biosphere reserves of the world. World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America Far Eastern Biosphere Reserves of Russia

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America is a regional division of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, created under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program. The European Network of Biosphere Reserves is the largest of the regional networks. European network meetings have been held almost every two years since 1986. The last conference, EuroMAB 2009, was held in Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009. The conference was attended by 113 delegates from 22 countries. At the beginning of 2011, there were 162 biosphere reserves in Europe and North America (Table 5) .

Table 5 - Biosphere reserves in Europe and North America

The largest reserves are:

Northeast Greenlandic national park is the only national park in Greenland. It is also the northernmost national park, and the largest national park in the world. Its area - 972,000 km² - exceeds the area of ​​163 countries (individually). It occupies the territory in the north of East Greenland, the east of North Greenland and part of the territory of West Greenland, including the northern and northeastern coast of Greenland with inland lands. In the extreme southwest, near the borders with the commune of Qaasuitsup, in a strait near several kilometers of the coast of the region, the border with Canada ends. The park was formed on May 22, 1974, and acquired its current form in 1988. In 1977, he received the status of an international biosphere reserve. It is not included in the territory of any municipality and is administered by the Greenland Department of Nature and environment. From 5 to 15 thousand musk oxen live in the park - 40% of the world population. Also in coastal areas you can find many polar bears and walruses. Other mammals include arctic fox, stoat, reindeer, lemming and arctic hare. The reindeer and wolf disappeared from the park in 1900 and 1934. accordingly, although wolves visit the park periodically. Among other mammals different types seals, seals, narwhals and whales. Of the birds that breed their offspring in the park, the polar loon, different kinds geese, tundra partridge, snowy owl, polar falcon, crows. The flora of the park is quite poor, represented for the most part mosses and lichens. Flowering plants include dwarf willows and birches.

Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is one of the the oldest reserves Russia. As a state reserve, it was formed in 1934 on the site of the Sable Reserve that existed since 1882. Kronotsky state reserve is located in the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula and covers an area of ​​1,147,619.37 hectares, including 135,000 hectares. (1,350 sq. km) adjacent three-mile water area Pacific Ocean. There are 8 active volcanoes here (including Kronotskaya Sopka, height - 3,528 m), thermal lakes, geysers (the famous Valley of Geysers), waterfalls. Forests of stone birch (Erman's birch), thickets of cedar and alder elfin grow on the territory of the reserve. In the basin of Lake Kronotsky, coniferous forests from Okhotsk larch with the participation of Ayan spruce and white birch Taush. Floodplain forests are distributed along the rivers, the main forest-forming species are poplar Maksimovich, Chozenia, Sakhalin willow, hairy alder. In the second tier of floodplains and coniferous forests there are Asian bird cherry, green-fleshed hawthorn, Kamchatka mountain ash. In the undergrowth of stone-birch forests, elderberry mountain ash, which has large sweet fruits, dogrose, is common, in the extreme south of the reserve there is Kamchatka elderberry, where the northern border of the distribution of this species passes. Uzon volcano caldera is a unique area of ​​complex manifestation of modern geological and microbiological processes: thermal springs and reservoirs create unusual conditions for the development thermophilic organisms. Lake Kronotskoye is the largest freshwater lake in Kamchatka. The lake is inhabited by a freshwater form of sockeye salmon (kokanee) and three endemic species of mountain charr. This unique ecosystem can serve as a benchmark for monitoring studies. Of the mammals, sable, elk, ermine, bighorn sheep are found here, Brown bear, lynx, squirrel, fox, wolverine, etc. Pinniped rookeries are also located here. There are no reptiles, only 1 species of amphibians - the Siberian salamander. The most important role of the reserve is in the conservation of the brown bear: the largest protected wild population of these animals in Russia (more than 700 individuals) lives here, which ensures their stable preservation on the peninsula. The wild reindeer is currently preserved only on the territory of the reserve, and the fate of this species depends on the safety of the population in the protected area.

Polessky is a national park in eastern Poland. Created in 1990 with an area of ​​48.13 km². At present, the area of ​​the park is 97.62 km², of which 47.8 km² is occupied by forests. Polessky National Park and surrounding areas form the Zapadnoe Polissya Biosphere Reserve, recognized by UNESCO in 2002. The park also adjoins the reserve on the Ukrainian side of the border. The park is recognized as an important wetland by the Ramsar Convention. The territory of the park is flat, with numerous lakes and peat bogs. The fauna includes 21 fish species, 12 amphibian species, 6 reptile species and 150 bird species. Of the 35 species of mammals, moose, otters, beavers and bats.

Only by stepping on the protected lands, you can breathe the purest air, enjoy the pristine views of nature in order to absorb the true beauty of the homeland with every cell of the body.

Ubsunur hollow

It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2003. Almost the entire territory of the reserve consists of peculiar scattered areas, which are strikingly different in their natural conditions. So, here you can meet: massifs of mountain taiga; highlands with alpine meadows, mountain tundra, eternal snows and small glaciers; small in size sandy deserts, as well as steppe and forest-steppe areas. That is, the Ubsunur basin is that unique natural object where such contrasting landscapes can be found in a small area.

The second most important value of the basin is the species diversity of flora and fauna. Here you can find the most unique combinations of southern and northern animals and plants. On the territory live and enough rare species representatives of the animal kingdom: Mountain sheep argali, snow leopard.

And the third feature of the reserve is that cultural heritage monuments were once discovered here: stone sculptures, rock paintings and ancient burials.

How to get there? Since it is located in the border zone, a pass is required to visit: you can take it from the administration of the reserve (Kyzyl city, Kalinina street, 144A). You can pass by moving towards Western Tuva (through Ak-Chyraa from Samagaltai to Khandagaita).

Magadan Reserve

Also included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Since it is divided into four distinctive cluster sections, this provided the area with a rich biological and landscape diversity. The zone of glacial relief is considered a geological and geomorphological monument. Almost the entire territory of the reserve is covered with waterfalls and alpine lakes.

An amazing feature of the protected area is that specific ecosystems have been preserved here in their original form, which are not found anywhere else: the Beringian cedar tundra, deciduous floodplain forests, and continental larch woodlands. Here you can also find relict flora, and most of the vascular plants are on the pages of the Red Book of Russia.

The fauna of the reserve is quite diverse: chum salmon, seals, Snow leopards, reindeer, black-capped marmots, sable - this is only a minimal list of the entire variety of representatives of the animal kingdom.

How to get there? You can get to one of the sites. Olsky section: 50 kilometers away from the city of Magadan. Kava-Chelomdzhinsky site - lies 180 kilometers from Magadan.

This reserve is also famous for the waterfall of the same name. It is located in the region, where three elements united in a harmonious combination: stone, forest and water.

It is considered the oldest reserve, since it appeared in 1931. Choosing a place for protected area was predetermined by the location of the waterfall, which has become a favorite tourist attraction. And since around it were located pine forests, then there was a need to protect them from felling.

The area of ​​the reserve is interesting in the sense that it is represented by all types of relief of Karelia. So, here there are ozes (selgi) “curly rocks” and “lamb foreheads”.

Visitors to the reserve immediately get into the excursion area, which includes an arboretum, a museum of nature and the aforementioned waterfall.

How to get there? By car or sightseeing buses following from Petrozavodsk or St. Petersburg. Drive along the M-18 highway up to the village of Sopokha, then turn west, reaching the desired sign.

Great Arctic Reserve

This is the largest reserve in terms of its area in all of Eurasia, as well as the third in the world in terms of area, the shores of which are washed by two seas: the Laptev and Kara. The territory has an impressive variety of landscapes, as well as areas with permafrost. Once in this protected area, you can admire the most beautiful phenomena polar night and polar day.

Quite fascinating routes have been developed here for visitors: “Khutuda Biga is a river, rich in life”, “Taimyr labyrinth”, “Spring on Khutuda Biga”, “Medusa Bay”. They involve diving, rafting, zoological and ornithological safaris, visiting the camp of the Nenets, where you can get acquainted with their way of life and culture.

How to get there? Located in the city of Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory. You can get there public transport or by car.

Lapland Reserve

The largest protected area in Europe, as well as the oldest in Russia (created a year earlier than the Kivach reserve). Initially, a reserve was created in order to preserve not only the population of wild reindeer, but also those natural conditions, which are still in their original state, representing the main value of the reserve. On its territory, it was possible to preserve virgin old-growth forests, the total age of which ranges from 3-10 thousand years. The trees themselves exist in them for 400-600 years.

Since 1995, the project "Fabulous Lapland - the domain of Father Frost" has started here. His tower was located on the banks of the Chunozero.

How to get there? The entrance to the protected area is located at 1222 kilometers of the St. Petersburg - Murmansk highway or 371 kilometers of the Murmansk - St. Petersburg highway.

Nizhnesvirsky Reserve

The territory of this object, and specifically its wetlands, has received a significant status of an international scale. The reserve is famous for its diversity and richness. There are 1839 species of invertebrates, 348 species of vertebrates, and 1885 species of vegetation.

The territory of the attraction, together with its surroundings, is regarded as an ideal place for bird watching. In general, the natural components of the reserve are nothing more than a living mechanism that exists according to the wise laws of nature.

How to get there? You can get to the city of Lodeynoye Pole from St. Petersburg or Moscow by train. From St. Petersburg, many get and intercity bus. You will have to overcome 3 kilometers from the final stop to the central estate.

How to get there? As an option - by train to Serpukhov, and then on fixed-route taxi or by bus to the village of Danki.

biosphere reserves are environmental, research institutions international importance which are created to preserve the most typical natural complexes of the biosphere in their natural state, to carry out background environmental monitoring, to study the environment natural environment, its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

On practice, biosphere reserves created on the basis of nature reserves, national natural parks, with the inclusion in their composition of territories and objects of the natural reserve fund of other categories and other lands, and refer to global network biosphere reserves.

World Network of Biosphere Reserves(English World Network of Biosphere Reserves) was created within the framework of the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere" and combines specially protected natural areas, called demonstrate the balanced interaction of nature and man, the concept of sustainable development of the environment. The international network is a kind of engine for the exchange of knowledge and experience, for educational and research programs, for monitoring and for making joint decisions.

The program was created in 1971, and already in 1974 the first biosphere reserve was created in the United States. In 1983, the first international congress on biosphere reserves, which defined an action plan for research and monitoring, as well as interaction with local communities.

B 1995 international Conference in Seville (Spain) opened new era for the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Actions identified at this meeting were included in Seville strategy And Regulations on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, approved by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1995. In 2000, a meeting was held in Pamplona (Spain) Sevilla+5, which identified various actions in line with the strategic recommendations formulated in Seville.

Madrid Plan of Action was agreed upon at the third World Congress on Biosphere Reserves, held in Madrid in February 2008. It is based on the Seville Strategy and aims to implement strategic advantages the Seville Documents and the enhancement of the role of biosphere reserves as the main recognized the international community territories of sustainable development in the XXI century.

As of 2010, there were 564 biosphere reserves in 109 countries around the world, including a number of international, or transnational, reserves. In some sources, biosphere reserves are called biosphere reserves.

Ukraine has 4: Askania Nova (reserve), Danube Delta (Danube Biosphere Reserve, and transboundary since 1998), Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Uzhgorod region), Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (Kherson and Nikolaev regions, the largest in Ukraine - more than 100 thousand hectares ).

Biosphere reserves are approved by the International coordinating council program "Man and Biosphere" at the request of the respective state.

Regional networks play a significant role in the work of the Man and the Biosphere Program. There are five regional networks. They do not have strict boundaries and a number of states participate in the work of several networks, for example, in the database of the program, Algerian biosphere reserves are included in both the regional network of the League of Arab States and the regional network of Africa. The biosphere reserves are divided into regional networks as follows:

The European Network of Biosphere Reserves is the largest and oldest of the regional networks. It includes 50 European countries, Canada and the USA and represents 262 biosphere reserves. European network meetings have been held almost every two years since 1986. (The last conference, EuroMAB-2009, was held in the village of Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009).

Definition, criteria, tasks, zoning. The very idea of ​​creating biosphere reserves is connected with the decision of one of the most important for modern world questions: how to align the conservation of biological diversity and natural resources planets with their use for further socio-economic development of regions. Those. to the principles of sustainable development.

According to the Regulations on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, they are zones of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems(or combinations thereof) that have:

A wide range of ecosystems representing large biogeographic regions;

Areas sufficient for biodiversity conservation;

Conditions for studying and demonstrating approaches to sustainable development in regional scale;

Sufficient to carry out the three main tasks: protection(conservation of genetic resources, species and ecosystems) development(promoting sustainable economic and social development) And logistics(support and encouragement of research, education, training and monitoring activities at the local, national and global levels).

To fulfill the tasks set, the biosphere reserve must include three functional areas, each of which may consist of one or more sections, united according to the principle of their performance of a certain role.

The first zone core, i.e. areas not affected economic activity human and of great interest from the point of view of the conservation of bio- and landscape diversity and the conduct of certain types of scientific research in the natural laboratory.

The core, or main territory, is the least disturbed ecosystem. It enjoys long-term protection and allows for the conservation of biodiversity. In the core, research and other activities that do not cause major disruption, such as education, are carried out. A biosphere reserve may have one or more core areas.

Around or adjacent to the nucleus buffer zone, which is designed to protect the main area from the impact of economic activities in the surrounding area. Environmentally safe activities are allowed in the buffer zone: fundamental and applied research, experimental and reproduction work, environmental education and ecotourism.

The buffer zone is located around the nuclei or adjacent to them. It is used for environmentally sound activities such as ecotourism, as well as applied and basic research. The buffer zone must be clearly defined.

Surrounds the buffer zone (or is in close proximity to it) the so-called transition zone, or cooperation zone - an unprotected area where it is possible to locate settlements, carry out limited agricultural, forestry and handicraft activities, as well as other types of traditional land use.

The transition zone, or cooperation zone, allows for the placement settlements and some agricultural activities. In the zone of cooperation, local administrations and other organizations work together for rational management and sustainable reproduction of resources.

In practice, such a structure of the territory does not exist everywhere. In some countries of the world, only protected areas (core and buffer zone) are included in the network of biosphere reserves. Such "truncated" reserves also have every right to be included in the biosphere network, since one of the important advantages of the concept of biosphere reserves is its flexibility, which allows one to be creative in its implementation in a variety of conditions.

That is, summing up, the criteria The biosphere reserve is subject to the following:

1. Representation of the diversity of ecosystem types characteristic of a biogeographic region (regions), including anthropogenically transformed ones.

2. The importance of biodiversity conservation.

3. Opportunity to research and demonstrate sustainable development on a regional scale.

4. Presence of three functions of a biosphere reserve (protection, development and logistics, see above).

5. Zoning: (A) natural core (reserved zone), (B) buffer zone, (C) transit zone.

And one of the oldest reserves in Russia. Founded May 12, 1924. Big role in the organization Caucasian Reserve belongs to Khristofor Georgievich Shaposhnikov, a former forester of the Belorechensky forestry of the Kuban hunting.

The reserve occupies the lands Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation, closely adjacent to state border with Abkhazia. Separated from the main territory, in the Khostinsky district of Sochi, there is a subtropical Khostinsky department of the reserve - the world-famous yew-boxwood grove, with an area of ​​302 hectares. The total area of ​​the reserve is 280,335 hectares. It is surrounded by a protected area, numerous reserves and natural monuments, and to its southern border adjoins the Sochi National Park.

The reserve is located on the border of temperate and subtropical climatic zones. Warm and humid climate in the low mountains it has a subtropical character with positive average temperatures in January (+4.2°) and high average temperatures in July and August (20° and 21°).

In the mountains snow cover lasts five or more months. The summer is moderately warm (average July temperatures are from 16 to 22°), the annual precipitation is 700-1200 mm, the maximum occurs in early summer.

The mountainous relief causes altitudinal climate zonality, which determines the belt distribution of landscapes and their integral components - soils and vegetation. For every 100 meters of elevation above sea level, the temperature drops by 0.5 ° C. Soils change from subtropical yellow soils in the foothills to primitive mountainous soils in the highlands. The main soils of the reserve are brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow soils.

Fauna: 89 species of mammals, 248 birds, including 112 nesting species, 15 reptile species, 9 amphibians, 21 fish, 1 cyclostomes, more than 100 species of mollusks and about 10,000 species of insects. The exact number of worms, crustaceans, arachnids and many other groups of invertebrates remains unclear.

Representation of species of mammals of the reserve by families: hedgehogs, moles, shrews, horseshoes the bats, smooth-nosed bats, mice, hares, squirrels, dormice, jerboas, hamsters, mice, canines, bears, raccoons, mustelids, felines, pigs, deer, bovids.

From large mammals bison, red deer, brown bear, West Caucasian tur, chamois, lynx, roe deer and wild boar are represented in the reserve.

Many animals of the reserve have a limited distribution (endemics), or are living witnesses of past geological epochs (relics). Especially a lot of them among invertebrates, as well as fish, amphibians and reptiles.

Endangered species of our planet have found their last refuge in the reserved tracts. Of the vertebrate animals of the reserve, 8 species are listed in the IUCN Red Book, and 25 species are in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. And together with invertebrates, 71 species are listed in the state and regional Red Books.

The fauna of the reserve is heterogeneous, there are representatives of the Mediterranean, Caucasian, Colchis and European faunas.

Flora: 3000 species, of which more than half are vascular plants. The predominant families are aster (223 species), bluegrass (114), cut (108), legumes (82), etc. The forest flora includes more than 900 species, some of which are also found in the mountain meadow zone. Total number Alpine plants exceeds 800 species. Trees and shrubs make up 165 species, including 142 deciduous, 16 evergreen deciduous and 7 coniferous.

The flora of the reserve is characterized by the presence of ancient species and representatives that have a limited distribution. Every fifth plant of the reserve is endemic or relic.

Ferns (about 40 species), orchids (more than 30 species), evergreen and winter-green species, a large number of ornamental plants give originality to the flora of the reserve.

Most of the territory of the reserve is covered with forest vegetation, and only in the highlands are subalpine and alpine meadows developed.
The Red Book of Russia lists 55 plant species growing on the territory of the Caucasian Reserve.

Numerous lakes give a special uniqueness to the mountain landscape of the reserve. There are more than 120 of them. They are small in area and often completely free of ice only by the middle of summer. Most big lake reserve - Lake Silence, with an area of ​​​​a water mirror of 200 thousand square meters.

Some areas of the reserve (the Lagonaki Highlands, the cities of Fisht, Oshten, Pshe-ha-Su, Acheshbok, Tru, Akhun, etc.) are karst landscapes with very big amount caves. So, there are over 130 of them in the Lagonaki Highlands.
Glaciers are not uncommon in the reserve. There are about 60 of them, and the total area is 18.2 square kilometers.

The Caucasian Reserve is the main part, the core, of the UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site. The nomination "Western Caucasus" was adopted on November 30, 1999 at the XXIII Session of the Committee World Heritage UNESCO. The reserve became the fifth object in Russia, which was awarded similar status(UNESCO World Natural Heritage Certificate of December 4, 1999).

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

BIOSPHERE RESERVE BIOSPHERE RESERVE

biosphere reserve, a protected area with reference areas of one of the main biomes of the Earth. In the tasks of B. h. includes the preservation of natural ecosystems and the gene pool of a given region, the study and monitoring of the natural environment in it and in the territories adjacent to it (protection zone, neighboring economically developed districts). For B. i. usually use the territory of nature reserves, nat. parks and other protected areas. In 1973, in connection with the development of work under the Man and the Biosphere Programme, UNESCO put forward the idea of ​​creating a world system of biological sciences. as a scientific base of this program. Theoretical the basis for the coordinated work of the system B. h. serves a specially developed IUCN together with UNEP "Classification of biogeographic provinces", in a cut of 14 main. biomes combine more than 200 biogeographic. provinces representing diversity natural communities Earth. B. h. Naib, fully cover the biomes of mixed mountain and high mountain systems (41 biomes, including 10 in America, 24 in Europe, and 7 in Asia). The first B. z. were formally established in 1976, by 1985 St. 250 B. z. in 62 countries of the world; in the USSR - 17 (Berezinsky, Caucasian, Prioksko-Terrasny, Repeteksky, Sary-Cheleksky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Central Black Earth, etc.).

.(Source: Biological encyclopedic Dictionary." Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

Protected by laws, incl. international, reference areas of certain natural areas(taiga, steppe, tundra, etc.), where the typical biodiversity, observations of natural biogeocenoses scientific research is being carried out. Such reserves are created on the basis of international and national programs under the auspices of UNESCO. In 2001, there were 368 biosphere reserves in the world, located in 91 countries, their total area was 260 million hectares; in Russia there are 21 biosphere reserves (Kavkazsky, Prioksko-Terrasny, Oksky, Sikhote-Alinsky, etc.).

.(Source: "Biology. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Editor-in-Chief A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen, 2006.)

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Books

• Atlas of the Geysernaya River Valley in the Kronotsky Reserve (+ 2 pairs of 3D glasses), . Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, established in 1934, preserves unique natural resources our country. Among them is the amazing natural complex valleys...