Parts of a river and their definitions. What is a river? Parts of a river and their definitions River system - feature - length

Lesson: Rivers. Parts of the river. River system

The purpose of the lesson:

Form an idea of ​​the river, its parts, parts of the riversystems and valleys. Learn to measure the length of a river geographicallymap, characterize the river using conventional topographic maps,determine the left and right banks, left and right tributaries, andkiI, IIetc. order.

Equipment:

Demonstration tables “River Valley”. Hemispheres map,physical map of Russia. Cards with terms: “source”, “mouth”,"main river", "tributary"I", "influxII", "river system", "river valley", "floodplain", "bed". River cards, reproproduction of paintings depicting a river. Cards with imagesniya various types mouths.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

II . Survey

Tasks on knowledge of definitions and concepts

- What are aquifers?

Fill in the missing words.

a) If the groundwater is between two aquitardsnymi, then this is... water;

b) If groundwater is located at the first aquitard, thenThis.....

What waters are called mineral waters?

Underline permeable rocks with a wavy line, straightmine are waterproof: clay, sand, gravel, pebbles, basalt.

Tasks to test the assimilation of patterns

- Which rocks pass water faster? Why?

Where will you look for a spring during your hike?

Which waters are cleaner - groundwater or interstratal water?

Why do they say that a spring “gushes”?

Is there a pattern of distribution? mineral waters?

Why does the water level in wells change in summer?

What season of the year are wells dug?

While students are preparing to answer at the board, you can check the questionsStudy No. 4 at the end of § 30, analyze your homework.

III . Learning new material

The topic of today's lesson will be solving the following riddles.

It flows, it flows - it will not leak;He runs, he runs, but he won’t run out.

Not a horse, but running, Not a forest, but making noise.

Between the mountains and between the valleys a white horse runs.

You already understand that the topic of the lesson...(River.)

- So, open the notebooks and write down the topic.

Pay attention to the painting by artist A. M. Vasnetsov“Northern Region” (“Kerzhenets” by N. M. Romandin, “Bigwater" by I. I. Levitan, "River Princess N. M. Remezova). A lot ofgreat and beautiful artists were depicted in their paintingsnah rivers. Not only artists, but also writers... Who doesn't remembera nit of Gogol’s lines: “Wonderful is the Dnieper in calm weather...”“A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper...”

Poets also loved rivers. Many beautiful, wonderful lines to themthey dedicated.

(Check the creative task, listen to 2-3 works.)

It can be:

Oh, Volga!.., my cradle,

Has anyone ever loved you like I do?

(Ugly.)

The Neva was rushing to the sea all night...

And she couldn’t bear to argue...

But the force of the wind from the bay

Blocked Neva

She walked back, angry, seething,

And flooded the islands.

(A.S. Pushkin.)

- Rivers evoked different feelings among poets, writers, and artists.kov, and we will try to say in prose what a river is. (Children fromthey chatter and give their definitions.)

Let's compare our definitions with what is written in the textbook.nick.

If the definitions match, the teacher gives an excellent grade, and ifthere are sharp differences, the answer should be: why didn’t you pay attentionWhat about this detail of the definition?

A river consists of a source, bed, and mouth. Draw in your notebookku, using component parts in the drawing.

One student works at the board. It shows a river:

lake

- Label: tributary, source, mouth, channel.

lake

source

Give definitions of the terms: source, tributary, mouth, channel.

Source - the beginning of the river, the place from which a permanentflow of water in the riverbed.

Estuary - the place where a stream (river, stream) flows into another river, more, lake, reservoir.

Bed - the lowest part of the river valley along which thedit water flow.

Inflow - watercourse flowing into another, in relation to thisto another.

Exist different kinds mouths.

Estuaries - funnel-shaped mouth of the river, expanding to a hundredthe crown of the sea. Formed when sediment brought by a river is carried away by tidal currents, and the adjacent part of the sea reachesprecisely deep, so that sediment accumulation does not occur.

Delta - shape of a river mouth with channels into which it is dividedmain channel. Deltas by shape different types, more often have threecoal or fan-shaped. Deltas are not formed smallwater areas of the sea (lake) at the confluence of the river, carrying a largeamount of sediment.

Open in atlases physical card Russia and the hemispheres.Give examples of rivers that have a mouth in the form of a delta orestuaries. Recording in a notebook is done in the form of a diagram.

Estuary

delta

estuaries

Lena,

Volga,

Mississippi

Yenisei,

Thames,

St. Lawrence

You and I have almost answered the question: what is a river system?ma? Let's return to the drawing. We should finish drawing it.

Where does the main river originate?(In the lake.)

Where does the influx originate?(There are glaciers in the mountains.)

- Where else might tributaries originate?(For example, in a swamp, spring.)

- Let's complete our diagram: an influx originating from a spring anda tributary rising from a swamp.

How many tributaries did you get?(Three.)

How will we distinguish them?

Students put forward versions until someone says,that there are left and right tributaries.

How do we determine which is left and which is right?(Need to stand in the direction of the current, facing the mouth. If the river flows from the right, then it is a right tributary, and if from the left - then le vy.)

If students do not answer themselves, then they look for the answer in the textbook.

Look at the tributaries originating from the swamp and spring.What can you say about them? (They are left-wing.)

Do you have a question?(How to distinguish them if they are both left?)

- One of them is of the first order, and some of the second. How would youcalled?(The one that falls first is of the first order, the one that flows into the first-order tributary is the second.)

- This is the river system. Subtitle your rinote in the notebook. Read in the textbook what a river sis istopic (or define it yourself and compare it with the definitionin the textbook).

Let's work in the atlas. Map of the Russian Federation. Find r. Ob. Describeriver system according to plan:

1) Main river.

2) The source of the main river, the mouth of the main river.

3) Left and right tributaries.

4) TributariesI, II, IIIetc. tributaries.

Answer:

1) Ob is the main river.

2) The source of Altai, at the junction of the river. Biya and Katun. Estuary -Kara Sea.

3) Left tributary - Irtysh;

4) InflowIorder - Irtysh;IIorder - Ishim.

Now let's try to describe the river system of the river thatParadise flows in your area.

The teacher hangs up cards with images of rivers in the pa systemrallies and meridians. Asks students to identify rivers.

And now our task is to learn how to determine the length of rivers. WeWe already know how to measure the length between cities. What is the differencethe essence of measuring the distance between cities and the length of rivers?(Rivers are meandering.)

- How can you measure the length of a curved, winding river? (WITHby with the power of thread and ruler.)

- Right. The thread is placed on the bends of the river. Then the segmentthe threads are combined with a ruler, the resulting distance iscentimeters multiplied by the named scale. Measurelength of rivers: option 1 - Ob, option 2 - Yenisei.Cards with fragments of topographical maps are hung on the board.maps showing rivers. Students characterize riversaccording to cards.

Now let's go back to the beginning of the lesson. We started with creativitypoets, artists. What other poems have you prepared?knowledge about rivers?

(At this stage of the lesson you can guess puzzles, anagrams,homonyms.)

The name of which river consists of a preposition and a number?(Pripyat.)

- Which Siberian river consists of a personal pronoun and a prefixlog?(Yana.)

- The name of which river is in your mouth?(Gum.)

- Which river can you cut with a knife? Or: which river grows ontree?(Rod.)

- Which tributary of the Don is named after the tree?(Pine.)

- What river Western Siberia is the name of the dishes?(Taz.)

I am a Siberian river,

Wide and deep.

Change the letter “e” to “u” -

I will become a satellite of the earth.

(Lena - Moon.)

You probably know me

I am Pushkin's fairy tale hero.

But if you change “I” to “n”,

I will become a Siberian river.

(Elisha - Yenisei.)

I fall into the Selenga with the letter “d”,

And with “p” I flow into the Oka.

And I get to the Volga with “s”,

But with “f” I am White Teka.

(Uda - Upa - Usa - Ufa.)

- We rested a bit and got back to work. In circuitThe following rivers need to be signed on the maps: Volga, Ob,Yenisei, Lena, Amur, Congo, Nile, Yangtze, Indus, Ganges, Don,Dnieper, Amazon, Mississippi.

If students are not doing well, they can be given as homework.

The main river with all its tributaries forms a river system, which is characterized by the density of the river network, i.e., a set of rivers pouring water in one common channel or system of channels into the sea, lake or other body of water.

The land surface from which a river system collects its waters is called

is a watershed, i.e., a part of the earth’s surface from which water flows into a separate watercourse or drainage area. The drainage area together with

top layers earth's crust, which includes a given river system and is separated from other river systems by watersheds, is called a river basin

Rivers usually flow in elongated low relief forms - valleys

(Fig. 8), i.e. negative, linearly elongated relief forms of various

profile with a uniform dip, the lowest part of which is called the channel, and the part of the valley bottom, flooded by high river waters, is called the floodplain. In addition, the valley has a number of terraces above the floodplain (usually 2-3) (Fig. 9).

naya (terraced); d – U-shaped

Scheme of the location and structure of the Volga terraces in the area of ​​Syzran (according to the explanatory note to the temporary stratigraphic scheme of Quaternary deposits Caspian lowland, 1951): 1 – alluvial sands with pebbles;

2 – alluvial sands; 3 – loamy floodplain facies; 4 – early Khvalyn chocolate clays; 5 – Khazar, or Volga, fauna of mammals; 6 – Neogene and more

ancient deposits

River terraces are horizontal or slightly inclined surfaces on the slopes of river valleys, limited by ledges. They are formed by the eroding and accumulative activity of the river and are usually composed of alluvium. Based on their origin, they are divided into nested and superimposed terraces; according to the constituent material - accumulative, basement and radical (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. River terraces: 1 – accumulative; 2 – erosion;

3 – superimposed; 4 – nested

Source – the place where a watercourse (for example, a river or stream) originates.

On geographical map the source is usually represented by a conventional point.

The source is usually the beginning of a stream receiving water from a spring, the end of a glacier, a lake, or a swamp. On swamp rivers, the source is often taken to be the point from which an open stream with a permanent channel appears.

Estuary – the place where a river flows into a reservoir, lake, sea or other river. The part of the river adjacent to the mouth can form a delta or estuary (lip, estuary).

The channel is the lowest part of the valley, developed by the flow of water, along which the main part of the bottom sediments moves and the flow of water occurs during periods between floods. Rusla big rivers have a width of

several meters to tens of kilometers (for example, in the lower reaches of the Ob, Lena,

Amazon), while the increase in the depth of the channel as the size of the river increases occurs more slowly than the increase in width. Along the length of the channel deep places(reaches) alternate with small ones (rifts). The channels of lowland rivers are usually meandering or divided into branches, formed in silty, sandy or gravel deposits. As a rule, the channel has a complex outline in plan; Along with relatively straight sections, there are bends that are called meanders, that is, a smooth bend of the river bed. Meandering, rivers gradually increase their bends, eroding the concave bank and depositing the transported material at the opposite convex bank. Gradually, the valley bottom expands and a floodplain forms. At a certain stage of development, the river can straighten its channel. The meander separated from the river turns into an oxbow lake - a closed reservoir - a lake, which has an oblong, winding or horseshoe shape (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Sequence diagram

vocal shift

ny meanders as they develop:

a – initial stage; b – growth and displacement of the meander; c – formation of an oxbow

The channels alternate between deeper places – reaches and shallow areas – rifts. The line of greatest depth of the channel forms the fairway, and the line highest speeds flow is called a core.

Floodplain is a part of a river valley that is flooded during high water or floods.

The width of the floodplains of lowland rivers is usually about the width of the Russian

la up to several dozen channel widths, sometimes reaching 40 km.

Reach is a deep-water section of the river bed, located between shallow sections of the river bed (rifts). A stretch usually forms where, during a flood, there is a local increase in the speed of the river flow and its bottom is intensively eroded (for example, in curved sections of the channel, in narrowings of a river valley). Typically, a reach is formed in the bed of a meandering river at the top of a bend near a concave bank. Typically, along a meandering river, stretches regularly alternate with riffles.

A riffle is a shallow section of a river bed. Typically, a riffle is composed of loose sediments (alluvium), crosses the channel and has the appearance of a shaft: with a gentle slope facing against the current, or with a steep slope facing downstream.

A riffle is formed as a result of uneven erosion of the riverbed by water flow and sediment deposition. Rolling often occurs in areas of expansion

river beds, near the mouths of tributaries. Above the riffles the flow loses its energy.

The difference in height between the source and the mouth of a river is called the fall of the river; The ratio of the fall of a river or its individual sections to their length is called the slope of the river (section) and is expressed as a percentage (\%) or in per mille (‰).

Delta is a lowland composed of river sediments in the lower reaches of a river,

cut through by an extensive network of branches and channels.

Deltas are usually

represent a special mini-ecosystem both on the planet as a whole and in the basin of a specific river.

Despite their limited size (the area of ​​all deltas in the world does not much exceed 3% of the land area, and the deltaic shores account for about

9\% length coastline oceans), deltas have rich natural resources (water, land, biological), which makes them very promising for agriculture and fisheries, water transport

ta. Thanks to fertile soils and abundance of moisture, river deltas in warm climates (Huang He, Nile, Amazon, etc.) became the birthplace of agriculture and human civilization in general. Estuary is a funnel-shaped

a river mouth that widens towards the sea. Formed near rivers flowing into seas, where the river mouth is strongly influenced by tides or other movements of ocean waters. In the northern regions they were called lips (Ob

lip). In desert areas, a so-called dry estuary is formed.

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River elements and currents

RIVER- a watercourse of significant size, fed by precipitation from its catchment area and having a clearly defined channel.

BED- a bed developed by a river flow through which flow is carried out without flooding the floodplain.

RIVER SYSTEM- a set of rivers that merge together and carry out their waters in the form of a common stream. The river system consists of a main river and 1st order tributaries, 2nd order tributaries flowing into a 1st order tributary, etc.

RIVER POOL(rule 1) - the catchment area of ​​a river or river system. A basin is also considered to be a certain part of inland waterways or a river system as a whole (for example, the Amur, Volzhsky basins, etc.). The Lena basin is 2490 thousand km2, the Yenisei - 2580, the Volga - 1360, the Kama - 507, the Don - 422 thousand km2.

RIVER DRAINAGE- part of the earth's surface, soil thickness and rocks, from where water flows to the water body. River catchments can be surface or underground. Sometimes a river's catchment area is called a drainage basin or simply a basin. The river's catchment is divided by a watershed (Fig. 1).

SOURCE OF THE RIVER(rule 3) - the beginning of the river, i.e. the place from which a constant flow of water appears in a river. The source of the river can be a spring, swamp, lake or glacier. Often the beginning of a river is taken to be the confluence of two other rivers.

MOUTH(rule 3) - the place where a river flows into another river, lake, reservoir or sea. Sometimes rivers that do not have a clearly defined mouth are lost in the sand.

ESTUARY SEASHORE- part of the coastal zone of the sea, in which the influence of river flow manifests itself and the formation of the underwater part of the delta occurs. Estuary coastal areas can be of several types: open, closed, sub-deep, shallow.

DELTA- the mouth section of the river, within which it is divided into watercourses (Fig. 2). Deltas are created by filling the basins of sea bays with sediment (on the Danube River) or by flooding river valleys as a result of geological processes (on the Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek rivers, etc.). River deltas occupy large areas (km 2): Lena - 28,000, Danube - 3600, Volga - 15,000, Indigirka - 5000. Deltas are usually low-lying and swampy, covered with rich vegetation.

Formed over many centuries, they gradually move forward and attack the sea. With each flood, the Deltas grow, change their shape, expand and lengthen. For example, on the river The length of the Danube Delta increases annually by 4-6 m, on the river. Terek - at 100 m, on the river. The Neva Delta area increases annually by 50 thousand m2. Navigation in the Delta is difficult due to the shallow depths, narrowness and variability of the fairway. For example, Delta river. Northern Dvina has many branches, but the approach to Arkhangelsk is carried out only along one branch, Maimakse, which is shallow and intensively drifted.

FLOOD- part of a river valley, composed of sediments and periodically flooded during floods and floods (Fig. 3).

RIVER VALLEY, river valley is a low part of the earth's surface along which a river flows. Near the river valley, wide places alternate with narrow ones. The width of the river valley can reach tens of kilometers, and the depth - hundreds of meters. The river valley is bordered on the sides by indigenous banks.

SLEEVE- part of the river bed, divided into channels, the largest of which in terms of water content is the river.

SIDE RIVER- a tributary of the main river, used during the full-flow navigation period for expeditionary delivery of goods and for the movement of small vessels.

BEND- bend of the river bed. Bends can be gentle, steep, long or short. In navigational practice, some Bends, depending on their size and position, are called bows and knees.

LUKE- a long and steep bend in the riverbed along with a river valley, in which the distance between the beginning and end of the bend is very small compared to the length.

INDIGENOUS SHORE, ridges, slopes - areas of the earth's surface that border a river valley on the sides.

ISLAND- a piece of land surrounded by water. Upper part The lake along the river is called the top, the bottom - the tail.

WALKING SHORE- a shore near which a ship's passage passes.

YAR- a low, steep, usually concave floodplain bank of the river bed (Fig. 4). In curved sections of the channel, transverse currents arise, directed at the surface at an angle towards the concave bank, and at the bottom - towards the convex bank. Having reached the shore, surface jets turn toward the bottom and erode it. Bottom cross-currents capture erosion products and transport them to the convex shore, where pump deposition occurs due to the low longitudinal flow velocity. This process leads to the fact that the depths near the concave shore are greatest, and near the convex shore they are the smallest. The yar has two shoulders: upper and lower. The shoulders, defining the beginning and end of the ravine, coincide with the beginning and end of its erosion, as well as with stable great depths, where the shipping passage predominantly passes.

FAIRWAY- a navigationally safe passage along a waterway, characterized by sufficient depths and the absence of obstacles for navigation.

WATER EDGE- the line of intersection of the water surface with the shore.

ELDER- a reservoir in the floodplain of a river, elongated in plan, gradually silting, resulting from the separation of a section of the river channel when straightening a bend by breaking through the isthmus of a loop or developing a straightening channel.

WATER MODE— changes over time in levels, flow rates and volumes of water in reservoirs and soils. In V.r. rivers there are several characteristic phases, repeating from year to year and determined by the type of river feeding (high water, high water and low water).

LOW- phase water regime rivers, repeating annually in the same seasons, characterized by low water content, long standing low water levels, which arises as a result of a decrease in the river’s nutrition.

SHALLOW WATER— shallow depths during periods of low water levels.

WATER LEVEL— the height of the water surface in a water body above the conventional horizontal comparison plane (Fig. 5). The most important are the following level: natural - the level in watercourses and reservoirs in their natural state, i.e. Not influenced hydraulic structures; dead volume - the lowest level to which emptying of the reservoir is allowed; lowest navigable (LNS) - a conditionally low (low-water) level with a given level of guaranteed depth of the navigation channel in natural conditions (taking into account possible dredging); normal retaining level (NPU) - the highest retaining level that can be maintained at normal conditions operation of hydraulic structures; backwater (PU) - the level formed in a watercourse or reservoir as a result of backwater; retaining (PU) - a conditionally low level with a given supply, where security refers to the duration of the period (in percentage) when the water level was higher or corresponded to a given level (from the PU the depth values ​​are shown on navigation maps of rivers, the height of the farms in spans is reported bridges, a guaranteed depth is established; PU is established on the basis of long-term observations so that the time of lower water level is no more than 10% of the duration of navigation on rivers with undeveloped navigation and up to 3% on rivers with developed navigation; the height of the PU is given in the preface to navigation charts); working (RU) - level at the time of its measurement; calculated navigable (RSU) - a navigable level determined by the calculation from which the free height of the under-bridge clearance is measured; cutoff - a conditional level to which depths measured at different operating water levels lead; forced backup (FPU) - a level higher than normal, temporarily allowed under emergency operating conditions of hydraulic structures.

WATER SURFACE SLOPE- the ratio of the drop in water level in a given section of the river to the length of this section. Here, the drop in water level is the difference between the marks at two points located along the river at the beginning and end of this section (Fig. 6). The fall can also be characterized by the value (usually in centimeters) per 1 km of river section length. For example, the average fall of the river. Ob per 1 km is equal to 4 cm. The slope is expressed as a dimensionless value (decimal fraction): I = (H1-H2)/L - Low-water slopes of the Volga near Nizhny Novgorod are equal to 0.00007, the Northern Dvina near Berezniki - 0.00003, the Yenisei near Krasnoyarsk - 0.00002, etc.

The values ​​of longitudinal slopes of the water surface in rivers depend on the height of the water level, the type of longitudinal profile of the river, the planned contours of the channel, etc. At low water levels U.p.w. less, and, as a rule, it is less on reaches than on rifts. With an increase in flow rate and a rise in the level of U.p.v. on reaches they increase, and on rifts they decrease. With a further increase in the level of U.p.v. on reaches and rifts they can become equal. With an even greater increase in the level of U.p.v. on reaches they increase, and on rifts they decrease. After the water leaves the channel and spills across the floodplain U.p.v. will depend on the outline of the river valley in plan: where the valley is narrower, the surface U.p.v. more; where the valley widens, less. The speed of water flow in the river depends on the longitudinal S.p.w.: the greater the S.p.w., the more speed currents, and vice versa. Therefore, during low water, the flow speed on the rifts is greater than on the reaches, and in high water, vice versa. The surface of the water in the river also has transverse U.S.W., which arise at the curves of the channel, during sharp rises and falls of water, and also due to the rotation of the Earth.

WATER- cluster large masses water in depressions of the earth's surface (pond, lake, reservoir).

LAKE(rule 3) - a natural body of water with slow water exchange.

RESERVOIR(rule 3) - an artificial reservoir formed by a water pumping structure on a watercourse for the purpose of storing water and regulating flow. Water is used to maintain the water regime of a river or canal, water supply, irrigation, the operation of hydroelectric power stations, and to provide favorable conditions for navigation. Depending on the specific wind-wave regime in the East, a distinction is made between lake and river zones, and the zone of backwater wedging out.

LAKE-RIVER ZONE OF THE RESERVOIR- part of the reservoir located between the lake and river zones. Relatively large depths at 0-w.w. are preserved only at a normal retaining level (NLU). When the reservoir is depleted, the depths above the flooded floodplain are shallow, so the ship passages above it are closed, the waves are weakened, and relatively strong currents are observed. Sailing conditions at 0-w.w. approaching the river ones.

RIVER AREA RESERVOIR- the part of the reservoir furthest from the dam is constantly backed up, but the water only fills the low-water bed without entering the floodplain. There is a current, under the influence of which deformations of the river bed occur.

CHANNEL(rule 3) - an artificial open water conduit in an earthen excavation or embankment (Fig. 7). According to their purpose, cables are divided into connecting, bypass, and approach. Connecting canals serve to connect rivers of different basins by water, as well as to connect rivers, lakes, and seas (for example, the Moscow, Volga-Don, and White Sea-Baltic canals). Bypass boats are designed for ships to bypass lakes that are subject to severe storms, as well as central parts large cities (Ladoga, Prionezh, etc.).

Approach ports are used for the approach of ships to ports, settlements and industrial enterprises located away from the main shipping route (for example, canals in Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, etc.).

According to the method of feeding, waterways can be gravity-fed (water comes directly from a river or lake and itself spreads throughout the watershed) and artificially fed (water from a source is pumped into a watershed pool, from where it flows by gravity).

TO hydraulic structures The equipment necessary for the operation of waterways mainly includes navigation locks, emergency repair barrier gates, spillways, and spillways. The speed of ships in Kazakhstan is limited and does not exceed 10-15 km/h. Dumping garbage and waste into K. is prohibited. The release of anchors is possible only in designated areas; the use of lots and drag chains is not permitted.

SEA CANAL- artificial deepening in seabed for the passage of ships to ports, indicated by navigational signs. Such channels are Arkhangelsk (delta branch), Dnieper-Bug (bar). Kherson (estuary, branch and river), Volga-Caspian (delta branch), Leningrad, Mariupol, Kaliningrad (sea bay).

CONDITIONAL FLOW(rule 3) - current on lakes and canals where there is practically no current or it is insignificant, accepted conditionally. It is notified in directions, navigation charts and local navigation rules.

Text of this presentation

The world around us 2nd grade Lesson topic: Rivers. The river begins with a blue stream

A river is a constant natural flow of water on the land surface.

The birthplace of the river is the source.
Lake
source

The source may be
— spring-swamp-lake-glacier in the mountains

source
Lake
The movement of water in a river is called a current.

Depending on the flow of the river there are:
PlainMountain

U mountain rivers the current is fast

Lowland rivers have slow flows

If you swim with the flow of a river, then the right bank will be on the right, and the left bank will be on the left
right bank
left Coast
source
Lake

left tributary
Other rivers and streams flow into the river - tributaries
right tributary
Lake
source

source
right tributary
left tributary
Lake
The place where a river flows into another body of water is called the mouth
mouth

Label the sources and mouths of rivers, left and right tributaries. Determine the direction of the flow and indicate with an arrow.

Let's test ourselves!
1.Draw a diagram of the river and label its parts.

Rivers flowing over gently sloping surfaces begin to curve back, forward, and across the landscape. Such rivers are called meandering (wandering).

Over time, rivers form troughs in the bedrock through which they flow. Rivers flowing through soft sediments can carve very deep gorges and canyons into them.

When a river reaches a lake or sea, the flow of water slows down and loses its ability to carry precipitation . Sediment then accumulates at the mouth of the river. Some rivers besiege this a large number of sedimentary material that neither sea waves nor tides can remove it. Thus, deltas arise at river mouths.

Some deltas are so large that people can live on them. The Nile Delta is very important for agriculture in Egypt.

If you look at the map rivers and streams, you will see what they create various shapes, called drainage structures. Drainage structures tell us about the terrain through which rivers flow.

Static map

Rivers most often start out as small streams that gradually become larger and larger as water is added along the way. Heavy rains and spring meltwater can bring so much water that some rivers overflow their banks and flood the surrounding area.

Rivers generally become larger when their tributaries join the main river channel.

Some rivers have many small channels that constantly separate and connect.

These rivers are called braided rivers. They are generally wide but shallow and form steep slopes in places where the banks are easily eroded.

Some rivers are water-bearing only during the rainy season or during the spring melting of snow and ice. These rivers are called temporary.

Many rivers form estuaries (estuaries) when they flow into the ocean. An estuary is a part of a river in which water mixes - fresh river water and salt sea water. Tides cause the water level in estuaries to rise and fall.

Geologists call the river an alluvium deposit. Alluvium is shown in yellow on the UK geological map.

Can you find the place where the river begins its journey? Hint: Alluvium appears at the source of a river, and as several rivers merge into one, alluvial deposits expand.

3. Label the source and mouth of the river on the diagram. The arrow indicates the direction of the river flow. Draw a man on the right bank, and a tree on the left.

4. The Wise Turtle asks you to tell her about the water resources of your region. Write her a letter.

There is a relatively dense river network on the territory of the Moscow region. There are up to 2,000 rivers and streams. The rivers of the Moscow region belong entirely to the Volga basin. These are Lama, Dubna, Oka, Protva, Nara, Lopasnya, Tsna, Osetr, Iskona, Ruza, Istra, Yauza, Pakhra, Nerskaya, Severka, etc. 1213 reservoirs and ponds were built on the rivers and canals: Akulovskoye, Istrinskoye, Mozhaiskoye, Ozerninskoye and Ruzskoye Reservoir. In the Moscow region there are lakes: Trostenskoye, Nerskoye, Krugloye Chernoye, Velikoye, Svyatoye, Dubovoe, etc. There are swamps in the lowlands and river valleys.

5 Seryozha and Nadya’s mother found a wonderful poem by the poet V. Orlov in the book. Read it and try to imagine the sea in different outfits.

Draw the sea in one of his outfits.

6. And here you can paste one of the photographs showing the amazing beauty of the sea.

Question 1. Draw a diagram of the water cycle in nature. What is the significance of the global water cycle?

The importance of the water cycle is great, since it not only unites all parts of the hydrosphere, but also connects with each other all the shells of the Earth (atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere).

Question 2. In which ocean is the maximum depth recorded, what is this place called?

Mariana Trench in Pacific Ocean. Depth about 11,000 meters.

Question 3. Which waters are classified as land waters? What part of the hydrosphere is their share?

Land waters: rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs, groundwater. Volume fresh water, entering the ocean with river runoff and precipitation, does not exceed 0.5 million cubic kilometers, which corresponds to a layer of water on the ocean surface about 1.25 m thick.

Question 4. What is called the source of a river, mouth, river system, basin, watershed? Draw a diagram of the structure of the river system.

Source - the place where a watercourse (for example, a river or stream) originates. Estuary - The place where a river flows into another river, lake, reservoir or sea. River system - a set of rivers within a given river basin. Consists of the main river and its tributaries. A river basin is an area of ​​the earth's surface from which this river everyone gathers precipitation, feeding her. Watershed - a conditional topographic line on the earth's surface that separates the catchment areas (basins) of two or more rivers, lakes, seas or oceans, directing the flow atmospheric precipitation along two opposite slopes.

Question 5. What is a river? What types of rivers are there? Give examples of rivers belonging to different types.

A river is a natural permanent (it can dry up seasonally and change its course over time) water stream (watercourse) of significant size with a natural flow along the channel (the natural depression it creates) from the source down to the mouth and fed by surface and underground runoff from its basin.

Mountain rivers. Characterized by rapid currents, high fall and slope. They flow in narrow valleys and actively erode rock. Yenisei, Indigirka, Tunguska

Plain rivers. Characterized by the tortuosity of the riverbed. Rivers flow slowly across flat terrain. The beds of lowland rivers often erode and become shallow, then sediment accumulates in these places, forming rifts and islands. In contrast, in other sections of the riverbed, stretches (popularly called whirlpools) are formed, the bottom of which is deepened by currents or whirlpools. Lowland rivers include the Volga, Kuban, Don, Neva, Ob, Don, Amazon, Mississippi, Congo, Nile, Dnieper.

Question 6. What is a lake called? How is a lake different from a river, pond, or sea? Using atlas maps, give examples of lakes on various continents.

A lake is a closed depression of land filled with water and not having a direct connection with the ocean. A lake is a closed body of water that occupies a natural depression in the surface of the Earth. This is the difference between a lake and a pond. Unlike rivers, lakes are reservoirs of slow water exchange.

Caspian Sea, Baikal, Huron, Superior, Titicaca, Victoria.

Question 7. What is called groundwater? Which waters are called groundwater and which are called interstratal?

Groundwater is water located in the upper part of the earth's crust (to a depth of 12-16 km) in liquid, solid and vapor states. The bulk of them are formed due to seepage from the surface of rain, melt and river waters.

There are two types of groundwater: groundwater and interstratal. Groundwater lies on the first waterproof layer from the surface. Interstratal waters lie between two impermeable layers.

Question 8. Why is the water in a well usually clean, clear, and cold?

Clean and transparent - because it is filtered through soil layers and then settles, all the turbidity, if any, settles to the bottom. And it’s cold because to a certain depth the soil temperature drops and remains at about +5 degrees.

Question 9. What are glaciers called? What conditions are necessary for the formation of glaciers? Prove that glaciers are part of the hydrosphere.

A glacier is a mass of ice of predominantly atmospheric origin that experiences viscoplastic flow under the influence of gravity and takes the form of a flow. Glaciers are formed as a result of the accumulation and subsequent transformation of solid atmospheric precipitation (snow) with their positive long-term balance. Ice, one of states of aggregation water, and water is the hydrosphere, therefore, the glacier is part of the hydrosphere.

Question 10. What role do land waters play in human life?

Water is the basis of life. The role of water in the life of our planet, individual components of nature, and every living creature is enormous. It is part of all organisms. The richness and diversity of nature directly depends on the availability of water. People use rivers and lakes for transportation, recreation, and the creation of reservoirs to use the energy of rivers.

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Parts of a river and components of a river.

In the structure of a river, it is customary to distinguish the following components of the river:

The first part of the river is the source - the beginning of the river.

The source is the part of the river, the place where the river originates, where it begins. It could be a spring, a lake, the end of a glacier, a swamp. In the latter case, the source (beginning of the river) is considered to be the place where the watercourse acquires a permanent channel. Also, the beginning of a river can be the confluence of two rivers with different names, in this case, the source must be taken as the beginning of the longer of the two rivers.

A tributary is a river that flows into main river. Distinguish rights And left tributaries

Bank - the boundary of a river's watercourse. There are right and left banks relative to the middle line of the channel along the river.

The second part of the river is the river bed.

A channel is a part of a river, the lowest part of a river valley through which the main part of the water flows. The channel is usually washed out by the stream itself.

In the part of the river - the bed - there are:

• reaches – deep places;
• whirlpool - the deepest place in the river;
• riffles – shallow sections of the river;
• threshold - a stony or rocky step-shaped area in a river bed with an increased flow speed and a relatively large drop in water level marks;
• waterfalls — fall of water flow from a pronounced ledge;
• shallow - coastal shoal extending from the shore;
• thalweg – line along the deepest sections of the channel;
• fairway – navigation line;
• rod – line of the highest river flow speeds.
• middle – a deposit in a river bed formed by sediment and lacking vegetation. It can be both surface and underwater. If located close to the shore, it is called not much, and off the coast - beach.
• channel islands – seedlings fixed by vegetation or anything else.
• sediment – solid soil particles carried by water flow. They are formed due to the destruction of rocks and erosion of the coast.
• meander – a smooth bend of the river bed. A concave bank is usually steep, while a convex bank is flat.
• old lady – a section of the former meandering river bed. Usually formed when a river finds a shorter route during a flood or flood.

A branch is a secondary channel of a river that separates from the main channel and reconnects with it downstream (sometimes only in wet years).

The third part of the river is the mouth - the end of the river.

Estuary – part of the river, the place where a river ends, flowing into the sea, lake or other river.

A river may have a “dry mouth”, i.e. it may end at a “blind end” if in the lower reaches the slopes of the territory through which the river flows are very small, the water consumption for evaporation, filtration into the ground or for irrigation is high (Chu Tarim rivers , Murgab, etc.).

Parts of a river, estuary, formed when it flows into the sea, are of the following types:

Delta - an estuary divided into separate watercourses. Deltas are formed as a result of the filling of the basins of sea bays with sand and silt (Danube River) or the flooding of river valleys (Khatanga, Olenek, etc.). Parts of rivers, deltas, can reach enormous sizes, for example, the delta of the Ganges River has an area of ​​105.6 thousand km², the Amazon - 100 thousand km², Lena - 28.5 thousand km², Nile - 24 thousand km², Volga - 19 thousand km² .
Estuaries - deep tidal bays at river mouths that widen towards the sea. Estuaries extend deep into the land and are accessible to navigation. There is no sediment in them, since sea water during the ebb and flow of the tides carries everything excess with it into the sea. An example of a part of a river, an estuary, is the mouth of the Anabar River.
Lip - a wide and long bay at the mouth of the river. The oblong shape seems to be a continuation of the banks of the river. In our country, the Ob Bay, Onega Bay, etc. are widely known.
Estuary estuary - a shallow flowing bay at the mouth of a river, filled with river sediments and separated from the sea by a bar - a narrow strip of land. This part of the river formed as a result of flooding of a river mouth or coastal lowland.

Parts of the river. The beginning of the river is called the source. The place where a river flows into another river, lake or sea is called an estuary. The depression through which a river flows is a channel. The river has right and left banks. Other rivers and streams - tributaries - usually flow into the river.

Slide 4 from the presentation "Reservoirs". The size of the archive with the presentation is 1167 KB.

The world around us 2nd grade

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