Make the hull narrower, the masts higher and the sails larger. The royal ship must be the fastest!"

It is dangerous to argue with kings. “Yes, Your Majesty,” said the builders. "And guns, more guns! “Yes,” said the builders.

Everyone knows the ending of this story: a huge luxurious ship named “Vaza” capsized and sank on August 10, 1628 in front of the entire city. He drowned on his first voyage, immediately upon leaving Stockholm harbor from the pier near the royal palace. “Vase” was excellent in all respects, but had only one drawback: instability.

steel rat

Something like this always happens when you want to do the “best” combat vehicle, and the engineer follows the lead of the military man. For example, the Germans. Well, the same ones that the “Wunderwaffe” built everything, but never built. After Germany's attack on the USSR, Soviet heavy KV tanks became an unpleasant surprise for Hitler's generals.

The problem was that the guns of the German tanks did not penetrate their armor, nor did the anti-tank guns. The only one effective means turned out to be difficult against HF anti-aircraft guns 8.8 cm caliber, while our tanks with their 76 mm cannon could easily deal with any armored enemy that was in sight.

Based on the results of studying captured KVs, the generals of the Third Reich immediately declared: “We want the same one, only with thicker armor and a larger gun.” Thus, in 1941, the history of a super-heavy tank began, called Ratte, that is, “Rat”. The name echoes the name of another German tank, also created under the impression of the mighty Soviet cars, - the well-known Sd.Kfz. 205 Maus - “Mouse”. “Mouse” weighed almost 189 tons, and “Rat”, as it should be, should have been somewhat larger. The full name of this giant is Landkreuzer P. 1000 (land cruiser weighing 1000 tons).

It’s funny that one of the creators of the “Rats” project in the bowels of the Krupp concern was engineer Edward Grotte, who from the early 1930s worked in the USSR to create projects experienced tanks, and then returned home and served the Fuhrer. True, it served specifically. The fact is that he also proposed to the leadership of our country to build armored monsters, but domestic technical specialists sensibly assessed their prospects and refused to realize such sweet dreams.

Well, Hitler fell for the spotlight. The giant's sketches were presented to Hitler on June 23, 1942 and captured his imagination so much that he allowed the project to be prepared for embodiment in metal. Of course, a tank 35 m long, 14 m wide and 11 m high would carry armor with a thickness of 150 to 400 mm! Protection worthy of an ocean battleship!

The tank was also supposed to be armed according to naval standards: ship tower with a pair of 283-mm Shiffs Rfnobe SK C/34 naval guns weighing 48 tons each and a barrel length of about 15 m. Such guns were installed on “pocket battleships” of the Scharnhorst class. Armor-piercing projectile the gun weighed 336 kg, and the high-explosive one - 315 kg.

If such a gift hit any tank or even a concrete field fortification, it would lead to the unequivocal destruction of the target. At maximum angle elevation of the gun barrel and a full charge, the projectile flew 40 km, so the tank could fire at the enemy not only without entering the return fire zone, but generally from beyond the horizon! The SK C/34 guns made it possible to use the “Rat” even in coastal defense to fire at heavy enemy ships - the tank would talk almost on an equal footing with cruisers and battleships.

But that is not all. If some nimble enemy tank had crept close to the giant, then to repel its feeble attacks there would also have been a heavy tank in reserve. anti-tank gun KwK 44 L/55 with a caliber of 12.8 cm (an armament option with a pair of such guns was also considered). Its weaker 88-mm predecessor was armed with the famous German tank destroyers Jagdpanther and Ferdinand.

It was supposed to fight off air raids with eight 20-mm anti-aircraft guns Flak 38, and against any mechanical small fry, various armored personnel carriers and infantry, if by some miracle it reaches the armored fortress, with two automatic 15-mm Mauser MG151/15 aircraft cannons.

The designers also did not forget about the retribution for all the mentioned miracles of the “gloomy German genius”: the mass was 1000 tons! Therefore, to prevent the machine from falling into the ground, the tracks had to be 3.5 m wide each (today these can be seen on huge mining excavators). The tank was supposed to be propelled by either two 24-cylinder MAN V12Z32/44 marine diesel engines for submarines with a power of 8400 hp. each, or as many as eight also marine 20-cylinder Daimler-Benz MB501 diesel engines with a power of 2000 hp, which were used on torpedo boats.

In any case, the total power of the power plant would be about 16,000 hp, which would allow the “Rat” to move at speeds of up to 40 km/h. Can you imagine a mass of 1000 tons rushing at such a speed? Here you don’t even need a gun - it will simply blow away any obstacle by inertia and not be noticed. Fuel in tanks... But in which tanks? In on-board tanks! So, there should have been enough fuel for 190 km of travel.

No bridge across the river could support the weight of the Rat. For this reason, the tank had to overcome water obstacles under its own power along the bottom, for which the designers made its hull sealable, equipped with a snorkel for supplying air from the surface and means for pumping out water. The colossus had to be controlled by a crew of 21-36 people, who would have at their disposal a bathroom, rooms for rest and storage of supplies, and even a “garage” for a pair of liaison and reconnaissance BMW R12 motorcycles.

At the end of December 1942, the project was generally ready and submitted to the Reich Minister of the Reich Ministry of Armaments and Ammunition, Albert Speer, for a decision on building a prototype. But at the beginning of 1943, he decided not to build the Rat. The reasons are clear: firstly, it is too expensive in war conditions. Secondly, combat effectiveness is extremely doubtful.

Of course, not a single anti-tank gun and not even a single heavy weapon the tank probably would not have been harmed, but a couple of successfully dropped armor-piercing bombs (and it is difficult to miss a sedentary target of this size) would have guaranteed to destroy it. In addition, not a single road would have survived after the “Rat” moved along it, and moving the colossus over rough terrain would require preliminary engineering preparation of its path.

crush with mass

But do you think the imagination of the designers of the Krupp concern stopped at a tank of 1000 tons? Nothing happened. Also in December 1942, an even more ambitious self-propelled project appeared. artillery installation weighing 1500 tons! The vehicle was called Landkreuzer P. 1500 Monster and was intended to mount an 807 mm gun from the same Krupp.

This gun itself deserves attention. Initially, it was developed in 1936 on the orders of Hitler to destroy the French fortifications of the Maginot Line, but the Wehrmacht dealt with France anyway, and the first giant Dora gun was built in 1941. At the same time, they assembled the second one, which was named in honor of the owner of the company and the president of the Adolf Hitler Foundation, Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach Krupp - “ Fat Gustav"(Schwerer Gustav). The giants were mounted on huge railway carriages, which were moved by locomotives along two parallel rail tracks at once, the length of which at the position should have been about five kilometers. 250 crew members and 2,500 additional personnel participated in servicing the giant.

It took 54 hours to prepare the selected position and assemble the gun after its units arrived by separate trains. Five trains with 106 cars were needed to deliver the disassembled cannon, personnel, ammunition and mounting equipment to the position. Anti-aircraft cover was provided by two air defense battalions.

The gun fired at a range of up to 48 km, each of its huge shells weighed more than seven tons and contained up to 700 kg explosive. To charge new projectile and charge, and then re-aiming the gun at the target, took about 40 minutes. The shell penetrated the ground to a depth of 12 m, leaving a three-meter crater on the surface, and pierced a meter of steel armor or seven meters of reinforced concrete.

Railway gun in action. 1943

In 1942, the Germans fired at Sevastopol from the Dora, firing 48 shells. Huge loads on the metal of the 32-meter barrel led to an increase in its caliber as it wore out - from the original 807 mm to the permissible 813 mm. The barrel was supposed to withstand 300 shots.

It was precisely this type of weapon that was now planned to be placed not on a railway, but on a self-propelled tracked chassis. “Monster” is the most appropriate name for such an installation: length 52 m, width 18 m and height 8 m! The installation would weigh 1,500 tons, of which about a third would be the gun itself. The shells and charges had to be transported to them by a caravan of trucks.

More than a hundred crew members were to be protected from enemy fire by 250 mm armor, and two 150 mm sFH18 howitzers and 15 mm MG 151/15 automatic cannons were intended for self-defense. The “Monster” was supposed to be propelled by four MAN marine diesel engines for submarines, 6500 hp. each, but even the power of 26 thousand “mechanical horses” could not accelerate this monster faster than 10-15 km/h.

As a result, Albert Speer buried this project in 1943. The reasons are the same: just one gun cost the Reich 7 million marks, so even on a railway carriage only two of them were built. Placing a “platinum” tank under a “golden” cannon would be economic suicide, and one successful flight of a bomber or attack aircraft would be enough to destroy the “Monster” if it appeared in the front zone. But, if we assume that one madman agreed to allocate funds for the construction of the monster, and another sent it into battle, then the car would not have reached the firing position.

By railway the tank could not be transported - it would not pass either in tunnels or across bridges. And even the purely theoretical assumption of moving under its own power at a speed of 15 km/h, with the inevitable destruction of the road and a continuous stream of tankers driving behind, horrified the generals.

Ice aircraft carrier

However, ideas that seemed promising at first glance were not only visited by the Germans. During the Second World War, Great Britain was somewhat isolated and faced a shortage of steel for shipbuilding. In 1942, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his friend, commander of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the Royal Navy, Lord Louis Mountbatten, who was also involved in the development special operations, they even discussed the use of icebergs for arranging airfields on them.

It was supposed to cut down the top of the ice mountain and land planes there to cover convoys traveling in high latitudes, and at the same time attach an engine to the iceberg, install communications equipment, arrange quarters for the crew and power from diesel power plants. The result would be a virtually unsinkable aircraft carrier. After all, in order to split such a mass of ice, the enemy would have to spend an incredible amount of bombs or torpedoes.

The iceberg itself lives in northern waters for up to two years. However, as the lower part melts, it can turn over with catastrophic consequences for people, and the power of the engines must be enormous to control the movement of such a colossus.

And then, very opportunely, they remembered the proposal of the English engineer Geoffrey Pike, who served as an intelligence officer in the department of Lord Mountbatten. Back in 1940, Pike came up with an amazing composite material - paykerite. Essentially, it is a mixture of about 20% wood chips and 80% ordinary water ice.

Frozen “dirty ice” turned out to be four times stronger than usual; thanks to its low thermal conductivity, it melted slowly, was not brittle (it could even be processed by forging within certain limits), and had an explosive resistance comparable to concrete.

The idea was initially ridiculed, but Lord Mountbatten brought a cube of pikerite to the Allied conference in Quebec, Canada in 1943. The demonstration turned out to be impressive: the officer placed pikerite and a block of the same size next to it regular ice, walked away and shot both samples with a revolver. From the first hit, the water ice shattered into pieces, and from the paykerite, the bullet ricocheted without any harm to the sample, wounding one of the meeting participants. So the Americans and Canadians agreed to participate in the project.

The order to develop a preliminary design for an ice aircraft carrier was issued by the British Admiralty at the end of 1942. Geoffrey Pike envisioned building a ship 610 m long and 92 m wide from his proprietary material. Its displacement would be 1.8 million tons, and it would be capable of carrying up to two hundred aircraft. The stability of the hull would be ensured by refrigeration units with a network of refrigerant pipes installed in the sides and bottom.

Otherwise, it would be a completely traditional ship with an engine, propellers, anti-aircraft weapons and crew quarters. The project was code-named “Habakkuk”. Then it was planned to build a whole fleet of such ships, only much larger: length 1220 m, width 183 m, displacement - several million tons. These would be real giants, unsinkable giants of the ocean.

To begin with, a model of the ship was built in Canada on Patricia Lake: 18 m long, 9 m wide, and weighing a measly 1100 tons. The model was built in the summer to test the behavior of pykerite in the warm season. The small “Abakkuk” also had a wooden frame, a network of tubes for cooling the paykerite blocks of the body and an engine. 15 people managed to build it in two months.

The experiment was completed successfully, proving the fundamental feasibility of the project. But then they started counting the money. And then it turned out that pikerite ships were much more expensive than steel ones, and besides, to build even one aircraft carrier formation, almost all the forests of Canada would have to be limed into sawdust!

In addition, at the end of 1943, the metal shortage was overcome. So in December 1943, the Habakkuk project was closed, and today the only reminders of it are the wooden and iron fragments of the model at the bottom of Patricia Lake, which were found by scuba divers in the 1970s.

underground ship

"The Midgard Serpent"

However, there were projects in Germany that were even more exotic than just a colossal tank. In 1934, engineer Ritter developed a design for an underground ship! The device was called the “Midgard Serpent” - in honor of the mythological huge snake, surrounding the human-populated world of Midgard. It was assumed that the "Snake" would be able to move on the ground, underground and under water, but it was needed for delivery demolition charges under enemy long-term fortifications, defense lines and port facilities. The “ship” was assembled from hinged compartments 6 m long, 6.8 and 3.5 m wide and high, respectively. Depending on the task, its length could vary from 399 to 524 m by replacing or adding sections. The structure was supposed to weigh about 60,000 tons.

Did you imagine an underground “worm” the height of a two-story house and half a kilometer long? Under the ground, the “Midgard Serpent” would make its way with the help of four powerful drills, each one and a half meters in diameter, and they would be rotated by nine electric motors of 1000 hp each. The drill bits on the drill head can be changed depending on the type of soil, for which the “ship” would carry spare sets for rock, sand and medium-density soil. Forward movement would be provided by tracks with 14 electric motors with a total power of 19,800 hp.

Electric motors would be powered by four diesel generators with a power of 10,000 hp, for which it was planned to carry 960,000 liters of diesel fuel. Underwater, the “ship” would be controlled by 12 pairs of rudders and move at speeds of up to 3 km/h with the help of 12 additional engines with a capacity of 3000 “horses”. According to the project, the “Snake” could travel on the ground at a speed of 30 km/h (let’s imagine once again: a train on tracks, happily rushing across a field), underground in rocky soil - 2 km/h, and in soft soil - up to 10 km/h

The Serpent would have been operated by 30 people, who would have had an on-board electric kitchen, a recreation area with 20 beds, and repair shops. To breathe and power diesel engines, it was planned to take 580 compressed air cylinders on the road, and it would be possible to communicate with the world using a radio transmitter.

The ship, according to Ritter, would carry a thousand 250-kilogram mines and the same number of 10-kilogram mines. For self-defense on the ground, the crew would have 12 coaxial 7.92 mm machine guns. But all this seemed not enough to the designer, so he planned to capture the imagination of the military with special underground weapons, which were supposed to operate on some secret principles.

The dragon Fafnir gave his name to an underground six-meter torpedo, "Thor's Hammer" was intended to undermine particularly hard rocks, the gnome Alberich, who stores the gold of the Nibelungs, became the reconnaissance torpedo of the same name with microphones and a periscope, and the king of the miniatures Laurin, who loved his rose garden more than anything in the world, donated its name to the rescue capsule for the “Snake” crew to exit to the surface of the earth in the event of any emergency.

Each “Snake” was supposed to cost modestly: 30 million Reichsmarks. This project was seriously considered, and following a discussion on February 28, 1935, it was returned to Ritter for revision. And after the end of World War II, adits and the remains of a certain structure that resembled this underground ship were even found in the Konigsberg area. Apparently, the Germans even tried to conduct experimental work.

Then it seemed to be a source of free energy and the dawn of a bright tomorrow for humanity, and all dangers were supposed to be countered according to the recipes of science fiction writers - with a couple of ordinary anti-radiation pills. Then in American science fiction novels one could read about honored rocket mechanics in shabby overalls, moving bars of burning blue flame with a poker in a nuclear boiler of an engine. nuclear fuel. At the same time, the USSR and the USA came up with portable nuclear reactors for transport and military equipment. Will anyone get into a car today with a miniature Chernobyl under the hood? And then it’s easy.

In June 1954, the Question Mark III conference was held in Detroit, America, dedicated to the prospects for the development of armored vehicles. There, for the first time, the concept of a tank with a nuclear power plant was proposed, which would be capable of operating for 500 hours at full turbo engine power without changing fuel. The idea was picked up by the Chrysler company, which in May 1955 proposed to the Armored Directorate ground forces USA (TASOM) its vision of a promising tank to replace the M48 in service.

At first, the designers were going to equip the tank with a 300-horsepower engine with an electric generator that would power a pair of electric motors for rewinding the tracks, but in the end they decided that electric motors might not work reliably in radiation conditions, and the autonomy of the tank would be affected when moving through the glass desert. important role. For these reasons, the tankers received in their habitable tower... a small nuclear reactor, which was supposed to generate thermal energy to power a steam engine, which created torque directly for the tank's tracked propulsion. External video cameras transmitted to the tank crews everything that was happening outside on monitors, so that people did not risk going blind from the flashes of nuclear explosions.

The weight of the vehicle was supposed to be about 23 tons, the reservation was supposed to be made of rolled armor steel and equipped with an anti-cumulative shield. Armament is a 90 mm T208 gun and two 7.62 mm machine guns. TV-8 could swim: two water cannons provided it with an acceptable speed of movement through the water.

USA

By the time of the next conference, Question Mark IV, carried out in August 1955, the development of nuclear reactors made it possible to significantly reduce their size, and therefore the weight of the tank. The project presented at the conference under the designation R32 envisioned the creation of a 50-ton tank armed with a 90-mm smoothbore gun T208 and protected in the frontal projection by 120 mm armor located at an angle of 60° to the vertical, which approximately corresponded to the level of protection of conventional medium tanks of that period. The reactor provided the tank with an estimated range of more than 4,000 miles. R32 was considered more promising than original version nuclear-powered tank, and was even considered as a possible replacement for the M48 tank, which was in production, despite obvious disadvantages, such as the extremely high cost of the vehicle and the need for regular replacement of crews to prevent them from receiving a dangerous dose of radiation exposure. However R32 did not go beyond the preliminary design stage. Gradually, the army's interest in nuclear tanks faded, but work in this direction continued at least until 1959. None of the nuclear tank projects even reached the stage of building a prototype, just as the project to convert the M103 heavy tank into an experimental vehicle for testing a nuclear reactor on a tank chassis remained on paper.

USSR

Atomic tanks in art

Nuclear tanks were present in the Strugatsky brothers' novel The Inhabited Island.

Notes

Fedor Berezin - series "Huge Black Ship" - A world is described in which war is waged using mega-machines, incl. and nuclear-powered tanks.

Literature

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Nuclear guided missile cruiser
• Atomredmetzoloto

See what “Atomic tank” is in other dictionaries:

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Books

• Denis is an inventor. Tanks and self-propelled guns. Cold steel (set of 3 books) (number of volumes: 3), Chernenko Gennady. "Denis the inventor. A book for developing the inventive abilities of children of primary and secondary school." This book was written by a Russian inventor, a specialist in solution theory...

This tank can well be considered a symbol of a nuclear war that never began. Its design is optimally suited to counteract a shock wave, and its four-track undercarriage is suitable for movement in conditions of a probable nuclear winter...

The heavy tank - “Object 279”, is one of a kind and, without any doubt, unique. Its hull had a cast curved shape with thin-sheet anti-cumulative shields, complementing its contours to an elongated ellipsoid. This hull shape was supposed to prevent the tank from being overturned by the blast wave of a nuclear explosion.

Let's take a closer look at this project...

The beginning of the post may be somewhat pretentious and exaggerated, but let’s first rewind the events a little.

In 1956, the GBTU of the Red Army developed tactical and technical requirements for a heavy tank, which was supposed to replace the T-10. KB Kirov plant in Leningrad, the creation of a tank began, with extensive use of ideas and individual components from the IS-7 and T-10 tanks. Received the index “Object 277″, the new tank was created according to a classic layout, its chassis consisted of eight road wheels and four support rollers on board, the suspension was on beam torsion bars, with hydraulic shock absorbers on the first, second and eighth rollers. The hull was assembled from both rolled and cast parts - the sides were made from bent slabs of rolled armor, while the bow was a single casting. The tower was also made of a cast, hemispherical shape. The developed niche accommodated a mechanized ammunition rack to facilitate the loader’s actions.

The armament consisted of a 130mm M-65 gun, stabilized in two planes using the Groza stabilizer, and a coaxial 14.5mm KPVT machine gun. Ammunition: 26 rounds of separate loading and 250 rounds of machine gun ammunition. The gunner had a TPD-2S stereoscopic rangefinder sight, and the tank was equipped with a full set of night vision devices. Power point was a 12-cylinder V-shaped diesel M-850 with a power of 1050 hp. at 1850 rpm. The transmission is planetary, type “3K”, made in the form of a single unit of the mechanism for changing gears and turning. Unlike the transmission of the T-10 tank, the band brakes of the planetary turning mechanism were replaced with disc brakes. The crew consisted of 4 people, three of whom (commander, gunner and loader) were in the turret. With a mass of 55 tons, the tank showed maximum speed 55 km/h.

Two copies of “Object 277” were produced, and soon after testing began, work on it was curtailed. The tank compared favorably with the T-10 more powerful weapons and a more advanced fire control system, including a range finder, but the ammunition load was small. In general, “Object 277” was created on the basis of well-proven units in the series and did not require lengthy development.

The second competitor was the tank of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant - “Object 770”. Unlike the Object 277, it was decided to design the tank from scratch, relying only on advanced solutions and using new units. Characteristic feature The tank became a completely cast hull, the sides of which differed in both differentiated thickness and variable angle of inclination. A similar approach can be seen in the armoring of the front of the hull. The turret is also completely cast, with variable armor thickness, reaching up to 290mm in the frontal parts. The tank’s armament and control system are completely similar to the “Object 277″ - 130mm M-65 gun and coaxial 14.5mm KPVT machine gun, ammunition capacity of 26 rounds and 250 rounds.

Of interest is the tank's power unit, made on the basis of a 10-cylinder DTN-10 diesel engine, with a vertical arrangement of cylinder blocks, which was installed perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tank. The engine power was 1000 hp. at 2500 rpm. The tank's transmission included a hydraulic converter and a planetary gearbox, the parallel operation of which made it possible to have one mechanical and two hydromechanical forward gears, and one mechanical reverse gear. The chassis included six road wheels large diameter on board, without support rollers. The suspension of the rollers is hydropneumatic. The tank was easy to control and had good dynamic characteristics.

The most unique and one-of-a-kind prototype of a heavy tank - object 279 - was developed in 1957 by a team of designers from the Leningrad Kirov Plant under the leadership of L.S. Troyanov according to proposals proposed by the Directorate of armored forces The Soviet Army in 1956, tactical and technical requirements for a heavy tank. The tank was intended to break through prepared enemy defenses and operate in areas of terrain difficult for conventional tanks.

In defiance of the conservative “Object 277”, the machine was created completely anew, and not only in terms of the units used, but also in concept. Cast hulls with differentiated armor and elliptical shapes had been seen before, but in this vehicle the idea was taken to the absolute. Assembled from four cast parts, the body was covered along its entire perimeter with an anti-cumulative screen, which complemented its contours to an elliptical shape (not only in plan, but also in vertical section). Thanks to the armor volume reduced to the limit, amounting to only 11.47 m 3, it was possible to achieve unprecedented values ​​of armor thickness, both normal and reduced - the frontal armor of the hull reached 192 mm at large angles of inclination and tilt, side armor up to 182 mm, at smaller angles. The cast turret of a flattened hemispherical shape had 305mm circular armor, with the exception of the stern.

The armament consisted of the same 130mm M-65 gun and 14.5mm KPVT machine gun, with 24 rounds of ammunition in a mechanized ammunition rack with semi-automatic loading and 300 rounds of machine gun ammunition. The joint efforts of the loader and semi-automatic cassette loading ensured a combat rate of fire of 5-7 rounds per minute. The control system included a stereoscopic sight-rangefinder with independent stabilization of the field of view TPD-2S, a two-plane electro-hydraulic stabilizer "Groza" and a full set of night vision devices.

The tank's power plant was developed in two versions - diesel DG-1000 with a power of 950 hp. With. at 2500 rpm or 2DG-8M with a power of 1000 hp. With. at 2400 rpm. Both engines are 4-stroke, 16-cylinder, H-shaped with horizontal cylinders (to reduce body height). The tank's transmission was also distinguished by its unusual and innovative approach - a hydromechanical and planetary 3-speed gearbox, and switching between the two highest gears was automated.

But the most striking detail of the tank is certainly its chassis, whose peculiarity was the use of four tracked propulsion units!

The chassis was mounted on two longitudinal hollow beams, which served as fuel tanks. The design of the caterpillar propulsion system provided high cross-country ability By deep snow and wetlands. It prevented the tank from landing on the bottom when overcoming vertical obstacles (gouges, stumps, hedgehogs). The average ground pressure was only 0.6 kgf/cm², that is, it was close to the same parameter of a light tank. It was a unique example of a heavy cross-country tank.

For one engine, the chassis consisted of six road wheels, three support rollers, a idler and a drive sprocket. The suspension is individual, hydropneumatic, adjustable. Thus, the concept of ground clearance became only a formality, and the tank could overcome vertical obstacles without the threat of landing on them.

The specific pressure was also very low - only 0.6 kg/m2, which made it possible to overcome deep snow and muddy areas. The disadvantages of the chosen chassis were poor maneuverability and increased resistance to movement, especially on heavy soils. Maintainability left much to be desired, due to the high complexity of the design and the inaccessibility of the internal pair of tracks.

A prototype of the tank was built in 1959 and began to undergo testing, but it immediately became clear that such an expensive vehicle had no chance of mass production. The successor to the T-10 was supposed to be one of two tanks, “seven hundred and seventy” or “two hundred and seventy-seven,” but none of the competitors was ever put into service.

The tank's crew consisted of four people, three of whom - the commander, gunner and loader - were located in the turret. The driver's seat was located in the front of the hull in the center, and there was also a hatch for getting into the car.

Of all the tanks developed simultaneously with it, Object 279 had the smallest armored volume - 11.47 m3, while having a very complex armored hull. The design of the chassis made it impossible to land the vehicle on the bottom and ensured high maneuverability in deep snow and marshy areas. At the same time, the chassis was very complex in design and operation, and did not make it possible to reduce the height of the tank.

At the end of 1959, a prototype was built; the assembly of two more tanks was not completed.

Object 279 is located in the Museum of Armored Weapons and Equipment in Kubinka.

Atomic tank? Is that possible?

First nuclear reactor was launched in 1942 in the USA. In the 50s, scientists were actively looking for options practical application nuclear energy. In the USSR, on June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant came into operation. And in the USA, scientists began to develop the concept of an atomic tank.

It was an incredible idea at the time. After all, all this was still a novelty: nuclear tanks, nuclear ships, and nuclear submarines. There were ideas about nuclear trains and airplanes. But let's get back to the tanks.

First project – TV-1

The first project of the American nuclear tank received the designation TV-1. He assumed that the tank would weigh 70 tons, be armed with a 105 mm T140 cannon and 350 mm frontal armor. Atomic reactor on board could operate for 500 hours without changing fuel.

Second project – R32

Atomic science did not stand still, and a year later, in 1955, the opportunity arose to significantly reduce the size of the reactor. And to replace the huge TV-1 was developed new project– R32. This was a project for a 50-ton nuclear tank with a 90 mm T208 smoothbore gun and 120 mm frontal armor. The R32 had a designed range of over 4,000 miles.

Just imagine: 6500 kilometers without refueling. But the problem was that this did not mean that the tank could go on an autonomous campaign over such a distance. All the same, he would need to periodically change the lubricant in various components and assemblies, and most importantly, the crew would have to be changed periodically so as not to expose tank crews to long-term radiation. Plus to this: if such a tank were blown up, the entire area in the vicinity would be contaminated.

As a result, the Americans abandoned the nuclear tank project. Not even a single prototype was produced.

Atomic tank in the USSR

No such projects were developed in the USSR. But it still had its own “atomic tank”. That’s what the press called TPP-3 – transportable nuclear power plant, which moved itself on four self-propelled tracked chassis created on the basis heavy tank T-10. And this “tank,” unlike the American ones, actually existed!