City at the mouth of the Western Dvina. The source of the Western Dvina River near the village of Shcheverevo. Common Northern Dvina

River Northern Dvina is the most important water artery of the Russian North. Where does it originate, where does it flow, and into what sea does it flow? You will find answers to all these questions in this informative article.

Common Northern Dvina

With a length of 744 kilometers, the river collects its waters from a huge area, which is 357 thousand square kilometers. Administratively, these are Arkhangelsk and Russia. And if we take into account the Sukhona and Vychegda rivers, then the length of this water artery will reach 1800 kilometers!

The Northern Dvina River receives a large number of other rivers, streams and watercourses on its way. Hydrographers counted only about a hundred second-order tributaries of this river system. That is, these are the streams that flow directly into the Northern Dvina. Among them, the largest tributaries are: Vaga, Vychegda, Pinega and Yumizh.

There are seven Russian cities on the banks of the Northern Dvina. These are (in the direction from the source to the mouth): Veliky Ustyug, Krasavino, Kotlas, Solvychegodsk, Novodvinsk, Arkhangelsk and Severodvinsk.

Features of the water regime

The Northern Dvina River has a traditional water regime for northern rivers. Food is mainly melted snow, the maximum water flow is observed in May and June (up to 15,000 m 3 /s).

The river begins to be covered with ice already at the end of October, and opens approximately in mid-April. Thus, the Northern Dvina "in the ice" stays for almost half of the year. It should be noted that the period of ice drift on the river is, as a rule, very active. Traffic jams happen quite often.

Toponym etymology

Why was the Northern Dvina named that way? On this score, researchers and historians have several interpretations, but they all come down to about the same thing. They decipher this hydrotoponym as "double river". This interpretation is given in their books by several authors at once. The fact is that the Northern Dvina River was formed as a result of the confluence of two other water arteries, so such an etymology is quite logical and justified.

It is worth noting that some researchers (in particular, A. Matveev) saw Baltic roots in the origin of this name. So, Matveev believes that it comes from the Lithuanian word "dvynai", which means "double" in translation.

Interestingly, the Northern Dvina is displayed in many literary works and poetry. So, for example, a fictional city in one of Kir Bulychev's novels is located on the fictitious river Gus, which carries its waters precisely to the Northern Dvina.

Long way to the sea...

Where is the Northern Dvina River located? The answer is easy if you look at the detailed geographical map. It clearly shows that the source of the Northern Dvina River is located where the South and Sukhona merge together. This happens in the most ancient Russian founded in the XII century.

Further, the Northern Dvina carries its waters strictly to the north and, soon, takes in itself. This happens near the town of Kotlas. At the same time, it is worth noting a curious fact: at the time of the merger, Vychegda is more deep river than the Northern Dvina.

Further, our water artery continues its way to the sea, gradually changing its direction from northwest to north. Having traveled a fairly long distance, the Northern Dvina receives the waters of another large river - the Pinega. Downstream, a huge delta of our river is already beginning to form.

Curious and that historical fact that the source of the Northern Dvina River is described in detail in the so-called Ustyug Chronicle. It says that "the rivers Sukhona and Yug, which merged together, produced a third river from themselves ...".

Northern Dvina

In hydrology, the mouth is the place where the river flows into the ocean, sea, lake or other body of water. In this case, the Northern Dvina flows into the White Sea, or to be more precise, into the Dvina Bay. At the same time, the mouth looks like a huge delta, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich can be compared with the area of ​​the city of Volgograd. It is approximately 900 square kilometers.

The delta of the Northern Dvina is a whole system of small channels, branches, straits and islands. At the same time, the width of the river valley increases to 18 kilometers.

This is a big bay. White Sea, in its southeastern part. Depths - within 120 meters (average values ​​- about twenty meters). More than a dozen rivers flow into the Dvina Bay, including the Northern Dvina. It should be noted that this is the most warm place Total north sea. The water in the Dvina Bay warms up to +10...+12 degrees in summer.

Shipping on the Northern Dvina

Navigation is possible along the entire length of this river. True, it is very difficult in the area of ​​the city of Arkhangelsk. So, large-sized ships cannot go far into the depths of the mouth. As a rule, they are served in the port of Economy. Remarkably, plans to optimize navigation in the Northern Dvina delta were developed in the 19th century, but they were never really implemented. The situation at the mouth is further complicated by the fact that during the "high water" the river brings here a huge amount of sand and debris, which only complicates the passage of ships.

It is also worth mentioning that the N.V. Gogol steamship still runs along the river - the oldest of those that are still in operation in the country. It was built back in 1911.

So you learned about the features and location of an important water artery of the Russian North - the Northern Dvina River.

Western Dvina- a classic flat river with all its islands, bends, low banks and villages that avoid the floodplain, flooded in spring with rising waters.

River of three countries

The Western Dvina River flows through the territory of three countries, in Russia it is called the Western Dvina, in Belarus - Zakhodnaya Dzvina, in Latvia - Daugava. The first mention of the river is contained in the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” for the 11th century: “The Dnieper will flow from the Okov forest and flow at noon; and the Dvina will flow from the same forest, and go at midnight and enter the Varangian Sea ... "" Varangian" is the Baltic Sea, where the Western Dvina flows into. The river is the largest of those flowing into.

The basin of the Western Dvina River occupies large uplands - Vitebsk, Gorodok, Latgale and Vidzeme, which alternate with wide lowlands: Polotsk, East Latvian and Central Latvian.

The Western Dvina begins in the swamps of the Valdai Upland, about 40 km south of the source of the Volga. According to ancient Baltic mythology, the river appeared when the god of thunder Perkunas commanded the birds and animals to dig it.

The river flows out of the western bay of Lake Okhvat, in the Tver region, in a picturesque area where coniferous forests. In ancient times, a section of the route from the Varangians to the Greeks passed through Lake Okhvat. Many names in the district testify to this: for example, the villages of Volok and the Volkota River. By dragging the ancient Slavs dragged boats between water bodies. Many people died in this dangerous occupation, about this and many forgotten wars reminiscent of burial mounds scattered around.

AT upstream the river has a south-western direction, its channel passes through a deep valley, formed relatively recently - about 12-13 thousand years ago.

The settlement of the upper reaches of the Western Dvina began in the Mesolithic - 8-6th millennium BC. e. Especially many settlements of the Neolithic era - the end of the Stone Age were found here: 5th - early. 2nd millennium BC e. A very early (second half of the 1st millennium AD) penetration of the Slavs to the banks of the Western Dvina, its tributaries and lake shores was noted. Numerous Slavic settlements and burial mounds have been found.

In the valley, the river flows between rather steep banks overgrown with forest. Mainly mixed forests: spruce predominates in the upper reaches, birch, alder and aspen are more common in the middle reaches. Beautiful pine forests have been preserved in the Polotsk Lowland.

The rafting of timber in these places has been carried out since the time of the ancient Slavs, but they began to take care of the cleanliness of the river relatively recently. Below the place where the Tver river Mezha flows into the Zapadnaya Dvina, a large barrage (protective device) was built to collect timber rafted along the Mezha.

The tributaries of the Western Dvina are numerous, but not large, of which the greater length reaches only the same Mezha (259 km).

Throughout the river, its bed is winding. In the middle reaches there are numerous rapids, which are formed by a cluster of boulders brought by the glacier and in places exits hard rock. On the approach to the Belarusian city, they form rapids that stretch for 12 km.

The Western Dvina enters the city in the northwest, flows through it, forming a "horseshoe", and exits in the southwest. In the city, the river is navigable for some types of ships; the Vitebsk river port is located on it.

Having passed Vitebsk, the river rushes to the northwest.

Having built hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs, man, however, did not greatly change the regime of this flat river.

Downstream through the Ulla tributary, a chain of lakes and the Berezina River, the Western Dvina connects with the Dnieper Berezina water system, now inactive. It was built at the end of XVIII - early XIX century, during the 19th century. has been reconstructed several times. Its length is more than 160 km; a dozen and a half locks were built. It was intended for the export of products Agriculture and forests from the Mogilev and Minsk provinces to the port of Riga. The system has lost its meaning after laying railways. During the Great Patriotic War the locks were blown up and the canals fell into disrepair. Today it is the main historical attraction of the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve.

The farther from the source, the weaker the valley is expressed. In several places, the river passes through lakes, such as Luka and Kalakutskoe. At the city of Velizh, standing on the river, the Western Dvina becomes navigable, and the forest ends.

Having passed the Latgale and Augshzem uplands, the Western Dvina (Daugava) flows through the ancient valley. Beyond Daugavpils, the river enters the East Latvian lowland. During the spring flood, ice jams often form here, and the river waters, without encountering obstacles, flood everything around.

Outside the town of Pļaviņas, after the construction of the Pļaviņas hydroelectric power station, the river valley was flooded with the waters of the Pļaviņas reservoir, and the water level rose by 40 m. Judging by the recollections of old-timers, the river valley from Pļaviņas to Ķegums was very beautiful. There were many rapids and shoals in the channel. In the 1950s-1960s. the construction of the hydroelectric power station provoked protests among the Latvian population: the historical cliff of Staburags, the rocks of Olinkalns and Avotinyu-Kalns were supposed to go under water.

Below are two more hydroelectric power plants - Kegums and Riga. The latter occupies the most important place for the capital of Latvia: it is a source of electricity, and the Riga Reservoir is a source of tap water for most residents of the city. In general, the Western Dvina (Daugava) is the only large own source of electricity in Latvia.

Below Dole Island, the Western Dvina (Daugava) flows through the Primorskaya lowland. Here the flow of the river slows down, the banks become quite low, the Dvina in many places separates from itself branches that envelop the islands formed by sand drifts from Dvinsk to Riga, forming a delta. In the city, the width of the river reaches 700 m, and downstream it reaches one and a half kilometers.

Historian Nikolai Karamzin compared the Western Dvina with the Eridanus River from ancient Greek mythology. Myths tell that the river was rich in amber, and ancient Greek authors mention this in their works. And even in the old days, it was the Western Dvina that was the source of most of the large river pearls used to embroider royal and boyar clothes. The prey was of a predatory nature, as a result, the pearl shells were exterminated.

At the mouth of the Western Dvina (Daugava), amber is still mined, and its extraction is carried out in no less barbaric ways.

The current of the river is fast, the water in it is clean, but there are few fish in it, which is explained by shallow water. In the Western Dvina, in the reservoirs of its basin and in the mouth, there are pike, chub, ide, tench, bream, crucian carp, burbot, pike perch. Previously, the Dvina was rich in 1.5-meter eels that came across the Baltic from Atlantic Ocean, but after the construction of the Plyavinskaya hydroelectric power station, the eels in the upper reaches of the Dvina disappeared. Today, commercial fishing is either banned or restricted. Recreational fishing also limited.

general information

Location: west of Eastern Europe.
Administrative affiliation : Russia, Belarus, Latvia.
water system: Baltic Sea.
Nutrition: mixed, dominated by snow and dirt.
Islands: Dole, Zakusala, Lucavsala, Kundzinsala, Kipsala (Latvia).
Source: lake Okhvat, Valdai Upland (Andreapolsky district, Tver region, Russian Federation).
mouth: Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea (Riga, Latvia).
tributaries: left - Belesa, Goryanka, Medveditsa, Mezha, Netemma, Fedyaevka, Fominka, Usoditsa; right - Volkota, Gorodnya, Sad, Zhaberka, Krivitsa, Salmon, Okcha, Light, Torop.
Freeze up: December-March.
Cities (downstream) : Vitebsk - 377,595 people, Polotsk - 85,078 people, Novopolotsk - 102,394 people, (Belarus),
Daugavpils - 85 858 people, Jekabpils - 23 019 people, Ogre - 24 322 people, Salaspils - 16 734 people, Riga - 639 630 people. (Latvia) (2016).
Languages: Russian, Belarusian, Latvian.
Ethnic composition : Russians, Belarusians, Latvians.
Religions: Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Catholicism.
Monetary units : Russian ruble, Belarusian ruble, euro.

Numbers

Length: 1020 km (325 km - in Russia, 328 km - in Belarus, 367 km - in Latvia).
Channel width: upper reaches (Lake Okhvat) - 15-20 m, mouth (Latvia) - 1.5 km.
Valley Width: upper reaches - up to 0.9 km, middle course - up to 1-1.5 km, lower - 5-6 km.
Delta: length - 35 km.
Pool area : 87,900 km2.
source height: 215 m.
Mouth height: 0 m.
Average water flow (mouth) : 678 m3/s.
Medium slope: 0.2 m/km.

Climate and weather

The upper reaches are temperate continental; the middle course is moderate transitional to maritime, the lower course is moderate maritime.
January average temperature : upper course -8°C, middle course -7.5°C, lower course -3°C.
July average temperature : upper course +18°C, middle course +17.5°C, lower course +17°C.
Average annual rainfall : upper course 650 mm, middle course 550-600 mm, lower course 670 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : upper course 70-75%, middle course 70%, lower course 75-80%.

Economy

Hydroelectric power, river navigation, timber rafting, fishing, amber mining.

Attractions

Natural

• (1925)
• (1930)
• Daugava Bend Nature Park (1990)
• Smolensk Lakeland (1992)
• Birzhai Regional Park (1992), Braslav Lakes (1995) and Sebezhsky (1996)
• Razna National Park (2007)
• Verver cliff

historical

• Vetsrachin settlement (X-XIII centuries)
• Settlement Buets (v. Zhukovo, before 1130)
• Berezina water system (1797-1805)

City of Vitebsk (Belarus)

• Governor's Palace (1772)
• Salt Stores (1774)
• City Hall (1775)
• Former District Court ( Art Museum, 1883)
• The building of the first power plant (Literary Museum, 1897)
• The building of the former diocesan women's school (1902)
• Monument to the Heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 (1912)
• The building of the former land and peasant bank (1917)
• Memorial complex in honor of the soldiers-liberators (Victory Square, 1974)
• House Museum of Marc Chagall
• Marc Chagall Art Center (1992)

City of Polotsk (Belarus)

• Sophia Cathedral (XI century)
• Spaso-Evfrosinevsky monastery (about 1128)
• Savior Transfiguration Church (1128-1156)
• House of Peter I (1692)
• House of Simeon of Polotsk (XVII-XVIII centuries)
• Monastery of the Bernardines (1758)
• Jesuit Collegium (XVIII century)
• Holy Cross Cathedral (1893-1897)
• Red Bridge (XIX century)
• National Polotsk Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve

City of Daugavpils (Latvia)

• Castles Dinaburgsky (1275) and Murmuizhsky (until 1601)
• Mikhailovsky Gate (1856-1864)
• Nikolo-Pokrovsky Staroforstadt Old Believer Church (1889)
• Daugavpils Fortress (late 19th - early 20th century)
• Church Immaculate Conception Blessed Virgin Mary of Daugavpils (1902-1905)
• Borisoglebsky Cathedral (1904-1905)
• Unity Bridge (1935)

City of Riga (Latvia)

• Dome Cathedral (1211-1270)
• Cathedral of St. James (1225)
• Riga Castle (1330)
• Powder tower (before 1330)
• House of the Blackheads (XIV century)
• Swedish Gate (1698)
• Nativity Cathedral (1877-1884)
• House of Cats (1909)
• Byte Bridge (1981)

Curious facts

The river called the Western Dvina, as can be seen on the map, flows from Lake Okhvat, Andreapolsky District, Tver Region. However, local historians from Tver suggest that its source is a swamp, from which a stream flows, flowing into a small lake Koryakino, Penovsky district of the same region, connected to Okhvat by the Dvinets River. As proof, they cite the Atlas of 1792 (the full name is “The Russian Atlas, consisting of forty-four maps and dividing the empire into forty governorships”). a river will flow, starting in the swamps and marked on the map as the “Dvina River”. Nevertheless, this is not proof that this is the source of the Western Dvina, since other rivers also flow into Lake Okhvat. Moreover, there is no evidence why this particular river was honored to be named on the map “r. Dvina” and how it differs from others flowing into the Coverage of the Nikitikha and Volkota rivers is not given.

At its confluence with the Gulf of Riga, the Western Dvina (Daugava) River forms an erosive delta near the former island of Mangalsala. As the name implies, it was originally really an island (sala - island), but later a narrow isthmus of alluvial sand formed, and Mangalsala became a peninsula. From three sides it is washed by the Gulf of Riga, the Daugava and the branch of the Daugava - Vetscaugava.

The name of the city comes from its location on the Torop river. It also comes from the Russian word "torop", which means haste. This is associated with high speed river flow at the threshold before flowing into the Western Dvina.

Throughout history, the Western Dvina river had about two dozen names: Dina, Vina, Tanair, Turun, Rodan, Rubon, Rudon, Dune, Eridan, Western Dvina, etc. In the 15th century. the Flemish traveler and knight Gilbert de Lannoy (1386-1462) noted that the Semigals called the Western Dvina Samegalzara: from Semigals-Ara, or Semigals water. Zemgale is one of the five historical regions of Latvia.

Given the presence of two identical names (Western Dvina and Northern Dvina), as well as the common names of Vajna (the Estonian name for the Western Dvina) and Viena (the Karelian name for the Northern Dvina), the name of the river most likely has a Finnish origin with the semantic meaning "quiet, calm" . And the name Daugava was formed, apparently, from two ancient Baltic words: daug - "many, plentiful" and ava - "water".

The 20-meter Staburags - a limestone cliff on the left bank of the Daugava was flooded during the filling of the Pļaviņa reservoir. Also called Staburags special kind limestone, very porous, through which moisture constantly oozes, if it is located at an underground source. "Weeping" rock Staburags - national symbol, often found in Latvian poetry and legends. This place was considered sacred, endowed with power that has a beneficial effect on people. The warriors of the ancient tribe of the villages performed magical rites here before military campaigns. Today there are 21 meters of water above the top of the cliff.

Western Dvina, a river in the RSFSR, BSSR and the Latvian SSR (within the latter it is called the Daugava). Length 1020 km, basin area 87 900 km 2 . It originates on the Valdai Upland, west of the sources of the Volga, flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The relief of the Western Dagestan basin is characterized by an alternation of relatively large uplands (Vitebsk, Gorodok, Latgale, Vidzeme) and wide lowlands (Polotsk, East Latvian, Central Latvian). The pool is located in an area of ​​excess moisture. Z. D. begins with a small stream; after passing the lakes Dvinets and Okhvat-Zhadanye, it expands to 15 m and flows in a deep valley with steep banks. This character of the valley is preserved almost throughout the entire length of the river; only below 150 km from the source in a small area the valley is weakly expressed (the river passes through lakes Luka and Kalakutskoe). On the coastal plain, it flows in low banks. The channel is characterized by numerous rapids associated with the accumulation of boulders and, in some places, bedrock outcrops of dolomites. In the lower reaches, the river splits into branches. The mouth area is an erosional delta about 35 km long. When it flows into the Gulf of Riga, it forms an underwater bar. Tributaries: Mezha, Kasplya, Luchesa, Ulla, Diena ≈ on the left; Torop, Drissa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Ogre ≈ on the right. Food is mixed, with a predominance of snow and a large proportion of ground. The spring flood is from the end of March to the beginning of June, the summer low water is interrupted by rain floods, and floods are more frequent in autumn. Winter low water is from December to mid-March, but in some years there are floods caused by thaws. The average discharge at the mouth is about 700 m 3 /sec. Freeze from December to March. To the west ≈ Plyavinskaya HPP im. V. I. Lenin and the Kegum hydroelectric power station; under construction (1972) Riga HPP. Navigable in some areas. Connected by the Berezinsky Canal with the Dnieper. On the river ≈ Vitebsk, Polotsk, Daugavpils, Ekabpils, at the mouth - the seaport of Riga.

═ Lit.: M. M. Rogov, V. V. Romashin, B. V. Steinbakh, Hydrology of the mouth area of ​​the Western Dvina, M., 1964.

═ K. G. Tikhotsky.

• - 1) city, district center, Tver region Appeared as a village at Art. ; name by location on the river. . Since 1937 the city...

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• - 1., a river in Eastern Europe, flows through Russia, Belarus, Latvia. 1020 km, sq. basin 87.9 thousand km2. It begins on the Valdai Upland, flows into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea, forming a delta ...

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• - 2 big rivers European Russia, see Zap. and Sev. ...
• - a small lake in Ostashkovsky district. Tver province., From which the river flows. Zap. Dvina...

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• - a river in the west of the European part of the USSR; see Western Dvina...
• - I Western Dvina river in the RSFSR, BSSR and the Latvian SSR. Length 1020 km, basin area 87,900 km2...

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• - Zapadnaya Dvina, a city, the center of the Zapadnodvinsky district of the Kalinin region of the RSFSR. Situated on the right bank of the river. Western Dvina. Zh.-d. station, 321 km to the southwest. from Kalinin...

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• - a city in the Russian Federation, Tver region, on the river. Zap. Dvina. Railroad station. 11.4 thousand inhabitants. Woodworking plant, flax mill...
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• - Z "Western Dvin" ...

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• - ́ - the name of the river, then transferred also to the North. Dvina. Zap. called in OE. Dyn, cf. Polish Dźwina, German. Duna, lit. Dauguva, ltsh. Daugava; cf. still lit. daũg "a lot", as well as a common Russian...

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• - noun, number of synonyms: 1 river ...

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• - noun, number of synonyms: 3 city Daugava river...

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"Western Dvina (river)" in books

Battles at the turn of the Dnieper - Western Dvina

From book two World War on the land. Reasons for the defeat ground forces Germany author Westphal Siegfried

Battles at the line of the Dnieper - Western Dvina Encirclement of the Russians in the Uman regionIn accordance with the directive, the Army Group "South" on July 5 again went on the offensive on the line of the Prut River - the middle course of the Dniester River - the Zbruch River - the Sluch River, with the task of quickly leaving the left flank

Northern flank: the offensive of the Stumme group on the cities of Andreapol and the Western Dvina August 29 - September 9

From the book The collapse of the Barbarossa plan. Volume II [Foiled Blitzkrieg] author Glantz David M

Northern flank: Stumme's offensive against the cities of Andreapol and Zapadnaya Dvina August 29-September 9 If Timoshenko believed that the situation along the right flank of the Western Front had stabilized on August 25, he was seriously mistaken. Even though the rear parts

25. Western Dvina

From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author

25. Western Dvina Western Dvina, river - Duna (Scand. Duna), p. 35 (= (aut.)) Danube (Scand. Danubis) (= (aut.)) Don -

From the book Reconstruction of World History [text only] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4.12.12. THE NEPRYADVA RIVER ON THE KULIKOV FIELD AND THE NAPRUDNYA RIVER IN MOSCOW ON THE KULISHKA FIELD. AND ALSO THE MOSCOW RIVER NEGLINKA The Battle of Kulikovo took place on the Nepryadva River, p.76. This famous river is mentioned MANY TIMES in all chronicles that speak of the Battle of Kulikovo. River

1.13. Dnieper, Don, Danube, Europe, Egypt, Western Dvina

From the author's book

1.13. Dnieper, Don, Danube, Europe, Egypt, Western Dvina According to the Scandinavians, the DNEPR river = *= NEPR (Scandinavian NEPR), p. 35 =*= DANPR (Scandinavian DANPR), p. 212. River DON =*= TANAIS, p. 32 =*= TANAQUISL, p. 40, 111 = DANUBE =*= DANUBIS (Scandinavian DANUBIUS), p. 222 =*= DUN (Scandinavian DUN)

The Sword River on the Kulikovo field and the Moscow River, or the Mocha River - a tributary of the Moscow River

From the book New Chronology and Concept ancient history Russia, England and Rome author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

The Sword River on the Kulikovo field and the Moscow River, or the Mocha River - a tributary of the Moscow River According to the chronicle, the Battle of Kulikovo continued during the day, after which, Mamai's troops fled and were pressed against the Sword River (PSRL, v. 37, p. 76 ), "where many Tatars drowned". And Mamai himself escaped with

2.13. The Sword River on the Kulikovo field and the Moscow River, or the Mocha River, is a tributary of the Moscow River

From the author's book

2.13. The Sword River on the Kulikovo field and the Moscow River, or the Mocha River, is a tributary of the Moscow River. According to the chronicle, the Battle of Kulikovo continued during the day, after which Mamai's troops fled and were pressed to the Sword River, "where many Tatars drowned." Asam Mamai escaped with a few

Struggle at the turn of the Dnieper - Western Dvina. The encirclement of enemy troops in the Uman region

From the book Protracted Blitzkrieg. Why Germany lost the war author Westphal Siegfried

Struggle at the turn of the Dnieper - Western Dvina. The encirclement of enemy troops in the Uman region In accordance with the directive for conducting operations, Army Group South on July 5 again went on the offensive from the line: the Prut River, the middle course of the Dniester, Zbruch and Sluch rivers. The troops were tasked

Appendix 2 The leadership of the Western and Central fronts, armies, corps and divisions that took part in the battles on the Western Dvina and Dnieper rivers in July - August 1941

From the book Agony 1941 [ bloody roads retreats] author Irinarkhov Ruslan Sergeevich

Appendix 2 The leadership of the Western and Central fronts, armies, corps and divisions that took part in the battles on the Western Dvina and Dnieper rivers in July - August 1941 Western FrontCommander - Marshal Soviet Union Timoshenko S. K. Chief of Staff -

Breakthrough of the German defense by the troops of the 1st Baltic Front northwest of Vitebsk and forcing the Western Dvina River

From the book Operation "Bagration" author Goncharov Vladislav Lvovich

Breakthrough of the German defense by the troops of the 1st Baltic Front northwest of Vitebsk and crossing of the Zapadnaya Dvina River

13. Dnieper Don Danube Europe Egypt Western Dvina

From the book Book 2. The heyday of the kingdom [Empire. Where did Marco Polo actually travel? Who are the Italian Etruscans. Ancient Egypt. Scandinavia. Rus-Horde n author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

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Zapadnaya Dvina (a city in the Kalinin region)

TSB

Western Dvina (river)

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(FOR) the author TSB

Dvina Western

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DV) of the author TSB

Western Dvina Ditch with river water

From the book Another 1941 [From the border to Leningrad] author Isaev Alexey Valerievich

Western Dvina Ditch with river water Dvinsk (Daugavpils). O key value one or another locality often can be judged by the presence in itself or its immediate surroundings of the old fortress. The Dvina fortress began to be built at the beginning of the 19th century and preserved

The source of the Western Dvina River is located on the Valdai Upland in the Penovsky District of the Tver Region at an altitude of 215 m, 2.1 km northwest of the village of Scheverevo in the Penovsky District of the Tver Region. Anuchinsky stream flows from the southern part of the Koryakinsky swamp, which is the source of the Western Dvina.

After about five hundred meters it merges with the Koryakinsky stream, and after six hundred meters it flows into a small picturesque forest lake Koryakino (Dvinets), with an island in the middle. The Dvinets stream flows from its southeastern part. If you go downstream, then after four kilometers it will lead to the northern tip of Lake Okhvat (Afoto). Having passed almost 10 kilometers through Okhvat, having absorbed the waters of the Netem and Volkota rivers, the Western Dvina flows out of the lake, already wide (10 - 15 meters).

In 2001, Penov's enthusiasts installed a three-sloped log pavilion-arch as a symbol of the fact that the Western Dvina carries its waters through the territory of three states - Russia, Belarus and Latvia. This is evidenced by three steps that lead along a wooden deck-bridge, bordered by a railing, to the pavilion.

The Western Dvina (Belarusian Zakhodnaya Dzvina, in Latvia - Daugava, Latvian Daugava, Latg. Daugova, Liv. Vēna) is a river in the north of Eastern Europe, flowing through the territory of Russia, Belarus and Latvia. Connected by the inactive Berezinsky water system with the Dnieper River. Ancient names - Eridanus, Rudon, Bubo, Rubon, Sudon, Khesin.

The Western Dvina flows through Lake Okhvat, then flows first to the southwest, but after Vitebsk it turns to the northwest. The Western Dvina flows into the Gulf of Riga (Riga) of the Baltic Sea, forming an erosive delta near the former island of Mangalsala, which today is a peninsula, since the mouth of the second branch was filled up in 1567.

The length of the Western Dvina River is 1020 km: 325 km falls on Russian Federation, 328 - to Belarus and 367 - to Latvia. Basin 87,900 km², Water discharge 678 m³/s (at mouth). The total fall of the river on the territory of Belarus is 38 m, the density of the river network is 0.45 km / km², the lake content is 3%.

The river valley is trapezoidal in shape, in some places deeply incised or inexpressive. The width of the valley in the upper reaches is up to 0.9 km, on average 1-1.5 km, in the lower reaches 5-6 km. The floodplain is predominantly bilateral. The channel is moderately winding, slightly branched, with rapids in places. Above Vitebsk, the outcrop of Devonian dolomites forms rapids 12 km long.

The width of the Western Dvina River behind the lake Coverage is 15-20 meters, the banks are wooded, moderately steep sandy loamy with boulders, low on the coastal plain. The channel is rocky, with separate rifts and small rapids.

On the Andreapol - Western Dvina section, the width of the river increases to 50 meters, and outside the city of Western Dvina, having overcome another rapid section, the river receives large tributaries - Veles, Torop and Mezha, after which it expands to 100 meters.

Behind the mouth of the Mezha is a large pit, intended for collecting timber, rafted along the Mezha. Below the flood, the river flows in high banks covered with mixed forest. The forest disappears in front of the city of Velizh. Beyond Velizh the river is navigable.

Between the Latgale and Augshzem uplands, the Daugava flows through an ancient valley. Here the width of the Daugava reaches 200 meters. On the section from Kraslava to Daugavpils there is nature Park Daugavas Loki (Bends of the Daugava). Bypassing the Daugavpils, the Daugava enters the East Latvian lowland. Here the flow of the river slows down and the banks become low, because of this, during the spring flood, ice jams often form in this area and water floods large areas.

From Jekabpils to Plavinas, the Daugava flows in steep banks, with sheer cliffs made of gray dolomite. The river valley from Pļaviņas to Ķegums was especially interesting and beautiful. There were many rapids and shoals in the channel. The shores were adorned with beautiful rocks Olinkalns, Avotinu-Kalns, Staburags. After the construction of the Pliavinska HPP, the water level rose by 40 m and the entire section of the ancient valley was flooded with the waters of the Pļaviņa Reservoir.

From Jaunjelgava to Ķegums, the reservoir of the Ķegums hydroelectric power station extends, and near Salaspils, the road to the river is blocked by the dam of the Riga hydroelectric power station.

Below the island of Dole, the river flows through the Primorskaya lowland. Here its valley is formed by loose deposits Quaternary period. The banks of the river in this section are low, and the valley is filled with river sediments. Alluvial sandy islands appear in the Riga region - Zakusala, Lucavsala, Kundzinsala, Kipsala, etc.

The width of the river at the Riga bridges is about 700 m, and in the area of ​​Milgravis it reaches 1.5 km. The depth of the river here is approximately 8-9 m. The average annual water flow is 678 m³/s. The concentration of a number of pollutants exceeds 10 MPC.

Observations of the hydrological regime on the territory of Belarus have been systematically conducted since 1878 (16 posts). In 1983, the hydrological posts Surazh, Vitebsk, Ulla, Polotsk, and Verkhnedvinsk operated.

High water, low water. In 2015, on June 30 in Daugavpils (since 1876) and Jekabpils (since 1906), the lowest level of the river is recorded for the entire time of observations in these cities.

At the mouth of the Western Dvina, you can find "tears of Heliad" - amber.

Throughout history, the Western Dvina River had about 14 names: Dina, Vina, Tanair, Turun, Rodan, Dune, Eridan, Western Dvina and others. Thus, in the 15th century, Gilbert de Lannoa notes that the Semigals called the Dvina Samegalzara (Semigals-Ara, that is, Semigals water). In ancient times, the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed along it.

The name "Dvina" was first mentioned by the chronicler monk Nestor. At the beginning of his chronicle, he writes: “The Dnieper will flow from the Volkovsky forest and will flow at noon, and the Dvina will flow from the same forest at midnight and enter the Varangian Sea.”

According to V. A. Zhuchkevich, the hydronym Dvina is of Finnish origin with the semantic meaning “quiet, calm”.

The name "Daugava" was formed, apparently, from two ancient Baltic words, daug - "many, plentiful" and ava - "water".
According to legend, Perkons ordered the birds and beasts to dig the river.

The settlement of the Western Dvina basin began in the Mesolithic era.

The main largest tributaries flowing into the Western Dvina, the rivers: Volkota, Netesma, Velesa, Mezha, Kasplya, Ulla, Ushacha, Disna, Lautsesa, Ilukste, Kekavinya, Torop, Luchosa, Obol, Polota, Drissa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Perse and Ogre .

Left tributaries of the Western Dvina (Daugava): Goryanka, Netesma, Fedyaevka, Veles, Medveditsa, Fominka, Usoditsa, Mezha, Kasplya, Vitba, Krivinka, Ulla, Turovlyanka, Ushacha, Nacha, Disna, Volta, Meritsa, Druika, Lauce, Ilukste, Eglaine, Sala, Laucese,

Right tributaries of the Western Dvina (Daugava): Krivitsa, Volkota, Zhaberka, Gorodnya, Grustenka, Lososna, Okcha, Svetly, Toropa, Zhizhitsa, Dvinka, Stodolskaya, Oleska, Usvyacha, Luzhesyanka, Obol, Sosnitsa, Polota, Drissa, Uzhitsa, Saryanka, Rositsa, Indritsa, Liksna, Dubna, Nereta, Aiviekste, Perse, Brasla, Ogre.

The following cities are located on the banks of the Western Dvina River: Andreapol, Western Dvina, Velizh, Vitebsk, Beshenkovichi, Polotsk, Novopolotsk, Disna, Verhnedvinsk, Druya, Kraslava, Daugavpils, Livani, Jekabpils, Plavinas, Aizkraukle, Jaunelgava, Lielvarde, Kegums, Ogre, Ikskile, Salaspils and Riga.

HPS.
Thanks to the HPPs built during the Soviet era, the Western Dvina is the only major source of its own energy for Latvia, giving the country up to 3 billion kWh per year.
The following HPPs have been built on the Western Dvina River:
- Plavinskaya HPP
- Riga HPP
- Kegum HPP (built before the Soviet era - in 1939)
- The Polotsk and Vitebsk hydroelectric power stations are being built, agreements have been signed on the construction of the Verkhnedvinsk and Beshenkovichi hydroelectric power stations (all on the territory of Belarus). - - The construction of the Daugavpils HPP was started, but suspended. Jekabpils HPP was designed. The unused potential of the river exceeds 1 billion kWh per year.

Coordinates: 56°52′11″N 32°32′3″E

The Western Dvina is a river reservoir in the northern part of Eastern Europe, which covers the territories of three states - Russia, Latvia and Belarus. It has many ancient names, the most common being Eridanus and Rudon. The total length of the channel is 1020 kilometers, about 330 km fall on the territory of Russia. Flowing out of Lake Karyakino, it runs in a south-westerly direction, turning to the north-west, passing the city of Vitebsk. The area of ​​the Western Dvina basin is about 90 thousand square kilometers, which allows it to remain among the deepest rivers in Eastern Europe.

Peculiarities

The first mention of the name of the river is found in the annals of the monk Nestor, and if we take into account the studies of V.A. Zhuchkevich, the hydronym is of Finnish origin, meaning "calm" in translation.

The river basin is formed by twelve thousand small and major rivers. The largest tributary is the Mezha River, whose length is close to 260 kilometers. From the scattering of reservoirs surrounding the Western Dvina, lake systems can be distinguished - Braslav, Zasarai and Zhizhitskaya.

The river valley has a relatively rugged, trapezoidal shape. Its width at the top of the current reaches 0.9 kilometers, and in the lower reaches it is close to 6 km. The floodplain is bilateral. The channel can be called moderately winding, indistinctly branched, but there are a large number of rapids, which, upon reaching Vitebsk, increase in length up to twelve kilometers. It is noteworthy that within Lake Okhvat, the width of the reservoir hardly reaches twenty meters.

The coastal zone is quite wooded, characterized by the presence of boulders, and the nature of the channel is rocky, with rifts.

From time immemorial, the river has served people as highway. It was along it that the world-famous road called "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed. Every year, the river replenishes the Baltic Sea by 20 thousand cubic meters. kilometers of water.

The surroundings of the passage of the river on the territory of the Tver region are endowed with a special attraction of picturesque landscapes. Coniferous tree species predominate in the upper reaches, birch, aspen and alder plantations prevail in the middle and lower reaches. Of the shrubs, cranberries and lingonberries predominate.

Speaking about the section of the river flowing on the territory of the Tver region, one cannot fail to mention the city of the same name, located near the riverbed. The history of the city of the Western Dvina has about five thousand years, and in its vicinity, Slavic settlements of centuries ago have been repeatedly discovered.

The flora and fauna of this area remains almost untouched in some places, and fishing enthusiasts often have great catches of perch, roach, pike and other fish species. The ecological cleanliness of the area contributes to the organization of all types of country recreation and tourist rafting on the river from May to September.

How to get there

On the territory of the Tver region on the banks of the Western Dvina there is a city of the same name. Its removal from regional center– Tver is 24 kilometers and is overcome on a personal or public transport on the M10 highway in less than an hour.