Types of craft. Types of folk crafts. Types of folk crafts and artistic crafts

The emergence of craft occurs at the beginning of human production activities. The beginnings have been known since ancient times

Concept of crafts

Craft is a production activity based on the production of industrial objects using small manual labor, which prevailed before the development of machine production and remained there.

A person who makes objects professionally is called an artisan.

What is folk craft

Folk craft refers to objects that are made using ordinary available materials and simple designs. Folk crafts are diverse in their creative activity, products are made by hand and most often from natural materials or close to them (wood, fabric, metal, etc.). This type of activity was formed from home crafts, when necessary household items were made. Like art, folk crafts developed depending on culture, religion and sometimes political views.

History of the craft

The craft has a long history. Primitive communities most often engaged in home crafts, making objects from stone, bone, clay, wood, etc. Home craft is the production of products necessary for running a household. In some places, even today, this activity is of great importance.

Later, people began to lead the emergence of artisans. Many artisans worked on the farm lands of kings, temples, monasteries and slave owners ( Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece and countries of Mesopotamia). Initially, the artisan worked alone, but since this gave little income, the craftsmen began to unite in groups. These groups were called artels and took orders from the population. Some of the masters walked around cities and villages, while others lived and worked in one place. Trades and crafts to order gave rise to the emergence and development of cities as centers of craft work and trade. To this day, in many settlements, street names have been preserved, indicating the place of work of a particular master. For example, Goncharnaya - production was organized there; Tanning - leather processing, production of leather products, shoe repair; Brick - production of bricks.

In the Middle Ages, a form of professional craft appeared. A new social stratum has appeared in the cities - urban artisans. The main branches of urban crafts were: the production of metal objects, cloth making, the production of glass products, etc. Urban craftsmen had such privileges as city law, craft workshops, and their own freedom.

With the advent, many types of crafts lost their primacy in production, and machines began to be used in factories and factories. Today, artisans survive in industries that serve the personal needs of clients and in the production of expensive artistic products (shoemakers, tailors, jewelers, artists, etc.).

History of the development of crafts in Russia

The population of Russian cities mainly consisted of artisans. Most of Of these, she was engaged in blacksmithing. Later, metalsmithing evolved from blacksmithing. His products were in great demand in Europe. The production of weapons singled out craftsmen for making bows, guns, quivers, etc. The armor of Russian artisans was considered an order of magnitude higher than Turkish, Syrian and Italian.

According to information from the chronicle, in 1382 there were already cannons in Rus'. In the 14th century, foundry (bell casting) was formed. With the invasion of the Mongols, production fell into decline.

Jewelry craftsmanship served the needs of the aristocracy. The surviving products (icons, gold belts, dishes, book bindings) testify to the high professionalism of jewelry craftsmen in the field of engraving, artistic casting, forging, niello and minting. In the 14th century, it began in several Russian principalities, which formed the monetary craft. Leather, shoemaking and pottery crafts were designed for the market and a wide range of customers. A variety of dishes, toys and Construction Materials. In addition, stone churches were built in Moscow and other cities (mainly from white stone) and a striking tower clock was installed.

The works of the masters contributed huge contribution to restore the destruction after the Tatar-Mongol conquests. Russian crafts influenced the preparation of economic prerequisites for the creation of a Russian centralized state.

Since 1917, the number of artisans in Russia has sharply decreased; they united in industrial cooperation. However, even now Russian crafts include several world-famous folk arts and crafts.

Various types and kinds of crafts

Types of crafts are formed from the material from which the item is made. For a long time, people have known crafts such as:

blacksmith craft

This is one of the first occupations to appear in Rus'. People were always surprised when watching a blacksmith work. They could not understand how the master made such amazing objects from gray metal. For many peoples, blacksmiths were considered almost wizards.

Previously, blacksmithing required special knowledge and a specially equipped workshop with many tools. The metal was smelted from which it was mined in the spring and autumn. Old Russian blacksmiths made sickles, ploughshares, and scythes for farmers, and spears, swords, axes, and arrows for warriors. In addition, the household always needed knives, keys and locks, needles, etc.

Nowadays, technological progress has somewhat changed and improved the blacksmith's craft, but it is still in demand. Artistic forging is used to decorate offices, apartments, country houses, parks, public gardens, and is especially in demand in landscape design.

Jewelry craft

Jewelry craft is one of the most ancient in the history of mankind. Products made of gold, silver and precious stones Since ancient times, they have been considered a sign of power and wealth of the aristocratic class. Back in the 10th and 11th centuries, jewelry craftsmen were famous for their talent throughout Europe. People have been passionate fans of jewelry since ancient times. Beads were made from precious metals or colored glass, pendants with various designs (usually animals), silver temple rings that were hung from a headdress or woven into a hairstyle, rings, kolta, etc.

In the 18th century, jewelry craftsmanship flourished in Russia. It was at this time that the profession of “gold and silversmith” began to be called “jeweler”. In the 19th century, Russian masters acquired own style, thanks to which Russian jewelry remains unique today. The famous firms of the Grachev brothers, Ovchinnikov and Faberge began their work.

Nowadays, due to the growth of prosperity, the population is increasingly in need of highly artistic jewelry.

Pottery

It is known that since the 10th century, pottery has been produced in Rus'. This was done manually, and mostly by women's hands. To increase the strength and durability of the product, small shells, sand, quartz, granite, and sometimes plants and fragments of ceramics were mixed into the clay.

A little later they appeared, which made the potters’ work easier. The circle was set in motion by hand and then by feet. At the same time, men began to engage in pottery making.

Pottery reached industrial scale in the 18th century. Ceramic factories appeared in St. Petersburg, and a little later in Moscow.

The objects made by modern potters are still fascinating. Today, pottery is a popular activity in many regions of Russia, and the demand for ceramic products self made is constantly increasing.

Folk crafts have reached us from ancient times - painting, carving, lace, but there are also new folk crafts. Most often they began with peasant household art.

Art painting in Russia

Wooden and metal products, children's toys and furniture have been painted in Rus' from time immemorial. Technology in different regions countries differed significantly from each other. Further details about the most known species paintings.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting originated in the Volga region, in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province. They were located near a large village called Gorodets. There were fairs where crafts made by craftsmen were sold. This is where the name came from - Gorodets painting.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

The birthplace of Polkhov-Maidan painting is the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. There, in the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, the village of Voznesenskoye and the village of Krutets, the center of this painting is located. It arose just a hundred years ago on the basis of the turning industry developed in those places. Masters painted nesting dolls, children's toys, mushrooms, Easter eggs, while only four colors were used - green, blue, yellow and red.

Palekh painting

Palekh painting appeared quite recently - already in Soviet time However, the roots of this painting go back to antiquity. Thanks to a unique craft, the village of Palekh Ivanovo region became known throughout Russia. It is known about Palekh painting, Palekh miniatures, Palekh icon painting. The peculiarity of painting is that artists create not just ornaments, but draw entire scenes and compositions with the smallest details.

Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting is lacquer painting on trays, which appeared in one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five. Such trays are made at a factory in the village of Zhostovo and in the city of Nizhny Tagil. The main difference of this craft is the abundance of colors, incomparable tones, and the realism of all elements.

Gzhel

Gzhel painting, as the name implies, originated in the city of Gzhel. Her patterns are predominantly floral patterns and simple geometric patterns, done in cobalt bright blue paint on a snow-white background. The city of Gzhel is a center for the production of ceramics. In many ways, this was the reason for the appearance of its unique painting in this city. Gzhel artistic craft is not young; its roots go back to the fourteenth century. It was then that the Kudinovskoye clay deposit was discovered.

Russian crafts that became trades

Sometimes Russian crafts became trades. They arose when folk craft products were put on stream. We know about making toys from clay, about special wood carvings, about lace craftsmanship, and so on.

Dymkovo toy

Near the city of Vyatka there was a settlement called Dymkovo, now it is one of the districts of the city. In the settlement of Dymkovo in the nineteenth century, painted ceramic toys for children appeared. Deposits of clay and sand in those places became the reason for the production of clay jugs and jars by craftsmen. Bright, cheerful toys were made for the children's amusement. Only women or children were involved in modeling and painting toys. The pattern on the Dymkovo toy is always geometric, consisting of circles, stripes, and cells. In addition to its unique painting, the toy stands out because it is trimmed with gold.

Filimonovskaya toy

The production of Filimonovo toys arose on the basis of the production of clay dishes located near the village of Filimonovo. These toys are a variety of whistles. Distinctive feature– elongated shape of the products, which is due to the characteristics of the local clay. To this day, whistles are painted only with a quill pen.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving

Carving, which became a craft, appeared in the Abramtsevo estate, near Moscow in the nineteenth century. Its name is Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving. The carvers studied and worked in the carpentry workshop, where they were also taught painting and drawing. Thus, a small workshop became the basis for a future craft, distinguished by its unique carving style.

Vyatka lace

Vyatka lace has been known since the eighteenth century. In the second half of the nineteenth century, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized in the Vyatka province. For many years there was a lace factory in those places, but it was closed in the early nineties. Lacemakers have preserved their unique skills, traditions and craft technology. They delight with new products, uniting in artels or small enterprises.

New folk crafts

Not all folk crafts have rich history. Some have appeared quite recently. What kind of crafts these are, we will find out later.

Painting Christmas tree decorations

Christmas tree painting as a craft originated in the nineteenth century in the village of Danilovo. The toys were also made there. Peasants did this at home, using simple burners for blowing. The demand for such toys grew, and the number of single craftsmen also increased. Soon, some home owners organized small productions with hired workers.

Factory "Ariel"

The oldest factory in Russia producing New Year's toys is the Ariel factory. It is located in Nizhny Novgorod. Despite fashion changing over the years, the factory does not change the tradition of making handmade toys. Next to the factory there is a museum of Christmas tree decorations and a store. Golden Khokhloma is perhaps the most famous Russian folk craft

All items are elegant and colorful. A distinctive feature of the painting is the presence of a gold background or gold ornament. During painting, the masters come up with their drawings on the fly; this is always improvisation when following the rules Khokhloma painting. The master turns a simple wooden object into a work of folk art. Housewives still use such utensils. It is also exhibited in museums. On the site there is a site about the most big museums in the world.
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The guide is dedicated to Russian crafts; each craft is described separately.

You will find articles on relevant topics in the following subsections:

What is craft

In short, it is manual labor, work and skill that is used to earn a living. It is difficult to imagine humanity without craft activities.

The concept of craft is multifaceted. Some believe that the creation works of art, this is no longer a craft. Others consider the profession of, say, an artist or icon painter, poet or actor, a craft.

, CC BY-SA 3.0

One way or another, in any business you can achieve artistic and professional heights, but any professional business begins with a simple necessity, then the skill of a craftsman is achieved, and only then it can turn into a widespread production or glorify an individual master who has achieved perfection.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

The peoples of Russia have many examples of this. Our lacquer miniatures, trays, Abramtsevo-Kudrin carvings and much more can easily be considered works of art.

Of course, in a craft, a lot depends on personal skill.

In one of the dictionaries we read:

“Russia is characterized by: the use of simple tools, the decisive importance of the personal skill of the artisan, individual character production (the craftsman works alone or with a limited number of assistants).”

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

For what and why

The history of the craft goes back to the beginning production activities man has gone through a long historical path of development, taking various forms:

• home craft - in a subsistence economy
• craft to order - in conditions of decomposition of subsistence economy
• craft to market

The development and formation of crafts was greatly influenced by climate, geographical position, political and historical factors.

Handicrafts and crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod province. Production of large weight rocker arms. Village "Krasnaya Ramen" Semyonovsky district. 1896 Unknown late 19th century photographer, CC BY-SA 3.0

For example, Byzantium enriched the world with Orthodox culture, which in turn had a significant influence on the development of Russian crafts.

The emergence of professional crafts, especially in cities, led to the emergence of a new sphere of production and a new social stratum - urban artisans.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

Big influence Construction ceremonies influenced the spread and development of crafts.

In the 19th century in Russia they began to think more and more about creating a “Russian style”, which was supported by the tsarist government.

In 1904, Polenov created the House of Folk Art, and in 1913 the First Fair of Folk Crafts was held. By the way, then the tsarist government found money to pay for the travel of artisans to this exhibition.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 3.0

In the early 1920s, the development of handicrafts continued, but in the 1930s they were ended. Their revival began only in 1968, when the corresponding party decree was issued and the corresponding organizations were created. But much has already been lost.

Renaissance

Nowadays, there is an active revival of the crafts and trades of the peoples of Russia. There are many examples of this: according to ancient engravings, thanks to Alexander Anatolyevich Baukin, it was revived; Alexander Nikolaevich, together with art critic Viktor Yakovlevich, revived; fishing has been revived in Odoev.

Photo gallery

Synonyms

• class
• profession
• speciality
• skill
• handicraft
• needlework
• Minerva
• fishing
• skill
• vocation
• Banausia

Minerva

In Roman mythology - the goddess of wisdom, art, patroness of artists and artisans. Therefore, this word can be synonymous with the word “craft”.

Banausia

Greek banausia - craft, the practice of science or art as a craft.

Proverbs

People have many proverbs and sayings related to craft:

You can't go wrong with the craft.

Every trade is honest, except theft, and theft is a trade, but not a grain trade.

Craft is the golden breadwinner.

The craft is not a rocker - it won’t weigh on your shoulders.

“When I’m in business, I hide from fun,

When I'm fooling around, I'm fooling around. And mixing these two crafts

There are tons of skilled people,

I’m not one of them.”

A. Griboyedov, “Woe from Wit”

Crafts in our time

The words are often heard that “crafts die and are forgotten.” This is wrong. Of course, some species simply disappear as unnecessary, for example, the production of goose feathers, which no one has been using to write for a long time. But in general, interest in folk arts and crafts is growing year by year.

In Russia there are many educational institutions, where you can get professional craft education.

National wealth

Vasnetsov, Bilibin, Vrubel, Surikov studied the Russian national style, preserved in embroidery patterns, folk costumes, patterns and forms of products of village artisans.

Artists saw this national wealth Russia, what made Russians different from other peoples. This contributed to an unprecedented surge in the development of our art, expeditions began to be carried out, museums were opened, and fairs were held.

TRADITIONS and crafts

RUSSIAN PEOPLE

Methodological development classes

Compiled by:

Efimova Larisa Borisovna

teacher additional education

Explanatory note

Target: introducing children to the values ​​of the history and culture of the Russian people.

Tasks:

- consolidate and expand knowledge on the topic: Traditions and crafts of the Russian people;

- develop communication skills and the ability to work in a team;

- cultivate respect and love for the traditions of your people.

Equipment: demonstration material, TSO, handouts.

Progress of the lesson

1.Introduction.

The Russian people carefully honor ancient traditions that appeared during the times of Rus'. These customs reflected paganism and the veneration of idols, which replaced them with Christianity, the ancient way of life. Traditions arose in every household activity of the inhabitants of Rus'. The experience of older generations was passed on to young followers, children learned worldly wisdom from their parents.

The ancient Russian traditions clearly demonstrate such traits of our people as love of nature, hospitality, respect for elders, cheerfulness and breadth of soul. Such customs take root among people; following them is easy and pleasant. They are a reflection of the history of the country and people.

2. Main part.

Our task today is not an easy one. We go on a journey into the world of crafts. The Maryushka doll will help us go on a fabulous journey.

Let's remember what traditions are?

And what traditions do the Russian people have?

Traditions are folk festivals, Christmas and Christmastide, Maslenitsa, Easter, Trinity, Ivan Kupalo, etc.

Basic Russian traditions: Russian wedding, Russian family, Russian hospitality, Russian loaf, Russian bath, Russian tea party, Russian fair.

Along with the holidays, the Russian people worked hard. They owned various crafts. Craft is small-scale manual production, based on the use of hand tools. Types of crafts: blacksmith carpentry, weaving, spinning, pottery, etc.

But there is one craft that every girl should master.

Listen to Galina Zaslovskaya’s poem “The Magic Thread” and try to guess what craft this poem is talking about.

“I have a needle, scissors, a thimble,

I’ll make a doll now, from colorful rags,

I'll cover her face with colored threads

And I’ll come up with a magical name myself.”

(needlework)

And Maryushka will introduce us to the types of needlework in the fairy tale “Girlfriends and Helpers.” A fairy tale is shown...

Good afternoon, caring children. Today, with the doll Maryushka, I want to tell you an old folk tale about the doll’s assistant, the Handkerchief. Do you want to know what kind of Handkerchief doll this is? And why was she called that? Yes, that's right, because it's made of handkerchiefs. And this is the story we want to tell you. And so the fairy tale begins. Once upon a time in old times in Rus' there lived in one Slavic village one family, Nastasya and Ivan. They lived well together. And then their daughter was bornMaryushka(shows a child's doll). The daughter grew up smart and nice. All her work went well, and she cleaned the house, helped her parents, walked around, knitted and embroidered, and baked delicious pies. And looked at ourMaryushkaone good fellow and daredevil (shows a doll of young Vanya). His name was Vanechka. The guy is handy, he walks through the village like a wheel, everything in his hands is on fire - he was very economical. And he began to woo ourMaryushka. And Nastenka’s mother and father began to give instructions on her way to get married. Then the mother took out the Handkerchief doll. And he says: “Daughter, listen to your parents’ orders. From now on you will go with your young husband to new house. If you feel sadness and despondency, and you have no one to consult with, or someone will offend you, don’t wash dirty linen in public, don’t be insolent to your mother-in-law, don’t feel sorry for your girlfriends, but take the Handkerchief doll and tell her everything. And my father and I will come to visit you and check on your assistant. If the doll is beautiful and neat, it means your life has turned out joyful, and if the Handkerchief has become wrinkled, it means she has shed a lot of sorrow and sadness. So oursMaryushkaand Vanya, with parental orders, went to live and make good. And so that their life becomes even more joyful and successful, we will make more cheerful girlfriends and put them together in the carousel. And they will be helpers forMaryushkiand so that she would not know any sadness.

What types of needlework has Maryushka mastered? (sewing, knitting, beading, embroidery).

There were more than a hundred of these dolls and each had its own purpose and name.

Let's open the doors of Maryushka's workshop and try to master the difficult task of needlework. Let's make an assistant for Marya.

A master class on the handkerchief doll is being held. At this time, Russian folk music “It’s light in my upper room” plays. Children make a “Handkerchief” doll in pairs. These are the wonderful helpers we made for Marya.

3. Consolidation and summing up.

Summing up the lesson in the form of reflection “Carousel of Good”.

In today's lesson, we took a trip to the fairy-tale world of “Traditions and crafts of the Russian people.” What new things have you learned about the craft? What types of crafts did you learn today?

Guys, Maryushka invites us to sit in the “Carousel of Good”. And it will rotate only when you wish it well and warmth. Children attach the Handkerchief dolls to the carousel with wishes for warmth and happiness (put them in a basket in the shape of a flower). They give Marya a basket full of goodness as a farewell gift. They say goodbye to Marya. Guys, I wish you well, optimism and great success in your studies! See you again in Maryushkina’s workshop.

Bibliography

1. Boguslovskaya I. Good hands of the master. – L., 1976.

2. Gvozdeva B. Keys to the past. – Tomsk, 1994.

3. Morgunovskaya Yu. Protective folk kulas.- M., 2015.

Pottery is one of the oldest species folk craft Already Trypillian pottery testifies to the subtle aesthetic taste of ancient potters and their high skill. Pottery carries valuable information about the ethnographic features of the life of ancient tribes and peoples who inhabited our land in the past. Ancient cities have disappeared, products made of linen and leather have decayed, metal products have become covered with rust, but a pot dug up by archaeologists speaks to us on behalf of a nameless potter who lived thousands of years ago. Having information about the geomagnetic field of the Earth, scientists determine the age of pottery products with an accuracy of 25 years (a pot fired on fire, having become magnetized, remains so for many centuries).

Ceramics (Greek keramos - clay) suffered technological innovations during the Middle Ages: the use of a potter's wheel, underwater painting, and the production of tiles in the 17th century. One of the varieties of ceramics spread in Ukraine - majolica, which was widely used in many cities of Ukraine, although the centers of its production were only in Kyiv and Nizhyn. Ichna, and later - in Onishni and Kosovo. Majolica products made from colored clay, covered with glaze and painted in folk style, still decorate modern Ukrainian homes. Ceramic plastic is also popular today: toys and sculptures.

Among the ceramic products there are bowls, plates, jugs, cups, bowls, jugs, mugs, dzbanks, barrels. Traditions of pottery production and decoration in different regions have their own diversity. Among the ceramic plastic products are lambs, lions, horses, deer, birds, children's whistles, and story-based sets of sculptures.

Ukrainian pottery is characterized by traditionalism, plastic expressiveness, folk decorativeness and simplicity, which gives the original art a national flavor. Now ceramic crafts exist in Vinnitsa, Kolomyia, Kosovo, Mukachevo, Odessa, Opishni, Uzhgorod, Cherkassy and other cities and villages of Ukraine. About thirty associations, art centers, factories and factories produce ceramics in the traditional folk art style.

Metal processing. Bronze foundry production in Ukraine, as archaeologists have proven, has been known since Trypillian times. Traditions of ore mining have been preserved in Ukraine from Kievan Rus. Old Russian blacksmiths were familiar with the technological techniques of forging, welding and heat treatment of metals. They made tools, horse harnesses, spearheads, axes, chain mail and various household items. There were more than 16 blacksmith crafts in Rus'. The processing of non-ferrous metals: copper, bronze, silver, gold has also achieved high development.

The jewelry of ancient Russian masters was noted for its artistic sophistication and perfection of designs. Archaeologists, in addition to finished products, find a significant number of foundry molds for making jewelry. Traditional jewelry technologies in Kievan Rus are embossing, embossing, stamping, niello, granulation, filigree. The hard way ornamentation of jewelry, traditional for the Kiev region, is cloisonné enamel. Later, this art of enamellers spread to other lands of Kievan Rus, in particular Galich.

Rich collections of museums in Kyiv and Chernigov. Kharkov and Lvov indicate significantly more high level jewelry art of Kievan Rus in comparison with foreign European countries. Ancient bracelets, earrings, rings, tiaras, hryvnias, medallions, pendants, rings still amaze with their incomparable beauty, delicacy, and complete sophistication. Jewelry from the times of Kievan Rus is rightfully considered masterpieces of world art.

“Currently, a variety of metal processing techniques are known, both ancient, traditional, and new, modern: embossing, casting, inlay, engraving, stamping, etching and galvanoplasty. Metal art products are widely used in the design of interiors, estates, and city streets and exhibited at exhibitions.

For example, many things for utilitarian and decorative purposes were made using the technique of casting and cold forging: sticks, pipes, keys, necklaces, clasps, fasteners, buckles, stirrups. Copper, bronze, and brass were used to make dishes, cannons, and bells. Dishes, candlesticks, and inkwells were made primarily of silver and tin. Zolotarism developed mainly in large cities: Kyiv, Lvov and in some small cities of the Dnieper region, especially the Left Bank. Guild artisans produced mainly precious dishes, valuable weapons, and horse harnesses. Folk craftsmen were engaged in the production of applied items for the general public.

Masters from Lvov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Uzhgorod continue the traditions of ancient blacksmith crafts in their decorative lattices, candles in 11 kah-iostavn 11kah and the like. And the Yarodni craftsmen of Kosovo work in line with the Hutsul traditions, making bartkas, luskorikhs, buttons, pipes, rings, decorating wood and leather products with metal (cherry belts, wallets, bags).

Nowadays, the leading enterprises engaged in the production of souvenir and gift items made of metal are factories and combines in Cherkassy. Mukachevo, Odessa, Vinnitsa. Kirovograd, Khmelnitsky and many other cities.

Working with metal has always been considered one of the hardest and most courageous types of craft. With its roots, forging reaches five thousand liters. Developing as a folk craft in the 15th-19th centuries, Ukrainian forging was influenced by all artistic styles: Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau. Rural forging preserved its traditions; blacksmiths made things needed in every household: plows, horseshoes, scythes, hoes, shovels, sickles, axes.

Metal decorations were used to decorate doors, chests and other furniture, as well as the buildings themselves (vanes, lamps, grilles). At the Lviv School applied arts them. I. Trusha is a workshop-forge, where students are taught blacksmithing and the traditions of artistic forging. There are also forge shops at restoration workshops in Kyiv, Lvov and other cities of Ukraine.

Artistic processing of wood was already well developed during the times of Kievan Rus. Because wood is not always preserved in the ground, archaeologists do not find examples of ancient woodwork very often. However, it is known that already in the 1st millennium AD. Wood was widely used in the construction of cities and villages, princely palaces and fortresses. Carpenters, spoon makers, carvers, and coopers appeared among the craft professions.

Wood processing techniques are quite diverse: types of woodworking, carving, turning, painting, burning, inlaying, intarsia. One of the most ancient techniques - gouging - was used to make household things: boats, doves, troughs, mortars, scoops, salt shakers and the like. For cutting, in addition to the ax, they used a planer, a cleaver, and various cutters, with the help of which spoons, decorative dishes, scoops, and small wooden products for various purposes were cut. The turning technique is a late invention and involves the use of a lathe on which a workpiece is made and then processed with other tools.

Cooperation was known in Ukraine already in the 10th century. how to make capacious utensils: tubs, barrels, buckets, mugs, tubs, milk pans. Coopers used, in addition to ordinary carpentry tools, special planes, jointers, compasses, rulers, and a curved plane.

Carving is one of the oldest techniques for the artistic decoration of wooden products. In the Carpathian region and Bukovina, the technique of flat carving is very often combined with inlay - ornamental decoration with pieces of wood, metal, ivory, mother-of-pearl, beads and the like. One type of inlay is inlay with colored wood, which is used for making wall decorative plaques, portraits and landscapes. For artistic decoration of wood, paintings with different paints (tempera, gouache, oil or aniline) have long been used, which are then varnished. Now there is another way to decorate wood products - burning with electric shock or special stamps.

Today, specialists in artistic woodworking are trained in technical schools and schools in Kosovo, Lvov, compress these, Uzhgorod and Yavorov. In almost every region of Ukraine there are enterprises that produce decorative wood products, there are about one hundred and fifty of them in total.

Gutnitstvo - the production of glass products - has been known in Ukraine for more than a thousand years. Exact time its origin has not been established, but glass beads interspersed with multi-colored dyes have already been found in Scythian burials. The name of the craft comes from the word “Guta”, which means glass furnace. In "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" a glass product is mentioned - a glassware.

Glass products were not ordinary things; they were used as festive artistic decorations. It was not only dishes, but also decorative toys: cockerels, bunnies, lambs, as well as various candlesticks and a necklace. Craftsmen mastered various techniques: blowing, ornamentation, and colored glass.

Now Gutnitskoe crafts - a rare event in Ukraine. Only three of its cells are known: one in the Ivano-Frankivsk region and two in the Lviv region.

Weaving is the oldest craft that Ukrainian women were engaged in (for more details, see the section “Housing, household and life"). Fabrics were first made for personal consumption, but already from the 9th-10th centuries. This home craft was separated as a trade that satisfied the needs of the urban population. For a very long time, folk home weaving and guild craft weaving existed in parallel. With the advent of industrial fabric production, home weaving crafts gradually began to decline.

However, artistic fabrics still play a significant role in home interior design and the manufacture of folk costumes. Home weaving technology is labor-intensive - it involves spinning threads, dyeing them different colors, weaving on various looms ( various designs) using a number of technical techniques. The materials used to create fabrics were flax fiber, hemp, and sheep's wool, which also required significant female labor.

In Ukraine there are many specialized enterprises producing artistic fabrics: in Krolevets, Boguslav, Degtyary, Pereyaslav-Khmel-kiy. The leading one among them is the Krolevets factory, which produces theme-based decorative towels and panels. Rabbit weavers skillfully continue the traditions of hand-made artistic weaving, which have been known in Ukraine since ancient times. Local traditions are carefully preserved by weavers from the Lviv region, Hutsul region, Boykiv region, and Ivano-Frankivsk region. In many regions, home-based craftsmen are involved in hand weaving, producing bedspreads, towels, pillowcases, napkins, blankets, carpets, etc. Carpet weaving is an ancient branch of hand weaving. Archaeologists find remains of carpets and weaving tools in ancient cities and Scythian houses. The following centers of Ukrainian carpet weaving are known: Podolia, Volyn, Poltava region, Kiev region, Chernihiv region. Currently, 24 factories and art workshops are engaged in traditional carpet weaving in Ukraine.

Fabric painting, as is commonly believed. - Comparative news about decorative and applied arts in Ukraine, although there is evidence of the extreme antiquity of this art - these are the memories of the 11th risk of Nantes about our land in the time of Attila. Having visited the royal palace, he noted that he saw how women “covered with patterns using various colors linen blankets that barbarians wore over their clothes for beauty."

To emboss patterns on fabrics, special stamps and wooden forms were used, found at the Raikovetsky settlement in the Zhitomir region (11th century). Masters who were engaged in artistic painting of fabrics were called artists, draftsman, dimkaryamp. printers, slaughterer. Nowadays, fabric painting techniques are being enriched with new techniques: cold batik, hot bashik, free painting, photofilmdruk. Ukrainian scarves, bedspreads, tablecloths, and ribbons are painted using the photofildruk technique.

Unique Ukrainian religious art, associated with faith, mythology, rituals, and Easter eggs. Not so long ago, Easter eggs were made specifically for sale, because not every housewife had the ability to write Easter eggs. Gradually, real homemade Easter eggs replaced souvenir ones - wooden, ceramic. In some regions of Western Ukraine, you can still make pysanka in a workshop - pysankarka, which all fellow villagers know. The symbolism of Easter eggs is ancient and at the same time simple. Therefore, it would not be superfluous to delve into the history and mythology of the Ukrainian people before starting to write Easter eggs.

The egg is a symbol of the sun, the spring revival of nature, the resurrection of the souls of ancestors. Easter eggs as ritual magical tools were known to Indo-European peoples long before the adoption of Christianity. The tradition is best preserved in Ukraine; one must assume that it was here that the center of development of this cult and artistic phenomenon was located. Archaeologists have found ceramic Easter eggs painted with green, brown and yellow dyes that go back to ancient times. About a hundred Easter eggs from Old Russian times are now known. They are made using various techniques: clay covered with glaze, Easter eggs-rattles, scraping ki10. It is typical that Easter eggs are found at places of worship where there were shrines in ancient times (for example, Zvenngora in Medobary), in burials, and also in dwellings.

From time immemorial, only women have been engaged in writing writing, but with the development of crafts, it has spread among men. A lot is known in various ways painting of Easter eggs. One of the oldest techniques that has come down to us is painting ceramic Easter eggs in Kiev! In the same motion, the yellow glazed surface of the pysanka is covered with endless horizontal lines of green glaze. While the green watering has not yet dried, vertical lines are drawn from pole to pole of the pysanka, first up and down.

Symbolic signs in Ukrainian pysanky - Trigver, svargi, Trees of Life, bezkinechniki, stars, birds, etc.

down. Thus, the horizontal lines of still wet paint, stretching, turn into curly brackets, similar to a tree branch. According to many researchers, this technique was not used anywhere except Kievan Rus. It is interesting that this pattern still exists in the Kiev and Chernihiv regions. It is called “pine”, but the painting technology is different, since it is made on a real, and not on a ceramic egg.

Accessories for pysanok on a real (raw) egg you need a special pysanok (writing) with which you can draw a fire line. Dip it in the melted wax of a burning candle, apply the first few lines, according to the plan, they should be white. After they harden, the egg is painted in light colors(mostly yellow). When this layer of paint has dried, another layer of wax is applied, covering the areas that should remain yellow. After that they paint it red. Next, paint over with wax those places that should be red. The last color is, of course, dark. So, by repeating this procedure, you can get several colors. The pysanka painted in this way is cleaned of wax by heating it over a fire and wiping it with a linen cloth. The song is ready and glows with all the colors that the craftswoman provided it with. These pysanka amulets do not need to be blown out before painting, as is now done for the sake of “business”. It should be remembered that the ritual significance of the egg is the Sunday of our Ancestors, the preservation of the Family. And what symbolism the empty Easter egg carries is, perhaps, clear even without words.

Another purpose of the ritual egg. Eggs are usually painted one color. They can be boiled or baked and consumed on Easter as a sacred sacrament, testifying to our belonging to the Ukrainian family. Pysanky made with raw eggs can be stored for a year as amulets for a specific magical purpose. Broken Easter eggs, like shells from consumed eggs, are not thrown away, but buried in the ground in a field or garden for better fertility."

Wooden Easter eggs can be carved, inlaid, or painted. oil paints. Factories are now engaged in the production of such souvenir Easter eggs. artistic treatment wood, as well as folk craftsmen in many regions of Ukraine.

In addition to the above-mentioned crafts and trades, in Ukraine there is the processing of stone, horn and bone, leather and fur. Weaving products from beads (jewelry), weaving from straw, different kinds embroidery, lace, artistic weaving (knitting), etc.

These crafts have long existed as auxiliary types economic activity, which made it possible not only to maintain the material level of the family, but also to develop aesthetic taste, producing an eternal craving for beauty, so characteristic of all Ukrainian life and everyday life.

Must save folk traditions, developed by Ukrainians over thousands of years, so that our descendants do not lose the craving for beauty and perfection that inspired our ancestors. Folk art products preserve the energy of the nation, so we should not forget that no matter what new artistic values ​​are created by professional artists, the folk art tradition remains inexhaustible source, nourish the hearts and souls of people forever.