What is a figurative comparison in Russian? Comparison

Comparison is a stylistic device based on the figurative transformation of a grammatically formalized comparison. The means of grammatical formalization of S. are: 1) comparative phrase (see), introduced by conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, evenly, as if, etc.: “The faded joy of crazy years is heavy for me, like a vague hangover But, like wine ,- sadness days gone by In my soul, the older, the stronger” (Pushkin); 2) comparative adjective or adverb and (less often) creative form. p. (instrumental comparison): “Under him is a stream of lighter azure” (Lermontov); 3) a connecting construction, introduced by a conjunction and usually containing an expanded C: “I live sad, lonely, And I wait: will my end come? So, struck by the late cold. Like a storm the winter whistle is heard, One - on a naked branch A belated leaf trembles!..” (Pushkin).
A special place is occupied by the so-called. negative C, characteristic of works of folk art and folklore stylizations: “It’s not the huntsman who trumpets the oak wood, The ripped-off head cackles, - Having cried, the young widow chops and chops firewood” (Nekrasov).
The stylistic expressiveness of S. is determined by the nature and degree of transformation of the general linguistic semantic-stylistic basis of comparison, and both semantics and syntax can undergo transformations (separately or simultaneously): “Harun ran faster than a doe. Faster than a hare from an eagle...” (Lermontov). However, in the statements “He ran like an arrow” or “He ran like a real athlete”, no stylistic effect occurs: the imagery of the first is of a general linguistic nature (cf.: hungry like a wolf, angry like a dog, drink in one gulp), in the second there is a usual equation.
The figurative transformation is caused by: 1) a comparison of diverse (semantically distant) concepts: “At least for the sake of decency, listen to me, beautiful and nimble, to the Soul through my tongue-tiedness. Like warmth through a sheepskin coat. Feeling" (Svetlov); 2) complication or deployment of an object or means of comparison: “And over the peaks of the Caucasus the Exile of Paradise flew. Under him, Kazbek, like the facet of a diamond, shone with eternal snows...” (Lermontov). The symbolism here is of a two-degree nature: first, Kazbek in itself is compared to the facet of a diamond, and then this symbolism is complicated by the fact that Kazbek, in relation to the action attributed to him (shiel), is also compared to the edge of a diamond; 3) omission of the union: “We are, from any side, inseparable parts: I am like the biography of the country, You are its today’s happiness” (Svetlov); 4) violation of the forms of syntactic correlation (the influence of colloquial speech structures), which is typical for certain poetic texts: “How the heart contracts with trembling for the final earthly order. Groves stood along the road and trembled like jogging” (Voznesensky).

Comparison- this is special literary device, based on a comparison of two objects or phenomena between which equalizing relations can be established. With the help of comparison, artistic speech becomes more vivid and expressive, the character of the characters is revealed more fully.

In the literature, comparisons are created in several ways:

Using comparative unions as if, as if, as, exactly etc.

Form of the instrumental case.

Comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.

With words similar And like.

Some comparisons due frequent use become stable expressions, therefore, from comparisons they turned into phraseological units. For example:

Comparison in Russian means a comparison of various objects or phenomena in order to explain an object with another object or one phenomenon with another phenomenon. In other words, comparison means the likening of one object to another by identifying common features or characteristics.

Here are some examples:

Sunny smile - here the smile is compared to the sun, meaning just as bright and warm.

His eyes are as deep as the sea - his eyes are compared to the depths of the sea;

She is as beautiful as the rose of May - she is compared to the rose of May.

In russian language comparisons(lat. comparatio) is one of the artistic stylistic devices designed to more fully express one’s thoughts so that the reader can vividly imagine the pictures and events being described. This is likening, contrasting two different objects, in order to then assert that they are similar or different, identifying their common features.

1.Simple Comparison Method- with the use of words: as, exactly, as if, as if, as if.

Rose petals turned red on the snow, How drops of blood.

Her eyes sparkled as if diamonds.

She was so thin as if reed.

The face was so white exactly carved from marble.

2.Indirect comparison method(used with a noun in the instrumental case)

He lived hamster- He pulled everything into his hole. Compare: He lived How hamster. those. the previous words are not applied, but are implied.

3.Non-union comparisons:

My home is my castle.

4.Comparison by metaphor(Expression used in a figurative sense).

A. Typical metaphor- We read from A. Blok Streams of my poems run - the poems are called streams.

B. Negative metaphor- More often in ancient Russian epics, songs and tales - It’s not thunder that rumbles, it’s not a mosquito that squeaks, it’s godfather dragging pike perch from godfather to godfather.

IN. Comparisons - set phrases - comparisons:

Sweet like honey, sour like vinegar, bitter like pepper.

G. Animal comparisons:

Line M.Yu. Lermontov: Harun ran faster than a deer, faster than a hare from an eagle

D. Comparisons are frightening visual images:

Fate, you are like a market butcher, whose knife is bloody from tip to handle (Khakani).

The talent of a writer is manifested in the ability to use comparisons, and therefore for one it is bright pictures, and for another it is incoherent babble.

It is the process of comparing several objects and their qualities/characteristics. For example, in literature it is often used to give the story even greater expressiveness.

There are several types of comparisons (for example, using conjunctions AS, AS WHAT, etc.; using metaphors, etc.):

For example,

He is as strong as a bull.

Comparison in any language (and in Russian in particular) is, in essence, rhetorical figure, formed by various linguistic primas. This term can be called both linguistic and literary at the same time. Any trope, including comparison, is studied in vocabulary, but is also used in spoken language, and in any other styles; and in fiction.

It can be explained to students this way:

In order to figuratively and beautifully compare two (or several) people, animals, two objects or two qualities, writers and poets use comparisons.

Similes and metaphors are different language concepts, so there is no need to confuse them. Otherwise we will make a mistake.

Since the question was sent to the zone of the Russian language, in particular syntax, then, when considering comparisons, we now need to focus specifically on the linguistic primaries of comparison.

Here are some of my examples with explanations:

1. Natasha’s cheeks turned pink, as if (as if, like, as if, as if, exactly) two apples (the usual, simplest comparison, using a comparing conjunction).
2. Natasha's cheeks looked like (resembled) two pink apples (the same simple comparison, but instead of conjunctions there are other parts of speech).
3. Natasha's cheeks turned pink like red apples (the object with which the comparison is being made is put in the Instrumental case).
4. Natasha's cheeks and apples became more and more pink (the two objects being compared are connected by a hyphen).
5. Natasha's apple cheeks were pinker than ever (an unusual definition was used for comparison purposes).

• Comparison is a stylistic device in language when a phenomenon or concept is clarified and clarified by comparing it with another phenomenon or concept. Comparisons can be negative and detailed.

  Examples of comparisons and ways to express them:

  

  A comparison is a stylistic device that is based on a figurative comparison of states or several objects. Writers very often use comparisons in their works and this expresses their subtext very well. For example, the words of A. S. Pushkin

  Also in nature it is very well expressed and applied

  Comparison- identifying a common feature by comparing (assimilating) one phenomenon to another. Stylistic device in Russian language and literature. The letter is separated by commas. Comparison can be simple (as if) or indirect.

  Comparison in Russian is a stylistic device through which you can describe the properties of one object by comparing its qualities with another. There are various comparison techniques in Russian, for example, using degrees of qualitative adjectives:

  • positive degree (qualitative);
  • comparative (better quality);
  • excellent (best quality).

  Is there some more figurative comparison. An example of such a comparison can be found in books - this is when a certain object is compared with a certain image. For example: The weather is cold, like winter. Here the word weather is a subject of comparison, and like winter is an image.

  Comparison in Russian is the comparison in oral or written speech of two objects or phenomena that have common characteristics. Can also be used to explain one phenomenon in terms of another.

  Examples of comparisons.

To make the text expressive, deep and interesting to read, authors use the following tools when writing artistic expression. Today we will talk about what comparison is in literature.

Comparison in literary work is a means of artistic expression that helps enhance the meaning of an action, object or event.

The purpose of use is to reveal the personality of a character or event, his deepest motives. The role of comparison is determined by the author.

The main feature is the use of prepositions: as if, as, as if, exactly, similar to, exactly, as if, similarly. The comparative construction is easy to detect thanks to prepositions.

Now let's define what comparison is in Russian. This is the name given to the stylistic device of likening one object to another, highlighting their common meaning. The role of comparison in the work is quite significant.

Note! Comparisons in literary text are often used to gain a deeper understanding of a character, his thoughts, character and intentions.

Literary examples

Let us give examples of comparisons from works written in verse.

“You see how calm he is! Pulse of a Dead Man” (“Cloud in Pants”, V. Mayakovsky).

“I was like a horse driven into the soap, spurred by a brave rider” (“Letter to a Woman”, S. Yesenin)

“A horse in soap” is an idiom that emphasizes the bustle and active actions of a person, which only bring him stress and fatigue. In this case, the trope is used to show the lyrical hero who lived in a crazy rhythm, on the verge of life and death.

His emotions and feelings were subjected to severe blows from the heroine to whom the poem is dedicated. In this case, the woman is a brave rider who is not afraid to kill the horse, continuing to ride it (figuratively), that is, continuing to play on the feelings of the lyrical hero.

“Because I made him drunk with tart sadness” (“I clenched my hands under a dark veil,”)

Here Akhmatova shows the degree of emotional explosion of the lyrical hero, which is indicated in the poem by the pronoun “he”. She got drunk and threw me off balance with her words. When a person is drunk, he does not control himself and can perform spontaneous actions, the same thing happened with the lyrical hero:

“How can I forget? He came out staggering...”

The heroine said something to him that served as a serious blow and forced him to leave the room “staggering”, with his mouth twisted painfully. The epithets “came out staggering” and “twisted painfully” emphasize the above.

“And the queen is over the child, Like an eagle over an eaglet” (the tale of Tsar Saltan, A.S. Pushkin)

Pushkin shows serious and reverent attitude queens to their children. Eagles approach children responsibly, from choosing a partner to nesting and upbringing.

“I am moved, silently, tenderly, admiring you like a child!” (“Confession”, A.S. Pushkin)

Children are the most sincere and pure people. Their brains have not yet been corrupted by bad thoughts, impure intentions and profit-seeking. When they rejoice or admire something, they are so helplessly beautiful in their expression of feelings that it is impossible not to notice. In this poem, the lyrical hero experiences such strong and pure feelings that he is compared to a child.

“And the way it speaks, It’s like a river babbling.” (fairy tale about, A.S. Pushkin)

The murmur of the river is soothing, you want to listen endlessly. Similar comparison A.S. Pushkin emphasizes beautiful and composed speech, which can be listened to.

Now let's give examples of comparisons in the literature. Let’s take for this purpose the famous novel “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy.

“Started a smooth, decent conversational car.”

Lev Nikolaevich clearly demonstrates what comparison is in literature - this technique in the epic novel was found on almost every second page. In this case, Anna Pavlovna Scherer is compared not with nature or animals, but with an inanimate object - a talking machine.

Anna Scherer serves as a mediator between people's conversations. If you remember the novel, it was with her input that conversations, acquaintances began and circles were formed.

“His words and actions poured out of him as uniformly, necessarily and directly as a scent is released from a flower.”

This is the opinion that Pierre formed about Platon Karataev. The scent is released continuously and uncontrollably from the flower. Such an accurate description shows the character of Plato, who always backs up his words with actions and does not make him doubt himself. An extensive comparison was used, as suggested by the adverbs “necessary” and “directly”. The author already explains the use of the trope.

“And Natasha, opening her big mouth and becoming completely stupid, began to roar like a child, not knowing the reason and only because Sonya was crying.”

The child is associated with purity and spontaneity. They can sincerely worry and cry because others feel bad. Children take everything to heart, without dirty intentions. The trope is used to understand Natasha - she is pure, bright, her brain is not polluted by rotten thoughts and double standards, she does not seek profit, but lives as if tomorrow does not exist.

Examples from the novel Anna Karenina ().

“A man who calmly crossed the bridge, and then saw that the bridge had been dismantled and that there was an abyss there. This abyss absorbs him.”

This is how Lev Nikolaevich demonstrates Alexander, Anna’s husband, introducing a figurative character. He does not look around, he is deep in himself and refuses to understand what is happening to him, ignoring what is happening.

He feels like a separate person, for whom everything around him does not exist - his wandering wife, family and bad words from those around him, nevertheless he is drowning and he himself does not understand the depth of this abyss.

“The memory of the evil done to her husband aroused in her a feeling similar to disgust and similar to what a drowning person would experience, having torn away the person clinging to him.”

The image of Anna is compared with a figurative character who, in the name of his chance at life, rejects another drowning man. Will he be saved? - a rhetorical question. Anna appears to be selfish, but there is also something human in her - she reproaches herself for what she has done and bears full responsibility for it.

To understand why the author uses the trope, you need to read the work or part of it in its entirety, not forgetting about the author’s irony. For example, you need to understand what a telephone means when describing Anna Pavlovna Scherer. Read at least 5 pages in its entirety. If you extract only tropes from the text, then the meaning and attitude of the author are barely perceptible.

Important! How to find a trope if you don’t have time to reread the text: pay attention to the prepositions. They often provide means of artistic expression.

Useful video

Conclusion

Any character can be compared to understand his deepest motives and his personal qualities. To find this trope in a text, pay attention to prepositions and sentence placement.

Literature (real) represents the true craft of creating texts, the creation of a new object through words. As with any complex craft, literature has its own special techniques. One of them is “comparison”. With its help, for greater expressiveness or ironic contrast, certain objects, their qualities, people, and their character traits are compared.

The kettle with its raised trunk puffed on the stove, like a young elephant rushing to a watering hole..

─ Ironic likening of a small inanimate object to a large animal by comparing the long spout of a teapot and an elephant's trunk.

Comparison: Definition

There are at least three definitions of comparison in the literature.

For a literary text, the first definition would be more correct. But the most talented authors of fiction successfully work with the second and third definitions, so great is the role of comparison in the text. Examples of comparisons in literature and folklore of the last two types:

He is stupid as an oak, but cunning as a fox.

Unlike Afanasy Petrovich, Igor Dmitrievich was built as thin as a mop handle, just as straight and elongated.

The pygmies of the Congo Delta are like children in stature; their skin is not black like that of blacks, but yellowish, like fallen leaves.

In the latter case, along with the use of “negative comparison” (“not”), direct assimilation (“as if”) is combined.

The Russian language is so rich that authors of literary works use a huge number of types of comparisons. Philologists can only roughly classify them. Modern philology identifies the following two main types of comparison and four more comparisons in fiction.

• Direct. In this case, comparative phrases (conjunctions) “as if”, “as”, “exactly”, “as if” are used. He bared his soul to him, like a nudist bares his body on the beach..
• Indirect. With this comparison, no prepositions are used. The hurricane swept away all the garbage from the streets with a giant wiper.

In the second sentence, the noun being compared (“hurricane”) is used in the nominative case, and the noun being compared (“janitor”) is used in the instrumental case. Other types:

Back in the 19th century, philologist and Slavist M. Petrovsky identified the “Homeric” or “epic” likeness from extensive comparisons in literature. In this case, the author of a literary text, not caring about brevity, expands the comparison, distracting from the main storyline, from the object being compared as far as his imagination will allow him. Examples can easily be found in the Iliad or among postmodernists.

Ajax rushed at the enemies, like a hungry lion at the frightened sheep that had lost their shepherd, who were left without protection, defenseless, like unattended children, and could only timidly moan and back away in fear of the lion's thirst for blood and murder, which seizes the predator like madness, intensifying when he senses the horror of the doomed...

It is better for a novice author of literary texts not to resort to the epic type of comparisons. A young writer needs to wait until his literary skill and sense of artistic harmony develop. Otherwise, an inexperienced beginner himself will not notice how, winding around one another, like threads from different balls, such “free associations” will carry him away from the plot of his main narrative and create semantic confusion. So comparisons in a literary text can not only simplify the understanding of the subject being described (a tiger is a huge predatory cat), but also confuse the narrative.

Comparison in verse

The role of literary comparison in poetry is especially important. The poet uses the richness of language to create a unique and aesthetically valuable piece of art, more accurately convey your idea to the reader.

It's often hard and bad for us

From the tricks of tricky fate,

But we are with the humility of camels

We carry the humps of our misfortunes.

With these lines, the poet explains to the reader his own idea that most of the troubles that happen in life are natural, like the humps of camels, that sometimes you simply cannot get rid of them, but you just need to “carry through” them for a while.

Without you, no work, no rest:

Are you a woman or a bird?

After all, you are like a creature of air,

"balloon" - pampered girl!

In most poems, the authors use comparisons to create a bright, beautiful, and easily memorable image. Most of all such colorful comparisons are in the texts of N. Gumilyov and Mayakovsky. But I. Brodsky remains consummate master the use of detailed comparisons in artistic literary versification.

Comparisons are also used in spoken language. When writing any text, even school essay, one cannot do without comparisons. So you need to firmly remember several rules of punctuation of the literary Russian language. Commas are placed before comparative phrases with words:

• as if
• as if,
• as if,
• like,
• exactly,

So when you write:

• He was taller than the teenager she remembered.
• The day flared up quickly and hotly, like a fire into which gasoline was suddenly poured.

─ in these situations, make no mistake, commas are necessary. Much more problems awaits you with the conjunction “how”. The fact is that, even if the particle “how” is part of a comparative phrase, a comma in front of it is not needed if:

It can be replaced with a dash. The steppe is like a sea of ​​grass.

This union is part of a stable phraseological unit. Faithful as a dog.

The particle is included in the predicate. For me the past is like a dream.

The conjunction, within the meaning of the sentence, is replaced by an adverb or noun. He looked like a wolf , possible substitutions: looked wolfish , looked like a wolf .

Where else are commas not needed?

According to the rules of punctuation, commas are not needed before “as” and when it is preceded by adverbs or particles in a sentence:

It's time to finish, it seems like midnight has struck.

“As” is not separated by commas if it is preceded by a negative particle.

He looked at the new gate not like a ram.

So, when you resort to comparisons to decorate or make your text more understandable, remember the insidiousness of the particle “how” and the rules of punctuation, and you will be fine!

Comparison

Comparison

Stylistic device; likening one phenomenon to another, emphasizing them common feature. It can be simple, and then it is expressed in a phrase with words like, as if or as if: “Lazily and thoughtlessly, as if walking without a goal, oak trees stand under the clouds, and dazzling blows sun rays they light up whole picturesque masses of leaves, casting a shadow as dark as night over others...” (N.V. Gogol, “ Sorochinskaya fair"), – or indirectly, expressed by a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition: “Onegin lived as an anchorite...” (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”). Often in artistic speech comparative turnover as a result of application ellipse turn into metaphors.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Comparison

COMPARISON(Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, denotes a comparison of the depicted object, or phenomenon, with another object according to a characteristic common to both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, i.e. the third element of comparison. Comparison is often considered as a special syntactic form of expression of metaphor, when the latter is connected with the object it expresses through the grammatical connectives “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”, etc., and in Russian these conjunctions can be are omitted, and the subject comparison is expressed in the instrumental case. “The streams of my poems run” (Blok) is a metaphor, but “my poems run like streams” or “my poems run like streams” would be comparisons. Such a purely grammatical definition does not exhaust the nature of comparison. First of all, not every comparison can be syntactically compressed into a metaphor. For example, “Nature amuses itself jokingly, like a carefree child” (Lermontov), ​​or the antithetical comparison in “The Stone Guest”: “The Spanish grandee, like a thief, Waits for the night and is afraid of the moon.” In comparison, in addition, it is significant separateness comparable objects, which is externally expressed by the particle How and so on.; a distance is felt between the objects being compared, which is overcome in metaphor. The metaphor seems to demonstrate identity, comparison-separation. Therefore, the image used for comparison easily develops into a completely independent picture, often connected only in one attribute with the object that caused the comparison. These are the notorious Homeric comparisons. The poet deploys them, as if forgetting and not caring about the objects that they should depict. Tertium comparationis provides only a pretext, an impetus for distraction away from the main flow of the story. This is also Gogol’s favorite manner. For example, he depicts the barking of dogs in Korobochka’s yard, and one of the voices of this orchestra evokes a common comparison: “all this was finally completed by a bass, perhaps an old man, endowed with a hefty canine nature, because he wheezed, like a singing double bass wheezes, when the concert is in full swing, the tenors rise on tiptoe from strong desire bring out a high note, and everything that is there rushes to the top, throwing back its head, and he alone, having tucked his unshaven chin into his tie, crouched down and sank almost to the ground, lets out his note from there, from which the glass shakes and rattles.” The separateness of similar objects in comparison is especially clearly reflected in the special form characteristic of Russian and Serbian poetry negative comparison. For example: “Not two clouds converged in the sky, two daring knights converged.” Wed. from Pushkin: “Not a flock of ravens flocked to a pile of smoldering bones, - Beyond the Volga at night, a gang of daring people gathered near the fires.”

M. Petrovsky. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what “comparison” is in other dictionaries:

Cognizant. an operation underlying judgments about the similarity or difference of objects; with the help of S. quantities are identified. and qualities. characteristics of objects, the content of being and knowledge is classified, ordered and evaluated. Compare… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

Comparison- COMPARISON (Latin comparatio, German Gleichnis), as a term of poetics, means a comparison of the depicted object or phenomenon with another object according to a characteristic common to both of them, the so-called. tertium comparationis, i.e. the third element of comparison.… … Dictionary of literary terms

COMPARISON, comparisons, cf. 1. Action under Ch. compare compare1. Comparison of the copy with the original. It's beyond comparison. || The result of this action is named, indicated similarities. Bad comparison. A witty comparison. What is it... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Reconciliation, comparison, juxtaposition, identification, assimilation, parallel. Wed... Synonym dictionary

comparison- one of the logical operations of thinking. Tasks on the language of objects, images, and concepts are widely used in psychological research development of thinking and its disorders. The bases for S. that a person uses are analyzed, ease... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

1. COMPARISON see Compare. 2. COMPARISON; COMPARISON, i; Wed 1. to Compare. WITH. Slavic languages with German ones. You lose a lot by comparing with him. 2. A word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another... encyclopedic Dictionary

Comparison- Comparison ♦ Comparaison Comparison language means two different objects, either for the purpose of emphasizing their similarity or difference, or, in poetry, for the purpose of evoking the image of one by naming the other. If the comparison is implicit, we are talking about a metaphor... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary

A relationship between two integers a and b, meaning that the difference a b of these numbers is divided by a given integer m, called the comparison modulus; written a? b (mod m). E.g. 2 ? 8(mod3), because 2 8 is divisible by 3... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

COMPARISON, I, cf. 1. see compare. 2. A word or expression containing the likening of one object to another, one situation to another. Witty s. Compared to whom (what), sentence. with creativity comparatively, comparing, contrasting whom that n. with whom what... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

English comparison; German Vergleich. A cognitive operation that underlies judgments about the similarity or difference of objects; with the help of a swarm, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of objects are revealed, the signs that determine their possible... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

comparison- COMPARISON is the operation of comparing several objects in order to determine the degree of their mutual similarity. It is applicable only to objects that have some common feature, considered as the basis of S. In the sphere scientific research WITH.… … Encyclopedia of Epistemology and Philosophy of Science

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