Map of the Kama River before the formation of the Kama Reservoir. The Kama River is the main tributary of the Volga. Description, characteristics, map, photo, video of the Kama River. Volga - tributary of the Kama
The Kama River is the main tributary of the Volga, which carries into it the largest volume of water of all the watercourses entering it. Counts main river Western Urals, rightfully refers to the largest of the water streams flowing through the territory Russian Federation. It passes through the cities of Perm, Solikamsk, etc. In matters of the primacy of the Volga and Kama, hydrologists have an ambiguous opinion. Some experts claim that the Ural water flow appeared much earlier than the Central Russian one, and this is confirmed by geological research.
There is also evidence that the Kama basin is wider than the Volga, and there are more tributaries. Based on these facts, some scientific hydrologists are inclined to argue that the Volga is more likely a tributary of the Kama, rather than vice versa. However, the geographical development of the largest Volga tributary began much later, so leadership in this matter was given to the Volga. The name of the river comes from the Udmurt word “kam”, that is, “big” and is rooted in Finno-Ugric dialects.
The nature of the current is moderate, even slow, as it flows mostly through flat terrain. The length is 1805 km. This does not take into account reservoirs created already in Soviet period. If we take them into account, the total length will be over 2000 km. The area of the water basin is 507,000 km/sq. This figure is also one of the largest in Europe.
In the Udmurt Republic, near the village of Kuliga, there is the source of the Kama. A stream flows here, formed from four underground springs. This is the source of the Kama, where one of the greatest Russian rivers. Its flow ends at its confluence with the Volga.
Her path is quite complicated. From its beginning it flows to the northwest, after 125 km it turns to the northeast, this is another 200 km of travel. Then it makes another significant turn to the south, towards the Perm Region, where it flows through flat terrain.
At first the channel is narrow and winding, slow current, a small volume of water is not particularly impressive. But after the Pilva tributary, flowing from the Komi, flows into the Kama, it turns into a full-flowing river. And there is a reason. This watercourse is 214 km long and is a real full-fledged river with many of its own tributaries.
Downstream, the main water flow is supplemented by another tributary of the Kama, the Vishera, which originates from the borders of the Komi Republic. Its length is 415 km, and at the mouth it reaches a width of 900 m. Thanks to it, the Kama becomes even deeper. Regarding the significance of Vishera, some meticulous hydrologists also have complaints about the current Russian cartography. This is due to the fact that in terms of its full flow, the Vishera, at the confluence, significantly exceeds the Kama, which, according to existing geographical rules, classifies the Vishera as the main stream, and the Kama as an auxiliary stream, in fact making the latter a tributary of the Vishera.
Kama River on the Map of Russia
The map of the Kama River traces its progress throughout the Russian Federation. It passes through the Kirov region, Perm region, Bashkiria, Tatarstan, and Udmurtia. On the map of Russia, the Kama ends its journey in the Kama Bay, from where it goes to the Kuibyshev Reservoir.
Hydrology
The river, in addition to its tributaries, receives food from precipitation, rain, melting snow and bottom sources. The flood occurs from early spring and continues until the beginning of summer. Covered with ice from November to early April. Melting and movement of ice lasts 14 - 15 days. The water level fluctuates during this period by 7 - 8 m, which in some coastal areas leads to flooding, flooding and the expansion of the floodplain banks up to several kilometers. However, a significant increase in water during this period has a positive effect on wood rafting work in the upper reaches.
Tributaries
Much has already been said about the main, largest tributaries. In total there are 73,718 water streams, 95% of them are small tributaries of ten to twenty kilometers.
The most significant, related to the right tributaries of the Kama:
- Obva.
- Inva.
- Lysva.
Left - Lunya and Veslyana carry their waters from the plain. Most of the left tributaries of the Kama originate from the Ural Mountains; these are cold, fast streams:
- Chusovaya.
- Kosva.
- Vishera.
Such a number of watercourses feeding the river makes it one of the largest inland waterways in Russia. Separately, the Vishera River should be noted - in terms of its full flow, the left tributary of the Kama is significantly superior to it, which, according to existing hydrological rules, classifies it as the main water flow, and the Kama as an auxiliary one, that is, in fact, it is a tributary of the Vishera.
Geography
In his upper reaches flows around the Verkhnekamsk Upland and flows among mixed forests, swamps and fields. There are few settlements, mostly villages and hamlets. There are no industrial enterprises. This fact has a positive effect on the ecological condition of the area. In this part you can only go down by rafting.
Larger settlements appear downstream, and accordingly, the the worst side and environmental situation. It is no secret that wherever humans appear, nature begins to lose its purity and environmental friendliness. Forest-steppe areas with predominantly deciduous trees begin to dominate the landscape.
With its length of 1805 km, the Kama ranks sixth among large European rivers. It flows mostly through the Perm Territory on flat terrain. Its path passes mainly among the High Volga hills. The entry of Vishera into it makes it more full-flowing, the coastal landscape and types of vegetation change.
The right bank remains flat with meadows covered with lush vegetation, while the left bank is predominantly elevated, with cliffs. This segment is characterized by the presence of many rifts. From the place where the Belaya River flows, the banks sharply change their characteristics, the right side becomes steep, and the left, on the contrary, becomes flatter.
The Lower Kama flows along a fifteen-kilometer flat section, in this area the widest part of the Kama River is marked, sometimes reaching 450 - 1200 m, the main flow is divided into many branches.
Even during the existence of the USSR, three large reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations were built. This is Kamskoye with the hydroelectric power station of the same name, located 996 km from the mouth of the Kama, then Votkinskoye, followed by Nizhnekamskoye and the hydroelectric power station of the same name.
The construction of these hydraulic structures significantly increased the level of navigation capabilities. Along the current you can climb 1000 km to the village. Kerchevsky, and during the period big water» the waterway is extended by 600 km. In addition, in the lower section of the river the bottom deepens, which also contributes to the development of navigation.
The source of the Kama is located near the Udmurt village of Kuliga and is formed from four springs that form a stream, from which, in fact, the largest water stream in the Urals is born. In its upper part it has a winding channel with numerous oxbow lakes in the floodplain. It gains the greatest strength after the confluence of the Vishera. However, in this matter there is controversial issue regarding which of the rivers is the main one and which is the tributary. There is an opinion that the tributary is not the Vishera, but the Kama and, in general, the main Russian river should be the Vishera. Supporting facts and evidence have been presented previously.
Mouth of the Kama
Before the creation of the Kuibyshev reservoir, both rivers, the Kama and the Volga, were separated from each other by a twelve-kilometer rock ridge. Today, here, at the junction of two rivers, the width of the reservoir reaches 40 km.
The mouth of the Kama was previously much wider than the Volga. It should be noted that the river itself is much deeper than the Volga, but, nevertheless, it is not the Kama that flows into the Caspian Sea, therefore the title of great does not belong to it. Moreover, almost all known historical events that took place in Russia, peasant uprisings, barge haulers, are connected specifically with the Volga.
Ecology
The ecological situation in this region, like most rivers in Russia, is quite complex and ambiguous. In the upper reaches, which are sparsely populated, the water is clean. Starting from the mouth of the Vishera, where cities and factories are located, environmental problems arise.
Waste from enterprises and human activity pollutes the river. In addition, the tributaries flowing into it are themselves already quite littered. Data from studies of water taken by hydrologists in the Perm region showed the level of river pollution of about 100 kb/m per day. Moreover, the amount of waste only increases, while the level of cleaning remains unchanged, that is, none.
Thanks to such a barbaric attitude towards the ecological state of the largest Russian river, it has become one of the most environmentally unfavorable in Russia, and its condition is approaching catastrophic, truly threatening people’s lives. The most dangerous situation has developed in the industrial areas of Solikamsk, Berezniki, and Perm, where the water has an increased content of phenols, petroleum products and heavy metal compounds.
Despite such a threatening ecological state of the river, there are still fish in it, including such valuable commercial species as sterlet, sturgeon and many others. IN clean waters taimen is found in the upper reaches. There are a lot of plants in the bays, of which there are many.
Alloy
The timber is floated in the upper section of the river. Starting places are determined depending on the depth of water. According to the rules that have been established over the years, rafting is usually carried out as far upstream as possible, since in the lower part the channel is given over to regular navigation.
Traditionally, it is considered a Volga tributary. However, based on the results of hydrological studies, scientists have come to an unequivocal conclusion - when two streams combine, the Volga becomes a continuation of the Kama until it flows into the Caspian Sea. The main proof of this fact is the 40% larger volume of Kama water in the area where the rivers join.
No less interesting fact is that the Kama itself is a continuation of Vishera for the same reasons as in the case of the Volga. Vishera is taiga river, originating on the western slopes of the Ural mountains. Official hydrology recognizes it as a tributary of the Kama. However, the level of its fullness significantly exceeds the indicators of the Kama, based on this, in all accepted rules, it is the main river. But, due to the fact that the Kama River is already marked on the maps as the main one, cartographic changes will not happen soon.
The longest bridge in Russia was built on the Kama River, in Tatarstan. Its length is 13967 m. This includes 1608 m directly across the Kama plus 549.9 and 69.8 m, respectively, through the Arkharovka and Kurlyanka rivers.
Fishing spots
The river itself, together with all its tributaries, is a fertile place for fishing lovers. Moreover, you can fish using all permitted means. You can catch carp, sterlet, crucian carp, pike perch, ruff, and perch using a fishing rod and net. Sturgeon are also found here.
For lovers of comfort and fishing rods, recreation centers, dispensaries, and fishing farms have been built on the coast. Due ecological condition rivers best place for recreation with a fishing rod there will be its upper reaches.
Fishing enthusiasts conditionally divide the Kama into three sections:
- From the source to the mouth of the Veslyana - this is the Upper, where the current does not manifest itself in full force. The fishing here is good for bleak, roach, chub and pike. With the onset of cold weather, you can catch burbot. Experts say that grayling and taimen are caught in the upper reaches. From the mouth of Veslyana to the Kama Reservoir - the middle section. The river here widens and becomes deeper, which has a better effect on the number of fish. The greatest depth in this place of the river reaches 30 m, according to the Kama depth map.
- Average. Incoming watercourses make it even more full-flowing. Here, in addition to other fish species, pike perch, white-eye, carp, sterlet, and nelma are added. The channel becomes wider and the bottom deeper. But the current becomes slower.
- The lower section goes from the Kama reservoir to the Kuibyshev reservoir. Of great interest is fishing in artificial reservoirs, which are in abundance here, as well as the fish themselves. You can only fish during seasons determined by the fisheries authorities and only with a fishing rod. Fishing with nets on the river, especially in reservoirs, is prohibited.
The Kama River on the map of Russia.
“Discovering” a word means not only penetrating its meaning, but also at the same time comprehending the world of its ancient brother. “Kama” is a non-Russian word. But whose? What is the meaning behind it? Here's what the researchers write. The name of the word “Kama” in its origin comes from the tribes that lived in ancient times in the Kama region. The Komi-Zyryans call the Kama “Kama-Yas” - “bright river”, the Udmurts - “Budzhim-Kama” - “long, big river”, Chuvash - “Zhord-Adyl”, Cheremis - “Chelman-Vis”, Tatars - “Cholman-idel” and so on.
Geographical information about Kama
The Kama is a river in the European part of Russia, the left and largest tributary of the Volga River.
It ranks 6th in terms of length in Europe. Its length is 1805 km, the basin area is 507 thousand km². It originates in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland from four springs near the former village of Karpushata, now part of the village of Kuliga, Kezsky district of the Udmurt Republic. By territory Perm region it flows into east direction and then turns south. More than half of its path the Kama flows through our region. It flows mainly between the heights of the High Trans-Volga region along a wide, sometimes narrowing valley. In the upper reaches (from the source to the mouth of the Pilva River) the channel is unstable and winding, on the floodplain of an oxbow lake. After the confluence of the river, the Vishera becomes a high-water river; the banks change: the right one remains low and wears predominantly meadow character, the left one becomes elevated almost everywhere and in places steep. There are many islands in this area, and there are shoals and rifts. Below the confluence of the Belaya River at the Kama, the right bank becomes high and the left bank low.
In the lower reaches of the Kama flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley, the width of the channel is 450–1200 m; breaks into sleeves. Below the mouth of the Vyatka River, the river flows into the Kama Bay of the Kuibyshev Reservoir (the backwater from which sometimes reaches the mouth of the Belaya River).
There are 73,718 rivers in the Kama River basin, of which 94.5% are small rivers less than 10 km long. The main tributaries on the left are South Keltma, Vishera with Kolva, Chusovaya with Sylva, Belaya with Ufa, Ik, Zai; on the right - Kosa, Obva, Vyatka. All the right tributaries of the Kama (Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Obva) and some of the left ones (Veslyana, Lunya, Leman, South Keltma) are lowland rivers flowing from the north. Mountainous, cold and swift rivers originate in Ural mountains ah and flow into the Kama River from the left (Vishera, Yayva, Kosva, Chusovaya and a number of their tributaries).
3 reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations have been created on the river: from the mouth of the Urolka River (996 km from the mouth of the Kama) the Kama Reservoir (Kama Hydroelectric Power Station) begins, immediately below it is the Votkinsk Reservoir (Votkinsk Hydroelectric Power Station), followed by the Nizhnekamsk Reservoir (Nizhnekamsk Hydroelectric Power Station).
Food is predominantly snow, as well as underground and rain; During the spring flood (March - June) more than 62.6% of the annual flow passes, in summer and autumn - 28.3%, in winter - 9.1%. The range of level fluctuations is up to 8 m in the upper reaches and 7 m in the lower reaches. The average consumption at the Kamskaya hydroelectric station is 1630 cubic meters. m/sec, at the Votkinsk hydroelectric station about 1750 cubic meters. m/sec, at the mouth about 3500 cubic meters. m/sec, the largest is about 27,500 cubic meters. m/sec. Freezing is accompanied by abundant formation of inland ice and ice drift for 10 to 20 days. Freeze-up occurs from early November in the upper reaches and late November in the lower reaches until April. Spring ice drift from 2–3 to 10–15 days. The creation of reservoirs improved navigation conditions. The Kama is navigable to the village of Kerchevsky (966 km) - the largest raft roadstead, and in high water– another 600 km. Navigable depths on the lower Kama are maintained by dredging.
Main ports and marinas: Solikamsk, Berezniki, Levshino, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Tchaikovsky, Sarapul, Kambarka, Naberezhnye Chelny, Chistopol. From Perm there are regular passenger flights to Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan and Ufa. The picturesque banks of the Kama attract a large number of tourists.
The river is inhabited by sterlet, sturgeon, bream, carp, crucian carp, asp, silver bream, ide, chub, bleak, pike perch, perch, ruff, pike, burbot, catfish, etc. In the upper reaches (and in places in tributaries) taimen and grayling are found. Aquatic vegetation is well developed, especially in numerous bays and backwaters.
Origin of the word "Kama"
Many languages of the world have the word “Kama”. For each nation it has its own meaning. It is known for certain that “Kama” is a non-Russian word. Let's try to analyze different points of view on the origin of this word and its connection with the name of a large European river.
The origin of the name Kama is lost in the same unimaginable depths of human history, when peoples and their languages were united. Kama – in a number of Finno-Ugric languages means “river”. With the same meaning, but in a slightly different vocalization - kem, a whole series of hydronyms and toponyms are known on the territory of Eurasia. For example, there is a river named Kem in Karelia and Eastern Siberia. The Kema River flows into the protected Beloozero in the Vologda region. But with exactly the same “river” meaning, this root base is used by the Chinese and Mongols. Tuvans and Khakassians also call the Yenisei - Kem. In Altai, Ak-Kem (“White Water”) is a tributary of the Katun, and in the vicinity of the sacred Belukha Mountain there is a whole complex with the same name: two lakes, a melting glacier, a pass...
Similar hydronyms are found in Central Asia and Europe. At the same time, linguists claim that the root “kem” has Indo-European origin. In this case, the name of the Ural Kama not only accidentally coincides with the name of the ancient Indian god of love Kama (after whom the treatise “Kama Sutra” is named), but also certainly has common source origin. One cannot help but remember Kamchatka...
Moving mentally in the footsteps of the ancient Indo-Europeans to Europe, we find similar place names here too: Cambridge (“City on the River”, and this river is called Cam) - in England; Quimper (from the Old Breton name meaning "Confluence of Rivers") - in France; Ķemeri – ancient settlement(and now a famous resort) on the site of a healing spring in Latvia. It is no coincidence, apparently, that one of the self-names of the ancient Egyptians - Kemi - is associated with the flood of the Nile. But that's not all. It is known that in ancient times a shaman in Rus' was called kam. The word was borrowed from the Polovtsians, who professed shamanism. Hence the word kamlanie, which has survived to this day - a ritual action of a shaman. Perhaps the ancient Aryan god of love Kama was once a shaman?
Humanity has compiled myths, fairy tales, and legends about the origin of the names of many geographical objects. The legend of the Komi-Permyak people is interesting.
On the origin of the main water artery Perm region- the legend of the Kama River says that once it rained all summer, and there was not a single sunny day. The rivers all overflowed, their banks collapsed, and the earth became liquid. People, animals and beasts were saved on high mountains. Only Kama the hero (mythological hero of the Komi-Permyak) people could move through the area flooded with water. He walked around all the surroundings and discovered that the flow of the rivers was blocked by a mountain that had collapsed from erosion. The hero lassoed a huge stone and dragged it through the dam, plowing the ground like a plow. A new channel was formed, water poured into it and a new river- the mighty Kama, named after the hero.
The word “Kama” is also found in the ancient Indian language and means “love”. In ancient times there were huge connections Prikamye with Iran and India. Perhaps the word “Kama” was brought from there.
Kama, the most significant river in the Urals, a left tributary of the Volga. It was first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 1220. There are many explanations, and among them, for example, Kama is from the Old Russian “kama” - “stone”.
From the Zyryan-Permyak language it is translated as “fell strongly,” that is, “water that has a strong fall” (originally Kamva). But the Kama River is flat. Therefore, this assumption can be considered absurd.
It is no better to assume that Kama from the Udmurt “kam” means “long”, “long”, if only because in Udmurt “long”, “long” is not “kam”, but “kema”.
In the middle of the 19th century, the opinion was expressed that Kama was of the same origin as “Kommu” - “Komi Country”. This version was later repeated by many, but Professor V.I. Lytkin proved that the word “Komi” is related to the Mansi “hum”, “kum”, that is, “man” and has nothing in common with the hydronym Kama.
There are several other possible ways to explain this word. The Kama, like the Volga, is called by the Turkic peoples Idel - “river”, and since the names of large rivers often simply mean “River”, it may be that precisely this meaning is hidden in the toponym Kama. Then the name Kama is very ancient and is associated with some unknown language. The name of the Kama River also has the following interpretations: “Kama” is derived from the Udmurt word “kam”, which means “water”. According to another version, the name Kama is based on the Ob-Ugric (Khanty) “kam” - “transparent”, “pure”, that is, Kama - “Pure”.
The reasoning of Academician N. Marr is close in meaning. He suggested that the river bore the name of the ancient tribe that inhabited its banks. And translated into Russian, Kama means “white, bright, long and big river.”
Translated from Bulgarian “Kama” means “love”. But such an interpretation is unlikely to be connected with the name of the river.
Such reasoning cannot be ignored. Kama (German, singular Kamm, literally – ridge) are hills and ridges in areas of anthropogenic continental glaciation. They are found singly and in groups, mainly in the north-west of the European part of Russia (Karelia, Baltic states, Leningrad region). Height from 2–5 to 20–30 m. Composed of sands with lenses and interlayers of clays with inclusions of individual boulders and their clusters. It is characterized by enveloping layering, approximately following the contour of the transverse profile of the Kama River; the top is often covered with loams, often with boulders. The question of the origin of Kama is not entirely clear. According to one of the most common hypotheses, the Kama arose as a result of the accumulating activity of streams that circulated on the surface, inside and in the bottom part of large blocks of dead ice during the period of glacier degradation. Glaciers played important role in soil formation and relief formation of the Perm region. Therefore, the origin of the word “Kama” from the German “Kama” is quite plausible.
Kama River- the main tributary of the Volga, and one of the largest rivers in the European part of Russia. There is even an opinion that it is not the Kama that flows into the Volga, but vice versa. Since the channel of the Kama appeared earlier, its basin is larger, and the number of tributaries is also greater. But in geography, tradition means a lot, and the Russians began to develop the Kama from the Volga basin, which is why it is considered that the Volga is more important.
Chaif group, song “Kama River”:
Characteristics of the Kama River.
Map:
River length: 1805 km. Before the construction of three dams it was more than 2 thousand km.
Drainage basin area: 507,000 sq. km.
Where does it occur: The Kama originates in the village of Kuliga, Udmurt Republic, from four streams. The height of the source is 331 meters above sea level. In the upper reaches, the river flows along a winding channel, forming numerous oxbow lakes in the floodplain. Full-flowing river becomes only after Vishera flows into it. It’s worth mentioning one more thing here controversial point, in fact, it should be considered that it is not the Vishera that flows into the Kama, but vice versa. Therefore, judging strictly by science, the Vishera should have become the main river of Russia, and not the Volga or the Kama. But history cannot be changed, so it is better to leave everything as it is.
In the lower reaches the river spills over a wide valley, forming branches. Here the width of the channel is 450-1200 m. Below the mouth of the Vyatka River, the Kama flows into the Volga, or rather into the Kama Bay, Kuibyshev Reservoir. Here, in the floodplain of the river, there is such a beautiful place as the Tanaevsky floodplain meadows.
Tributaries: 73,718 rivers flow into the Kama, most(94.5%) of them are small rivers up to 10 km long. All right tributaries (Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Lysva, Obva) and some of the left ones (Veslyana, Lunya, Leman, South Keltma) are lowland rivers. Mountain rivers flow from the Ural Mountains and flow into the Kama on the left side. These are Vishera, Yayva, Kosva, Chusovaya (especially good)…
River mode
The river is mostly fed by snow, but there is also rain and underground. During the spring flood (from March to June), 62.6% of the annual flow passes through the river. Water level fluctuations are 7-8 meters.
Freezing: The river becomes covered with ice in November (beginning of November in the upper reaches and end of November in the lower reaches), the ice lasts until April.
Economic use
Three reservoirs have been created on the river, these are: Kama, Nizhnekamsk and Votkinsk reservoirs.
Below Solikamsk, a large number of factories were built on the banks of the river. Therefore, the ecological situation in the middle reaches and below leaves much to be desired.
In general, industry on the Kama River has a rich and long history; even the name of the city Solikamsk indicates that salt was mined here.
Watch more in the video film: “Ridge of Russia: Perm Region”
Cities on the Kama: Solikamsk, Berezniki, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Tchaikovsky, Neftekamsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Chistopol and others.
Biological resources, inhabitants: The main types of fish in the river are carp, asp, crucian carp, sturgeon, bream, sterlet, pike perch, perch, ruffe, burbot, catfish, pike and others.
Holidays on Kama can be varied. Lovers active rest and rafting will be preferred by the upper reaches of the river. For those who prefer a more relaxing holiday, a large number of recreation centers, fisheries, and health centers have been built. Kama is also of interest as a place for fishing, but due to ecological situation It’s better to limit it to the upper reaches.
Video: “Walk along the Kama River, in the water area of the city of Perm HD”
Video: “Winter. Kama. Slavic fishing."
The Kama is a large river flowing through several regions of Russia: Udmurt Republic, Perm Territory, Kirov Region, the Republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan. Navigable along most of its channel, it is an important transport route, is also used for energy production, as a source of water supply (three large waterworks were built on the river), and for fishing purposes. It is considered the largest tributary. Geographically, it is notable for the fact that along its path it gradually changes direction clockwise and in the upper reaches forms a giant “loop” going around the Verkhnekamsk Upland.
Toponymy
- Other names: Chulman (Tatar).
- Origin of name: The hydronym “Kama” has ancient Finno-Ugric roots. Its modern form is derived from the Udmurt “kam”, which means “river” or “big river”.
Morphometry
- Catchment area: 507,000 km².
- Length: 1,805 km.
- Slope: 0.17 m/km.
Hydrology
- Water system: → .
- Water flow at the mouth: 4,300 m³/s.
- Character of the current: flat.
- Reservoirs: Kamskoe, .
- Bottom: in areas with a noticeable current - pebble-rocky or sandy. In quiet places (especially in areas where there is backwater from reservoirs) it is clayey or silty.
Tributaries
Legend: - stream; — small river; — middle river; - big river. The numbers indicate the distance from the mouth in kilometers.
Rights
- 1767 Neelkam
- 1683 Leman
- 1646 Cedar
- 1590 Kolych
- 1572 Zyuzba
- 1561 Chus
- 1528 Nyarpa
- 1519 Syuzva
- 1508 Black
- 1487 Chula
- 1388 Kym
- 1379 Chus
- 1364 Buzima
- 1342 Ima
- 1310 Kuzhva
- 1287 Pisegovka
- 1267 Tuprunka
- 1241 Pogva
- 1236 Berezovka
- 1222 Punchshim
- 1206 Volva
- 1198 Pyy
- 1195 Weight
- 1174 Todya
- 1109 Scythe
- 1102 Svetlitsa
- 1025 Sumych
- 996 Lesson
- 965 Kerchevka
- 962 Gremyachevka
- 932 Vilva
- 913 Lysva
- 872 Kondas
- 844 Tuzim
- 835 Pozhva
- 810 Inva
- 792 Chermoz
- 776 Garevaya
- 690 Gaiva
- 638 Lasva
- 636 Malaya Lasva
- 631 Coat
- 624 Syuzva
- 605 Sirka
- 586 Nytva
- 576 Peremka
- 572 Taborka
- 545 Essay
- 472 Zhulanovka
- 462 Kononovka
- 458 Frequent
- 445 Golovnikha
- 423 Medvedka
- 406 Hacksaw
- 404 Booze
- 329 Siwa
- 293 Nechkinka
- 277 Sarapulka
- 271 Malaya Sarapulka
- 256 Mulevka
- 227 Vetlyanka
- 124 Izh
- 53 Toyma
- 1 Vyatka
Left
- 1800 Kamka
- 1729 Lopja
- 1724 Kampyzep
- 1722 Maly Pyzep
- 1709 Sardai
- 1704 North Sardai
- 1667 Showa
- 1656 Lytka
- 1652 Chenog
- 1640 Chenog
- 1637 Groin
- 1630 Tomyz
- 1617 Nirim
- 1608 Kaya
- 1601 Neopolis
- 1594 Wok
- 1580 Pura
- 1562 Cheneg
- 1551 Button
- 1545 Zuykarka
- 1530 Shalim
- 1473 Lupya
- 1440 Ryta
- 1421 Volosnitsa
- 1406 Nyrmych
- 1349 Lupya
- 1293 Pyelka
- 1261 Porysh
- 1244 Seiwa
- 1222 Liz
- 1199 Sordva
- 1193 Veslyana
- 1181 Lupya
- 1175 Leman
- 1172 Yazevka
- 1060 South Keltma
- 1056 Pilva
- 1014 Chelva
- 1005 Big Trump
- 937 Moshevitsa
- 930 Borovaya
- 919 Usolka
- 891 Tolych
- 889 Zyryanka
- 881 Lönva
- 879 Yayva
- 864 Poz
- 846 Seungwa
- 824 Emelyanikha
- 799 Nizhny Lukh
- 787 Big Visim
- 776 Lönva
- 748 Tyus
- 745 Dobryanka
- 729 Polazna
- 620 Pitching
- 549 South
- 520 Pisia
- 511 Big Finger
- 493 Tulva
- 487 Osinka
- 354 Saiga
- 259 Sholya
- 241 Kambarka
- 240 Buoy
- 232 Berezovka
- 118 Ik
- 78 Shilna
- 75 Chelna
- 65 Betki
- 3 Zay
Geography
- Coastal landscape: in the upper reaches the river goes around the Verkhnekamsk Upland, flows into rural areas- among mixed forests and fields. In these places there are many long swamps along its banks. In the middle and lower reaches, the landscape is drier, and large settlements appear. The forest here often gives way to forest-steppe (with a predominance of deciduous trees) and steppe areas.
- Settlements on the banks: the largest are Gayny, Solikamsk, Usolye, Berezniki, Pozhva, Chermoz, Dobryanka, Perm, Krasnokamsk, Nytva, Okhansk, Osa, Chastye, Votkinsk, Tchaikovsky, Sarapul, Kambarka, Neftekamsk (there are also about three hundred small settlements along the banks of the Kama River points, many of which are abandoned).
Source
- Coordinates: 58°11′22″ n. latitude, 53°45′01″ e. d.
- Height above sea level: 335 m.
- Topographical landmark: key near the village of Kuliga, Kez district of the Udmurt Republic (central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland).
Estuary
- Coordinates: 55°10′50″ n. latitude, 49°23′11″ e. d.
- Height above sea level: 36 m.
- Location: river - left bank 1804 km from its mouth.
Territorial location
Interactive map
Ecology
The ecological situation along the entire length of the Kama is ambiguous. In the upper reaches the river flows through relatively sparsely populated rural areas - there is no major cities and industrial enterprises, so the water in it is clean. However, large settlements appear in the middle and lower reaches (from the mouth of the Vishera). Here, the waters of the Kama River are heavily polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater, and it also receives fairly polluted tributaries (Kosva, Chusovaya, etc.). It is difficult to establish how much wastewater is discharged, but in the Perm region alone, this figure, measured by ecologists, was about 100 cubic meters per day. At the same time, the volume of discharges is constantly growing, but their treatment remains at the same level. Experts consider the Kama one of the most environmentally unfavorable Russian rivers and have repeatedly stated that its pollution wastewater threatens the health of people living on its banks.
Alloy
- Route: usually rafted along the Upper Kama. The starting point depends on the water level in the river; usually they try to start the route as high upstream as possible.
- Difficulty category: 1.
Volga - tributary of the Kama
Photo 2. The confluence of the Kama and Volga rivers.
For a long time, the Kama River has been considered the largest tributary of the Volga, however, recent hydrological studies have shown that in fact everything is different: after merging with the Kama, the current Volga is its continuation - all the way to the Caspian Sea. The primary proof of this is the significantly greater (almost 40%) water flow of the Kama River at its confluence with the Volga.
Kama - continuation of Vishera
Photo 3. Vishera is a tributary of the Kama, surpassing it in terms of spillway size. Author of the photo: LarisaX.
The mountain taiga river Vishera, running down from the western slopes of the Urals, is considered a tributary of the Kama. However, at the confluence of both rivers, the first is noticeably fuller, and should be considered the main river.
Fishing on the Kama River
- Types of fish:
- Russian sturgeon
- Artificial settlement: not all of the fish listed are native. In the second half of the 20th century, new inhabitants appeared in the Kama River - rotan, silver carp, grass carp and rainbow trout. The first one settled during the expansion of its range, the rest - thanks to human fish farming activities. Also, the following species are occasionally found here: eel, vendace, needle fish (they come from the Volga, which they penetrate through canals connecting it with the basins of the Black and Baltic Seas). Separately, it is worth noting the beluga with stellate sturgeon and sturgeon, which previously - before the construction of reservoirs - were quite numerous native species, but in present time are represented only by individuals that escaped from fish farms; their natural populations have long since disappeared.
Fishing spots
The most interesting and “fishy” places on the river are considered to be the middle and lower reaches, as well as the reservoirs located in these areas.
Conventionally, the river can be divided into 3 sections:
- Upper Kama- from the source to the mouth of the Veslyana. Here the river has not yet shown itself in full force. Fishing in this area is in many ways similar to fishing on other small lowland and semi-mountain rivers of the Volga basin. The most common fish in the catches are: perch, bleak, roach, bream, silver bream, chub, ide, asp, podust, pike. In the cold season, burbot is caught. There is information about the presence of grayling in the upper reaches; taimen can also come here.
- Middle Kama- from the mouth of Veslyana to the Kama reservoir. The river from here is noticeably wider and deeper, as other (especially large) tributaries flow into it, it also becomes fuller. The ichthyofauna is replenished with such species as pike perch, white-eye, saberfish, carp (quite rare, concentrated in some places of the Kama Reservoir), catfish. Sturgeons appear, of which the most common is sterlet (its population is maintained artificially, this moment catching this fish is prohibited). There are known cases of taimen and, according to some sources, nelma being caught in these places. Closer to the reservoir, the river slows down, overflows heavily, and becomes deeper.
- Lower Kama- from the dam of the Kama Reservoir to the confluence with the Kuibyshev Reservoir. Fishing here is in many ways similar to the previous section. Special attention It is worth paying attention to the constructed reservoirs - fish are found in them in abundance and reach decent sizes. The ichthyofauna is replenished with species such as blackfin, rudd, bluefish, as well as sprat, goby and herring.
Fishing Features
There are three most popular fishing methods on the Kama: with bottom tackle - from the shore, with a “ring” - from a boat, and with spinning - from a boat.
When fishing from the shore, simplified hooks or a feeder are usually used; some fishermen also use a traditional donka. The main catch here is bream; representatives of other white fish, such as roach, silver bream, and blue bream, are somewhat less common. It happens that catfish also bite, but here it all depends on the bait.
The “ring” is used mainly by bream specialists. Millet and pearl barley are loaded into the feeder; worms or maggots are usually used as bait; canned corn works very well as a vegetable alternative. This tackle, used exclusively from a watercraft, works much more efficiently than a donkey and a feeder, as it allows you to catch more deep places, inaccessible from the shore.
For the same reason, it is better to fish with a spinning rod from a boat. You can catch any fish with spinners and wobblers - from sabrefish to catfish, but experienced spinners definitely prefer to hunt for trophy pike perch (in pits) and pike (in bays), or asp (however, it is caught less often). Less demanding fishermen may well count on perch (which, by the way, forms cauldrons and is represented by very good specimens), or bersh - but it is not so often in the catches.
IN winter time Using jig tackle and trolling, the same types of fish are caught as in the summer, with the exception of hibernating ones. A separate topic is catching burbot in dark time days - this is done by a certain “cohort” of fishermen. The usual weight of fish caught is from about one to three kilograms.
Photos
Photo 4. Dawn on Kama.
Photo 5. Kama River in the upper reaches.
Photo 6. The upper reaches of the Kama River near the village of Seregino.
Photo 7. “Approaching the Kama” (“Approaching the Kama”).
Photo 8. Island on Kama.
The Kama River is the largest tributary of the Volga. It flows through the European part of the Russian Federation and originates from the Verkhnekamsk Upland near the village of Karpushata. It is characterized by a winding channel, which widens significantly after flowing into the Kama Vishera. There are a large number of islands and shoals in this area. The river flows into the Kama Bay. Its total length is 1805 km. The river is fed mainly groundwater.
Kama River on the map
Among the largest settlements, which are located on the banks of the Kama, we can highlight Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Perm, Sarapul, Nizhnekamsk, Naberezhnye Chelny. More than 70 thousand tributaries flow into the Kama, the most significant of which are the South Keltma, Chusovaya, Vishera, Pilva, Lupya, Polrysh and others.
Fishing and relaxation on the Kama River
The upper reaches of the Kama River are inhabited by grayling and taimen. In addition to them, the waters of the river contain sterlet, sturgeon, carp, pike perch, burbot, and catfish. Fishermen are not left without a catch; perch, ruff, and ide work well on the fishing rod. Asp, bleak, chub, pike, crucian carp, and silver bream are caught. In addition, Kama has commercial value: its waters are home to many fish, such as bream, sturgeon, pike perch, sterlet, carp, perch and many others.
Several reservoirs have been created on the Kama River and hydroelectric power stations operate. The largest is the Kama Hydroelectric Power Station, near which the Kama Reservoir is located. The Kama is navigable: it has many ports and marinas. It is also connected by waterways to other large rivers such as the Ob, Volga, Neva, Don and others. Numerous cruise and passenger flights pass along the river. Major sailing competitions - the Kama Cup - are also held here.
The nature of the Kama basin and the Kama River is very diverse. In the upper reaches, the mountain slopes of the Ural Range approach its banks. Then the Kama flows through the plateau and low-lying plains.
In the upper reaches the river is surrounded by the Siberian taiga and coniferous forests, in the lower reaches - oak groves and mixed forests. IN deciduous forests birch, maple, ash, linden, and aspen predominate. Hazel, bird cherry, buckthorn, honeysuckle, and euonymus grow as undergrowth.
The fauna is represented by more than 40 different species. The forests are inhabited by martens, squirrels, and weasels. There are moose, wild boars, roe deer, wolves, and hares. The lynx lives in remote, remote corners. Chipmunks and nutcrackers are found in taiga forests.
There are many forest birds: woodpecker, cuckoo, tit, bullfinches, corncrake. Inhabited by jay owl, hoopoe, sea eagle, harrier. From rare species, listed in the Red Book, there are golden eagles, saker falcons, ospreys, peregrine falcons, and black storks.
Seagulls, mallard ducks, mute swan, and woodcock nest near the water. In spring, cranes and wild geese are found in floodplain meadows. In winter time open spaces You can see a polar owl.
Aquatic vegetation is dominated by yellow capsule, water lily, cattail, and reed. Aquatic vegetation is developed on the surface of the water, in the backwaters and bays of the river. Underwater vegetation is also well developed. Photo materials used from Wikimedia © Foto, Wikimedia Commons