History of the development of meteorology. Brief information on the history of meteorology and climatology. Competition Secretary _________________________________

Meteorological observations in Russia began, according to their first historian, K.S. Veselovsky

, - around the middle of the 18th century: for St. Petersburg, correct observations of air temperature have been available since 1743, of precipitation - since 1741, and of the freezing of the Neva - they go back to 1706.

But such earliest observations were few in number and unevenly distributed throughout Russia, being confined either to large centers such as St. Petersburg, Moscow, or to several points in Finland and Siberia, finally, and they were carried out using different methods and very diverse instruments. However, M.V. Lomonosov

back in 1759, he proposed his project for a more correct organization of meteorological observations, but only in 1804 was a government decree promulgated on the production of meteorological observations in all educational institutions of Russia; however, the order was not carried out, and if observations began, they were neither processed nor printed.

The establishment in Germany in 1828, on the initiative of Humboldt, of a union for the production of magnetic observations was the impetus that was destined to put the matter of meteorological observations on practical ground. In 1829, Humboldt visited St. Petersburg and managed to convince the Academy of Sciences to join this union and organize observations in Russia. One of the Academy members, Kupfer

, took over the implementation of this matter. Under his supervision and leadership, a magnetic laboratory was established in St. Petersburg at the Academy in 1830 (at first located in Peter and Paul Fortress, and then transferred to one of the premises of the Mining Corps); then, at the suggestion of the Academy, he established similar observatories in Kazan, Nikolaev, Sitkha, Lekin, and, finally, in Yekaterinburg, Barnaul and Nerchinsk. In 1833, Kupfer submitted a project for the establishment of several more observatories, adapted for the production of not only magnetic, but also meteorological observations; he managed to achieve the implementation of this project and the establishment of magnetic meteorological observatories in Bogoslovsk, Zlatoust and Lugan, and transform the observatories in Yekaterinburg, Barnaul and Nerchinsk into permanent institutions. An observatory was established at the Mining Corps in St. Petersburg, which was not only supposed to conduct observations, but also supply all meteorological institutions in Russia with proven instruments.

In 1849, the project and staff of the “Main Physical Observatory” were approved; Kupfer himself was appointed its first director. Under his management, the Main Physical Observatory firmly established the business of meteorological observations in Russia: the number of meteorological stations began to increase; completely monotonous observation methods were used; Publications appeared containing summaries of the observations made. The first such collection was "Annuaire magnetique et meteorologique", and then observations began to be published annually in the publication: "Code of observations made, etc."... Since 1865, this last edition was replaced by the "Chronicles of the Main Physical Observatory". Containing a huge amount of material, delivered by observations, in a finished, processed form. Kupfer's successors in managing the Main Physical Observatory and directing meteorological observations were Kemtz, then Wild and Rykachev. Wild’s activities were especially fruitful in the development of meteorological observations in Russia.

Under him, the instructions for guiding observers and for processing observations were reworked, new observational methods were investigated and introduced (for example, they were given a new method of installing thermometers for measuring air temperature, a weather vane with an indicator of wind strength was installed, barometers were improved, etc.); periodic inspection and audit of meteorological stations has been established; under him, finally, the meteorological network began to develop faster and faster.

The Meteorological Commission of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society also rendered considerable service in the development of meteorological observations in Russia. Having separated in 1870 for the purpose of more detailed development of various meteorological issues from the geographical society into a special commission, a small circle of people, which included the majority of St. Petersburg meteorologists, from the very beginning of the commission’s existence actively began to promote meteorological observations and organize stations to help Main Physical Observatory. The construction of denser networks for rain gauge observations and observations of thunderstorms, and the collection of observations of the opening and freezing of rivers were the first steps of the commission. With its transformation in 1883, it also organized observations of the height and density of snow cover, observations of the duration of sunshine, phenological observations, etc. However, the meteorological commission, limiting itself only to propaganda and making various observations, transmitted these observations as only they turned out to be firmly placed under the jurisdiction of the Main Physical Observatory, which thus owned and belongs to the general management of meteorological work. A further stage in the development of meteorological observations in Russia was the emergence of local networks, the task of which was more detailed study some important meteorological phenomena, eluding the observation of large stations relatively far apart from one another - phenomena observed over relatively small areas. The first impetus for the development of these networks was the organization of the “South-West Russia Network”, organized by professor of Novorossiysk University A.V. Klossovsky, who achieved the construction of a network of observation points of such density that it allowed him to trace in great detail the spread of thunderstorms, showers, snowstorms and drifts, etc. Following the example of the network of the South-West of Russia, networks were then organized: the Dnieper, south-western, central , eastern and, finally, even smaller, embracing spaces of less than one province: Perm, Buguruslan, etc. Since 1894, the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, having undertaken the organization of agricultural meteorological observations, established a meteorological bureau under the Scientific Committee, placed under Office of the Meteorologist; The task of the bureau is to establish a network of the mentioned stations and to unite the activities of the few that already exist (Meteorological observations XIX, 175). Meteorological stations:

In 1850 there were 15

" 1885 " " 225 and 441 rainy pun.

" 1890 " " 432 " 603 " "

" 1895 " " 590 " 934 " "

Finally, let us note some points in Russia that have the longest observation series. Air temperature observations are available:

In St. Petersburg since 1743

"Abo" 1750"

"Moscow" 1770"

"Warsaw" 1779"

"Riga" 1795"

"Verre" 1800"

"Revele" 1807"

"Kyiv" 1812"

"Kazan" 1812"

"Arkhangelsk" 1813"

Precipitation observations:

In St. Petersburg since 1741

"Abo" 1749"

"Uleaborg "1776"

"Warsaw" 1803"

"Revele" 1812"

Observations on the opening and freezing of rivers:

In Riga since 1530

"Petersburg" 1706"

"Irkutsk" 1724"

"Warsaw" 1725"

"Arkhangelsk" 1734"

"Veliky Ustyug" 1749"

"Barnaul" 1751"

"Saratov" 1762"

Historical information on the development of meteorological observations in Russia - see Veselovsky, “On the Climate of Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1857); Klossovsky, " Latest Advances meteorology" (Odessa, 1882); Wild, "On air temperature Russian Empire"(St. Petersburg, 1878, II); Voeikov

, "Meteorology in Russia" (St. Petersburg, 1874); Heinz, “Essays on the activities of the Main Physical Observatory” (“Monthly Bulletin of the Main Physical Observatory”, 1899, No. 3).

How did meteorology develop? This was expressed primarily in the form of signs about the weather, which were established taking into account the nature of people's activities - cattle breeding, farming, navigation. For example, in ancient Greece(500 years BC) some generalized information about weather phenomena important for navigation, such as winds, thunderstorms, and squalls, was written down on stone tablets and posted in coastal cities. A completely scientific and broader study of the properties of the atmosphere became possible only after the invention of the first meteorological instruments - the thermometer (at the end of the 16th century) and the barometer (in the middle of the 17th century). Soon after this, the first meteorological stations were organized in a number of countries, conducting weather observations using devices created by that time.

Systematic meteorological observations in Russia were started by order of Peter I in 1722, first at the only meteorological station in St. Petersburg, and from 1733 - at the world's first regularly operating network of stations, organized by the Great Northern Expedition. Some of them, for example, in Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Yakutsk, continue their continuous work to this day.

In the development of domestic meteorology, the role of the brilliant Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was especially great. In its large and versatile scientific activity meteorology, as one of the natural sciences, occupied a prominent place. He himself made meteorological observations, invented and built some instruments, such as a compass-anemometer (to determine wind strength) and a sea barometer “to predict storms at sea.” Insensitive to sea motion and shocks, the Lomonosov barometer was used on ships of the Russian fleet earlier than anywhere else. Lomonosov believed that meteorology is “ best part natural science" and that its study "there is nothing more useful to the human race."

Lomonosov attached particular importance to weather prediction. He rightly pointed out that there are extremely great difficulties on the path to a successful solution to this practically important problem, that “it seems barely comprehensible... but everything can be acquired through hard work.” For these purposes, he was the first to point out the need to create a regularly operating network of meteorological stations, the importance and necessity of studying the high layers of the atmosphere.

Despite the enormous difficulties that Russian science encountered in the past, a number of progressive Russian scientists subsequently succeeded in implementing Lomonosov’s plans to a significant extent. Along with some expansion of the meteorological station in 1849, the Russian Academy J. Kupfer, at the cost of great efforts, achieved the organization of an observatory (now the Main Geophysical Observatory), which was one of the first central meteorological institutes in Europe and is now one of the oldest scientific institutions in our country.

The development of trade and navigation posed problems of a practical nature to meteorology - generalizing the accumulated observational material and applying it, first of all, for the needs of navy.

A serious impetus in the development of meteorology in Russia and in Western Europe caused a monstrous storm in the Black Sea on November 14, 1856 (during Crimean War), as a result of which the Anglo-French squadron, blocking the heroically defending Sevastopol from the sea, was almost completely destroyed. From that time on, in France, Russia and other European countries, the organization of the so-called “weather service” began, which was entrusted first with the telegraph collection of weather information, and then with its use for weather predictions. In Russia, the first such body was the department of storm warnings, organized by M. A. Rykachev in 1874 at the Main Physical Observatory. This service was created exclusively in the interests of the navy in the Baltic and Black Seas, and later railway transport.

Huge contribution World famous Russian scientists D. I. Mendeleev, A. I. Voeikov, P. I. Brounov, A. V. Kloseovekin, B. I. Sreznevsky, B. P. Multanovsky contributed to the development of meteorological science and weather services in Russia and others. They are credited with expanding the network of meteorological stations, studying climatic and weather features Russia and the creation of the first scientific methods of weather forecasting. Many of them scientific works have not lost their meaning to this day.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. in Russia there were already about 2000 meteorological stations, most of which acted on a voluntary basis, without paying their employees. In a number of cities in the outlying regions of Russia, branches of the Main Physical Observatory were opened, which supervised the work of local stations. Later, some of them were entrusted with the work of predicting weather for the needs of the navy, railway transport, and with the onset of the First World War, for the needs of military operations.

Currently, there are about 5 thousand meteorological stations and posts in our country, located relatively evenly throughout Russia. They are also found in the very depths of the Arctic, near the North Pole. The main purpose of the north polar stations is to study the complex hydrometeorological regime of this area, knowledge of which is necessary to ensure the correct and effective use of the Northern Sea Route, as well as to solve a number of scientific problems. A number of Russian meteorological stations have also been created in Antarctica (Mirny, Vostok, Pionerskaya, etc.).

According to needs National economy, which cannot tolerate material damage from natural phenomena, the number of operational and scientific centers of the meteorological service has also increased immeasurably: weather bureaus, hydrometeorological bureaus. Central Institute forecasts, republican research hydrometeorological institutes, Central Aerological and Main Geophysical Observatories. Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, etc.

Meteorologists A. A. Fridman, N. E. Kochin, V. N. Obolensky, N. L. Taborovsky, P. N. Tverskoy and many others made a major contribution to the development of domestic meteorological science, made a number of contributions in the field of synoptic meteorology valuable scientific discoveries and improvements that raised the doctrine of weather forecasting to a new, higher level.

Meteorology has a definite practical significance for the navy, as well as for the entire national economy. It is no coincidence that this science originates from seafarers. The old sailing navy in all past times was very dependent on the weather. Ignorance of the patterns in its changes often led to the death of many, even experienced sailors. In our time, the dependence of the navy on the weather, thanks to enormous technical progress, has undoubtedly decreased, but has not yet disappeared. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the weather is favorable or, in any case, does not cause any particular disruption to the activities of the maritime fleet. But in cases where there is a sharp deterioration in weather in the area where ships are sailing, this somehow affects the condition of some ship installations, transported cargo, fishing gear and on the vessel itself. Thus, the wind, acting on the surface of the vessel, causes its drift. Strong wind waves can cause delays along the route, breakdowns of individual parts of the vessel and even its death. Fogs and precipitation, worsening visibility, cause difficulties in orientation. A sharp drop in air temperature (up to negative values) leads to freezing of the vessel, fishing gear, etc. In this case, primary forms ice, and then freeze-up, which is dangerous phenomenon, especially for wooden ships.

Ignoring meteorological conditions can lead to various types of accidents and failure to fulfill planned plans. The work of a navigator therefore requires indispensable consideration of hydrometeorological factors. The ability to navigate in any meteorological situation, foresee the course of its development and, in this regard, correctly assess the navigation situation - all this is mandatory for every navigator of the modern navy. Knowledge of the basics of meteorology and the simplest methods of weather prediction, as well as the skillful use of meteorological information from the Hydrometeorological Service helps navigators ensure the successful completion of tasks and trouble-free navigation.

has long been interested in climate issues, the conditions of its existence were associated with it. Mentions of various atmospheric phenomena. ancient chronicles of China, India, Egypt, Greece.

From the chronicles of the Middle Ages we have received information about various phenomena nature, including storms, thunderstorms, early snowfalls, severe frosts.

The first system of knowledge about atmospheric phenomena was developed Aristotle . the formation of dew, frost and rainbows is described.

In the era VGO (XV--XVI centuries) climate descriptions opening countries.

Jose de Acosta (1590) expressed thoughts about the bending of isothermal lines and the distribution of heat depending on latitude, the direction of currents and many physical phenomena: differences in climates, volcanic activity, earthquakes, types of winds and the causes of their occurrence. tried to explain the nature of ebb and flow, the relationship with the phases of the Moon. described a tsunami 25 m high, Humboldt highly appreciated his contribution to mathematics and physics and ranked him among founders of geophysics.

meteorology as a science originated in XVII c. when it started scientific study atmosphere. rapid development of natural sciences. The origin of meteorology as an independent science is associated with the emergence special devices, thermometer, barometer, rain gauge, instruments for determining wind speed and direction.

The beginning of instrumental measurements, the thermometer (Galileo, 1597), the mercury barometer (Torricelli, 1643), the aneroid barometer (Leibniz, 1700), the rain gauge and the weather vane were invented, which made it possible to carry out regular observations of temperature, pressure, and precipitation

In 1657, the first instrumental meteorological observations were carried out in Italy. E. Halley (1686) laid the foundations for ideas about atmospheric circulation, substantiated the reasons for the manifestation of monsoon circulation, and J. Halley (Hadley) interpretation of the trade wind circulation (Hadley cell) that the global convection system is driven by warm air masses in the tropics.

IN Russia Regular meteorological observations began to be carried out under Peter I after the opening of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1725.

M.V. Lomonosov (1711--1765) made important judgments about the causes of vertical and horizontal air movement, the emergence of atmospheric electricity, the structure of the atmosphere and temperature changes with altitude. invented an anemometer (wind) and a marine barometer, developed a scheme for the formation of thunderstorms. He expressed the idea of ​​​​the possibility of creating self-recording instruments for recording atmospheric phenomena, and the need to organize a permanent network of meteorological stations on a common methodological basis. considered meteorology to be an independent science, the task of which is the scientific prediction of weather.

In the 2nd XVIII century. The Mannheim Meteorological Society was organized, which created a network of 39 stations in Europe, equipped with the same type of instruments, in Russia 3. At all meteorological stations, observations were carried out using a single methodology for 12 years.

In 1820 G.V. Brandeis in Germany mapped observational data from the Mannheim network and identified areas of increased and low blood pressure. 1 synoptic map was created. the science of making forecasts - synoptic m.

Development climatology in the 19th century An important stage of development is the introduction of a cartograph. a method that made it possible to identify the main patterns of distribution of meteorological elements over large spaces.

1 isotherm map A. Humboldt (1817), and maps of isotherms for January and July - by French scientists. First isobar maps showing distribution atmospheric pressure, built in 1869 by the Scottish scientist A. Buhan .

A. Humboldt (1769--1859) studied climatology and physical geography. climate distribution depending on the latitude of the place and altitude above sea level. developed a method for displaying average temperatures on maps using isotherms, contributed to the introduction of the cartographic method, and helped to identify the main patterns of distribution of meteorological elements on Earth.

In the middle of the 19th century. Meteorological institutes began to be organized in Europe, including in Russia - the Main Physical (Geophysical) Observatory in St. Petersburg (1849) - the world's first scientific meteorological institution. G.I. Wild instruments: Wild weather vane, evaporator, an exemplary meteorological network was organized. Rykachev headed the first weather forecasting department in Russia. Wild developed guidelines on conducting observations and their analysis.

Russian geographical society (1845). It included a department of meteorology, headed A.I. Voeikov (1842--1916). climatic significance snow cover and atmospheric circulation, and was also the first to show the existence of monsoon circulation in temperate latitudes East Asia. "Climates globe, especially Russia" (1884).

paid attention to physical zak-tyam formir. climate. He pointed out the need to study the thermal balance of the atmosphere and the earth's surface-atmosphere system, as well as microclimate. established a connection between the Azores and Asian anticyclones in winter and called it the major axis of the Eurasian continent. Voeikov axis.

A.I. Voeikov is one of founders climatology in Russia. The Main Geophysical Observatory (GGO) in St. Petersburg is named after him.

An important stimulus in the development of meteorology in the 19th century. was the opening of a series physical laws(gas, radiation, thermodynamics, hydrostatics and hydrodynamics) are used to explain numerous atmospheric phenomena. Based on these laws in the 2nd XIX century. atmospheric physics and dynamic meteorology. Great contributions to the development of dynamic meteorology were made by G. Coriolis and S. Poisson in France, V. Ferrel in the USA, G. Helmholtz in Germany, and G. Mohn and K. Guldberg in Norway. Climate studies depending on geographical factors its formation was carried out by J. Gann (Austria) and W. Koeppen (Germany). At the end of the century, the study of radiation and electrical processes in the atmosphere intensified.

In 1873, the First International Meteorological Congress took place in Vienna, and the second in 1879; its participant was D.I. Mendeleev. Development of meteorology in the 20th century. was going on at an increasing pace. The network of weather stations has increased and their technical equipment. in line with the achievements of physics, chemistry, mathematics and computer technology. Advances in the study of physics are associated with achievements in the study of gases, the study of radiation, hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, and thermodynamics. Computational forecasting methods began to be introduced (K. Rossby, J. Charney, a methodology for long-term weather forecasts was developed (B.P. Multanovsky, G.Ya. Vanheim, etc.).

In the 1920s Norwegian scientists V. Bjerknes and J. Bjerknes created the doctrine of air masses And atmospheric fronts, advanced the weather forecast. weather forecasting methods. Synoptic meteorology has stepped forward thanks to the work of S.P. Khromova , H.P. Pogosyan (USSR), S. Petersen (Norway). Methods of active influence on clouds began to be developed (V.N. Obolensky, E.K. Fedorov).

With the advent aircraft became possible study atmosphere in layers remote from earth's surface. Aerological studies have made a number of discoveries that have expanded our understanding of the structure and gas composition of the atmosphere. in 1902, A. Teyserand de Bor (France) discovered the existence of the tropopause and the stratosphere. A little later, this discovery was confirmed by R. Assmann (Germany).

In 1930, Soviet scientist P.A. Molchanov invented a radiosonde, which made it possible to supplement ground-based observations at weather stations with aerological observations and significantly increase the accuracy of weather forecasts.

From the middle of the 20th century. Meteorological radars and rocket sounding of the atmosphere entered the practice of meteorological observations. Modern forecasts weather forecasts cannot do without information obtained from satellites. April 1960, the first weather satellite became the basis for the development of satellite meteorology and climatology. regular measurements of the Earth's radiation balance and its components, and also the opportunity to monitor a large number of elements and quantities.

In the 20th century developed actinometry (the science of radiation in the atmosphere). N.N. Kalitin, V.A. Mikhelson, O.D. Khvolson, S.I. Savinov), as well as scientists from the USA (G. Abbott), Germany (F. Linke) and Sweden (A. Ongström) developed methods and instruments for measuring radiant energy flows and the theory of its transfer in the atmosphere. began to measure flows solar radiation in the Earth-atmosphere system.

In the 20th century In climatology, the active use of general atmospheric circulation models, as well as combined models of atmospheric and ocean general circulation, began. Using general circulation models, climate scenarios are calculated that differ from the current climate, but may arise in the future under different combinations of external natural and anthropogenic factors. Paleoclimate modeling helps to study the climatic conditions that already existed on Earth in geological times. the past, makes it possible to understand the processes of modern climate and its changes in the future, taking into account the influence of factors.

classifications Klimatovo XX century V.P. Köppen (Germany).

climate: L.S. Berg, B.P. Alisov, A.A. Grigoriev, S.P. Khromov, M.I. Budyko.

For the first time, all components of the Earth's heat balance were studied (M.I. Budyko). Moisture circulation (Kh.P. Pogosyan, M.I. Budyko, O.A. Drozdov), atmospheric circulation, interaction of the atmosphere and ocean, centers of atmospheric action were intensively studied, and methods of climate data processing were improved.

Rapid growth of industry in the 2nd half of the 20th century. had an adverse effect on the atmosphere. problems of air pollution and the spread of harmful impurities; the need to control and manage the processes of anthropogenic pollution. V developed countries a special service has been created to control pollution natural environment, including atmospheric air.

direction of research in meteorology. as the impact of anthropogenic factors on the modern climate, and also studies the impact of climate change on various sectors of the national economic complex, including issues of economic adaptation in new climatic conditions (M.I. Budyko, V.F. Loginov).

global meteorological problems requiring the collective efforts of meteorologists from all countries. At the Extraordinary Conference of Directors of National Meteorological Services in London in 1946, British Minister Stratchey said: “You who are meteorologists will be called upon to play a much greater role in the life of mankind.” important role than you have ever played before." After World War II, the WMO was created under the UN. international programs such as the Global Studies Program atmospheric processes, and unique experiments like the International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), the Atlantic Tropical Experiment (1974).

1. Even in ancient times, in China, India, and the Mediterranean countries, attempts were made at regular meteorological observations and there were rudimentary scientific ideas about atmospheric processes and climate. Observations on the most outstanding atmospheric phenomena were conducted and recorded in the Middle Ages.

Modern scientific meteorology, however, begins With 17th century, when the foundations of physics were laid, of which meteorology was at first a part. At the same time, the first meteorological instruments and the possibility of instrumental observations appeared.

They began in the second half of the 17th century and in the first half of the 18th century in a few points in Europe, as well as in sea voyages. At the same time, the first meteorological theories arose on their basis. By the middle of the 18th century, Lomonosov already considered meteorology an independent science with its own tasks and methods; he himself created the first theory of atmospheric electricity, developed meteorological instruments, and expressed a number of important considerations about climate and the possibility of scientific weather prediction.

In the second half of the 18th century, an international network of meteorological stations in Europe (over 30 stations) was organized on private initiative, which operated for 12 years. Her observations were published and stimulated further development meteorological research.

2. At the beginning of the 19th century, the first state networks of stations emerged and the foundations were laid in Germany through the works of A. Humboldt and G.V. Dove climatology. Around 1820, G. W. Brandes in Germany compiled the first synoptic maps, and after the invention of the telegraph, from the fifties, on the initiative of the famous astronomer W. Le Verrier in France and Admiral R. Fitzroy in England, the synoptic method of studying atmospheric processes quickly became common use. On its basis arose weather service and a new branch of meteorological science -synoptic meteorology.

The organization of the first meteorological institutes, including the Main Physical (now Geophysical) Observatory in St. Petersburg (1849), also dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Its director from 1868 to 1895, G.I. Wild, has the historical merit of organizing an exemplary meteorological network in Russia and a number of major studies climatic conditions countries. His assistant and later director of the observatory, M. A. Rykachev, was the organizer of the weather service in Russia (in the early seventies).

In the second half of the 19th century the foundations were laiddynamic meteorology,i.e., the application of the principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics to the study of atmospheric processes. A great contribution to this branch of meteorology was made at that time by V. Ferrel in the USA, G. Helmholtz and a number of other scientists in Germany. At the same time, research climate in close connection with the general geographical situation was greatly advanced by the works of the great Russian geographer and climatologist A.I. Voeikov, as well as J. Hanna in Austria, V. Kep-

foam in Germany, etc. By the end of the century, the study ofradiation and electrical processes in the atmosphere.

3. The development of meteorology in the 20th century proceeded at an ever increasing pace. In what follows, in a very brief description of this development, the names of only those most outstanding scientists whose activities and lives have already ended will be named.

Success dynamic meteorologywere associated in our century primarily with the works of V. Bjerknes and his students in Norway, M. Margules in Austria, V. Napier-Shaw in England, A. A. Friedman in the USSR, K-G. Rossby in Sweden and USA and its many students.Synoptic meteorologyalso quickly stepped forward, especially thanks to the works of G. Fikker in Austria, B. P. Multanovsky in the USSR, V. Bjerknes and his followers in many countries of the world, including the USSR (A. I. Asknaziy, etc.) . At present, there is a clearly expressed tendency towards mutual convergence of dynamic and synoptic meteorology. A new problem has been raisednumerical (hydrodynamic) weather forecast.

Great strides have been made since the beginning of the 20th century in the field aerological research. In many countries, outstanding organizers and researchers emerged in this new direction, in particular A. Teiserand de Bor in France and R. Assmann in Germany, who discovered the existence of the stratosphere. Later it became famous name inventor of the first radiosonde (1930) -P. A. Molchanov.

Based on achievements in all specified areas meteorology, factual knowledge and theoretical understanding ofgeneral atmospheric circulation- the mechanism of the great air cycle on Earth.

Great was the 20th century and progress in actinometry - the study of radiation in the atmosphere. Of the many names of outstanding scientists who worked in this field, we note here the energetic figures of actinometry in Russia and the USSR - O. D. Khvolson, V. A. Mikhelson, S. I. Savinov and N. N. Kalitin, as well as A. Ong -ström in Sweden, S. Langley and G. Abbot in the USA and F. Link in Germany.

Much progress has been made at presentphysics of clouds and precipitation.The problem of artificial cloud deposition and fog dispersion has already been practically solved. In the USSR, the initiator of work in this direction was V.N. Obolensky.

Outstanding successes have been achieved inionosphere researchand even higher outer layers of the atmosphere. Particularly rapid progress in this regard is associated with the use of rockets and satellites.

New, in-depth approaches toclimatologicalresearch was planned in our century in Norway, the USSR, the USA, Germany and other countries(dynamic, or synoptic, climatology, studying Earth's heat balance).Climates studied in detail various areas Earth, the study of the climate of the Arctic and Antarctic has greatly advanced, and the study of microclimate is developing. In the USSR, A. A. Kaminsky and L. S. Berg especially distinguished themselves with their climatological works.

In development agricultural meteorology and climatologyThe works of P.I. Brounov, and later - of a number of Soviet meteorologists, played a major role at the beginning of the 20th century. Other industries are also developing intensivelyapplied climatology,especially bioclimatology and industrial climatology.

Currently, the volume of meteorological research and publications is growing rapidly; International scientific cooperation in the field of meteorology is also developing rapidly.

Role Soviet science in this work is great and growing all the time. IN scientific institutes and in higher educational institutions of our country, a lot of major research is being carried out in all areas of meteorology and climatology; The volume of Soviet meteorological literature is very large (currently no less than 35% of all world meteorological literature), and Russian has become the second (after English) world language of meteorology.

The first instrumental meteorological observations in Russia began back in 1725. In 1834, Emperor Nicholas I issued a resolution on organizing a network of regular meteorological and magnetic observations in Russia. By this time, meteorological and magnetic observations had already been carried out in various parts of Russia. But for the first time, a technological system was created, with the help of which all meteorological and magnetic observations of the country were managed. common methods and programs.

In 1849, the Main Physical Observatory was established - the main methodological and scientific center of the Hydrometeorological Service of Russia for many years (today - the Main Geophysical Observatory named after A.I. Voeikov).

In January 1872, the first “Daily Meteorological Bulletin” was published with messages received by telegraph from 26 Russian and two foreign tracking stations. The bulletin was prepared at the Main Physical Observatory in St. Petersburg, where weather forecasts began to be compiled in subsequent years.

The modern meteorological service of Russia considers its founding date to be June 21, 1921, when V.I. Lenin signed the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the organization of a unified meteorological service in the RSFSR."

On January 1, 1930, in Moscow, in accordance with the Government Decree on the creation of a unified meteorological service of the country, the USSR Central Weather Bureau was formed.

In 1936 it was reorganized into the Central Institute of Weather, in 1943 - into the Central Institute of Forecasts, which concentrated operational, research and methodological work in the field of hydrometeorological forecasts.
In 1964, in connection with the creation of the World Meteorological Center of the Main Directorate of Hydrometeorological Service, some departments were transferred from the Central Institute of Forecasts to this center. However, already at the end of 1965, the World Meteorological Center and the Central Institute of Forecasts were merged into one institution - the Hydrometeorological Research Center of the USSR, with the assignment of the functions of the World and Regional Meteorological Centers in the World Weather Watch system of the World Meteorological Organization.

In 1992, the USSR Hydrometeorological Center was renamed the Hydrometeorological Research Center Russian Federation(Weather Russia).

In 1994, the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia was given the status of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation (SSC RF).
In January 2007, by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, this status was retained.

Currently, the Research Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation occupies a key position in the development of the main directions of hydrometeorological science. The Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, along with methodological and scientific research work, carries out extensive operational work, and also performs the functions of the World Meteorological Center and the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the World Weather Watch in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) system. In addition, the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia is regional center area weather forecasts within the World Area Forecast System. IN regional scale The same work is carried out by regional hydrometeorological centers.

The scientific and operational-production activities of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia are not limited to weather forecasts. The Hydrometeorological Center actively works in the field of hydrology of land waters, oceanography and marine meteorology, agrometeorology and produces a wide range of various specialized products. Forecasting the yield of major agricultural crops, forecasting air quality in cities, long-term forecast of the level of the Caspian Sea and other inland water bodies for management water resources, forecast of river flow and associated floods and floods, etc. are also areas of scientific and practical activity of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia.

The Hydrometeorological Center of Russia conducts scientific research in close cooperation with foreign meteorological organizations within the framework of the World Weather Watch and other programs of the World Meteorological Organization (World Meteorological Research Programme, World Climate Research Programme, International Polar Year, etc.). Based on Agreements on bilateral scientific and technical cooperation - with weather services of Great Britain, Germany, USA, China, Mongolia, Poland, Finland, France, Yugoslavia, South Korea, Vietnam, India, as well as within the framework of the Interstate Council for Hydrometeorology of the CIS countries. 11 employees of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia are members of various WMO expert groups.

In the course of implementing the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 8, 2002 “On measures to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations of the Russian Federation on international exchange hydrometeorological observation data and the implementation of the functions of the World Meteorological Center (WMC) in Moscow" in the second half of 2008, a new supercomputer manufactured by SGI with a peak performance of about 27 teraflops (trillion operations per second) was installed in the WMC-Moscow. The supercomputer weighs 30 tons and consists of 3 thousand microprocessors.

The new equipment will allow the Roshydrometcenter to make forecasts for eight days (the old equipment made it possible to make forecasts for 5-6 days), and also increase the accuracy of weather forecasts for one day from 89 to 95%.

According to the director of the Main Computing Center of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, Vladimir Antsipovich, the uniqueness of this computer lies in the performance it provides for building technological schemes in order to read the weather forecast at a certain technological time. The supercomputer will allow you to calculate the weather forecast for tomorrow within 5 minutes.

The material was prepared by the editors of rian.ru based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources