Globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world. Globalization of sociocultural processes Globalization of social processes in the modern world in brief

Currently, this idea of ​​​​the formation of a single civilization on our entire planet has become widespread and developed; its strengthening in science and in the public consciousness was facilitated by the awareness globalization of social and cultural processes V modern world.

The term “globalization” (from the Latin “globe”) means the planetary nature of certain processes. Globalization of processes means their ubiquity and comprehensiveness. Globalization is associated, first of all, with the interpretation of all social activities on Earth. In the modern era, all humanity is part of a single system of socio-cultural, economic, political and other connections, interactions and relationships.

Thus, in the modern era, compared with past historical eras, the planetary unity of humanity has increased many times over. It represents a fundamentally new supersystem: despite the striking socio-cultural, economic, and political contrasts of various regions, states and peoples, sociologists consider it legitimate to talk about the formation of a single civilization.

The globalist approach is already clearly visible in the previously discussed concepts of “post-industrial society”, “technotronic era”, etc. These concepts focus on the fact that any technological revolution leads to profound changes not only in the productive forces of society, but also in the entire way of life of people.

Modern technological progress creates fundamentally new prerequisites for the universalization and globalization of human interaction.

Thanks to the widespread development of microelectronics, computerization, the development of mass communication and information, the deepening division of labor and specialization, humanity is uniting into a single socio-cultural integrity. The presence of such integrity dictates its requirements for humanity as a whole and for the individual, in particular:

– the society should be dominated by the attitude towards acquiring new knowledge;

– mastering it in the process of continuous education;

– technological and human application of education;

– the degree of development of the person himself and his interaction with the environment should be higher.

Respectively, a new humanistic culture should be formed, in which a person should be considered as an end in itself of social development.

The new requirements for the individual are as follows: it must harmoniously combine high qualifications, masterly mastery of technology, utmost competence in one’s specialty with social responsibility and universal moral values.

Globalization of social, cultural, economic and political processes gave rise to a number of serious problems. They received the name " global problems of our time": environmental, demographic, political, etc.

The combination of these problems has confronted humanity with the global problem of “human survival.” A. Peccei formulated the essence of this problem as follows: “The true problem human species at this stage of his evolution is that he turned out to be completely culturally incapable of keeping up and fully adapting to the changes that he himself introduced into this world.”

If we want to curb the technical revolution and direct humanity towards a future worthy of it, then we need, first of all, to think about changing man himself, about revolution in man himself (Peccei A. “Human Qualities”). In 1974, in parallel with M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel, a group of Argentine scientists led by Professor Erera developed the so-called Latin American model of global development, or model "Bariloge".

In 1976, under the leadership of Ya. Tinbergen(Holland) was developed new project"Club of Rome" - "Change international order», However, no global models could predict the colossal changes that occurred in the second half of the 80s and early 90s. in Eastern Europe and the territory of the USSR. These changes significantly modified the flow pattern global processes, since they meant the end of the Cold War, the intensification of the disarmament process, and significantly influenced economic and cultural interaction.

Despite all the inconsistency of these processes, the huge costs for the population of socio-economic and political transformations, it can be assumed that they will largely contribute to the formation of a unified global social civilization.

Globalization of social and cultural processes in the modern world.

We can trace some of the beginnings of globalization already in the Age of Antiquity. In particular, the Roman Empire was one of the first states to assert its dominance over the Mediterranean and led to the deep interweaving of different cultures and the emergence of local divisions of labor in the Mediterranean regions.

Globalization- the process of worldwide economic, political and cultural integration and unification. The main consequence of this is the global division of labor, planet-wide migration of capital, human and production resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as the rapprochement and fusion of cultures different countries. This is an objective process that is systemic in nature, that is, it covers all spheres of society.

Globalization- This historical process the rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased and humanity gradually turns into a single political system.

Since the mid-20th century and especially in recent decades, the trend towards globalization has had a qualitative impact on society. National and regional histories no longer make sense.

The tendency towards uniformity becomes dominant in culture. The media allows millions of people to witness events taking place in different places, to participate in the same cultural experience (Olympiads, rock concerts), which unifies their tastes. The same consumer goods are everywhere. Migration, temporary work abroad, and tourism introduce people to the way of life and customs of other countries. A single or at least generally accepted spoken language is being formed - English. Computer technology carries the same programs all over the world. Western mass culture is becoming universal, and local traditions are being eroded.

positive and negative traits influencing the development of the world community. The positive ones include: integration of the world economy promotes the intensification and growth of production, the development of technical advances in backward countries, and the improvement of the economic condition of developing countries. Political integration helps prevent military conflicts, ensure relative stability in the world, and do much more in the interests of international security. Globalization in the social sphere stimulates huge shifts in people's consciousness, the spread of democratic principles of human rights and freedoms.

In the social sphere, globalization involves the creation of a society that should be based on respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, on the principle of social justice.

A very noticeable phenomenon over the past 100 years has been the globalization of culture based on the colossal growth of cultural exchange between countries, the development of the mass culture industry, and the leveling of the tastes and preferences of the public. This process is accompanied by the erasure of national characteristics of literature and art, the integration of elements of national cultures into the emerging universal cultural sphere.

The essence of globalization and its manifestations

Globalization of social and cultural processes means that they acquire a planetary character, societies become interconnected in all aspects - economic, political, social, cultural, and a single world socio-cultural integrity is formed.

Manifestations of globalization:

1. Formation of a global economy, formation of a global market for finance, goods and services. Business goes beyond national boundaries through the formation of transnational corporations (TNCs), which are developing rapidly.

2. Growth in the volume of international trade, financial and investment flows.

3. The universality of market principles for organizing economic activity.

4. Huge movement and mixing of the population. The population moves primarily from the South and East to the North and West.

5. The formation of a global information space as a result of the third information revolution, the essence of which is the formation of a unified national Internet information system. The sociocultural consequences of the introduction of new communication technologies are ambiguous. On the one hand, they unite peoples, unify cultures, and diversify connections. On the other hand, they stimulate a return to local social communities and traditions. This is explained by the fact that in conditions of loss of autonomy, people strive to protect their interests and achieve mental comfort by returning to their native sociocultural soil. Therefore, there is a deepening of ties between ethnic minorities and the growth of religious fundamentalism. In this regard, we can talk about the rise of regional cultures and the process of localization.

6. Dominance in the world community of liberal democratic values, associated, first of all, with ensuring and observing human rights and freedoms.

7. Reduced political opportunities and roles nation state as a public institution. The powers of the state move either to the interstate level or to the level of local, regional bodies and institutions.

8. The emergence of global problems.

Global problems of our time and ways to solve them

Global problems are a set of vitally important problems on the solution of which the fate of all humanity depends. Conventionally, we can distinguish four main groups of global problems of our time:

· socio-political problems;

· socio-economic problems;

· social and environmental problems;

human problems.

Global socio-political problems are generated by the spread of a new generation throughout the world military equipment and weapons that threaten the destruction of all humanity. Solving global socio-political problems is possible by:

A) prevention local wars;

B) eradication of violence in relations between people and exclusively peaceful resolution of all conflicts;

C) ending the arms race, disarmament and conversion;

D) establishing relations of trust and good neighborliness, partnership and cooperation between peoples.

The complex of global socio-economic problems includes, first of all, the problem of economic backwardness, poverty and misery of the Third World countries, the growing socio-economic gap between the countries of the “golden billion” and the “poor billion”.

Global socio-economic problems include the demographic problem, which is generated by two global demographic processes: first, the demographic explosion; secondly, the underreproduction of the population in developed countries. The demographic explosion is the rapid growth of the population of planet Earth. The greatest population growth is occurring in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. IN European countries There is a decline and aging of the population.

Due to the demographic problem, the food problem and the problem natural resources. Humanity can no longer increase the volume of resources withdrawn from nature due to their non-renewability and limitation. The essence of the food problem lies in the acute shortage of food in many developing countries ah, malnutrition and hunger, imbalance and inadequate nutrition.

A complex of global socio-ecological problems stems from the environmental crisis, which manifests itself:

firstly, in air pollution beyond acceptable standards industrial enterprises, vehicles, thermal power plants;

secondly, in water and soil pollution;

thirdly, the alarming growth of waste;

fourthly, in the impoverishment of the animal and flora planet, deteriorating land quality and reduction of arable land;

fifthly, in global climate change, which threatens climate catastrophe.

At the center of all global problems of our time is man: he gave birth to them and he is able to solve them. If we separate the problems of the person himself into a separate group, then they include the following:

1. Grief and suffering from wars, violence, banditry, terrorism, accidents, disasters, natural disasters.

2. Social ill-being of people: unemployment, hunger and poverty; refugee and vagrancy; illiteracy, increased crime.

3. Physical ill health of a person.

4. Spiritual ill-being and mental illness of a person: depression, gloominess, rudeness, aggression, suicidal tendencies.

In the context of growing global problems, social thinkers make global forecasts for the future, engage in social forecasting - futurology (lat. futurum-future; Greek logos- teaching). Among futurologists, pessimists and optimists have emerged. Representatives of environmental pessimism predict the inevitable death of humanity due to the intractability of global problems. Supporters of scientific and technological optimism (technological optimism) believe that a person, using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, will be able to solve global problems. Most futurologists consider the transition from a technogenic, information civilization to an anthropogenic civilization, where the main value would be people, not technology, as a way to resolve global problems and a condition for the survival of mankind.

The strategy of the world community for the present century is determined by the concept sustainable development, developed by the UN in 1992. In a broad sense, sustainable development is understood as environmental, demographic, economic, ethnic, religious, systemic and technical sustainability. In 1994, the UN Human Development Report characterized sustainable development as socially oriented development with people at the center.

Tests on topic 5 (section II)

I. Find the correspondence (make pairs) of the provisions marked with numbers and concepts (terms) that have letter designations:

a) globalization; b) third information revolution; c) global problems; d) population explosion; e) futurology; f) environmental pessimism; g) technological optimism; h) sustainable development.

1. Formation of a unified national information system.

2. Social forecasting.

3. The process of forming a single world socio-cultural integrity.

4. Socially oriented development, in the center of which is the person.

5. Prediction of inevitable death for humanity due to the intractability of global problems.

6. Rapid growth of the population of planet Earth.

7. The belief that man, using the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, will be able to solve global problems.

8. A set of vitally important problems on the solution of which the fate of all humanity depends.

The twentieth century was characterized by a significant acceleration of sociocultural change. There has been a gigantic shift in the “nature-society-human” system, where an important role is now played by culture, understood as an intellectual, ideal, and artificially created material environment, which not only ensures the existence and comfort of a person in the world, but also creates a number of problems . To others important change In this system there was an ever-increasing pressure of people and society on nature. For the 20th century The world's population increased from 1.4 billion people. to 6 billion, while over the previous 19 centuries AD it increased by 1.2 billion people. Serious changes are also taking place in the social structure of the population of our planet. Currently, only 1 billion people. (the so-called “golden billion”) live in developed countries and take full advantage of the achievements modern culture, and 5 billion people from developing countries suffering from hunger, disease, poor education form a “global pole of poverty” opposing the “pole of prosperity”. Moreover, trends in fertility and mortality allow us to predict that by 2050-2100, when the world's population will reach 10 billion people. (Table 18) (and this is according to modern ideas the maximum number of people that our planet can feed), the population of the “poverty pole” will reach 9 billion people, and the population of the “prosperity pole” will remain unchanged. At the same time, every person living in developed countries puts 20 times more pressure on nature than a person from developing countries.
Table 18
World population (million people)

Source: Yatsenko N. E. Dictionary social science terms. St. Petersburg, 1999. P. 520.
Sociologists associate the globalization of social and cultural processes and the emergence of world problems with the presence of limits to the development of the world community.
Globalist sociologists believe that the limits of the world are determined by the very finitude and fragility of nature. These limits are called external (Table 19).
The problem of external limits to growth was first raised in a report to the Club of Rome (non-governmental international organization, created in 1968) “The Limits to Growth,” prepared under the direction of D. Meadows.
The authors of the report used a computer model for calculations global changes, came to the conclusion that unlimited economic growth and the pollution it caused by the middle of the 21st century. will lead to economic disaster. To avoid it, the concept of “global equilibrium” with nature was proposed with a constant population size and “zero” industrial growth.
According to other globalist sociologists (E. Laszlo, J. Bierman), the limiters of the economy and sociocultural development of mankind are not external, but internal limits, the so-called sociopsychological limits, which manifest themselves in the subjective activities of people (see Table 19).
Table 19 Limits of human development

Proponents of the concept of internal limits to growth believe that the solution to global problems lies in ways to increase responsibility politicians who accept important decisions, and improving social forecasting. According to E. Toffler, the most reliable tool for solving global problems is knowledge and the ability to withstand an ever-increasing pace social change, as well as delegation of resources and responsibility to those floors and levels where the relevant problems are solved. Great importance has the formation and dissemination of new universal values ​​and norms, such as the safety of people and societies, of all humanity; freedom of activity of people both within the state and outside it; responsibility for nature conservation; availability of information; respect by authorities public opinion; humanization of relationships between people, etc.
Global problems can only be solved through the joint efforts of state and public, regional and world organizations. All world problems can be differentiated into three categories (Table 20).
Most dangerous challenge to humanity in the 20th century. there were wars. The two world wars alone, which lasted a total of more than 10 years, claimed about 80 million human lives and caused material damage of more than 4 trillion 360 billion dollars (Table 21).
Table 20
Global problems

Table 21
The most important indicators of the First and Second World Wars

Since World War II, about 500 armed conflicts have occurred. More than 36 million people died in local battles, most of of them were civilians.
And in just 55 centuries (5.5 thousand years), humanity has experienced 15 thousand wars (so people lived in peace for no more than 300 years). More than 3.6 billion people died in these wars. Moreover, with the development of weapons, everyone died in military clashes large quantity people (including civilians). Losses especially increased with the beginning of the use of gunpowder (Table 22).
Table 22

Nevertheless, the arms race continues to this day. After World War II alone, military spending (1945-1990) amounted to more than $20 trillion. Today, military spending is more than $800 billion a year, or $2 million a minute. More than 60 million people serve or work in the armed forces of all states. 400 thousand scientists are engaged in the improvement and development of new weapons - this research absorbs 40% of all R&D funds, or 10% of all human expenses. A custom-made diploma is what you need.
Currently in first place ecological problem, which includes such unresolved issues as:
desertification of lands. Currently, deserts occupy about 9 million square meters. km. Every year, deserts “capture” more than 6 million hectares of land developed by humans. A total of another 30 million square meters are at risk. km of inhabited territory, which is 20% of the total land area;
deforestation. Over the last 500 years, humans have removed 2/3 forest areas, and in the entire history of mankind, 3/4 of forests have been destroyed. Every year, 11 million hectares of forest land disappear from the face of our planet;
pollution of reservoirs, rivers, seas and oceans;
"Greenhouse effect;
ozone "holes".
As a result of the combined effect of all these factors, the productivity of land biomass has already decreased by 20%, and some animal species have become extinct. Humanity is forced to take measures to protect nature. Other global problems are no less pressing.
Do they have solutions? The solution to these pressing problems of the modern world may lie along the paths of scientific and technological progress, socio-political reforms and changes in the relationship between man and the environment (Table 23).
Table 23 Ways to solve global problems

Scientists under the auspices of the Club of Rome are searching for conceptual solutions to global problems. The second report (1974) of this non-governmental organization (“Humanity at the Crossroads”, authors M. Mesarevich and E. Pestel) talked about the “organic growth” of the world economy and culture as a single organism, where each part plays its role and enjoys its share of the common benefits that correspond to its role and provide further development this part in the interests of the whole.
In 1977, a third report to the Club of Rome was published, entitled “Revisiting the International Order.” Its author, J. Tinbergen, saw a solution in the creation of global institutions that would control global sociocultural and economic processes. According to the scientist, it is necessary to create a world treasury, a world food administration, a world administration for technological development and other institutions that would resemble ministries in their functions; At a conceptual level, such a system presupposes the existence of a world government.
In the subsequent works of the French globalists M. Guernier “The Third World: Three Quarters of the World” (1980), B. Granoutier “For world government"(1984) and others. The idea of ​​a global center governing the world was further developed.
A more radical position on global governance is taken by the international social movement mondialists (International Registration of World Citizens, IRWC), which was created in 1949 and advocates the creation of a world state.
In 1989, in the report of the UN International Commission on environment and Development, chaired by G. H. Brundtland, “Our Common Future” created the concept of “sustainable development”, which “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
In the 1990s. the idea of ​​a world government is giving way to projects of global cooperation between states under vital important role UN. This concept is formulated in the report of the UN Commission on Global Governance and Cooperation “Our Global Neighborhood” (1996).
Currently everything higher value acquires the concept of “global civil society" It means all the people of the Earth who share universal human values ​​and actively solve global problems, especially where national governments are unable to do so.

Questions for self-control

List possible ways of development of society. Some people write entire dissertations on this subject.
Name the main theories of progress.
Indicate the main, essential features of the Marxist view of the development of society.
What is the formation approach?
How does W. Rostow’s approach differ from the Marxist one?
List the main stages of economic growth in the theory of W. Rostow.
Describe industrial society.
What approaches exist in the theory of post-industrial society?
What are the signs of a post-industrial society (according to D. Bell)?
How has its social structure changed (according to D. Bell)?
List the features of Z. Brzezinski's technotronic society and compare them with the features of D. Bell's post-industrial culture.
How does O. Toffler’s approach to the study of the “third wave” society differ from the approaches of his predecessors?
How do supporters of cyclical theories see social life?
What is the civilizational approach?
What is the essence of N. Ya. Danilevsky’s theory?
What is common and what is the difference between the theories of N. Ya. Danilevsky and O. Spengler?
What new did A. Toynbee introduce into the theory of “cyclism”?
What are the main criteria for the development of society?
What criterion do N. Berdyaev and K. Jaspers use in their theories?
What is the essence of the theory of “long waves” by N. D. Kondratiev?
Compare the wave theories of N. Yakovlev and A. Yanov.
What are the criteria for fluctuations social life in the theories of A. Schlesinger, N. McCloskey and D. Zahler?
What is the essence of P. Sorokin’s concept of changing sociocultural supersystems? How did R. Ingelhart supplement it?
Need to order a diploma in sociology? Easy to do on the Edulancer.ru exchange -

The twentieth century was characterized by a significant acceleration of sociocultural change. There has been a gigantic shift in the “nature-society-human” system, where an important role is now played by culture, understood as an intellectual, ideal, and artificially created material environment, which not only ensures the existence and comfort of a person in the world, but also creates a number of problems . Another important change in this system was the increasing pressure of people and society on nature. For the 20th century The world's population increased from 1.4 billion people. to 6 billion, while over the previous 19 centuries AD it increased by 1.2 billion people. Serious changes are also taking place in the social structure of the population of our planet. Currently, only 1 billion people. (the so-called “golden billion”) live in developed countries and take full advantage of the achievements of modern culture, and 5 billion people from developing countries suffering from hunger, disease, poor education form a “global pole of poverty” opposing the “pole of prosperity” . Moreover, trends in fertility and mortality allow us to predict that by 2050-2100, when the world's population will reach 10 billion people. (Table 18) (and according to modern ideas, this is the maximum number of people that our planet can feed), the population of the “poverty pole” will reach 9 billion people, and the population of the “prosperity pole” will remain unchanged. At the same time, every person living in developed countries puts 20 times more pressure on nature than a person from developing countries.

Table 18

World population (million people)

Source: Yatsenko N. E. Explanatory dictionary of social science terms. St. Petersburg, 1999. P. 520.

Sociologists associate the globalization of social and cultural processes and the emergence of world problems with the presence of limits to the development of the world community.

Globalist sociologists believe that the limits of the world are determined by the very finitude and fragility of nature. These limits are called external (Table 19).

The problem of external limits to growth was first raised in the report to the Club of Rome (a non-governmental international organization created in 1968) “The Limits to Growth,” prepared under the leadership of D. Meadows.

The authors of the report, using a computer model of global changes for calculations, came to the conclusion that unlimited growth of the economy and the pollution caused by it would already occur by the middle of the 21st century. will lead to economic disaster. To avoid it, the concept of “global equilibrium” with nature with a constant population size and “zero” industrial growth was proposed.

According to other globalist sociologists (E. Laszlo, J. Bierman), the limiters of the economy and sociocultural development of mankind are not external, but internal limits, the so-called sociopsychological limits, which manifest themselves in the subjective activities of people (see Table 19).

Table 19 Limits of human development

Proponents of the concept of internal limits to growth believe that the solution to global problems lies in increasing the responsibility of political figures who make important decisions and improving social forecasting. The most reliable tool for solving global problems, according to E. Toffler, should be considered knowledge and the ability to withstand the ever-increasing pace of social change, as well as the delegation of resources and responsibility to those floors and levels where the relevant problems are solved. Of great importance is the formation and dissemination of new universal values ​​and norms, such as the safety of people and societies, of all humanity; freedom of activity of people both within the state and outside it; responsibility for nature conservation; availability of information; respect by authorities for public opinion; humanization of relationships between people, etc.

Global problems can only be solved through the joint efforts of state and public, regional and global organizations. All world problems can be differentiated into three categories (Table 20).

The most dangerous challenge to humanity in the 20th century. there were wars. Only two world wars, which lasted a total of more than 10 years, claimed about 80 million human lives and caused material damage of more than 4 trillion 360 billion dollars (Table 21).

Table 20

Global problems

Table 21

The most important indicators of the First and Second World Wars

Since World War II, approximately 500 armed conflicts have occurred. More than 36 million people died in local battles, most of them civilians.

And in just 55 centuries (5.5 thousand years), humanity has experienced 15 thousand wars (so people lived in peace for no more than 300 years). More than 3.6 billion people died in these wars. Moreover, with the development of weapons, an increasing number of people (including civilians) died in military clashes. Losses especially increased with the beginning of the use of gunpowder (Table 22).

Table 22

Nevertheless, the arms race continues to this day. After World War II alone, military spending (1945–1990) amounted to more than $20 trillion. Today, military spending is more than $800 billion a year, or $2 million a minute. More than 60 million people serve or work in the armed forces of all states. 400 thousand scientists are engaged in the improvement and development of new weapons - this research absorbs 40% of all R&D funds, or 10% of all human expenses.

Currently, the environmental problem comes first, which includes such unresolved issues as:

desertification of lands. Currently, deserts occupy about 9 million square meters. km. Every year, deserts “capture” more than 6 million hectares of land developed by humans. A total of another 30 million square meters are at risk. km of inhabited territory, which is 20% of the total land area;

deforestation. Over the past 500 years, humans have destroyed 2/3 of forests, and in the entire history of mankind, 3/4 of forests have been destroyed. Every year, 11 million hectares of forest land disappear from the face of our planet;

pollution of reservoirs, rivers, seas and oceans;

"Greenhouse effect;

ozone "holes".

As a result of the combined effect of all these factors, the productivity of land biomass has already decreased by 20%, and some animal species have become extinct. Humanity is forced to take measures to protect nature. Other global problems are no less pressing.

Do they have solutions? The solution to these pressing problems of the modern world may lie along the paths of scientific and technological progress, socio-political reforms and changes in the relationship between man and the environment (Table 23).

Table 23 Ways to solve global problems

Scientists under the auspices of the Club of Rome are searching for conceptual solutions to global problems. The second report (1974) of this non-governmental organization (“Humanity at the Crossroads”, authors M. Mesarevich and E. Pestel) talked about the “organic growth” of the world economy and culture as a single organism, where each part plays its role and enjoys its share of the common goods, which correspond to its role and ensure the further development of this part in the interests of the whole.

In 1977, a third report to the Club of Rome was published, entitled “Revisiting the International Order.” Its author, J. Tinbergen, saw a solution in the creation of global institutions that would control global sociocultural and economic processes. According to the scientist, it is necessary to create a world treasury, a world food administration, a world administration for technological development and other institutions that would resemble ministries in their functions; At a conceptual level, such a system presupposes the existence of a world government.

In the subsequent works of the French globalists M. Guernier “The Third World: Three Quarters of the World” (1980), B. Granotier “For a World Government” (1984) and others, the idea of ​​a global center governing the world was further developed.

A more radical position regarding global governance is taken by the international social movement of mondialists (International Registration of World Citizens, IRWC), which was created in 1949 and advocates the creation of a world state.

In 1989, the report of the UN International Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by G. H. Brundtland, “Our Common Future,” created the concept of “sustainable development,” which “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet your own needs."

In the 1990s. the idea of ​​a world government is giving way to projects of global cooperation between states, with a vital role for the UN. This concept is formulated in the report of the UN Commission on Global Governance and Cooperation “Our Global Neighborhood” (1996).

Currently, the concept of “global civil society” is becoming increasingly important. It means all the people of the Earth who share universal human values ​​and actively solve global problems, especially where national governments are unable to do so.

Questions for self-control

List possible ways of development of society.

Name the main theories of progress.

Indicate the main, essential features of the Marxist view of the development of society.

What is the formation approach?

How does W. Rostow’s approach differ from the Marxist one?

List the main stages of economic growth in the theory of W. Rostow.

Describe industrial society.

What approaches exist in the theory of post-industrial society?

What are the signs of a post-industrial society (according to D. Bell)?

How has its social structure changed (according to D. Bell)?

List the features of Z. Brzezinski's technotronic society and compare them with the features of D. Bell's post-industrial culture.

How does O. Toffler’s approach to the study of “third wave” society differ from the approaches of his predecessors?

How do supporters of cyclical theories see social life?

What is the civilizational approach?

What is the essence of N. Ya. Danilevsky’s theory?

What is common and what is the difference between the theories of N. Ya. Danilevsky and O. Spengler?

What new did A. Toynbee introduce into the theory of “cyclism”?

What are the main criteria for the development of society?

What criterion do N. Berdyaev and K. Jaspers use in their theories?

What is the essence of the theory of “long waves” by N. D. Kondratiev?

Compare the wave theories of N. Yakovlev and A. Yanov.

What are the criteria for fluctuations in social life in the theories of A. Schlesinger, N. McCloskey and D. Zahler?

What is the essence of P. Sorokin’s concept of changing sociocultural supersystems? How did R. Ingelhart supplement it?

Literature

Berdyaev N. New Middle Ages. M., 1990.

Vasilkova V.V., Yakovlev I.P., Barygin I.N. Wave processes in social development. Novosibirsk, 1992.

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Marx K. Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. M., 1983.

Materialists Ancient Greece. M., 1955.

Modern Western sociology: Dictionary. M., 1990.

Sorokin P. Man, civilization, society. M., 1992.

Toynbee A. Comprehension of history. M., 1995. Spengler O. Decline of Europe. M., 1993.

Jaspers K. The meaning and purpose of history. M., 1994.

In the literature one can find discrepancies regarding the origin of the science of sociology. If we are talking about science, the most accurate date of its foundation should be considered 1826, when Comte began giving public lectures on the course of positive philosophy. Most authors point to 1830 as the beginning of the publication of the “Course...”, others consider (for example, A. Radugin and K. Radugin) the year of birth of sociology to be 1839, since the 3rd volume of the “Course...” was published then, in which Comte first used the term "sociology".

Comte O. Course of positive philosophy // Man. Thinkers of the past and present about life, death and immortality. XIX century M., 1995. P. 221.

Marx K. Towards a critique of political economy (Preface) //K. Marx, F. Engels. Works: V3 t. M., 1979. T. 1. P. 536.

Marx K. Decree. op.

Buckle G. History of civilization in England. St. Petersburg, 1985. P. 58.

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