Factory for the production of bricks from waste. "Bricks made from recycled materials - reliable and economical!" Blocks from construction waste

The use of brick as a building material has been used since ancient times. Today, brick is considered one of the most basic types of construction materials. But in construction work ah learned to use both solid brick and broken brick, which also gained wide popularity among many construction companies in Russia.

Application area

Red brick scrap is commonly referred to as the waste that results from the production of bricks. In addition, broken bricks are formed as a result of the demolition of buildings and structures. This kind of brick fighting is widely used. It is customary to sprinkle it on roads, pits, and also use it for sprinkling areas intended for parking lots and asphalt areas. In addition, broken bricks are used as backfill in places such as swampy soils, which are later used for the construction of new houses.

The use of broken bricks is used in such cases as?

1. Broken bricks are used to pave roads to give them shape. Broken bricks are used both in construction work and gardening. But mostly broken bricks have found their use for temporary road repairs in the autumn-winter period.
2. As for road work, broken brick, like broken concrete, is used as the main and indispensable means for dealing with holes and potholes on the roads.
3. If construction is planned in swampy areas, then broken bricks will be used as bedding for construction.
4. On summer cottages broken brick is used as a drainage system for the construction of ponds or wells.

In addition, broken brick is an excellent means of providing heat and sound insulation. Therefore, it is very often used in construction work during the construction of walls, filling the inside of the wall with this material.

Sales of broken bricks

As for the sale of broken bricks, it is carried out not only by companies specializing in the production of bricks themselves, but also by other companies that directly deal with the sale of ore materials.

Broken bricks are sold according to the approved price list. But it is always worth keeping in mind that there are cases when the cost of this building material may change, usually due to the volume of the order and the availability of delivery. Broken bricks are delivered to their destination using special equipment, which must have a high carrying capacity.

Just a hundred years ago, the word “brick” did not evoke a variety of definitions. In modern terms, a brick was a product made from baked clay. These are the old and good building material, which is still considered the most reliable and “noble”. In the 20th century, the meaning of this word expanded significantly, because a variety of bricks began to appear. For example, white silicate brick based on quartz sand and lime. In Soviet times, such material was used very widely. He didn't demand high temperatures for production, and therefore was cheaper. True, the consumer perceived it as a kind of “ersatz”, a kind of “plebeian” replacement for normal ceramic bricks. And this despite the fact that in low-rise construction new material has proven itself well. It was quite durable and reliable. But, unfortunately, he was not “friendly” with fire and water.

Development modern technologies gradually led to different types bricks began to appear as if from a cornucopia. In principle, a “brick” began to be called any product of a rectangular shape that could be lifted with one hand.

Some craftsmen manage to make “bricks” from sand and cement - without any autoclave treatment. Special molds are used for this. Once - and you're done! For individual construction, this method is not so bad. You can organize such a mini-production in your yard and make similar “bricks” alone. Then lay out the wall alone. Just a sight for sore eyes!

But still, as we understand, normal material should be produced at enterprises, and not in a handicraft way. And here the issues of economy are already important. Ceramic brick - for all its advantages - is still a costly material. There is no talk of mass use these days, no matter how the consumer views it. About five years ago, calculations were made in our region that showed that the cost of a brick house would be at the level of 40 thousand rubles per square meter. That is, no “economy class” made of brick is possible. Of course, there are various combined options using insulation: “layered” masonry, “well” masonry. But, as we understand, this is not the same at all. “Nobility” here is already imaginary, for appearances. And the reliability of such structures generally raises serious doubts.

Some manufacturers, meeting consumer demands, specialize in the production of porous and hollow bricks that do not require additional insulation. But even builders have complaints about this material. Its strength is less, and in addition it is vulnerable to moisture.

From a construction point of view, the main advantage of brick is the reliability of this design and the relative ease of installation, which does not require the use of any complex devices. After all, the technology for constructing brickwork has practically not changed for thousands of years, since the time of King Nebuchadnezzar. This is why it is usually attractive to individual developers because, having mastered some skills in laying bricks on mortar, you can lay out the wall yourself.

In our country, where there are a lot of “handy” men, citizens on their plots would build houses and other buildings to their heart’s content if they had plenty of this material at hand - reliable and, most importantly, inexpensive. However, here one thing with the other - reliability and low cost - does not merge in any way.

A good ceramic brick is expensive for the average Russian in any case. Sometimes I would like to whip up something, but it’s expensive. We have to look for a cheap replacement. And a cheap replacement, as we understand, is not reliable.

However, progress does not stand still. Many countries are now paying attention to industrial and energy enterprises as a source of raw materials for the production of inexpensive materials. For example, in the USA, about eight years ago, they developed a technology for producing so-called “green” bricks from ash and ash. In terms of its properties, it is in no way inferior to ceramic brick - it is just as durable and reliable, and can withstand both heat and cold without problems. But at the same time – several times cheaper. Besides, mass production“green” brick allows you to dispose of it for business benefit industrial waste, of which 50 million tons accumulate annually in this country.

There is, of course, nothing new here. It’s just that the era dictates its conditions. Manufacturers tend to be conservative in such matters. The use of recycled materials is perceived as something secondary and “unclean”. Digging through waste, it seems, is not a “lordly thing.” That is, this problem is, first of all, not technological, but psychological. Typically the waste was used as an additive for road construction. Now the question is being raised about producing specific products based on them. And we must believe that time works for this approach. After all, for mass production“green” bricks do not need to be dug in quarries. On the contrary, such production allows us to cleanse nature of rubbish.

The same trend is visible in our country. Ashes and slags are still in Soviet times used in road construction. And materials such as cinder blocks and slag concrete are very well known to our consumers. True, their production is still of a semi-handicraft nature.

A “serious” manufacturer works, as before, with the material that is extracted in quarries. But in any case, time will take its toll. In Omsk, for example, they have already started producing “green” bricks from the ashes and slags of thermal power plants. A very significant precedent.

To consolidate this trend, it is necessary for science to have its say on this issue. It should be noted that at the Institute of Chemistry solid and mechanochemistry of the SB RAS have long been, so to speak, looking closely at industrial waste. For example, the rubble of metallurgical enterprises in Kuzbass is generally considered by the Institute’s specialists as a “Klondike” for our construction industry. In particular, samples of refractory brick with a density of 2 G/CM3 and linear dimensions: 380Х130Х120. According to the leading specialist of the Institute, Vladimir Poluboyarov, industrial waste is quite suitable for the production of inexpensive bricks and even decorative tiles (“artificial granite”).

The resulting brick is in no way inferior in strength to ceramic bricks and is just as reliable in operation. However, it will, of course, be cheaper. Savings are achieved mainly due to the fact that the production of such bricks does not require high temperatures. 300 degrees Celsius is enough to obtain a product with acceptable strength characteristics. While for firing ceramic bricks it is necessary to “provide” at least 900 degrees Celsius. Let us note that in our time energy consumption is one of the main items of production costs. And these costs will certainly only increase. In this regard, traditional ceramic bricks should be perceived as a “relic of the past.” And the fate of numerous brick-making enterprises is, by and large, predetermined - as energy prices rise, nothing good will happen to them. And a new, more progressive one will make its way in any case. According to Vladimir Poluboyarov, if the technology proposed by the Institute were widely used, we would get a “penny” building material, in no way inferior to “noble” brick.

It is clear that investors who have invested huge amounts of money in brick production (and NSO already operates at least 15 brick factories), would not be happy at all with such competition. At the same time, we do not think that the Russian consumer is so spoiled that he would perceive a “green” brick (we will use this term) with skepticism and distrust. If in the provinces citizens build their own houses and garages from substandard materials (it’s cheaper that way), then good quality inexpensive material would be received positively. There is no doubt about it. Scientists are ready to contribute to this process. It was up to the producers. Technically, nothing prevents you from setting up automated lines in production that works with

Brick made from baked clay, with its constantly growing production, has a number of negative environmental and social consequences. Students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have created a brick that is 70% boiler ash and does not require firing at all.

Rapid growth in construction in developing countries leads to an increase in the production of bricks, as one of the most affordable materials for building construction. This in turn creates 2 problems:

• and pollution environment during firing
• the extraction of clays for this brick leads to the processing of fertile soil, or rather to its destruction on a large scale

"The clay bricks are fired at 1,000 degrees Celsius," says Michael Laracy, a graduate student who worked on the project. “They consume huge amounts of energy from coal, in addition to the fact that these bricks are made entirely from topsoil, so they deplete the amount of farmable land.”

So Michael proposed solving both problems by recycling industrial waste into Construction Materials.
Eco BLAC bricks are 70% paper mill boiler ash mixed with sodium hydroxide, lime and a small amount of clay. It is produced at room temperature using “alkaline activation technology”, which ensures its strength.

“Currently this ash has no practical application due to its variability physical and chemical properties, and sending it to landfills is very expensive, both for the environment and for breeders. For this reason, we see an opportunity to create a robust design that can account for these variations using alkaline-activation technology."

Ash bricks turned out to be a very practical and scalable solution throughout India, where this experiment was actually carried out.
Eco-BLAC was awarded a $100,000 grant as a finalist in the 2015 MIT competition and was named one of the Best Innovations of 2015 by Mashable.

More than 80 billion tons of solid waste have accumulated in Russia.

Waste is money, not a problem

We are used to living, thoughtlessly believing that the air will always be clean, and the water in the tap will always be drinkable without harm to health. We take out garbage in containers or simply throw it on the sidewalks (and sometimes on lawns), naively believing that all this plastic, glass, paper, metals, rags - all this will disappear somewhere by itself.

Indeed, many household wastes - wood, textiles, grass, leaves - are utilized by microorganisms. However, man in the process of his development created many synthetic chemical substances, which do not occur in nature and therefore cannot undergo natural decomposition. Plastic, for example, currently accounts for up to 8% of the weight and 30% of the volume of packaging materials. At the same time, the absolute amount plastic waste V developed countries doubles every ten years. In addition to plastic, more than 10 thousand new chemical substances are synthesized every year in the world, and most of them, after they become unnecessary, can have an adverse effect on nature for many years. Unfortunately, manufacturers, having created new products, are not responsible for what happens to them after they serve their life (V. Bylinsky. Garbage disaster / World of News. - January, 2005. No. 2 (576)).

If we talk about Russia as a whole, then every year about 7 billion tons of all types of waste are generated in the country. Only solid household waste To date, about 80 billion tons have already been accumulated. And according to experts, in 2.5 years the volume of major cities garbage can double in size.

Of the total waste mass, about 9 million tons of waste paper, 1.5 million tons of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 2 million tons are buried in the country annually polymer materials, 10 million tons food waste, 0.5 million tons of glass... In other words, waste that is potential secondary raw materials(paper, glass, metal, polymers, textiles, etc.) In this sense, a garbage heap can and should be considered as a kind of “gold mine”, because waste is a unique resource in its multi-component composition, in the continuity and stability of reproduction. The owners of this resource (megacities, cities with a small population, urban-type settlements, etc.) have the right to dispose of it at their own discretion: either, if possible, make a profit, or incur losses from inept management.

And you can use this resource in different ways. For example, the thrifty Japanese not only recycle up to 80% of the waste generated, but also find the “tails” remaining after processing (the non-recyclable part of the waste) useful application. To reclaim much-needed land from the ocean, Japan is using compacted garbage to build dams. So, Odaiba is actually a “garbage” island. The second (less known, but no less beautiful) of the “trash” islands is Tennozu. By the way, if Odaiba is known in Japan as a place for romantic dates, then Tennozu is the residence of the wealthy metropolitan public.

Photo 1. “Trash” islands of Japan.

In Russia, against the backdrop of a generally undeveloped systemic waste management system, the Moscow waste management system is perhaps one of the best today. It is difficult to name any technology known in the world for working with solid waste that would not be used in one form or another in the capital. But what is especially pleasing is that today the city government is confidently heading towards a systemic industrial processing municipal waste.

However, a trend has emerged towards a forced sharp reduction in the resource of landfill waste disposal. In this regard, technologies are of particular relevance, as a result of which it becomes possible to significantly reduce the load on landfills, and moreover, to make them environmentally friendly. Modern technical solutions can also solve this problem.

Technological principles of waste management

All modern integrated control systems used municipal waste traditionally consist of the following main blocks, performing the following main functions:

• waste collection (mainly container sites);
• transportation of waste to sorting sites (traditional garbage trucks);
• sorting with the separation of useful fractions (secondary material resources) and their subsequent direction for industrial processing;
• neutralization of useless residues (“tailings”) and their disposal at landfills or incineration incineration plants with subsequent burial of slag and ash.

In accordance with the concept of waste management implemented, for example, in Moscow, in principle, only that which cannot (or is currently unprofitable) to be processed is subject to incineration. Only things that cannot be burned should be buried in landfills.

The proposed integrated municipal waste management system (see MSW No. 9, 10, 2007, No. 1, 2008) involves the use of investment-attractive technological and organizational solutions. In this case, the use effective technologies allows you to really organize selective collection household waste, adapted to Russian conditions. The selection of recycled resources reaches 50% of the volume of all solid waste generated in the serviced territory; the volume of “tailings” removed for disposal is significantly reduced.

Using the principle of sorting waste in close proximity to the source of its formation also makes it possible to obtain and direct waste with a given morphological composition, including for incineration. This will optimize the operation of waste incineration plants.

An additional effect can be obtained by using new technology processing the remaining “tails” into environmentally friendly (for example, construction) materials. A similar technology and technical means for its implementation were developed by City Waste Technology (Germany) and are used in the city of Manila (Philippines).

To implement this process in the traditional scheme of a waste sorting plant, instead of the final section of compacting the “tails” for disposal at landfills, three new blocks must be used. These units provide mechanical processing (grinding), chemical processing and production of final products.

In the mechanical processing unit, preliminary and secondary grinding of the “tails” of MSW, KGM and construction waste.

When providing such technological process in a waste sorting plant with a capacity of, for example, 100 tons per day, preliminary waste shredding occurs using a low-speed shredder with a rotation speed of 23 rpm with a throughput of about 12.5 t/h. The output is materials with a size of about 250 mm. Subsequent secondary grinding makes it possible to obtain fractions of 15-20 mm in size. For this purpose, a high-speed shredder with a rotation speed of 240 rpm is used. with a throughput of about 6.5 t/h. Construction waste is crushed using a crusher with a capacity of 100-350 t/h. The fine organic fraction is separated using a drum sieve (capacity approx. 6.5 t/h).

Photo 2. Processing of crushed waste in a reactor

Chemical treatment of the resulting material allows for its neutralization, disinfection (destruction of bacteria, fungi, etc.), neutralization and immobilization of heavy metals. The process itself takes place in a special step-type reactor (capacity - 3,000 l/step) using a vortex-type planetary mixer. In the reactor, the crushed material being processed is mixed with special chemical ingredients, resulting in its chemical processing. Chemical ingredients enter the reactor from a compact unit in which mixing, storage and dosing of reagents is carried out.

Photo 3. Neutralized solid waste “tails” - filler for concrete

The material completely neutralized in this way, already as a raw material for the production of building materials, enters the production unit, where it is mixed with cement and various inert additives. A loading unit with a bucket lift, radial and planetary mixers can be used as the main components of the block. After molding, building materials are obtained.

Photo 4. The production process of “waste concrete”

This technology makes it possible to obtain up to 800 tons of building materials from 1,000 tons of waste, the range of which can include up to 200 items (building blocks, panels, road tiles, bricks, concrete pipes, tiles, etc.).

The type and quality of concrete products depend on:

• morphological composition of waste (in this case, “tails”);
• type and quantity of inert additives (sand, gravel, recycled building materials);
• type of cement, its quantity and quality;
• cement additives (plasticizers, accelerators, hardeners);
• used production technology, machinery and equipment.

Photo 5. Construction materials obtained from solid waste recycling

Currently, the first samples of building materials manufactured using the technology described above have been received and tested in Moscow. Technical specifications for solid waste fillers and specific types of products using them, as well as technological regulations for the manufacture of building materials and products using solid waste fillers have been developed and are being developed.

The Federal Service for Surveillance in the Sphere of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare issued positive sanitary and epidemiological conclusions (No. 77.01.03.571.P.016782.04.06 dated April 3, 2006 and No. 77.01.03.574.P.016764.04.06 dated April 3, 2006 d.) for compliance with state sanitary and epidemiological rules and standards of the following design documentation and products:

• TU 5712-072-00369171-06 “Fillers from municipal solid waste for concrete”;
• TU 5742-073-00369171-06 “Concrete with aggregate from municipal solid waste”;
• aggregates from municipal solid waste for concrete manufactured according to TU 5712-072-00369171-06;
• concrete on aggregate made from municipal solid waste, manufactured according to TU 5742-073-00369171-06.

Photo 6. Russian-made concrete with aggregates from solid waste.

As a result of the implementation of the entire technological complex under consideration, almost 100% processing of the flow of all waste generated in the serviced area is ensured into secondary raw materials and construction materials - environmentally friendly liquid goods.

The resulting materials are suitable not only for construction work, but also for the reclamation of old landfills. Reduces the release of filtrate entering the wastewater, greenhouse gas emissions. When the resulting concrete blocks are removed (with maximum use of household waste as fillers) to new landfills, the release of landfill gas is reduced to zero. Accordingly, the use of all recycled “tailings” in construction can reduce the area of ​​landfills to zero, which will lead to a significant improvement in the environmental situation in our country.

The project is characterized by financial efficiency and a relatively low (compared to other waste processing technologies) level of required investment.

The use of coal mine waste as a raw material for the production of ceramic bricks.

B.S. BATTLES, Doctor of Engineering. Sciences, Professor, TA. BELOZEROVA, senior lecturer, S.E. MAXOBER M.F. GAIDAI, -: Perm National Research Polytechnic University (PNRPU).
The article presents experimental data on the use of coal industry waste. It has been established that waste heaps can be used to produce ceramic products with high performance characteristics.

Rock dumps of coal mines are currently considered as technogenic deposits containing a number of useful components, suitable for use. There is an urgent need to create enterprises for their comprehensive development, which will solve a number of problems of mining towns and regions: reduce environmental pollution, return into circulation the lands currently under waste heaps, obtain valuable products that are in demand on the market, and solve a number of social problems.

Significant volumes of mine rocks and waste can be used in the construction industry. However, the instability of composition and properties is one of the main factors limiting their use. But with the observance of certain preparation and processing techniques, high-quality products can be obtained, the production of which is quite feasible for a small enterprise.

From literary sources[1] it is known that based on waste heaps of different coal deposits building materials of various compositions and purposes can be obtained, incl. ceramic materials - products of construction and artistic ceramics, refractories.

Research conducted by us has shown the following: since the composition of these waste dumps contains flakiness grains and grains of weak rocks in quantities exceeding the tolerances established regulatory documents, their use as aggregates for concrete is impractical.

Activated binders can be obtained either of low quality or requiring mandatory heat and moisture treatment when used in mortars or concrete. Experiments have shown that the most realistic method of processing waste dumps can only be carried out using high-temperature technological processes.

Due to the fact that in Russia the production of serial equipment for the production of construction ceramics using the “dry” method has been established (ASSTROM association, Rostov-on-Don), a real opportunity has arisen to process waste heaps into construction ceramics.

The purpose of the work described in this article is to study the possibility of obtaining ceramic products for construction purposes, in particular ceramic bricks, from waste heaps of the Kizelovsky basin.
The waste heaps are represented by two types of waste rocks: “black” - carbonaceous clay shales and mudstones; “red” - the so-called burnt rocks that were fired as a result of spontaneous combustion of shales and mudstones.

Chemical composition waste heaps are given in table. 1. Both types of waste heaps are present in the form of coarse crushed stone and sand.

As can be seen from table. 1, the chemical composition of waste heaps of both types approximately corresponds to the composition of brick clays. However, black shale contains clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite, as well as feldspars, chlorites and sericite. In addition, they contain quartz, corundum, magnetite, hematite, sulfates, carbonates, sulfides and native sulfur.

The black color of these rocks is due to the presence of dispersed carbon in them. At the same time, black shales do not swell in water and have a layered structure, low mechanical strength, but at the same time they are viscous (low-brittle).

Red (burnt) shale contains products of thermal transformation of black shale minerals. With this transformation, the chemical composition of the shale changes little, while the mineral composition undergoes significant changes. Clay shale becomes similar in composition to fireclay. The layered structure becomes more massive, the mechanical strength increases, but at the same time the fragility increases.

Thus, in terms of the chemical and mineralogical composition, both slates, taken in a 1:1 ratio, are similar to the prepared ceramic mass, including burn-out (coal) and burn-out (red shale) additives. In order for a mass of such a composition, crushed to a fine powder, to have the moldability necessary to produce a brick, it is necessary to introduce a binder into it. Clay can serve as a binder. The amount of clay is necessary to ensure good moldability during dry (semi-dry) pressing. Clay from one of the deposits was used as a binder Perm region. The chemical composition of clay is given in table. 2.

An important role in obtaining high-quality ceramics is played by the degree of grinding of the initial waste dumps and the ratio of “black” and “red” in the composition of the raw material mixture. During the research, it was found that if waste heaps are crushed to a sand fraction of 0-5 mm, then the samples are of low strength, with defects on the surface. The influence of the degree of grinding of waste heaps on the formability of the mass and the properties of raw materials and shards was investigated. For this purpose, grinding and mechanical classification of the rock was used to complete passage through sieves 2.5, 1.25 and 0.63.

As a result of this work, it was concluded that the optimal degree of reduction occurs when crushing and subsequent grinding until it completely passes through a 0.63 sieve. In this case, after firing, a uniformly fired shard without defects is obtained.

The water, molding, drying and fire properties of mixtures from waste heaps of both types were determined.

Molding moisture content was determined as follows: 100 g samples of mixtures were weighed. Weights of 20 g are divided into 5 equal parts. Each sample was moistened with water in the following quantities: wt. %: 5; 7.5; 10; 12.5; 15. From each moistened mixture, one cylinder sample was formed in a mold with a diameter of 20 mm under a load of 200 kgf. The molded samples were immediately tested for compression.

The test results are presented in table. 3.

Table 1. Chemical composition of waste heaps

No. pp.	Si0 2	TiO2	A1 2 O 3	Fe2O3	MnO	MgO	SaO		K2O5	P2O
1A	50,85	1,277	17,16	5,31	0,009	0,11	0,38		2,35	0,092
2A	51.04	1,449	21.75	14.16	0,019	0,00	1.60		2,25	0,114
BEHIND	30,05	1,152	15,18	4,56	0.007	0,00	0,19		2,55	0,056
4A	45,22	1,295	17,11	9,65	0,007	0.11	0,16		2,43	0,076
1B	47,48	1,032	14.78	5,99	0,007	0,02	0,16		1,88	0,093
2B	52,99	1,383	19,88	14,31	0,020	0,00	1.92		2,07	0,105
ZV	45,15	1,130	15,29	4,61	0,007	0,09	0.14		2,20	0,096
4B	58,67	1,192	16,57	8,34	0,013	0,24	0,13		2,29	0,095

Note: 1A-4A black waste heaps; 1B-4B red waste heaps

Table 2. Chemical composition of clay

	PPP	SiO,	A1.0,	TYU,	FeA	SaO	MgO	S0 3	K,0	Na 2 0
	6,75	63,48	12,87	0,74	4,76	5,57	1,84	0,02	2,02	1,75

Table 3. Indicators of molding strength of mixtures

Compound			Molding strength, kg/cm 2 at humidity, %
"black" waste heap	"red" waste heap	clay		7,5
				14
				12
				9,2
				6,8
				5,8
				4,2

The optimal composition of the mixture, obtained through experiments, at which a shard is obtained best quality, mass %: “black” waste heap - 45; “red” waste heap - 45; clay - 10; water - 7. Optimal pressing pressure is 400-500 kg/cm2. The remaining experiments were carried out on pressed cylinder samples of optimal composition with a height and diameter of 50 mm, obtained at optimal pressure.
The sintering interval, established experimentally based on the amount of water absorption, is 950-1100°C.

The optimal sintering temperature is 1050°C. Sintering time in laboratory muffle furnace 6-8 hours. After firing, the properties of the resulting samples were determined: strength, density, softening coefficient, water absorption and frost resistance.

The following results were obtained. With a compressive strength of 156 kg/cm2, the samples have a density of 1510 kg/m3, water absorption of 10.1%, and a softening coefficient of 0.97. When tested for frost resistance, the samples withstood 50 cycles without loss of weight.

Previously, we found that the addition of cleaved oligopeptides in the form of BG-20 concentrate, used as a foaming agent, increases the strength of ceramic shards obtained by slip casting and plastic molding. A hypothesis was put forward about the reason for the increase in the strength of the shard when using such an additive. The hypothesis assumes that during the firing of a ceramic mass including oligopeptides, the synthesis of nanostructural elements occurs, which then serve as centers for the crystallization of the melt formed during sintering. According to the accepted classification, such a material can be considered a nanocomposite.

Rice. 1. Dependence of the compressive strength of the sample on the amount of foaming agent in the raw mixture

Fig2. Dependence of sample density on the amount of foaming agent in the raw mixture

If the hypothesis is justified, then the effect of increasing the strength of the shard should not depend on the method of molding the products. To test this assumption, we conducted experiments in which we used ceramic mixture compositions including 2, 4 and 6% by weight BG-20. After adding a foaming agent of more than 6%, the strength practically does not change, and after 12% it drops sharply. Therefore, in order to avoid overconsumption of foaming agent, 4-6% is taken as the optimal amount. The amount of water was reduced by the same amounts. All other experimental conditions were maintained as described above. The test results are shown in Fig. 1. An interesting fact is that the density practically does not change, as shown in Fig. 2.

Thus, as a result of the work carried out, it was experimentally shown that nanocomposite red-fired ceramics for construction purposes can be obtained from a mixture of black and red rocks. Recipes and technological regimes for the production of lightweight ceramic bricks using the dry pressing method were developed.

Experiments have shown that when dry pressing is used, waste from the coal industry - Kizelovsky waste heaps - can be used to produce ceramic bricks of grades 75-250 according to GOST 580-2007.

Based on the work done, we can conclude that the waste heaps of the Kizelovsky basin are suitable for producing ceramic bricks and artistic ceramics, provided that both types of waste heaps are crushed to a fraction of 0.63, 10-12% clay is introduced into the mixture and used as a strengthening additive protein foaming agent BG-20 in an amount of 4-6%.

Bibliography
1. Buravchuk N.I. Promising directions for recycling waste from coal mining and combustion. Institute of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics named after. THEM. Vorovich Yuzhny federal university, Rostov-on-Don.
2. GOST’8267-93. Crushed stone and gravel made of dense rocks for construction work. Specifications: Interstate. standard. — Enter. 01/01/95.
3. Maksimovich N.G. Crystal growth and other processes in gel-like media during chemical contamination of soils // Mineralogy of technogenesis - 2007. - Miass, 2007. - pp. 189-212.
4. Batalin B. S. Nanotechnology and construction materials. // Concrete Technologies, 2009, No. 7-8. pp. 78-79.
5. Birkholz M., Albers U. and Jung T. Nanocomposite layers of ceramic oxides and metals prepared by reactive gas-flow sputtering, 179, pp. 279-285 (2004).