Etymological dictionary of the Russian language and their meaning. What is an etymological dictionary? Historical and etymological dictionary

Like many other scientific words, it was formed using the Greek stems etymo(n) "true meaning" and logos "learning".

Watch value etymology in other dictionaries

False etymology- the same as folk etymology.

Folk etymology- (false etymology) - understanding the morphological composition of the word and motivating its meaning on the basis of convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin ........
Large encyclopedic Dictionary

Folk etymology- - everyday, not associated with special historical linguistic knowledge and training, explanation of the origin of words; e.g. lat. by origin "proletarian" ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

ETYMOLOGY- ETYMOLOGY, -i, f. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology........
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

ETYMOLOGY— ETYMOLOGY, etymologies, g. (from Greek etymos - true and logos - teaching) (lingu.). 1. only units Department of linguistics that studies the origin of words. Etudes on Russian etymology. 2. Most........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Etymology- well. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a word or expression in terms of its relationship with other words or expressions of this and other languages
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

This edition of M. Fasmer's Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language is the first experience of translating such books into Russian. Compared to conventional translation scientific books this translation is fraught with some specific difficulties. The dictionary was compiled in difficult conditions wartime, as the author himself says in his preface, and which also cannot be ignored. Considering all these circumstances, the editors, when preparing the Dictionary by M. Fasmer for the Russian edition, considered it necessary to carry out the following work.

The author published his dictionary for a relatively long time in separate editions. Almost every one of them evoked numerous responses and reviews, in which the observed inaccuracies or controversial interpretations were pointed out, additions were made, and sometimes new etymologies. Everything that the author considered necessary to take into account from these remarks, he collected in an extensive addition, placed at the end of the dictionary. When translating, all the author's additions, clarifications and corrections are included directly in the text of the Dictionary, and inclusions of this nature are not marked or highlighted in any way. The translator also provided the Dictionary with some additions, gleaned from publications that appeared after the publication of the work of M. Fasmer, and partly from rare (mainly Russian) editions that were inaccessible to the author for technical reasons. In addition, N. Trubachev included a number of additions to the dictionary, which are in the nature of scientific comments and new etymologies. All the translator's additions are enclosed in square brackets and marked with the letter T. Editor's notes are also enclosed in square brackets. They are marked "Ed." Without any mark in square brackets only editorial clarifications related to geographical names are given, for example: “in the [former] Smolensk province.”

When working on the "Dictionary" by M. Fasmer, not all etymologized words were translated. Naturally, for Russian It makes no sense for the reader to determine the meanings of all Russian words, as the author did when he compiled his dictionary for the German reader. Therefore, in this translation, definitions of the meanings of words of the national Russian language are omitted, but Fasmer's interpretations of rarer, obsolete and regional words are preserved. This last one, as well as the determination of the meanings of the parallels given in the articles from other languages, required a lot of additional work from the editors. M. Vasmer, for obvious reasons, widely attracted Russian research, containing not only Russian, but also Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic and other materials. At the same time, he translated the meanings of words given in the sources into German. With the usual polysemy of words, the reverse translation of meanings (in particular, those contained in Dahl and in regional dictionaries) from German into Russian or the interpretation of meanings, for example, Turkic words, through the third (German) language could lead to a direct distortion of the semasiological component in establishing the etymology of the studied words. In order to avoid this mistake, the editors subjected the definitions of the meanings of Russian and Turkic examples to a continuous verification, reducing them to those given in the sources. As for language examples from all other languages, their meaning was determined in most cases by the corresponding dictionaries. At the same time, the spelling of non-Russian examples was checked (or their compliance with modern writing standards), as well as the correctness of the references. The following examples testify to the need for this work: by the way disorderly M. Vasmer, referring to Gordlevsky (OLYa, 6, 326), cites: “and a Turk. alyp ari". In fact, Gordlevsky: “Turk. alp är". In the dictionary entry for the word buzluk, M. Vasmer cites Turkm with reference to Radlov. boz meaning "ice". In fact, Radlov's boz means "gray" (buz "ice"), which also corresponds to modern Turkmen usage. In the dictionary entry, the word ashug is referred to by Radlov: Radlov 1, 595. The reference is incorrect, it should be: Radlov 1, 592. The correction of all such inaccuracies in the text of the Dictionary is not marked with any marks.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the editors, having in mind a fairly wide contingent of readers, considered it necessary to remove several entries in the dictionary, which can only be the subject of consideration only by narrow scientific circles.

Reconciliation with Russian sources was carried out by L.A. Gindin and M.A. Oborina, and with Turkic sources - by JI. G. Ofrosimova-Serova.

Foreword

The long and fruitful scientific activity of M. Vasmer was strictly sustained in its purposefulness. Most of his research was devoted to lexicology in its various branches: the study of borrowings in Russian from Greek, study of Iranian-Slavic lexical relations, analysis of toponymy of Eastern Europe of Baltic and then Finnish origin, Greek elements in the Turkish vocabulary, etc.

The consistent completion of these private studies was the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language.

If the vocabulary (registry of words) of the etymological dictionary is not limited to arbitrary selection and widely covers the vocabulary of the language, then it reflects the multifaceted culture of the people - the creator of the language, its centuries-old history and its wide connections (between tribes in antiquity and international - in modern times). In order to correctly understand the most complex in terms of composition and origin of the vocabulary of such a language as Russian, it is not enough to know many languages, you need a wide awareness of its history and dialectology, and in addition, of the history of the people and their ethnography; direct acquaintance with ancient monuments is also necessary - the language sources not only of the Russian language, but also of its neighbors. Finally, it is necessary to master the huge scientific literature on Slavic lexicology.

It is beyond the power of one person to go through and master this whole circle. Now it's clear to all that's on high scientific level The task of a modern etymological dictionary can be performed only by a team of linguists, in which specialists in all philologies related to each language are represented. But M. Vasmer, like many other etymologists of the past and our century, undertook to solve this problem alone. A daring plan is characteristic of this outstanding scientist.

At the beginning of our century, quite good luck the sole preparation of the etymological dictionary of the Russian language was undertaken by the Russian scientist A. Preobrazhensky. Having collected and summed up scattered sketches on the etymology of Russian words in his still very useful etymological dictionary, he only added here and there his materials and cautious criticisms.

M. Vasmer included in his dictionary not only the etymological hypotheses of his predecessors, but also the results of his own research, which took a very prominent place there. Great experience and the author's erudition provided in many cases a convincing, acceptable solution of controversies within the areas of interaction between Russian and neighboring languages ​​well studied by him. However, sometimes inaccuracies, errors and even unjustified comparisons appear in M. Fasmer's dictionary. This is observed most often when Fasmer interprets the dictionary reflections of Russian-Turkic and Russian-Finno-Ugric relations. The first was noted by E. V. Sevortyan in his review of M. Fasmer's dictionary. In the same way, B. A. Serebrennikov pointed out Fasmer's mistakes in etymologies based on the material of the Eastern Finnish languages. There are also blunders in the use of Baltic material. I will confine myself to one example. About a hundred years ago, Bezzenberger, in a marginal gloss of the Lithuanian translation of the Bible by Bretkunan, misinterpreted the word darbas as Laubwerk ‘leaf braid’, which served as the basis for the erroneous comparison of this word by I. Zubaty with Belarusian dorob'basket'. M. Vasmer, without checking with authoritative dictionaries, repeated this untenable etymology (see E. Frenkel's explanation in the second edition of his Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, p. 82). The word darbas never had such a meaning in old monuments, nor in the modern literary language, nor in Lithuanian dialects, but meant ‘work, work; work, product.

Some of the reviewers (for example, Ο. N. Trubachev) credit M. Vasmer with the inclusion of dialect vocabulary and onomastics. But in this direction, M. Vasmer took only the first step: from the huge, available even in published works of the dialectal stock of "non-literary words" and the no less immense stock of local names and personal names, he included only some part. In addition, as the reviews that have appeared and the reconciliation undertaken by the editors show, it was in dialect and toponymic etymologies that he made the most inaccuracies.

As for the creation of an etymological dictionary of all Russian (and even more so East Slavic) toponymy and hydronymy, this task is not yet possible to solve. This will take many decades. preparatory work of the whole collective, the creation of complete collections of critically selected material of personal names and local names, which we do not yet have. Therefore, the composition of the onomastic part of the dictionary by M. Fasmer, naturally, causes some critical remarks. It is fair to note, however, that the author gave a number of successful articles, such as, for example, the articles Don, Danube, Moscow, Siberia. However, the current state of the study of these problems has led to the fact that in the dictionary of M. Fasmer there are both random and less successful articles in terms of selection and scientific interpretation, such as, for example, Baikanavfield and etc.

Most weak side M. Fasmer's dictionary is its semantic definitions and comparisons. Indirectly, he himself admitted this in the afterword to the third volume of the dictionary. Here is one example:

I. 137: " Bahmur‘nausea, dizziness’, Nizhnegor.-Makaryevsk. (Dal). I understand how the phrase with gloomy‘cloud, darkness’. The first part is probably an interjection bah!, therefore, originally: "what a darkness!" Wed likewise Kaluga, Kaluga from puddle["What a puddle!"].

The last thing to warn everyone who will use the dictionary is M. Fasmer's exaggeration of the German influence on the vocabulary of the Russian language, especially German mediation when borrowing European cultural terms, often coming directly from Dutch, French, Italian or Latin. See, for example, articles: admiral, adyu, actuary, altar, pineapple, anise, profile, argument, barge, barricade, bason, basta and many others. It is characteristic that there are almost no entries in the dictionary about ancient Slavic personal proper names, such as Kupava, Oslyabya, Ratmir, Milica, Miroslava and others, while M. Vasmer found it necessary to give the etymology of personal names of Germanic origin, such as Sveneld, Rogvolod and under.

In the process of editing the dictionary, the editors found and eliminated a large number of M. Vasmer's oversights in references to sources, in incorrect spellings and interpretations of words from little-known languages. Fixed inaccuracies in quotations, incorrect accentuation of some dialect words, etc.

The publication of the Russian edition of the M. Fasmer dictionary will have great importance not only because it contains a summary of etymological studies of Russian vocabulary 8a for the last half century (including foreign works), but also because the very fact of the publication of M. Fasmer's "Etymological Dictionary", apparently, will cause a revival of domestic etymological studies, will refresh the general interest in questions of history mother tongue, will help to revise many traditional techniques and methods of etymological reconstructions. Much has already been said about the practical value of this book as a useful reference book, it is beyond doubt.

Prof. V. A. Larin

Author's Preface

On the compilation of the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" as main goal his scientific activity I dreamed during the first studies on the influence of the Greek language on Slavonic (1906-1909). disadvantages early works prompted me to further study Slavic antiquities more intensively, as well as most of the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the peoples neighboring the Slavs. At the same time, the works of F. Kluge drew my attention to the need for a preliminary study of the Russian professional languages, which gave me a reason already in 1910 to study great job on collecting materials about the language of the Russian Ofenes. I hoped that during this time the excellent "Slavic Etymological Dictionary" by E. Bernecker and "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by A. Preobrazhensky would also be completed, which would facilitate my further experiments in this direction. Only in 1938, while in New York, did I begin to work systematically on a Russian etymological dictionary, decades later, during which I made only random extracts intended for this purpose. When a significant part of the dictionary had already been prepared, a bomb hit (January 1944) deprived me not only of this and other manuscripts, but of my entire library. It soon became clear to me that after the war I must concentrate all my energy on the dictionary, if at all, continue to work according to the planned plan. The file cabinet was lost, but I could count on the rich collection of books of the Berlin Slavic Institute.

But, unfortunately, after 1945 I have no opportunity to use this library. At the moment I don't have a good university library at my disposal either. Under these conditions, the work could not turn out the way I imagined it in my youth. It is based on extracts that I collected during the hungry years of 1945-1947. in empty Berlin libraries and later, during my two-year studies in the libraries of Stockholm (1947-1949). Many gaps that are obvious to me, I cannot now fill. I decided, yielding to the persuasion of my students, to prepare a dictionary for printing, as far as possible with modern conditions. The decisive role was played by the conviction that in the near future, in the present state of the Slavic libraries, hardly anyone in Germany would be able to offer more comprehensive material.

Lack of space does not allow me, unfortunately, to give here a long list of people who have tried to help me out with books. Colleagues O. Brock, D. Chizhevsky, R. Ekblom, J. Endzelin, J. Kalima, L. Kettunen, V. Kiparsky, K. Knutsson, V. Mahek, A. Mazon, G. Mladenov gave me great help , D. Moravcik, H. Pedersen, F. Ramovsh, J. Stanislav, D. A. Seip, Chr. Stang and B. Unbegaun. Of my students, I am especially grateful for the books presented to me by E. Dickenman, W. Fayer, R. Olesh, H. Schroeder and M. Voltner.

Those who know the USSR will be surprised by the presence in my book of such old names as, for example, Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky), Tver (instead of Kalinin), etc. Since the linguistic material used by me was drawn mainly from old editions, the basis of which the administrative division of tsarist Russia was established, the change of names threatened with inaccuracy in determining the geography of words, and references like "Gorky" would entail mixing the city of Gorky with the writer Gorky. Thus, the old names are used here only to avoid misunderstandings.

I am especially grateful to my colleague G. Krae for his kind interest in my dictionary during its publication. My student G. Breuer helped me in the difficult reading of proofs, for which I also express my heartfelt thanks to him.

M. Vasmer

Author's afterword

Since the beginning of September 1945, I have been completely absorbed in compiling this dictionary. At the same time, I was more interested in sources than in linguistic theories. Therefore, I cannot understand how one of my reviewers could claim that I "could not draw my material directly from the sources" (Lingua Posnaniensis, V, p. 187). I can only ask the reader to check for himself, while reading my dictionary, how true this statement is, and in doing so, also pay attention to my list of abbreviations.

Until June 1949, I was only collecting material. I then set about processing the manuscript, which continued until the end of 1956. The literature on etymology that came out after 1949 was so extensive that, unfortunately, I could not use it completely. A complete reworking of the latest literature would delay the completion of the work and, given my age, might even cast doubt on its successful completion.

I am aware of the shortcomings of my presentation. Particularly unsatisfactory is their knowledge of the Russian dictionary of the 16th and 17th centuries. But at the same time, I ask you to keep in mind that even such a work as F. Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, which has served as an example for me for half a century, deepened the history of the word in the proper sense only gradually, from edition to edition. I marked the first appearance of the word with the indications “for the first time at ...” or “(starting) from ...” If I have written a horn (Gogol), Burmese(eg, Krylov), etc., then such references do not mean that I consider these particular cases to be the oldest, as some of my reviewers have decided.

My original intention was to include the most important personal and local names as well. When I saw that the material was growing to an alarming size, I began to limit and decided to process personal names separately. Many of them have been so little studied that a parsimonious interpretation of them would hardly be convincing. The need to limit the volume of the dictionary also did not give me the opportunity to trace in detail the spread of Russian borrowings in neighboring languages, because then Russian borrowings would have to be taken into account not only in the Baltic and Polish but also in the Finno-Ugric languages. Nevertheless, the most important of them for the history of the language I have presented.

From modern vocabulary, I tried to reflect the words found in the best writers of the 19th century, presented, unfortunately, far from being completely even big dictionaries. Dialect words were included in quite in large numbers, because they reflect regional differences and often, as relic words from the language of the displaced population, can shed light on the ethnic relationships of the prehistoric and early historical era. Various references to correlative words are easier to see in a printed dictionary than in a manuscript, especially if the last one is great volume, as in this case. If I had to prepare a new edition, the number of references to different articles in it would increase, and indications of the first occurrence of the word would be much more common. From the Old Russian language, words of interest in linguistic and cultural-historical terms are included.

In "Supplements" I have corrected the most important misprints I have noticed so far and expressed my attitude to some of the comments of my reviewers. An exhaustive analysis of other points of view that have appeared during this time would require too much space.

In the hard work with proofreading, my student and friend G. Breuer gave me great help. For continued assistance in technical training I am grateful to Mrs. R. Greve-Siegman, for compiling the index of words - to her and R. Richardt.

Many of the wishes expressed in the reviews of my dictionary will undoubtedly be useful for the subsequent Russian etymological dictionary, which should be given Special attention numerous words here called obscure. If I had to start the work again, I would pay more attention to the tracing papers and the semasiological side.

The index of words acquired such big sizes, that it was necessary to abandon the inclusion of compared words from Slavic languages ​​and Western European words that underlie late cultural borrowings.

M. Vasmer

Berlin-Nikolaev, April 1957

Constant replenishment vocabulary Russian does native speech more expressive and richer. Already known words do not lag behind the new ones - they can gradually change their meaning, giving them new shades of meanings. Our speech is a living organism that carefully cuts off dying and inactive particles from itself, growing new, fresh and the right words. And to understand the meaning of new words, you need etymological dictionary. Its functions, structure and meaning are described below.

Definition

What is an etymological dictionary? First of all, the halls of ancient libraries with cobweb-covered tomes come to mind. But at present, thanks to the Internet, the etymological dictionary of the Russian language is available to the widest circles of the population. You can use it at any time.

The answer to the question of what an etymological dictionary is is contained in the definition. Such dictionaries determine the origin and history of various words. Many words are of non-Slavic origin, their original meaning is sometimes quite far from the generally accepted one. Even the word "etymology" is of foreign origin. This term is borrowed from the Greek language and consists of two parts: in translation, etymos means “truth”, logos means “word”. The combination of these two concepts means "truth about words." Already one designation gives an idea of ​​what etymology does and what an etymological dictionary is. In general, such a dictionary is a list of words of foreign or Russian origin, each of which has its own history and interpretation.

History of etymology

Attempts to explain the meaning of words appeared long before the spread of writing, fragments of the writings of the Sumerian, ancient Egyptian, Akkadian sages have come down to us, in which they explained the meanings of the words of their native language. And already in those distant times there were words that were older than the most ancient civilizations, the origin of which, most likely, will remain unexplained.

Over the centuries, languages ​​and countries have been mixed, absorbed and disappeared, reviving new words to life. But there were always people who collected the surviving bits of speech and tried to interpret them. The first etymological dictionary included several words and set phrases. Later, the vocabulary expanded, and each separate part of speech was chosen for its own interpretation.

Russian words

The first official etymological dictionary of the Russian language was published in 1835. But long before that, attempts were made to explain the meaning and origin of words. So, Lev Uspensky in his wonderful book “A Word about Words” quotes Feofany Prokopovich’s phrase that compiling a dictionary - “Making a lexicon” - is a difficult and painstaking task. Even just collecting all the words of the literary language, separating them from special terms, dialects, and dialects is overwork. Although many enthusiasts put long years his life in order to collect the words of his native language into one etymological dictionary.

First dictionaries

History has preserved the names of the first enthusiasts, collectors of the Russian word. They were F. S. Shimkevich, K. F. Reiff, M. M. Izyumov, N. V. Goryaev, A. N. Chudino and others. The first etymological dictionary of the Russian language in modern form came out at the beginning of the 20th century. Its compilers were a group of linguists led by Professor A.G. Preobrazhensky. Under the title "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" it was reprinted several times, with changes and additions. The last known edition dates from 1954.

The most cited etymological dictionary was compiled by M. Vasmer. The book was first published in 1953. Despite numerous linguistic works published later by Russian linguists, the Fasmer Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language is considered the most authoritative publication of its kind.

How words are learned

The language of every people on earth is like a river - it is constantly changing and acquiring new forms. Each of us noticed how gradually in colloquial includes new, borrowed or modified words and whole phrases. At the same time, obsolete and rarely used concepts are leaving - “washed out” of the language. The forms of composing words are also transformed - sometimes sentences become simpler, sometimes they become heavier with additional constructions that make speech more figurative and expressive.

Interpretation of words

Explaining words is not an easy task. The study of a single word involves not only a list of its interpretations in the past and present, but also looks for the roots of words that are similar in sound or spelling, explores possible ways of transition of individual terms from one language to another. The historical and etymological dictionary will tell about the historical transformations taking place with various words of the Russian language. It focuses on changing various meanings given word over time. There is also a short etymological dictionary - it usually indicates a brief description of word and its probable origin.

A few examples

What is an etymological dictionary, let's look at a few examples. Everyone is familiar with the word "entrant". The etymological dictionary of the Russian language explains that this linguistic unit has German roots. But in the language of the Germans the word came from Latin. In the language of the ancient Romans, it meant "leaving." Practically the same meaning was given to the word in German. But modern Russian speech gives the "applicant" a completely different meaning. Today this is the name of a person who comes to higher educational institution. The etymological dictionary also indicates derivatives of this word - entrant, entrant. Studies show that the fewer adjectives and the later this linguistic unit entered Russian speech. The birth of the Russian "applicant" did not occur earlier than early XIX century.

Perhaps those words that we are accustomed to consider Russian have less interesting biography? Here, for example, is the familiar and familiar word "heel". There is no need to explain it, it exists in all Slavic languages, find it in ancient Russian texts. But scientists are still researching the history of this word, and there is still no unequivocal opinion about the origin of the "heel". Some derive it from the common Slavic root "bow", which means "bend, elbow." Other scientists insist on the Turkic version - in the languages ​​of the Tatars and Mongols, "kaab" meant "heel". The etymological dictionary impartially gives both versions of the origin of the “heel” on its pages, leaving the right of choice to its readers.

Consider another familiar word - "sneak". So we call headphones and scammers. At present, "sneak" is a well-known curse, but once upon a time a man-sneak lived in respect and honor. It turns out that in Russia public accusers were called that - at present such a position is occupied by prosecutors. The word has Old Norse roots. Interestingly, in other Slavic languages ​​(except Russian and Ukrainian) it is not used.

Results

The value of the etymological dictionary is difficult to overestimate. If the interpretation of individual words is known, it is easier to understand all the nuances of its meaning. The etymological dictionary will make its reader more literate, because the correct spelling in Russian is often checked by the selection of words with the same root.

In addition, the Russian language is very sensitive to various borrowings. German, English words, French are found in it in a slightly modified form, the correctness of which can be checked with the same dictionary. There is no need to explain what the etymological dictionary means to students of humanitarian universities, journalists, translators, teachers of literature. To all those whose work is connected with the word. For them, an etymological dictionary - essential tool at work.

An etymological dictionary is a dictionary containing information about the history of individual words, and sometimes morphemes, that is, information about the phonetic and semantic changes that they have undergone. Large explanatory dictionaries may also contain notes on the etymology of words. Since the origin of many words does not lend itself to an exact unambiguous definition, etymological dictionaries record different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.

The tradition of compiling etymologies of individual words originates in antiquity, but etymological dictionaries in the modern sense of the word appeared only in late XVIII in. Their predecessors in the 17th century were Etymologikum Latin(lat. Etymologicum linguae Latinae) by Vossius (1662), Etymologikon in English(lat. Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae) by S. Skinner (1671). After the establishment in the XIX century. laws of regular sound changes, the compilation of etymological dictionaries has become one of the important tasks of specialists working in the field of comparative historical linguistics.

Some etymological dictionaries include information on groups of languages ​​and contain reconstructions of the parent language's vocabulary and its contacts with other reconstructed parent languages.

Max Vasmer, or in the Russian manner - Maximilian Romanovich Vasmer, was born in St. Petersburg on February 28, 1886 in a Russian German family: his father, a merchant, moved to St. Petersburg as a young man. M. Vasmer studied at the classical gymnasium K. I. Maya - at that time in Russia they gave an excellent classical education. In 1903, seventeen-year-old M. Fasmer passed the matriculation examination and in the same year began studying Slavic and comparative linguistics at St. Petersburg University under the guidance of the remarkable Slavist Baudouin de Courtenay, the founder of the Kazan Linguistic School. According to the memories close friend M. Vasmer Margarethe Voltner, in Baudouin de Courtenay he found an understanding and very enthusiastic teacher, a caring fatherly elder friend, whose breadth of scientific horizon and fearlessness in the struggle for his own convictions became for Vasmer, and through Vasmer and for his students, the ideal of a real scientist . Among the teachers of M. Fasmer, A. A. Shakhmatov should also be mentioned. Later, M. Vasmer recalled that he was grateful for every Sunday morning spent with A. A. Shakhmatov in the circle of scientists that then gathered with him. “By birth, by culture acquired in childhood, by education, he was a Russian person, a scientist who remained faithful to the Russian theme until the end of his life. He was a philologist of the Russian school; open his dictionary (meaning the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language." - M. Ch.), and you will see how much space is devoted to dialogue with her luminaries - with Shakhmatov (with whom he often disagrees in interpretations), with Ilyinsky ( to which he is critically disposed), with Sobolevsky (many of whose specific judgments he often takes) ”- this is how O. N. Trubachev wrote about M. Fasmer and about the reflection of the Russian philological school in his dictionary.

For a Russian person, the greatest value is the work that M. Vasmer considered the goal of his life - "The Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language". “I dreamed of compiling an Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language as the main goal of my scientific activity during the first studies on the influence of the Greek language on Slavic (1906-1909). The shortcomings of early works prompted me to study Slavic antiquities more intensively in the future, as well as most of the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the peoples neighboring the Slavs, ”as 64-year-old M. Vasmer wrote in 1950 in the preface to the dictionary.

In 1950, the first issue of a Russian etymological dictionary appeared, which was called by V. Kiparsky in Horatian words “a monument stronger than bronze” (“monumentum aere perennius”). In 1958, the publishing house "Karl Winter" in Heidelberg completed the publication of the dictionary, which amounted to a total of three volumes. The appearance of the dictionary by M. Fasmer coincided with the increased interest in etymology in the Slavic countries.

A B C D E F G I K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z

See also `Etymology` in other dictionaries

And, well. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology (special) - alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings (for example, in Leskov: a small scope instead of a microscope). adj. etymological, -th, -th. E. dictionary.

etymology

(Greek etymologia from etymon - truth, the main meaning of the word + logos - concept, teaching). 1) A section of linguistics that studies "the origin and history of individual words and morphemes. 2 The origin and history of words and morphemes. The etymology of the word "grammar"

Etymology

ETYMOLOGY. 1. school name department of grammar, which includes phonetics and morphology Ph.D. language; in this sense, e. is opposed to syntax; in science, the word e. is not used in this sense. 2. In the science of E. of one or another word (in the plural: E-and those or other words) - the origin and history of the morphological composition of one or another individual word, with the elucidation of those morphological elements from which the given word was once formed.

N.D.

Etymology etymol ogiya, -i (section of linguistics that studies the origin of words)

Russian word stress. - M.: ENAS. M.V. Zarva. 2001 .

etymology

ETYMOLOGY -and; well.[from Greek. etymon - truth, the basic meaning of the word and logos - teaching]

1.

2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Unclear e. the words. Determine the etymology of the word. folk e. (specialist.; alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings, for example: melkoscope - Leskov's microscope).

◁ Etymological, -th, -th. uh research. E. dictionary.

ETYMOLOGY (from the Greek etymon - truth>, true meaning> words and ... logic), 1) the origin of a word or morpheme. 2) A branch of linguistics that studies the initial word-formation structure of a word and identifies elements of its ancient meaning, studying sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language.

etymology

-and , well.

A branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their initial structure and semantic connections.

The origin of the word and family relations to other words of the same or other languages.

Obscure etymology of the word.

folk etymology

lingu.

alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word in the native language.

[Greek 'ετυμολογία]