When was the first global computer network created? Who created the Internet? The history of the Internet

To begin with, it is worth defining what the Internet is. Internet is a system of unified computer networks. It is based on the routing of various data packets, as well as the use of IP protocols. Another definition of the word “Internet” suggests that it is a global information system.

Most often when people talk about Internet(or they also call it the Global Network or the World Wide Web), they do not think about complex interacting systems. For them Internet- simply information that they can receive at any time of the day.

So how did it appear? Internet? What's its story?

In 1957, the USSR artificial satellite was launched. After this event, the United States began to think about the need to create quality system broadcasting information. As a result, the agency ARPA proposed the creation of the innovative ARPANET computer network. On September 1, 1969, the world's first server for this computer network was installed at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Later, already in 1971, they designed a popular program that made it possible to send emails from one mailbox on the network to another. Just 2 years later, with the connection of Norway and Great Britain to the US network, ARPANET became international system. Of course, in 1970 the network was used exclusively for exchanging emails, but after 10 years the capabilities were expanded and data transfer protocols began to develop.

January 1, 1983 is considered a significant day. It was from this moment ARPANET became the well-known “Internet”. Then, a year after this event, domain name systems were developed.

As the network’s popularity grew, many realized that this project would be very profitable. Therefore, ARPANET had a competitor in 1984 - the NSFNet network. The US National Science Foundation created this network, which had higher capacity. Moreover, it included smaller networks known at that time (Bitnet, Usenet). The popularity of the competitive network began to grow at tremendous speed. More and more people began to connect to it.

In 1990, NSFNet completely won ARPANET and rightfully took over the title of “Internet”. In addition, this year the world's first connection to the Internet via telephone line took place. By this time, people could already communicate with each other in real time, and Tim Bernes-Lee (he created the HTML language, the HTTP protocol, URL identifiers) had already designed the concept of the World Wide Web.

By 1991 the concept World Wide Web was fully developed and put into operation. From that moment on, her popularity grew continuously. In 1995, the high-tech computers of the US National Science Foundation stopped routing Internet traffic and transferred this role to network providers.

Global networking occurred in 1990. Many agreed to this merger due to the fact that there was no one leader, and all the networks actually remained independent. By 1997, a huge number of domain names and computers were registered on the Internet. The Internet has become a full-fledged leader among the various means that make it possible to exchange information.

The popularity of the Internet is not in doubt. Moreover, there is even World Internet Day, which takes place annually on September 30th. This holiday was established by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

In May 1961, Kleinrock published a paper entitled "Information Flow in Broad Communication Networks." In 1962, the American scientist Licklider became the first director of the Information Processing Technical Office (IPTO) and proposed his vision of the network. The ideas of Kleinrock and Licklider were supported by Robert Taylor. He also proposed the idea of ​​​​creating a system that later became known as Arpanet.

This computer network became the prototype of the modern World Wide Web.

First steps

In the late 60s of the 20th century, the Internet began to develop. In the summer of 1968, a working group chaired by Elmer Shapiro discussed questions regarding how host computers could communicate with each other.

In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro, together with the Stanford Research Institute, published the title "Exploring the Parameters of Computer Network Design." This work was used by Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler to create the final version of the IMP.

BBN Technologies later received a grant to develop and create a computer subnet.

In July 1969, the creation of the Internet became known to the general public when the University of California, Los Angeles, issued a press release.

In 1969, the first switch and with it the first specialized mini-computer were sent to the University of California, Los Angeles. In the same year, the first signal is sent from the switch to the computer.

The advent of email

The first email was sent in 1971 by programmer Ray Tomlinson. The first message was transmitted between two cars standing literally side by side. After the message was successfully sent, Ray Tomlinson sent emails to his colleagues explaining how to send such messages.

Shipping instructions Email concerned the fact that the “dog” sign separates the user name and the name of the computer from which the message is written.

This is how Ray Tomlinson became the creator of email.

Other inventions

After the creation of email, scientists continued to come up with new inventions.

In 1974, a commercial version of Aparnet appeared, called Telenet.

In 1973, engineer Bob Metcalfe proposed the idea of ​​Ethernet.

In 1977, Dennis Hayes and Dale Hetherington released the first modem. Modems are becoming popular among Internet users.

Huge contribution Tim Berners-Lee contributed to the development of the modern Internet. In 1990, he invented HTML code, which greatly influenced appearance Internet.

Most modern internet browsers are descended from the Mosaic browser. It is the first graphical browser used on the World Wide Web and was created in 1993. Its authors are Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina.

Until now in the history of mankind there have been only two information revolutions that brought radical qualitative changes in the process of disseminating knowledge. The first of these was the advent of writing, the second the invention of printing. Now we can observe the beginning of the third information revolution, primarily associated with the emergence of the global computer network Internet, which is considered one of the most serious achievements of modern technical thought. The essence of this breakthrough is that anyone can instantly gain access to the knowledge accumulated by humanity throughout its existence.

The Internet was formed in the last two decades of the 20th century. as a result of combining multiple local and territorial computer networks. The appearance of the first local networks dates back to the 60s of the last century. Each such network included computers of an organization located in one or more neighboring buildings and connected by cables through which information was exchanged. Several local networks, united into one, constituted a territorial network.

Immediately after the first artificial Earth satellite was launched in the USSR in 1957, the Advanced Development Agency was created as a division of the US Department of Defense. research projects(ARPA), responsible for developing new technologies for use in the military. The agency's tasks included creating a reliable information transmission system in case of hostilities. In 1961, MIT student Leonard Kleinrock described a technology that could split files into pieces and transfer them from one computer to another. Two years later, ARPA Computer Laboratory Director John Licklider proposed the first detailed concept of a computer network.

The decision was made to network ARPA computers. The development of the computer network was carried out by the Stanford Research Center, the University of Utah and the University of California. The network was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and in 1969 it united these scientific institutions.

In September 1969 in University of California The first ARPANET server was installed on a Honeywell DP-516 computer. On October 29 of the same year, it was possible to carry out a communication session between two ARPANET network nodes located at a distance of 640 km at Stanford research institute and at the University of California. This date is considered the birthday of the Internet. The big advantage of the ARPANET system was that it could ensure uninterrupted operation of computers even in the event of a nuclear attack.

Initially, the network only connected scientists with remote computer centers, but soon it became possible to send e-mail through it and exchange information. By 1971, the first program to send email over the Internet was developed. Its creator was Ray Tomlison, a programmer at the computer company Bolt Beranek and Newman. ARPANET began to actively grow and develop, but it was used mainly by scientists associated with the military departments. In 1973, the first foreign organizations from Great Britain and Norway were connected to the network via a transatlantic telephone cable, and the network became international. A year later, the first commercial version of ARPANET, the Telenet network, went into operation.

University of California.

Map diagram of the ARPANET computer network. 1973

In the early years, the network was used primarily for email correspondence, followed by mailing lists, message boards, and news groups. However, at that time, only networks built on the same technical standards could interact with each other. In 1982-1983 The various data transfer protocols that emerged by the late 1970s were standardized, after which the ARPANET switched to the TCPIP protocol, which is still used to interconnect networks.

As early as the late 1970s, several other national computer networks were created following the example of ARPANET, connecting various societies, groups and organizations (for example, CSNET, which unites researchers in the field of computing and programming). In 1983, ARPANET split into two networks, ARPANET and MULNET. MULNET was reserved for military purposes, ARPANET was used mainly for scientific purposes. A system for exchanging information between them was provided. It was the APRANET network that later received the name Internet. Gradually, all national computer networks in the United States were connected to the Internet.

In 1984, the ARPANET faced a serious challenger. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) founded an extensive inter-university network, NSFNet, which included smaller networks, including the well-known Usenet and Bitnet, and had much greater bandwidth than ARPANET.

More than 10 thousand computers connected to NSFNet in just one year, with routing carried out by five high-speed supercomputers located in research centers.

In 1989, the European Council for Nuclear Research adopted the concept of the World Wide Web, a system that provides access to related documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. It was proposed by the British scientist Timothy Berners-Lee, who owes the “three pillars” of the web: the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP, the hypertext markup language HTML, and URI resource identifiers. Now the World Wide Web has become publicly accessible.

The first connection to the Internet via a telephone line (the so-called dialup access) using a special modem device was made in 1990. At the same time, ARPANET, which had completely lost its position, ceased to exist. Two years later, the first program for viewing web pages appeared, the famous web browser under operating system Microsoft Windows NCSA Mosaic developed by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina. The introduction of the user interface became a kind of watershed between the Internet for specialists and the Internet for everyone.

The NeXT computer used by T. Berners-Lee as the first web server.

T. Berners-Lee.

Since 1995, routing began to be handled by network providers of organizations providing access to Internet services. To develop and implement uniform technological standards, the World Wide Web Consortium was formed, headed by Berners-Lee. By the mid-1990s, the Web had become the dominant provider of information on the Internet, significantly outpacing FTP in terms of traffic volume. And although initially the Internet was understood as a technological support for communication between computers, and the World Wide Web was a system for distributing information, soon these two concepts were mixed.

Over the last decade of the last century, the vast majority of local and territorial computer networks joined the Internet, although some, like Fidonet, remained separate. Due to the absence of unified leadership and censorship, as well as the openness of technical standards, such an association looked extremely attractive; in addition, the networks were independent of businesses and specific companies. By the beginning of the 21st century. More than 10 million computers have already been connected to the global network. Internet technologies, in particular the TCP IP protocol, also began to be used to create intranet networks of separate corporate networks with or without Internet access.

If in the first years of the 21st century. Since the main type of mass Internet access was an inconvenient modem connection that occupied a telephone line, it is now considered obsolete. The modem was first replaced by a dedicated phone line with ADSL technology (English: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), then connection via cable television networks, fiber optic lines, via radio channels and communication satellites. Connecting to the network using cellular communications, and not only through desktop and laptop computers, but also mobile phones.

The Internet is an object with positive feedback, i.e. the more information and physical resources become available, the more larger number people and companies strive to access these resources. The Internet successfully copes with information and educational function, and also occupies more and more significant positions in the field of communication every year. With its help, you can contact your interlocutor located anywhere on Earth and even outside it (in 2010, the ISS crew received direct access to the Internet), as well as see and hear him. Moreover, the Internet allows you to communicate in real time with an unlimited number of people at the same time.

As they say, every cloud has a silver lining, but good without a silver lining is a miracle. Main disadvantage The Internet, which at the same time is its advantage, is the complete lack of control of information posted on the network by users. Internet addiction also poses a serious danger. big number people completely out of touch with reality. Yet there is no doubt that in the future the Internet will penetrate the vast majority of aspects of human existence.

International space station ISS.

Internet wizard

According to estimates by sociologists and computer network specialists, by 2012 approximately 1.9 billion people (30% of the entire population of our planet) were connected to the Internet, and in the future the volume of IP traffic will double every two years.

The Internet “reaches” to the most remote corners of the planet. So, at the beginning of the 21st century. Representatives of Eskimo tribes living far from civilization began to use the Internet. When the term "Internet" needed to be translated into one of their languages, Inuit, the experts chose the word ikiaqqivik, which translates to "journey through layers." Previously, this word was used to describe the actions of a shaman who, falling into a trance, “passed” through time and space and communicated with the spirits of dead or far-living people.

Today we cannot imagine life without the Internet. The Internet has become for us both a source of information and a means of communication. For many, the World Wide Web is an opportunity to make good money. A favorite movie, an anticipated book, hot news – you can find anything you want on the Internet. But it was not always so. There were times when we didn’t even know about such a miracle of technology as a computer, what can we say about the Internet! I wonder who created the Internet and when. What is the history of the creation of the Internet. For what purposes was the Internet created? And did its creators think about what their idea would lead to?

Who created the computer and when: the long path of computerization

Yes, yes, you read that right! Despite the fact that the topic of our conversation is: who created the Internet and when, we will have to deviate a little from it. After all, you must admit that without “smart electronics” there would be no Internet. Therefore, first, let's find out who created the computer and when.

Due to different classifications Computers indicate the date of their appearance may vary. Debut “computers” are different from the technology that we are used to seeing now.

People have always tried to simplify the painstaking computing process and automate it. Trial swallows can be called ordinary abacus and adding machine, invented back in 1820. And in 1822, the English mathematician C. Babbage prepared the concept of an intelligent machine, which subsequently began to be considered the prototype of the first automatic computer. Unfortunately, there were not enough financial resources to fully implement the project.

This is interesting! The concept of “computer” was first used back in 1613. And it did not mean a machine, but a person performing certain computational actions.

The first experimental programmable model was a machine called the Z1. It was created by the German engineer K. Zuse in 1938. Using the Z1 principle, he created the first computer Z3 in 1941, which already had the basic characteristics of the current “personal computers”.

A year later, American physicists began work on creating an electronic “thinking machine.” The project became the prototype of the first electronic computer, called ENIAC. The first computer was created by the American John Mauchly in 1946.

Curious, but it's a fact!The first computers were so bulky that they often took up an area the size of a three-room apartment. And their weight reached 28 tons!

As for personal computers, their development began in the 1970s, when “thinking machines” were assembled at home for the sake of research activities. And the first commercial PC was the Altair 8800. It was created in 1975 by Henry Edward Roberts.

It is impossible not to note the significant contribution to the development of computer technology by the Americans Wozniak and Jobs. They were the ones who took an important step towards the computers we are used to working with today. In 1976, these two men developed a programmable device. And the main purpose of Apple, as Wozniak and Jobs called their brainchild, were video games. Subsequently, the entire Apple corporation, under the leadership of Jobs, began to produce personal computers.

And the subject of mass exploitation in the nineties were computers designed in 1986 by IBM. These machines already featured a 16-bit Intel processor and software Microsoft.

Who created the Internet and when

Well, that’s it, let’s leave the topic of “who created the computer and when” for now - after all, she is not the hero of the day. Let's move directly to the question: who created the Internet and when. After all, the opportunities it gives us today are simply colossal! For many today, the World Wide Web is the main source of income.

By the way, if you also want to take part in generating income via the Internet, but have not yet decided on the type of activity, we suggest studying the publication.

And we move directly to the topic.

Where it all began

The Internet was “born” in the United States of America. It was the American Department of Defense in 1957 that thought about the need to own a proven information barter system. Thus, in 1969, the ARPANET project appeared, uniting four scientific institutions to create an information network.

And the date of birth of the Internet is considered to be October 29, 1969, when the first communication took place between the University of Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Center. At 21:00 the first communication attempt was made, but was unsuccessful. And an hour and a half later, an employee from Stanford saw a word on his screen that was sent to him by a representative of the University of Los Angeles.

Two years later, e-mail was invented, through which people were able to communicate over the Internet. And its founder was Ray Tomlison. He also invented the “dog” symbol, which is still used in any email address to this day. It was since 1971, when e-mail appeared, that the network was able to interest millions of users and began to be considered global.

This is interesting! IN different countries The symbol "dog" is called differently. For example, in Greece its name is small duck, and in Germany it is called hanging monkey.

What's next: development prospects

In 1973, the Internet made its first global debut. Norway and Great Britain connected to the American information system via a transatlantic telephone cable.

And exactly ten years later the term “Internet” itself appeared, which became both a means of communication and a platform for posting news and advertising feeds.

In 1988, a “here and now” communication service, the so-called “chat,” appeared. And 1989 is considered the year the true World Wide Web appeared. This became a reality thanks to the advent of the special abbreviation WWW. The British Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web by combining existing information networks into one. He also created the browser, and in 1990 the first website.

Internet in Russia

Long time in the Soviet Union information Technology developed in parallel with Western ones. In many ways, their development became possible due to the emergence in the USSR of sources for the use of Western microprocessor base. Although Soviet scientists had their own progressive developments.

So, in the 1950s. computer networks were formed for infrastructure development projects missile defense. All data was accumulated on computers of the “Diana-I” and “Diana-II” types.

In the 1970s Data networks were also used in the civilian environment. For example, systems such as ASU-Express and Siren, which made it possible to reserve railway and air tickets.

The first institute connected to the global network was the Kurchatov Institute. This happened in the 1980s. And in 1990, the all-Union computer network “RELCOM” was created. At the same time, the domain of the Soviet Union was registered.

In 1992, the first providers appeared in the Russian Federation. And April 1994 is marked by the registration of the national domain .Ru.

Who created Google: name to the studio!

If we're talking about about the Internet, you cannot lose sight of such important points its development, like the creation of Google and YouTube. And first, let’s find out the name of the one who created Google.

Today it is simply impossible to imagine the Internet without Google. It turns out that this is the most popular search system in the world was born from the ordinary student project! Moreover, its creators did not even count on success; the project was a kind of experiment.

Google was created by two students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. In 1996, the idea grew out of an annual research project that had to be submitted to partners. Back then it was the Back Rub search engine. And a year later it became known as Google. A year later, the partners had already organized their own corporation, Google.

Initially, the company staff consisted of only four people under the leadership of Brin. But since 1999, only the lazy did not know about the company. The peak of success for partners came in 2004.

This is interesting! Companies are truly created for employees fabulous conditions distinguished by their democracy. For example, employees can do their own thing 20% ​​of the time, compensating for them with maximum output in the remaining 80%. Staff are also allowed to bring workplace your pets.

By the way, on the pages of our website you can find interesting review , which will introduce you even closer to this search engine.

So, we found out the name who created Google. Let's move on to the second point and find out who created YouTube and when.

Who created YouTube and when

Not two, but three people took part in the creation of YouTube. And this happened in 2005. It is noteworthy that the creators of YouTube, as well as the founders of Google, did not even think that their innocent idea would gain such success.

So, when - in 2005, who created YouTube - S. Chen, C. Hurley and D. Karim. All these comrades, working at PayPal, decided to implement a personal service.

The original YouTube format was somewhat different from the format we are used to seeing today. The guideline for its creation was the HotOrNot service, where users could share their photos and rate the photos of other users. But the concept of the partners was still based on video.

This is interesting! Initially, the project was conceived as a kind of dating site with video content. Therefore, the registration date of his domain was February 14.

The first video appeared on the service in April 2005, when one of the creators of YouTube appeared against the backdrop of cages with elephants. It was an unremarkable video, lasting 18 seconds. But the main objective– public testing of the site – was achieved.

It is noteworthy that newly registered users uploaded videos on various topics to the site, and not just for the purpose of dating. So, already in May 2005, the developers changed the concept and abandoned the original idea of ​​a dating site.

Now attention!In November 2006, YouTube was purchased by Google Corporation. The company is constantly working to improve the service by developing new applications.

YouTube appeared in Russia in 2007. Today, in addition to news, music and humorous videos, so-called video blogs are in great demand, where users upload subject videos aimed at a wide audience.

Conclusion

Well, it’s time to return from the virtual world to the real world. Today we not only found out who created the Internet and when, but also found out when the computer appeared and who created the popular services Google and YouTube. Now ask yourself the question: what would we do without all this? Think at your leisure: you can come to completely different conclusions!

Do you know at what speed I went online for the first time? 32 kilobits per second. Those who are younger probably won’t even be able to imagine this. It took me an hour to download one MP3 song; to access the Internet, I waited a minute until the computer through the phone with a creak (literally there was a creak) reached the World Wide Web; The popular search engines were not Yandex or Google. In general, let's plunge into history.

World Wide Web: common or draw?

The Internet is a global space, an unification of a system of computer networks. There are countless computers connected to it all over the world. Communication on social networks and online games have become commonplace. So familiar that we consider them not worthy of attention.

Meanwhile, the history of the Internet is an amazing thing. And immediately a discovery: the age of the first website is twenty-five years! (as of 2016), just admire it info.cern.ch. The Internet is a global network, this is clear: everyone uses it, from teenagers in Washington to shamans in Alaska.

Second amazing fact: The Internet belongs to no one! Separate local networks connected by a worldwide network, and network providers keep the networks up and running. The capacity of the World Wide Web is limited, and a constant increase in the growth of media traffic, according to experts, can lead to its collapse.

It is “nobody's status” that has become a problem for many states: it is impossible to introduce censorship on the global network. True, the Internet has recently been equated with the media, but... Information is transmitted using the Internet. It turns out that the World Wide Web is something similar to paper or a telephone.

How to apply censorship to paper? Sanctions can only be applied to individual sites. And no leader in the world is able to limit the Internet. So, the World Wide Web – global freedom!

Birth

The history of the Internet began in 1957 with the launch artificial satellite Soviet Union. In response, America decided to develop a computer network as a reliable data transmission system: in case of war, the United States decided to protect itself.

Leading universities in the country took up the development. The network they created was given the name ARPANET, short for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Computers of that time were too far from perfect, and development progressed with great difficulty. The project was financed by the country's Ministry of Defense. Scientific development institutions united in networks in 1969.

The first communication session took place between the Stanford Research Center and the University of Los Angeles, separated by a distance of 640 kilometers. True, only the second attempt was crowned with success, but on this day, October 29, 1969, the Internet was born. The time of the first attempt is 21 hours, the second – an hour and a half later.

Only in 1971 did the Pentagon manage to launch the exchange of information with scientists at the country's universities using e-mail. By 1973, ARPANET became international, and in 1983 the name given to the project, became the prototype of the modern Internet. 1984 is known as the year of the introduction of domain names, and with the introduction of IRC, Internet Relay Chat or “IRK”, real-time chatting became possible in 1988.

This file transfer protocol was developed in the 80s of the last century. At the same time, the well-known Usenet was born. A semblance of a modern forum appeared.

It took another ten years for the World Wide Web to cross the world's oceans. The idea of ​​creating a global network appeared in Europe in 1989. The ARPANET project spread across different industries. 1991 - creation of the first program for transmitting email over a network.

Tim John Berners-Lee: creator of Internet tools

And then it was time for the abbreviation www, World Wide Web. Introduce modern internet without these letters it is impossible. The world owes the appearance of the super-popular abbreviation to Tim Berners-Lee. The brilliant Englishman adopted hypertext with countless hyperlinks as the basis for organizing the storage and placement of information. After transferring the developments to the global network, the success was enormous: the first five years of work – registration of more than fifty million users!

The invention led to the creation of the HTTP data transfer protocol and HTML hypertext markup. It has become possible to store, transfer information and create websites. And again the problem: how to refer to documentary data? The solution was to develop URIs and URLs, universal resource identifiers and identifiers.

Finally, a program was born for displaying network requests on a computer, that is, a browser: the old friend Internet Explorer, proven Mozilla Firefox, reliable Google Chrome the beloved, albeit aging Opera – there are not many well-known and honored “names”. But the main assistants meet all our requirements. But the programs with which we reach worldwide network, more and more are appearing.

Timothy John Berners-Lee is the author of a grandiose creation, the main tools of the modern World Wide Web. The NCSA Mosaic browser for transmitting graphic information appeared later, in 1993. Thanks to the openness of the Internet standard, the browser has maintained independence from commerce. And the global network with photos, videos and pictures immediately became humanity’s favorite delicacy. By 1997, approximately ten million computers were connected to the Internet!

Berners-Lee did not make millions from his creation. Finance literally poured into this area much later. Billions are in the hands of the creators of Google and Yandex. I wrote about their creation history here.

I wonder if it occurred to the creators of the World Wide Web when they started working on the project that it would be possible to connect to the network through communication satellites, Cell phones and electrical wires and even televisions, that the term Runet will appear as part of the Internet?

Now there are national domains su, ru and рф. The birth of Russian networks occurred in 1990 thanks to domestic programmers and physicists. April 7, 1994 – registration of the first Russian domain ru. On May 12, 2010, the RF domain appeared. This is how the Cyrillic alphabet entered the modern network.

The modern network cannot even be compared with what came before. And many of us are sincerely grateful to the creators of the Internet.

Pavel Yamb was with you, subscribe to updates, write comments. Until we meet again, and fair winds in sailing through the Internet!