Yuri Andropov: what contribution he made to the history of the USSR. social state. The 20th century introduced a new type into the history of the development of states - the welfare state, which replaced the so-called "liberal state" or

Shadia Ablyakimova

Shefika ABDURAMANOVA, employee of the Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage

The museum does not write history. The museum collects it.

The funds of the Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage number more than ten thousand items. This is not only a statistic indicated by numbers. Each document, an old thing, each, at first glance, insignificant detail is a confirmation of our existence on this earth. Having moved from the vicious circle of a family heirloom to the category of a museum storage unit, objects transferred to the museum acquire a new life. Intertwined in various thematic combinations, each time in a new way, like intricate variations of a kaleidoscope, they add up to unique thematic ornaments of museum expositions.

The sources of replenishment of the museum's funds are different, but our compatriots, who are not indifferent to the history of their people, remain the main ones. A significant part of the museum collection has been collected thanks to donors - people who take part in the acquisition of our funds free of charge. By donating to the museum objects preserved from older generations, our donors inscribe themselves in the chronicle of the fate of the people, leaving to posterity unique information in restoring the interrupted connection of times.

Each exhibit, except for the nominative content directly related to its purpose, is inextricably linked with the fate of the person or family to which it belonged. And the fate of each of our compatriots is inextricably intertwined with the fate of the entire nation.

Over the past year, our funds have been replenished with a number of valuable exhibits, among them a gift from Shadya Ablyakimova, a resident of the village of Burulcha (Tsvetochnoye), Belogorsk district. Shadye-khanum donated to the museum funds valuable family relics that passed in their family from generation to generation for a century and a half - marama (head cover) and the Koran.

An ancient ornamental marama woven from thin silky linen is a tradition of Crimean Tatar patterned weaving that goes back centuries. Judging by the state and technique of execution, it was developed in the middle of the 19th century, it is more than a century and a half old. She was presented to Shadye-khanum's mother by her grandmother on nikah - a marriage ceremony.

The old Koran, yellowed from time to time, also keeps its unusual history. On a tragic May night in 1944, many of our women went out into the unknown, clutching a sacred book to their chests. The creed of the Koran has become the pivot that has preserved our people in a foreign land.

The ancient maram and the Koran have much in common. Having shared their fate with the people to whom they belonged, they left the Crimea together with them, were next to their children in a foreign land, and together with the next generation of grandchildren, already in the status of family heirlooms, returned to their homeland.

Both of these exhibits have already participated in the Surviving Treasures exhibition, held earlier this year. The exposition of this representative exhibition consisted of objects that left the Crimea as a first necessity in 1944 and returned after half a century or more, together with the children or grandchildren of their original owners, already valuable family heirlooms.

The parents of Shadye-khanum - Khatidzhe and Mamut Mamutovs - are natives of the village of Korbek (Izobilnoye) of the Alushta region. Father was not taken to the front - at the time of the call, he ended up on the operating table, moreover, he had 8 children. During the war, their family helped the partisans, baked bread. The Mamutovs were expelled with eight children. In the first years in a foreign land, three daughters died of hunger and disease - Fatma, Ayse, Tevide and the youngest brother Amet, he was only 8 months old.

Shadye-khanum herself was born in special settlements in 1947, at the cotton-growing state farm named after Michurin, Buka district in Uzbekistan. She returned to Crimea in 1977 as part of her family with four children. They settled with difficulty in the village of Burulcha (Tsvetochnoye) near Karasubazar (Belogorsky district). They experienced all the hardships that befell the first swallows who returned to their homeland: no registration, no work, incessant warnings about violation of the passport regime, eviction from the Crimea. Here, in the Crimea, on the land of their ancestors so hard to get, in 1978 the fifth child was born in their family. His parents chose for him the dearest name for them - Krymdar. But the registry office refused to register a child with this name. I had to register it under a different name. But it remained only in the documents. For everyone, this long-awaited son, born on the land of his ancestors, is Krymdar!

So bizarrely human destinies are intertwined with the history of the objects surrounding them. Objects, in turn, museum exhibits testify to the life of people.

Employees of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage" - the keepers of the past for future generations - express endless words of gratitude to Shadya-khanum Ablyakimova and all donors of the Crimean Tatar Museum of Cultural and Historical Heritage, together with whom we will save our history for future descendants.

Do not forget your kind, your past, learn and write down everything about the past of the family, house, things, books, collect portraits, letters ... Together we will save our past for future generations.

What did Karl 10 contribute to history and what did he do in life?

1. Charles 10 was the king of France in 1825. Engaged in political activities in France, published laws and projects in France. Even before his coronation in Reims on May 29, 1825, Charles X passes two legislative documents that require attention to characterize the future course of the new king and his entourage. Thus, it turns out that already at the beginning of his reign, Charles X turned his subjects against himself and against the top of power. Immediately at the beginning of the reign, the Jesuits also showed their positions, who tried to restore the majorate system of inheritance, but failed. We now come to a very important event in the reign of Charles X for his coronation in Reims Cathedral in 1825. Without seeking to give any assessment of the foreign policy of France during the reign of Charles X, we will define the main milestones and directions. In general, in the foreign policy of France in the whole of the entire period of the Restoration, there were two main vectors: southern and eastern. The southern direction of foreign policy was characterized by the participation and desire of France to colonize the territories of North Africa (the countries of the Maghreb): Algeria and Tunisia. However, we note that during the Restoration, more time was devoted to the Algerian direction, which was only partially implemented. On May 25, 1830, the 37,000-strong French corps, led by the Minister of War, Comte de Bourmont, set off from Toulon for Algiers. As Cherkasov P.P. writes, it took 103 combat and 350 merchant ships led by Admiral Duperre to transport troops. On July 5, 1830, the Fort of the Emperor was taken and the local rulers agreed to surrender, but the uprising led by Abd al-Qadir, which lasted more than 20 years, did not allow the French to gain a foothold in these territories completely. As a result, just a few days before the July Revolution, Charles X confirmed his intention to keep the French contingent in Algeria for an indefinite period 53. This was the end of the southern direction of Charles X's foreign policy. , but the successors of Charles X will fulfill this task in late XIX century, Algeria would become French territory. He is a politician, the head of the party, with these two words one can characterize his life and political portrait as a whole. It remains only to regret that so little is said about him in Russian historiography.

Yuri Dolgoruky is considered the founder of Moscow and one of the main "collectors of lands". It is believed that this prince pursued a policy of uniting the Russian principalities, but all these ideas turn out to be controversial.

When was Dolgoruky born?

We do not know for certain either the day or even the year of Yuri Dolgoruky's birth. It is known that the name Yuri is a derivative of the name George. It is also known that Yuri Dolgoruky celebrated his name day in April. If you look at the calendar, it turns out that in April the memory of Georgiev is celebrated four times, but only once - on the 23rd - in memory of George the Victorious, after whom, obviously, the prince was named. It was customary to baptize babies on the fortieth day after birth, but this rule was not always observed in princely houses, therefore it is customary among historians to indicate only the season when Yuri Dolgoruky was born - in the spring.

If spring, what year? Vasily Tatishchev indicated the year 1090, but later calculations refute this date. Yuri was the sixth child of Vladimir Monomakh, his elder brother Vyacheslav (fifth son) was older than Yuri by about 15 years, and he was born between 1081 and 1084. Thus, the year of birth of Yuri Dolgoruky is still unknown today and is determined between 1095-1097 and 1102.

Whose son?

Who was the mother of Yuri Dolgoruky? On this score, historians have at least some clarity. The prince could be the son of the second wife of Vladimir Monomakh, Efimiya, since the first wife of Vladimir Monomakh, Gita of Wessex, the daughter of the Anglo-Saxon king Harold II, died on March 10, probably 1098, while the “Gyurgeva mother”, which is mentioned in the “Teachings” of Vladimir Monomakh, died May 7, 1107. Obviously, they were two different women. Thus, the version of Vasily Tatishchev about the relationship of Yuri Dolgoruky with the Anglo-Saxons is disputed today.

Founder of Moscow

If you ask any person about who Yuri Dolgoruky is, then with a high degree of probability they will answer you: "He founded Moscow." And this would be a mistake, since Yuri Dolgoruky was not the founder of Moscow. His name is associated with the ancient history of the Russian capital only for the reason that the first mention of Moscow in the Ipatiev Chronicle occurs in connection with a letter from Dolgoruky to Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich of Novgorod-Seversky, whom Yuri calls "to his place in Moscow" to stay.

However, Yuri Dolgoruky was not the founder of Moscow. The chronicle says that the prince gave his guest "a strong dinner." This means that Moscow not only existed, but was also a city in which it was possible to place a squad and arrange a feast. It is known that in the Moscow region there were villages and villages that belonged to the boyar Stepan Ivanovich Kuchko. By the way, Dolgoruky killed the boyar himself, and subsequently married his daughter Julitta to his son Andrei Bogolyubsky. By the way, the "conspiracy of the Kuchkovichi" is one of the main versions of the murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Why "Dolgoruky"?

With historical nicknames, the situation has always been and remains interesting. They can be interpreted in different ways, in contrast to the market preferences of a particular era. So, Ivan Kalita at one time was positioned as a greedy prince who carried a wallet with him because of his stinginess, then the same wallet became an attribute of a generous person who distributed alms to everyone.

A similar situation is with the nickname "Dolgoruky". The 18th-century historian Mikhail Mikhailovich Shcherbatov wrote that Prince Yuri was nicknamed Dolgoruky by analogy with the Persian king Artaxerxes - for "greed for acquisition." In the current history textbooks, the origin of the nickname is explained by the fact that Yuri Dolgoruky was a "collector of lands."

It must be said that in addition to Yuri, there were two more “Dolgoruky” in the Rurik family. This is the ancestor of the Vyazemsky princes, a descendant of Mstislav the Great, Andrei Vladimirovich Dolgaya Ruka, who is mentioned in chronicles only once, in 1300; and a descendant of St. Michael Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, Prince Ivan Andreevich Obolensky, nicknamed Dolgoruky, the ancestor of the Dolgorukov princes. In all cases, the interpretation of nicknames is unprovable.

Where did the cult come from

Until the middle of the 20th century, Yuri Dolgoruky was presented in historical science as one of the "regional" princes, whose activity as a whole for the history of the Russian state was insignificant. He did a lot for the Rostov-Suzdal land, pursued an active urban policy, but without the annalistic "binding" to Moscow, Yuri Dolgoruky would have remained one of the many talented and active, but far from being grand dukes.

Here is what Karamzin writes about him in his “History of the Russian State”: “Our modest Chroniclers rarely talk about the evil qualities of Sovereigns, zealously praising the good ones; but George, no doubt, was distinguished by the first, when, being the son of a Prince so beloved, he did not know how to earn the love of the people. We saw that he played with the sanctity of oaths and agitated Russia, exhausted by internal disagreements, for the benefit of his ambition.

Vasily Tatishchev was no less categorical: “This Grand Duke was of considerable height, fat, his face was white, his eyes were not very large, his nose was long and crooked, his beard was small, great lover women, sweet food and drink; more about fun than about management and army, but all of this consisted in the power and supervision of his nobles and favorites ... He did little himself, more and more allied children and princes ... ".

The cult of Yuri Dolgoruky is of late, Stalinist origin. It was prepared for the 800th anniversary of Moscow, in 1947. Then they issued a medal with the image of the prince, and made a monument (installed in 1954). Another advantage of Yuri Dolgoruky as a symbol of the city was that he ideally combined with the patron of Moscow, George the Victorious.

Have you ever had to take any action that turned the situation in the bud and you felt like you just challenged fate itself and won it? But, despite all the results, your act could be decisive only in some small situation and could in no way affect society and, especially, the whole world. Although, there were those in history who were able to turn its course and make it go according to its own scenario.

Your eyes are presented with a list of 10 outstanding personalities who, with their actions, were able to change the whole world and history so much that we still see the consequences of their actions. This is not a top or even a comparative article, historical figures are arranged according to the dates of their lives and deeds.

Euclid, father of mathematics

Numbers, addition, division, tens, fraction - what do these words refer to? That's right, math! It is impossible to imagine the modern world without a lot of calculations, because we, at a minimum, are forced to count the money spent on buying groceries in the store. But there were times when there was not even the concept of “one” in the minds of people. Where did this great science called “mathematics” come from? Euclid is the founder of this science and its founder. It was he who gave the world mathematics in the form in which we see it. "Euclidean geometry" was taken as a basis by ancient, and later by medieval scientists as a model of mathematical calculations.

Attila, King of the Huns

The great king of the Huns left a noticeable mark in history. If not for him, the Western Roman Empire could have collapsed earlier. Attila's invasion of Gaul and his meeting with the Pope left a rich mark on Catholic literature. In medieval writings, Attila began to be called the Scourge of God, and the Huns' invasion itself was regarded as a punishment for insufficient service to God. All this, one way or another, was reflected in the subsequent development of Europe.

Steppe Emperor Genghis Khan.

As soon as the Europeans recovered from the invasions of the Huns, the threat from the nomads again hung over Europe. A huge horde that wipes entire cities off the face of the earth. An enemy that both German mercenaries and Japanese samurai fought at the same time. We are talking about the Mongols, led by the rulers of the Genghisides dynasty, and the founder of this dynasty is Genghis Khan.

The Genghisid Empire is the largest continental empire in the history of mankind. European rulers united in the face of the danger of the Mongols, and the conquered peoples created their own unique culture from the influence of the conquerors. One of these peoples were the Russians. They will free themselves from the power of the Horde and form a state, which, in turn, will also change history.

Discoverer Columbus

Everything in the modern world, one way or another, is connected with America. It was in America that the first colonial power appeared, in which not the indigenous population lived, but the colonists. And one can talk about the very contribution of the United States to world history for a very long time. But America did not just appear on the maps. Who opened it to the whole world? The name of Christopher Columbus is associated with the discovery of this land for the whole world.

The genius of Leonardo da Vinci

Mona Lisa is a painting known all over the world. Its author Leonardo Da Vinci, a Renaissance figure, inventor, sculptor, artist, philosopher, biologist and writer, such people were called geniuses in his time. great person with a great legacy.

Da Vinci's influence on art and science is enormous. Being the most outstanding figure of the Renaissance, he made a huge contribution to the art of subsequent generations. On the basis of his inventions, new ones were invented, some of which serve us now. His discoveries in anatomy changed the concept of biology in the bud, because he was one of the few who, despite the prohibition of the church, dissected and examined corpses.

Reformer Martin Luther

In the 16th century, this name evoked the most contrasting emotions. Martin Luther - the founder of the Reformation - a movement against the authority of the Pope. The formation of a new confession, supported by the masses, is already a big deal, capable of changing the world. And when this denomination is formed from another in a separatist way, then it is not far from the war. Europe was swept by a wave of religious wars that lasted more than a century. The biggest conflict was the Thirty Years' War, one of the bloodiest wars in history. It should not be forgotten that, despite the end of all wars for religion, religious differences have further divided Europe. Protestantism has become the state religion in some countries, and even remains so in a few of them to this day.

Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of France

"Through hardship to the stars". This quote perfectly describes this man. Starting his journey as an ordinary Corsican boy, Napoleon became the emperor of France and stirred up all the European powers that had not seen such people for hundreds of years.

The name of the emperor-commander was known to every European. Such a person could not disappear without a trace from the pages of history. His military successes will become an example for many commanders, and his personality will be equated with God. Guided by his "guiding star", Bonaparte changed the world the way he wanted.

Leader of the Revolution Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Every citizen of Russia has ever heard of the "Great October Revolution" - the event that marked the beginning of the formation of a new power. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin created the very first socialist state in the world, which in the future will have a huge impact on world history.

The Great October Revolution is considered the most significant event in the whole world to this day, because it proved that the establishment of a communist state is possible. The Soviet Union, which replaced the Russian Empire, changed the world in a way that many could not even imagine.

Albert Einstein, founder of modern physics

1933: German-Swiss-American mathematical physicist Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955). (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)

The name of Albert Einstein is known even to those who do not really understand anything in physics. It is understandable: his very name is a household name. The creator of the famous theory of relativity and countless works, Albert Einstein changed the very concept of the word “physics”.

The general theory of relativity caused a stir among scientists, and yet it was not the only work of this scientist. All established scientific theories and opinions were literally pulverized by just one person. Modern physics still stands on the claims of Albert Einstein and will probably stand for more than one hundred years.

Adolf Gitler

The Second World War is the bloodiest conflict in the history of mankind. Over 70 million people have lost their lives and many more have been broken. Everyone knows the name of the one who started this war. Adolf Hitler is the leader of the NSDAP, the founder of the Third Reich, a man whose name is inextricably linked with the concepts of the Holocaust and the Second World War.

As much as everyone hated Hitler, his influence on world history is recognized and undeniable, because the results of the Second World War are still echoing through our world, sometimes revealing various details. To be more specific and simpler, it was because of Hitler that the UN was formed, the Cold War began, and many inventions were created that passed from the army into everyday life. But we should not forget about the destruction of entire nationalities just because they simply exist, we should not forget about the 70 million who gave their lives to end this terrible conflict, we should not forget about the tragedy that the whole world had to end.

There are a lot of people who have changed the world. These are well-known doctors who came up with cures for diseases and learned how to perform complex operations; politicians who started wars and conquered countries; astronauts who first orbited the Earth and set foot on the Moon and so on. There are thousands of them, and it is impossible to tell about all of them. This article lists only a small part of these geniuses, thanks to which scientific discoveries, new reforms and trends in art appeared. They are individuals who changed the course of history.

Alexander Suvorov

The great commander, who lived in the 18th century, became a cult person. He is a person who influenced the course of history with his mastery of strategy and skillful planning of war tactics. His name is inscribed in golden letters in the annals of Russian history, he is remembered as a tireless brilliant military commander.

Alexander Suvorov devoted his entire life to battles and battles. He is a member of seven wars, led 60 battles, not knowing defeat. His literary talent manifested itself in the book "The Science of Victory", in which he teaches the younger generation the art of warfare, shares his experience and knowledge. In this area, Suvorov was ahead of his era for many years ahead.

His merit, first of all, is that he improved the tendencies of warfare, developed new methods of offensives and attacks. All his science was based on three pillars: onslaught, speed and eye. This principle developed in the soldiers a sense of purpose, the development of initiative and a sense of mutual assistance in relation to their colleagues. In battles, he always went ahead of ordinary soldiers, showing them an example of courage and heroism.

Catherine II

This woman is a phenomenon. Like all other personalities who influenced the course of history, she was charismatic, strong and intelligent. She was born in Germany, but in 1744 she came to Russia as a bride for the son of the Empress, Grand Duke Peter the Third. Her husband was uninteresting and apathetic, they almost did not communicate. Everything free time Catherine spent on reading legal and economic works, she was captured by the idea of ​​the Enlightenment. Having found her like-minded people at court, she easily overthrew her husband from the throne and became the full-fledged mistress of Russia.

The period of her reign is called "golden" for the nobility. The ruler reformed the Senate, took church lands into the state treasury, which enriched the state and made life easier for ordinary peasants. In this case, the influence of the individual on the course of history implies the adoption of a mass of new legislative acts. On account of Catherine: the provincial reform, the expansion of the rights and freedoms of the nobility, the creation of estates following the example of Western European society and the restoration of Russia's authority throughout the world.

Peter the First

Another ruler of Russia, who lived a hundred years earlier than Catherine, also played a huge role in the development of the state. He is not just a person who influenced the course of history. Peter 1 became a national genius. He was hailed as an educator, "the beacon of the era", the savior of Russia, the man who opened the eyes of the common people to European style life and government. Remember the phrase "window to Europe"? So, it was Peter the Great who "cut through" it to spite all envious people.

Tsar Peter became a great reformer, his changes in the foundations of the state at first frightened the nobility, and then aroused admiration. This is a person who influenced the course of history by the fact that progressive discoveries and achievements were introduced into "hungry and unwashed" Russia, thanks to him. Western countries. Peter the Great managed to expand the economic and cultural boundaries of his empire, conquered new lands. Russia was recognized as a great power and appreciated its role in the international arena.

Alexander II

After Peter the Great, this was the only tsar who began to carry out such large-scale reforms. His innovations completely updated the face of Russia. Like others famous people who changed the course of history, this ruler deserved respect and recognition. The period of his reign falls on the XIX century.

The main achievement of the tsar was the abolition of serfdom in Russia, which hindered the economic and cultural development of the country. Of course, the predecessors of Alexander II, Catherine the Great and Nicholas the First, also thought about the elimination of a system very similar to slavery. But none of them dared to turn the foundations of the state upside down.

Such drastic changes took place rather late, as a revolt of discontented people was already brewing in the country. In addition, reforms stalled in the 1880s, which angered the revolutionary youth. The reformer tsar became the target of their terror, which led to the end of the transformation and completely influenced the development of Russia in the future.

Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich, a famous revolutionary, a person who influenced the course of history. Lenin led a revolt in Russia against the autocracy. He led the revolutionaries to the barricades, as a result of which Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown and the communists came to power in the state, whose rule spanned a whole century and led to significant, cardinal changes in the lives of ordinary people.

Studying the works of Engels and Marx, Lenin advocated equality and condemned capitalism in every possible way. The theory is good, but in practice it was difficult to implement, since the representatives of the elite still lived, bathing in luxury, and ordinary workers and peasants worked hard around the clock. But that was later, but at the time of Lenin, at first glance, everything turned out the way he wanted it to.

During the reign of Lenin, such important events as the First World War, the Civil War in Russia, the cruel and ridiculous execution of the entire royal family, the transfer of the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow, the founding of the Red Army, the complete establishment of Soviet power and the adoption of its first Constitution fall.

Stalin

People who changed the course of history... The name of Iosif Vissarionovich burns in bright scarlet letters on their list. He became the "terrorist" of his time. The foundation of a network of camps, the exile of millions of innocent people there, the execution of entire families for dissent, artificial famine - all this radically changed people's lives. Some considered Stalin the devil, others God, since it was he who at that time decided the fate of every citizen of the Soviet Union. Of course, he was neither one nor the other. The frightened people themselves put him on a pedestal. The cult of personality was created on the basis of general fear and the blood of the innocent victims of the era.

The person who influenced the course of history, Stalin, distinguished himself not only by mass terror. Undoubtedly, his contribution to the history of Russia has positive side. It was during his reign that the state made a powerful economic breakthrough, scientific institutions and culture began to develop. It was he who led the army that defeated Hitler and saved all of Europe from fascism.

Nikita Khrushchev

This is a very controversial person who influenced the course of history. His versatile nature is well demonstrated by the tombstone erected to him, made of white and black stone at the same time. Khrushchev, on the one hand, was Stalin's man, and on the other, a leader who tried to trample on the cult of personality. He launched cardinal reforms that were to completely change the bloody system, released millions of innocently convicted from the camps, pardoned hundreds of thousands of those sentenced to death. This period was even called the "thaw", since persecution and terror ceased.

But Khrushchev did not know how to bring big things to an end, so his reforms can be called half-hearted. The lack of education made him a narrow-minded person, but excellent intuition, natural sanity and political flair helped him stay in the highest echelons of power for so long and find a way out in critical situations. It was thanks to Khrushchev that they managed to avoid a nuclear war during the Caribbean crisis, and also turned the bloodiest page in the history of Russia.

Dmitriy Mendeleev

Russia has given rise to many great universals that have improved various areas of science. But Mendeleev should be singled out, since his contribution to its development is invaluable. Chemistry, physics, geology, economics, sociology - Mendeleev managed to study all this and open new horizons in these industries. He was also a famous shipbuilder, aeronaut and encyclopedist.

The person who influenced the course of history, Mendeleev, discovered the periodic law, which makes it possible to predict the appearance of new chemical elements, the discovery of which is still taking place today. His table is the basis of chemistry lessons at school and at the university. Among his achievements is also a complete study of gas dynamics, experiments that helped to derive the equation of state of a gas.

In addition, the scientist actively studied the properties of oil, developed a policy of injecting investments into the economy and proposed to optimize the customs service. His invaluable advice was used by many ministers of the tsarist government.

Ivan Pavlov

Like all individuals who influenced the course of history, he was a very intelligent person, possessed a broad outlook and inner intuition. Ivan Pavlov actively used animals in his experiments, trying to highlight the common features of the vital activity of complex organisms, including humans.

Pavlov was able to prove the diverse activity of nerve endings in the cardiovascular system. He showed how the vagus nerve can regulate blood pressure. He also became the discoverer of the trophic nerve function, which consists in the influence of nerves on the process of regeneration and tissue formation.

Later, he took up the physiology of the digestive tract, as a result of which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904. His main achievement is considered to be the study of the work of the brain, higher nervous activity, conditioned reflexes and the so-called human signaling system. His works became the basis of many theories in medicine.

Mikhail Lomonosov

He lived and worked during the reign of Peter the Great. Then the emphasis was placed on the development of education and enlightenment, and the first Academy of Sciences was created in Russia, in which Lomonosov spent many of his days. He, a simple peasant, was able to rise to incredible heights, run up the social ladder and turn into a scientist, whose trail of fame stretches to this day.

He was interested in everything related to physics and chemistry. He dreamed of freeing the latter from the influence of medicine and pharmaceuticals. It was thanks to him that modern physical chemistry was born as a science and began to develop actively. In addition, he was a famous encyclopedist, studied history and wrote chronicles. He considered Peter the Great an ideal ruler, a key figure in the formation of the state. In his scientific writings, he described him as a model of the mind that changed history and turned the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe management system. Through the efforts of Lomonosov, the first university, Moscow, was founded in Russia. Since that time, higher education began to develop.

Yuri Gagarin

People who influenced the course of history... Their list is difficult to imagine without the name of Yuri Gagarin, the man who conquered space. Starry space has attracted people for many centuries, but only in the last century, mankind began to explore it. At that time, the technical base for such flights was already well developed.

The space age was marked by competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. The leaders of the giant countries tried to show their power and superiority, and space was one of the best options to demonstrate it. In the middle of the 20th century, competition began over who could send a man into orbit faster. The USSR won this race. We all know the famous date since school: on April 12, 1961, the first cosmonaut flew into orbit, where he spent 108 minutes. This hero's name was Yuri Gagarin. The day after his journey into space, he woke up famous all over the world. Although, paradoxically, he never considered himself great. Gagarin often said that in those one and a half hours he did not even have time to understand what was happening to him and what his feelings were at the same time.

Alexander Pushkin

It is called "the sun of Russian poetry". He has long been national symbol Russia, his poems, poems and prose are highly valued and revered. And not only in the countries of the former Soviet Union, but all over the world. Almost every city in Russia has a street, square or square named after Alexander Pushkin. Children study his work at school, devoting to him not only school time, but also extracurricular time in the form of thematic literary evenings.

This man created such harmonious poetry that it has no equal in the whole world. It was with his work that the development of new literature and all its genres began - from poetry to theatrical plays. Pushkin is read in one breath. It is characterized by accuracy, rhythmic lines, they are quickly remembered and easily recited. If we also take into account the enlightenment of this person, his strength of character and deep inner core, then it can be argued that he is really a person who influenced the course of history. He taught people to speak Russian in its modern interpretation.

Other historical figures

There are so many that it would be impossible to list them all in one article. Here are examples of a small part of Russian figures who changed history. And how many others are there? This is Gogol, and Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy. If we analyze foreign personalities, then one cannot fail to note the old philosophers: Aristotle and Plato; artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Picasso, Monet; geographers and discoverers of lands: Magellan, Cook and Columbus; scientists: Galileo and Newton; politicians: Thatcher, Kennedy and Hitler; inventors: Bell and Edison.

All these people were able to completely turn the world upside down, create their own laws and scientific discoveries. Some of them made the world a better place, and some almost destroyed it. In any case, every person on planet Earth knows their names and understands that without these personalities, our life would be completely different. Reading the biographies of famous people, we often find ourselves idols from whom we want to take an example and be equal in all our deeds and actions.

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list, biographies, interesting facts and achievements:: BusinessMan.ru

The Russian Federation is a great state that ranks first on the planet in terms of territory and national wealth. However, its main pride is made up of outstanding citizens who have left a noticeable mark on history. Our country has nurtured a huge number of famous scientists, politicians, generals, athletes and artists of world renown. Their achievements allowed Russia to take one of the leading positions in the list of superpowers of the planet.

Rating

Who are they, outstanding citizens of Russia? The list of them can be continued endlessly, because each period in the history of our Fatherland has its own great people who have become famous in different fields of activity. Among the most prominent personalities who, to one degree or another, influenced the course of both Russian and world history, it is worth mentioning the following:

1. Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.
2. Peter the Great.
3. Alexander Suvorov.
4. Mikhail Lomonosov.
5. Dmitriy Mendeleev.
6. Yuri Gagarin.
7. Andrei Sakharov.

Minin and Pozharsky

An outstanding Russian citizen Kuzma Minin and his no less famous contemporary Prince Dmitry Pozharsky went down in history as the liberators of Russian lands from the Polish invaders. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Time of Troubles began in the Russian state. The crisis, which engulfed many areas of life, was aggravated by the presence of impostors on the throne of the capital. In Moscow, Smolensk and a number of other cities, the Polish gentry was in full swing, and the western borders of the country were occupied Swedish troops.

In order to expel foreign invaders from Russian lands and liberate the country, the clergy called on the population to create a people's militia and liberate the capital from the Poles. The call was answered by the Novgorod Zemstvo headman Kuzma Minin (Sukhoruk), who, although not of noble origin, was a true patriot of his homeland. Behind a short time he managed to gather an army from the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky from the Rurik family agreed to head it.

Gradually, residents of the surrounding cities, dissatisfied with the dominance of the Polish gentry in Moscow, began to join the people's militia of Nizhny Novgorod. By the autumn of 1612, the army of Minin and Pozharsky numbered about 10 thousand people. In early November 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia managed to expel the Poles from the capital and force them to sign an act of surrender. The success of the operation became possible thanks to the skillful actions of Minin and Pozharsky. In 1818, the memory of the heroic liberators of Moscow was immortalized by the sculptor I. Martos in a monument erected on Red Square.

Peter the First

The significance of the reign of Peter I, nicknamed the Great for his services to the state, is difficult to overestimate. An outstanding citizen of Russia, Peter the Great, was on the throne for 43 years, coming to power at the age of 17. He turned the country into the greatest empire, founded the city of Petersburg on the Neva and transferred the capital from Moscow to it, conducted a number of successful military campaigns, thanks to which he significantly expanded the borders of the state. Peter Great start trade with Europe, founded the Academy of Sciences, opened many educational institutions introduced compulsory study foreign languages, forced representatives of the noble classes to wear secular outfits.

Significance of the reign of Peter I for Russia

The sovereign's reforms strengthened the economy and science, contributed to the development of the army and navy. His successful domestic and foreign policy became the basis for the further growth and development of the state. Voltaire highly appreciated the internal transformations of Russia in the time of Peter the Great. He wrote that the Russian people in half a century managed to achieve what other peoples could not achieve in 500 years of their existence.

A. V. Suvorov

The most outstanding citizen of Russia second half of XVIII century is definitely great commander, Generalissimo of the Russian Land and naval forces Alexander Suvorov. This talented commander fought over 60 major battles and was not defeated in any of them. The army under the command of Suvorov managed to win even in those cases when the enemy forces significantly outnumbered it. The commander took part in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1768-1774 and 1787-1791, brilliantly commanded Russian troops during the storming of Prague in 1794, and in the last years of his life he led the Italian and Swiss campaigns.

In the battles, Suvorov used the tactics of warfare developed by him personally, which was significantly ahead of its time. He did not recognize military drill and instilled in the soldiers love for the Fatherland, considering it a guarantee of victory in any battle. The legendary commander made sure that during military campaigns his army was provided with everything necessary. He heroically shared all the hardships with the soldiers, thanks to which he enjoyed great authority and respect among them. For his victories, Suvorov was awarded all the high military awards that existed in his time in the Russian Empire. In addition, he was a holder of seven foreign orders.

M. V. Lomonosov

Outstanding citizens of Russia glorified their country not only in the art of statecraft or military tactics. Mikhail Lomonosov belongs to the cohort of the greatest domestic scientists who have made a huge contribution to the development of world science. Born into a poor family and unable to get a decent education, from early childhood he had a high intellect and was drawn to knowledge. Lomonosov's desire for science was so strong that at the age of 19 he left his village, went on foot to Moscow and entered the Slavic-Greco-Roman Academy. This was followed by studies at St. Petersburg University at the Academy of Sciences. To improve knowledge in the natural sciences, Michael was sent to Europe. At the age of 34, the young scientist became an academician.

Lomonosov, without exaggeration, can be considered a universal person. He possessed brilliant knowledge of chemistry, physics, geography, astronomy, geology, metallurgy, history, and genealogy. In addition, the scientist was an excellent poet, writer and artist. Lomonosov made many discoveries in physics, chemistry and astronomy, and became the founder of the science of glass. He owns the project of creating Moscow University, which was later named after him.

D. I. Mendeleev

The world famous chemist Dmitry Mendeleev is the pride of Russia. Having been born in Tobolsk in the family of the director of the gymnasium, he had no barriers to education. At the age of 21, young Mendeleev graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute with a gold medal. A few months later, he defended his dissertation for the right to lecture and began teaching practice. At 23, Mendeleev was awarded a master's degree in chemistry. From this age, he began teaching at the Imperial University of St. Petersburg. At the age of 31, he becomes a professor of chemical technology, and after 2 years - a professor of general chemistry.

World fame of the great chemist

In 1869, at the age of 35, Dmitri Mendeleev made a discovery that made him famous all over the world. We are talking about the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. It became the basis for all modern chemistry. Attempts to systematize the elements according to their properties and atomic weight were made even before Mendeleev, but he was the first to clearly formulate the pattern existing between them.

The periodic table is not the only achievement of the scientist. He wrote many fundamental works on chemistry and initiated the creation of the Chamber of Weights and Measures in St. Petersburg. D. I. Mendeleev was a holder of eight honorary orders of the Russian Empire and foreign countries. He was awarded a doctorate degree from the Turin Academy of Sciences, Oxford, Cambridge, Princeton, Edinburgh and Göttingen Universities. The scientific authority of Mendeleev was so high that he was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times. Unfortunately, other scientists have become laureates of this prestigious international award every time. but given fact does not in the least diminish the merits of the famous chemist before the Fatherland.

Yu. A. Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin - an outstanding citizen of Russia Soviet era. On April 12, 1961, on the Vostok-1 spacecraft, for the first time in the history of mankind, he flew into space. Having spent 108 minutes in Earth's orbit, the astronaut returned to the planet as a hero of international proportions. Gagarin's popularity could be envied even by world movie stars. He made official visits to more than 30 foreign countries and traveled all over the USSR.

An outstanding citizen of Russia, Yuri Gagarin, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the highest distinctions of many countries. He was preparing for a new space flight However, the plane crash that occurred in March 1968 in the Vladimir region tragically cut short his life. Having lived only 34 years, Gagarin became one of the greatest people of the 20th century. Streets and squares in all major cities of Russia and the CIS countries are named after him, monuments to him are erected in many foreign countries. In honor of Yuri Gagarin's flight, April 12 is celebrated as International Cosmonautics Day all over the world.

A. D. Sakharov

In addition to Gagarin, there were many other prominent citizens of Russia in the Soviet Union. The USSR became famous throughout the world thanks to Academician Andrei Sakharov, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of physics. In 1949, together with Yu. Khariton, he developed a project hydrogen bomb- the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon. In addition, Sakharov conducted a lot of research on magnetohydrodynamics, gravity, astrophysics, and plasma physics. In the mid-70s, he predicted the advent of the Internet. In 1975, the academician was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

In addition to science, Sakharov was active in human rights activities, for which he fell out of favor with the Soviet leadership. In 1980, he was stripped of all titles and top awards, after which he was deported from Moscow to Gorky. After the start of Perestroika, Sakharov was allowed to return to the capital. In the last years of his life, he continued to engage in scientific activities, and was also elected a deputy of the Supreme Council. In 1989, the scientist worked on a draft of a new Soviet constitution that proclaimed the right of peoples to statehood, but a sudden death did not allow him to complete the work he had begun.

Prominent citizens of Russia in the 21st century

Today, a huge number of people live in our country, glorifying it in politics, science, art and other fields of activity. The most famous scientists of our time are physicists Mikhail Allenov and Valery Rachkov, urbanist Denis Vizgalov, historian Vyacheslav Vorobyov, economist Nadezhda Kosareva, etc. The outstanding artists of the 21st century include artists Ilya Glazunov and Alyona Azernaya, conductors Valery Gergiev and Yuri Bashmet, opera singers Dmitry Hvorostovsky and Anna Netrebko, actors Sergei Bezrukov and Konstantin Khabensky, directors Nikita Mikhalkov and Timur Bekmambetov and others. Well, the most prominent politician in Russia today is its President - Vladimir Putin.

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3. The role of personality in history. social philosophy

3. The role of personality in history

The decisive role played by the masses, classes, and ethnic groups in history does not at all signify a denial or belittling of the role of individuals. Since history is made by people, the activities of individuals cannot but have significance in it. Note that speaking of "individuals" we have in mind not only especially outstanding personalities, but also every individual who occupies an active life position and making a certain contribution to the development of a particular area with his work, struggle, theoretical searches, etc. public life and through it into the historical process as a whole.

Such a position is fundamentally different from the subjective-idealistic, anarchist exaggeration of the role of the individual. But even in the 18th century, the vast majority of thinkers looked at history in this way. Gabriel Mably, for example, assured that Minos completely created the socio-political life and customs of the Cretans, and Lycurgus rendered a similar service to Sparta. If the Spartans "despised" material wealth, then they owed it to Lycurgus, who "descended, so to speak, to the bottom of the hearts of his fellow citizens and suppressed the germ of love for wealth there." And if the Spartans subsequently left the path indicated to them by the wise Lycurgus, then Lysander was to blame for this, assuring them that "new times and new circumstances require new rules and new policies from them." As G. V. Plekhanov noted on this occasion, studies written from the point of view of this view had very little in common with science and were written like sermons, only for the sake of the moral “lessons” supposedly arising from them.

But after the events that shook Europe (and not only it) at the end of the 18th century, it was absolutely impossible to think that history is the work of more or less prominent and more or less noble and enlightened personalities, who, at their own will, inspire certain feelings to the unenlightened, but obedient masses. and concepts. In the 20s of the 19th century, a direction arose in historical science that declared the most important factors social development public institutions and economic conditions(Guizot, Mignet, O. Thierry, and later - Tocqueville). This direction, with all its undoubted merits, paid tribute to the fatalistic idea of ​​history as a predetermined process that no individual can change in anything. Thus, the antithesis (that is, the concept of the mentioned French historians) sacrificed the thesis (that is, it completely rejected the views of its predecessors), while, according to G.V. each of these concepts.

We note at once that this synthesis is a logical consequence of the recognition of the decisive role of the popular masses in history. After all, the masses themselves play a more significant role, the more and more thoroughly they transform from a crowd into a conscious and organized force, into an aggregate of individuals.

The appearance of this type of personality and the corresponding outstanding personalities is caused by certain historical conditions (which are prepared by the activities of the masses) and historical needs (which ultimately turn out to be the needs of the popular masses). “The circumstance,” wrote F. Engels, “that such and precisely this great man appears at a certain time in a given country, of course, is pure chance. But if this person is eliminated, then there is a demand for his replacement, and such a replacement is found - more or less successful, but over time it is found ... If materialistic understanding history was discovered by Marx, then Thierry, Mignet, Guizot, all the English historians before 1850 are proof that many were striving for this, and the discovery of the same understanding by Morgan shows that the time was ripe for this and this discovery had to be made.

Developing this concept of synthesis, G. V. Plekhanov wrote about two conditions, the presence of which allows an outstanding personality to render big influence on the socio-political, scientific, technical and artistic development of society.

Firstly, talent should make a given person more than others corresponding to the social needs of this era, “A great man ... is a hero,” wrote G. V. Plekhanov. “Not in the sense of being a hero that he can allegedly stop or change the natural course of things, but in that his activity is a conscious and free expression of this necessary and unconscious course.”

This condition, subjective by its nature, can be correctly understood only in the context of the following comments ... Often, G. V. Plekhanov warns, when considering the historical process, the error of “optical deception” arises: as a rule, in society there is always a whole galaxy of outstanding personalities capable of to become the head of the movement or to satisfy some spiritual need. But since only one leader is required and a scientific discovery is also unnecessary to be repeated twice, then one personality turns out to be at the forefront of history, the rest fade into the background, as a result, an impression is created about the uniqueness and irreplaceability of this personality. In addition, this person, who overshadowed all the others, is by no means always the most outstanding ... History knows, say, a lot of mediocre commanders and mediocre political figures, who, by the will of random (in relation to historical regularity) circumstances, surfaced on the surface of public life. Marx in his time convincingly showed this by the example of the insignificance of Louis Napoleon - "his uncle's nephew." But in such cases, certain class, social strata stand behind such figures, for whom they are "convenient", even if to the detriment of progress.

Secondly, the existing social system should not block the path of the individual with his abilities. If the old, feudal order in France had lasted an extra seventy years, then military talents could not have manifested themselves among a whole group of people led by Napoleon, some of whom were actors, typesetters, hairdressers, dyers, lawyers in the past. And here we can talk about another "optical illusion". When one or another outstanding person finds himself at the forefront of historical events, he often obscures not only other personalities, but also those mass social forces who nominated and support it, thanks to whom and in the name of which it can manage its affairs. This is how the "cult of personality" is born.

Questions for self-control

1. How would you characterize the social community called "the people"?

2. Is it right to consider classes and nations as subjects of social development?

3. Under what conditions can a person have a noticeable impact on the course of historical development?

Next chapter >

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list. Outstanding personalities in the history of Russia

Our century has come quite recently, and therefore to say who exactly prominent figures Russia of the 21st century, we cannot yet. However, an analysis of the past will give us the opportunity to understand what truly great things we can expect from Slavic blood. After all, as you know, who knows the past, knows the future.

Poets, musicians, politicians, writers, scientists and artists - all these are outstanding personalities of Russia. The list, albeit a short one, broken down by type of activity, is given below.

Political figures

Alexander Nevskiy

The outstanding personalities in the history of Russia, which are mentioned in our article, begin with him. Grand Duke Novgorod and a brilliant commander who managed to defeat the Swedes and the Teutons and laid the foundation for the existence of Russia in his historical and cultural tradition.

Ivan IV the Terrible

The cruel prince of Moscow, who, thanks to his exorbitant willpower and thirst for power, created the Russian kingdom, becoming the first king of All Russia.
His bloodthirstiness is known throughout the world. However, one cannot overestimate how much he modified and reformed Russia, creating from it a single and integral state, which every neighbor had to reckon with.

A reformer and innovator who tried to make Russia a truly European state. The first Emperor of Russia, who became such due to the significant expansion of the country at the expense of the Baltic states. The founder of St. Petersburg and the creator of the navy.

Catherine II

Significantly expanded the boundaries of the Russian Empire. Made the nobility the most privileged and important class. The patroness of science and arts, the "Russian enlightener", who managed to carry out the most profound and important reforms after Peter the Great.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

The leader of the October Revolution, one of the most important theorists of communism. The creator and inspirer of the first socialist state - the USSR. He died without waiting for the fruits of his struggle.

Writers

Alexander Ostrovsky

Outstanding personalities of Russia in the 19th century among playwrights would hardly have ever formed without the legacy of this author. "Russian Ibsen", author of the plays "Dowry", "Thunderstorm", "Our people - we will settle down." The first Russian playwright who began to put deep psychological overtones into the lines of the characters.

Nikolay Gogol

Playwright and writer. Known for the plays "Inspector", "Marriage", as well as prose - "Viy", "Overcoat", etc. A kind of founder of the "horror" genre. The main theme of creativity is a small person and the injustice of the world towards him.

Fedor Dostoevsky

Author of the novels The Idiot, Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov. The Deep Psychologist Who Changed the Tradition of Description Forever inner life character. Behind the gloomy facades of St. Petersburg and gloomy clouds, he always tried to leave hope to the reader. He actively explored the relationship between man and God in his works.

Lev Tolstoy

The author who gave the world "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina". Writer of a truly Russian soul. A pacifist who actively opposed the war all his life, which was reflected in his works. He believed that the most important condition for happiness is the unity of man with nature.

Anton Chekhov

An anecdotist who was forced to write funny stories to feed his family and received some small coins for this. Outstanding personalities of Russia are impossible without this original "Man without a spleen". He grew up right before the eyes of his reader, improving and gradually creating the most important works for all world literature - the stories "Typhus" and "Enemies", the plays "The Seagull" and "Three Sisters".

Anton Chekhov is the first writer who dared to say that all human problems come from one thing - endless human stupidity.

Poets

Alexander Pushkin

The greatest Russian poet, author of many poems and poems, including the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". When they say “outstanding personalities of Russia” abroad, they most likely immediately call Pushkin. In fact, the creator of classical Russian poetry, the genius of the golden age of Russian poetry. In his poems, he managed to raise all sorts of topics - from social injustice to subtle love feelings.

Mikhail Lermontov

The author of the poem "A Hero of Our Time" and a huge string of various poems. He fought in the Caucasus, from which he became almost a full-fledged character in his works. He wondered about the necessity of war and the alienation of man.

Vladimir Mayakovsky

The creator of futurism in the cultural space of Russia. He wrote his poems in a special stepped form. An ardent communist, is considered one of the mouthpieces of the revolution. Until the end of his life, he defended the true ideals of the revolution. One of the main poets of the Silver Age.

Sergey Yesenin

A contemporary of Mayakovsky and his complete opposite as an author. A subtle and sincere lyricist, who at the same time managed to remain an eternal bully and a teenager. He raised the themes of the struggle of the individual with the environment, love for nature and, of course, for a woman.

Vladimir Vysotsky

Bard, author of many songs and poems. The greatest poet of the Bronze Age. His hoarse voice seemed to let his voice down under the legacy left to him by all the outstanding personalities of Russia in the 20th century. He raised the topics of the internal and external struggle of a person, his place in society and in the world in general. Subtle satirist.

Bulat Okudzhava

Also a poet who independently performed his poems in the form of songs. Touching and honest, he wrote poems filled with some kind of cosmic thoughtfulness. He often used metaphors, creating deep images with the help of them. His songs had a parable form, which was once (good-naturedly) parodied by Vysotsky.

Cinematographers

Lev Kuleshov

Thanks to him, outstanding personalities of Russia began to appear in the cinema. The discoverer of the "Kuleshov effect" - "two frames that are independent in meaning, glued together, create a new meaning." In fact, the founder of the montage story.

The first one in Russia to use color in cinema is the red flag in the same “Battleship Potemkin”.

Mikhail Romm

Director of documentaries ("Ordinary Fascism") and feature films ("Nine Days of One Year") films. One of the most important cinema theorists of the mid-20th century. VGIK lecturer and author of many scientific papers.

Andrei Tarkovsky

A man who manages to shoot a true art-house in the USSR. His tapes are filled with personal meanings, full of metaphors and subtle hints. He shot "Solaris" and "Stalker", most often making his works such parables-allegories.

Painters

Andrey Rublev

Modern outstanding personalities of Russia among artists would not have been possible without the person who laid the foundation for Russian painting.

The author of numerous icons, Andrei Rublev devoted his entire life to this complex art. Now his works are stored not only in churches, but also in various galleries, as examples and ideals of icon painting.

Each of his canvases is like a photograph taken during the climax of the event that he was trying to capture. His paintings are infinitely alive and cannot always open their own true meaning at first sight. The main thing in Repin is the emotions of the characters and details.

Kazimir Malevich

A great modernist, known as the author of the now-familiar Black Square. He was busy looking for new forms and ways of expressing color in painting. His paintings are full of abstractions and geometric shapes, attempts to invent something new in his art. I tried to find "absolute peace" in the paintings.

Composers

Pyotr Tchaikovsky

One of the first Russian professional composers, Tchaikovsky made a true craft out of music (in the good sense of the word). He was a man who simply could not stop writing music.

The extremely diverse topics raised in all possible genres make Pyotr Ilyich a composer capable of reaching the heart of every person. His most famous works are the ballets The Nutcracker and Swan Lake.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

He believed that the main goal of music is the unity of the listener with true nature world, which can only be expressed in a similar, melodic, form.

Dmitry Shostakovich

A composer with a difficult fate, at first he worked in the style of modernism and actively experimented in all genres. However, "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" did not please Stalin personally, and then severe repression followed.

To save himself and his family, Shostakovich had to create in a purely "state" way. However, his music really proves that even a simple listener hears the subtext put in by the composer. Many subtle moods and meanings that he invested in symphonies No. 5 and No. 7 were then understood by everyone.

Scientists

Mikhail Lomonosov

The first Russian encyclopedist, "a man of all sciences." Brought Russian research to the level of Europe. He made many discoveries in almost every modern science for him.

As an academician and one of the most active personalities of his time, he was an icon for the Russian Enlightenment.

Dmitriy Mendeleev

A Russian chemist who has already become legendary, who managed to create periodic system chemical elements, which significantly pushed the world science forward.
The existence of such a table clearly proves the harmony of nature and its clear system.

One of the greatest discoveries in the history of mankind, on which, in fact, all modern natural science rests, belongs to him. He also worked in other sciences, where he also made various discoveries.

Ivan Pavlov

First Nobel Laureate from Russia. Pavlov made the most important discovery in biology and physiology - it was he who found out the presence of reflexes in the body of living beings. And it was this Russian scientist who divided them into conditional and unconditional.

Pavlov devoted his whole life to this discovery, and even dying, he continued to dictate his feelings to his students - so that science could better know the state of death.

Athletes

Ivan Poddubny

Legendary Russian wrestler, "hero of the XX century." Haven't lost once in ten years. Wrestling champion five times.

Garry Kasparov

A chess player with many awards, "Chess Oscars" and the title of world champion. He became famous for the extremely successful combination of various tactics and strategies and the ability to emerge from a seemingly completely failed game as a winner.

"Kasparov's openings" - this is how unexpected and non-standard moves at the beginning of the game are now called.

Soviet goalkeeper, famous for his absolute "impenetrability". Considered the best goalkeeper of the 20th century. Repeatedly recognized as the best goalkeeper of the USSR. Ballon d'Or winner.

Conclusion

As we can see, outstanding personalities in the history of Russia have become extremely significant for all mankind. Chekhov can be safely called the best playwright in the world, and Mendeleev - the greatest chemist. All these people are important not only for Russia, but for every area in which they became famous.

It remains to be hoped that the outstanding personalities of Russia in the 21st century, just like their predecessors, will mean something for the whole world, and not just for their homeland.

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philosophers about outstanding personalities and gifted children

Throughout the existence of mankind in history, people regularly appeared who, thanks to their activities, contributed to the development of society, and sometimes carried out a real revolution in it.

Prominent Persons in History

Thus, the period of antiquity became the cradle of famous philosophers, orators and generals. It was during this period that the father of history Herodotus, Pliny, Cicero, Archimedes created their works.

conquered world fame Alexander the Great, not only due to victorious battles, but also the creation of a great city - Alexandria. The figures of this period laid the foundation for the modern development of science, culture and art.

An equally significant contribution to the development of world civilization was made by the scientific and cultural figures of the Middle Ages - Thomas Aquinas, Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolaus Copernicus.

Before today the world admires the beautiful Maid of Orleans Joan of Arc, who led the army during the Hundred Years War between France and England.

The era of enlightenment gave the world such outstanding personalities as Diderot, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Pushkin. Scientists managed to make a fantastic breakthrough in the field of knowledge about nature: Mendeleev created a table of the periodicity of chemical elements.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Russian surgeon Nikolai Pirogov performed the world's first Plastic surgery. Thanks to the efforts of Alexander Fleming, the world's first antibiotic, penicillin, was developed and put into production.

Philosophers about outstanding personalities

The phenomenon of people who were able to become famous for their achievements and thus influence the fate of mankind has long been of interest to philosophers. After all, people are essentially the same, then why do some of them still manage to become outstanding personalities?

The famous British writer and philosopher Thomas Carlyle compared the lives of prominent personalities with a relentless struggle against rulers and kingdoms. The strength of such people, according to the philosopher, lies in their courage. Carlyle writes that even by killing a great man, one cannot stop the progress that he launched earlier.

Charles Louis Montesquieu believed that in order to be the greatest genius, it is not necessary to have an exceptional mind and abilities, the main thing is to understand people, to always be with them.

gifted children

Gifted children are children who, at their level intellectual development somewhat superior to other children of their age. From a psychological point of view, every child has giftedness and talents.

However, only in gifted children they are fully revealed. The task of all parents is to "discover" the abilities of their child, and to contribute to their maximum development.

However, this does not always lead to the fact that the child becomes an outstanding personality. Often, about 80% of children who were gifted in childhood do not realize their potential in any way. adulthood.

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Notable leaders

Each person has their own prototypes for inheritance, idols or just people whose biographies motivate them to act. In world history, there is more than one example of biographies of famous people, after reading which you are inspired by absolutely any actions. Often these are people who lived centuries ago, but there are also our contemporaries. For some, these are athletes, for others - politicians, for others - successful entrepreneurs. But they all have one thing in common - they are leaders. And even today, when the world is changing rapidly, sometimes several centuries after the death of such figures, their ideas continue to be relevant and contribute to the rallying of people. Isn't that the job of a true leader?

political leaders

Professional politicians, skillful statesmen gave history the greatest number of famous leaders. The reason for this is the specificity of the area where such people quite often decided the fate of the world, and their names were constantly heard. In addition, success in politics requires charisma, fortitude and, as a rule, excellent oratory skills.

Winston Spencer Leonard Churchill (1874-1965) - British statesman, political and military leader, Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Journalist, writer, scientist. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. Greatest Briton in history, according to a 2002 Air Force poll.

W. Churchill is a man of extraordinary energy and erudition. He worked in many ministries, had a direct influence on the development of military plans during the two world wars. Reading his "World War II" one never ceases to be amazed at the detail with which the author describes the diplomatic vicissitudes of the late 30s, and on the next page he gives a complete technical description of the magnetic mine. As a leader, Churchill took an active part in everything and was interested in everything that directly or indirectly related to government. He was an excellent public speaker - his radio talks during the war years (for example, the famous "It was their best time") gathered huge audiences, instilling optimism and pride in Britain. Many of the speeches of the British politician remain a model of oratory, and certain phrases have become winged.

“Success cannot be guaranteed, it can only be earned”

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) - American statesman and politician, the 32nd President of the United States, the only president in the history of the country to be elected to the highest public office 4 times in a row. The author of the New Deal economic program, which helped the United States get out of the Great Depression, and also one of the successive inspirers of the idea of ​​creating the UN.

F. Roosevelt is an example of a leader capable of hard time unite the most different people for the sake of achieving common purpose. Tied to a wheelchair due to illness, this politician managed to assemble a team of many experts and won support in Congress for reforms aimed at improving the economy. The Roosevelt administration gave asylum to many Jewish refugees from Germany after the Nazis came to power there. Possessing extraordinary courage, purposefulness and strong character, this figure had a huge influence on international politics in the 30s - the first half of the 40s. XX century.

"Happiness lies in the joy of achieving a goal and the thrill of creative effort"

Nelson Rolilahla Mandela (1918-2013) - 8th president and the first black president of South Africa, a well-known fighter for human rights and against apartheid. He was convicted for his activities and spent 27 years in prison, from 1962 to 1990. Nobel Peace Prize Laureate in 1993, honorary member of more than 50 international universities.

N. Mandela is a great example of transactional leadership. Having devoted his life to the idea of ​​achieving equal rights for the black population of South Africa with whites, he advocated peaceful transformations, but did not hesitate to prove his case by carrying out acts of sabotage by the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). After winning the presidential elections in 1994, N. Mandela appointed his main political opponent from the National Party, F. de Klerk, as first deputy, wanting to complete the settlement process that had begun in the 1990s. Today, this politician is one of the most authoritative fighters against HIV-AIDS.

"If you have a dream, nothing will stop you from making it come true as long as you don't give up"

Margaret Hilda Thatcher (1925-2013), British Prime Minister from 1979-1990 The only woman to hold this position, as well as the first female prime minister of a European state. Author of hard economic measures to improve the economy, called "Tat-Cherism". Received the nickname "Iron Lady" for the tenacity with which she pursued her policy and for her constant criticism of the Soviet leadership.

The leadership style of M. Thatcher, which best characterizes her leadership qualities, was close to authoritarian. She is a typical business woman: reasonable, logical, cold to emotions, but at the same time having a feminine look at the problem. The decisiveness with which the Falklands War was waged betrays in her a confident politician, and the letters that she herself signed for the family of each deceased - a mother. The conflict with the IRA, human casualties, attempts on the lives of the prime minister and her husband, difficult relations with the USSR - this is an incomplete list of what M. Thatcher had to face. How she coped with these challenges, history will judge. Only one fact is interesting - the iron lady was indifferent to feminism, trying all her life to show that there is no discrimination, and in order to achieve something it is enough to be better than everyone else.

“If you want something to be said, ask a man about it; if you want something done, ask a woman.”

Examples of business leaders

Business, unlike politics, is the area where the word "success" is applied to famous people much more often. Everyone wants to be successful, which is part of the reason for the popularity of books written by famous businessmen. Leaders in the economic field are often bold innovators, risk-takers and optimists who can captivate with their idea.

John Davison Rockefeller (1839-1937), American entrepreneur, philanthropist, pioneer dollar billionaire in the history of mankind. Founder of Standard Oil, University of Chicago, Rockefeller Institute medical research and the Rockefeller Foundation, which was involved in philanthropy, donating huge sums to fight disease and education.

J. Rockefeller was a competent manager. In the early days of his oil company, he refused to pay wages in cash, rewarding employees with shares in the company. This made them interested in the success of the business, because the profit of each directly depended on the income of the company. About the next stage of his career - the takeover of other companies - there are a lot of not very pleasant rumors. But turning to the facts, one can judge J. Rockefeller as a religious leader - from childhood he transferred 10% of his income to the Baptist church, donated to the development of medicine and Christian communities, and in his interviews he repeatedly emphasized that he cares about the welfare of his compatriots.

""Your well-being depends on your own decisions""

Henry Ford (1863-1947) was an American inventor, industrialist, owner and founder of the Ford Motor Company. He was the first to use an industrial assembly line for the production of cars, thanks to which Ford cars were for some time the most affordable on the market. He wrote the book "My Life, My Achievements", which became the basis for such a political and economic phenomenon as "Fordism".

Mr. Ford, without a doubt, was one of those people who had the greatest influence on the industrial development of the world in the twentieth century. O. Huxley in his anti-utopia "Brave New World" connects the beginning of the consumer society with the name of Ford, whom the world of the future considers a god. G. Ford's managerial decisions were in many ways revolutionary (an increase in wages by almost 2 times made it possible to gather the best specialists), which was dissonant with the authoritarian style of leadership, which manifested itself in the desire to make all decisions himself and fully control the work process, confrontation with trade unions, as well as anti-Semitic outlook. As a result, the company was on the verge of bankruptcy by the end of the industrialist's life.

"Time doesn't like being wasted"

“Everything can be done better than it has been done so far”

Sergey Mikhailovich Brin (born 1973) is an American entrepreneur and computer scientist, information technologies and economy. Developer and co-founder search engine Google and Google Inc. A native of the USSR, he now occupies 21st place in the list of the richest people on the planet.

In general, leading a modest lifestyle and not being a public figure, S. Brin is known as one of the world's most respected specialists in the field of search technologies and IT. He currently manages special projects at Google Inc. S. Brin advocates the protection of the right to public access to information, freedom and openness on the Internet. He gained particular popularity among the Internet community after he spoke out against radical anti-piracy programs initiated by the US government.

“Whether rich or not, I am happy because I enjoy what I do. And this is actually the main wealth.”

Steven Paul Jobs (1955-2011) was an American entrepreneur, developer, and co-founder of Apple, NeXT, and the animation company Pixar. Led development software for iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad. According to many journalists, Jobs is the "father of the digital revolution."

Today, the name of Steve Jobs is as successful a marketing sign as a bitten apple. Biographies of the founder of Apple are sold in millions of copies, thanks to which the company's products also benefit. This, to some extent, is the whole of Jobs: the success of his company and products is the merit not only of quality, but also of a set of actions planned to the smallest detail in marketing, sales, and support service. Many criticized him for his authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, the desire for total control of products even after they were sold to the buyer. But is it not because of this that Applemania has become a real cultural trend of the early twenty-first century?

"Innovation distinguishes the leader from the follower"

Leadership in culture

Without getting into a philosophical debate about the influence mass culture on the civilizational development of mankind, we note the fact that it is the leaders in this area who most often become the object of adoration and inheritance, understandable and simple, the same as an ordinary member of society. The reason for this is the very mass nature of the concept of pop culture and its accessibility.

Andy Warhol (1928-1987) was an American artist, producer, designer, writer, collector, magazine publisher, film director, iconic figure in the history of the pop art movement and contemporary art in general. Warhol is the world's second-best-selling artist after Pablo Picasso.

The influence of E. Warhol with his works as a hymn to the era of mass consumption had a huge impact on the development of culture in the 60s. and remain so to this day. Many fashion designers and designers consider his services to the fashion world simply titanic. Such concepts as a bohemian lifestyle and outrageous are firmly associated with the name of the artist. Undoubtedly, even today, Warhol's work does not lose its popularity and remains very expensive, and many cultural figures continue to inherit his style.

“The most beautiful thing in Tokyo is McDonald's. The most beautiful thing in Stockholm is McDonald's. The most beautiful thing in Florence is McDonald's. There is nothing beautiful in Beijing and Moscow yet ”

John Winston Lennon (1940-1980) - British rock musician, singer, poet, composer, artist, writer. One of the founders and member of The Beatles. Political activist, preached the ideas of equality and brotherhood of people, peace, freedom. According to a BBC study, he is ranked 8th in the ranking of the greatest Britons of all time.

J. Lennon was one of the most famous spiritual leaders and inspirers for the hippie youth movement, an active preacher of the peaceful resolution of any conflicts existing in the world. A large number of young musicians admired his talent and activities. Lennon was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his contribution to world culture and social activities. The work of the group, as well as the solo career, had a huge impact on the development of the culture of the twentieth century, and the songs rightly occupy places in the list the best works ever written.

“Life is what happens to you while you are busy making other plans”

Michael Joseph Jackson (1958-2009) was an American entertainer, songwriter, dancer, composer, choreographer, philanthropist, and entrepreneur. The most successful performer in the history of pop music, winner of 15 Grammy awards and hundreds of others. 25 times listed in the Guinness Book of Records; Around a billion copies of Jackson's albums have been sold worldwide.

M. Jackson is a man who raised the music industry and choreographic performances to a high new level. The number of admirers of his talent is measured by millions of people from all over the world. Without exaggeration, this person is one of the most significant personalities of pop culture of our time, who, with his life and work, largely determined its development.

“You may have the greatest talent in the world, but if you don’t prepare and work according to plan, everything will go to waste”

sports leaders

Sport is one of the spheres of mass culture. To achieve success in this area, you need to have talent, stand out in physical or mental abilities, but there are cases when success was also achieved by those who stubbornly went to the goal through exhausting training and complete dedication. This makes the sport idealized, because he knows most of all examples when a boy from the Brazilian slums or from a family of disadvantaged African immigrants reached the top, becoming an idol for millions of the same children all over the world.

Edson Arantis do Nascimento (better known as Pele) (born 1940) is a Brazilian football player, businessman, football functionary. Member of four World Cups, 3 of which Brazil won. The best football player of the 20th century according to the FIFA Football Commission, the best athlete of the 20th century according to the International Olympic Committee. He is one of the 100 most influential people in the world according to Time magazine.

The success story of the football player Pele most accurately fits the title description of the boy from the slums. Many achievements of the Brazilian remain unique to this day; almost all children chasing a ball in the yard know his name. For admirers of his genius, the example of Pele is not only an example of one of the greatest football players, but also a successful businessman, a public figure who turned a childhood hobby into a life's work.

“Success is not an accident. It is hard work, perseverance, learning, learning, sacrifice and above all, love for what you are doing or learning to do.”

Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born 1963) is a famous American basketball player and shooting guard. One of the best basketball players in the world in this position. Multiple NBA champion, two-time Olympic champion. Today he owns the Charlotte Bobcats. Especially for M. Jordan, Nike developed the Air Jordan shoe brand, which is now popular all over the world.

According to research published in an article titled "The Jordan Effect" in Fortune magazine, the economic impact of a brand called "Michael Jordan" has been estimated at $8 billion. M. Jordan is a cult figure for basketball, American and world admirers of this game. It was he who played a huge role in the popularization of this sport.

“Boundaries, like fears, are often just illusions.”

Mohammed Ali (Cassius Marcellus Clay) (born 1942) is an American professional heavyweight boxer, one of the most famous and recognizable boxers in the history of world boxing. Sports person of the century according to the BBC, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, philanthropist, excellent speaker.

One of the most famous boxers of the "golden era of boxing", Muhammad Ali is an example of how a talented person, even having lost everything, continuing to work hard on himself, reaches the top again. His three fights with Joe Frazier are among the best boxing fights of all time and, without a doubt, are known to all fans of this sport. Even after the end of his career, Muhammad Ali remained one of the most recognizable athletes of the twentieth century, many books, newspaper and magazine articles have been written about him, more than a dozen films have been shot.

“Worrying about past mistakes all the time is the worst mistake.”

military leaders

Today, thanks to the rapid development of technology, including military technology, there is not much room left in history for a military genius. But even a century ago, the fate of individual states and the world as a whole sometimes depended on generals and military leaders.

Alexander III the Great Macedonian (356-323 BC) - Macedonian king from 336 BC e. from the Argead dynasty, commander, creator of world power. He studied philosophy, politics, ethics, literature with Aristotle. Already in antiquity, Alexander was entrenched in the glory of one of the greatest generals in history.

Alexander the Great, whose military and diplomatic skills are unquestioned, was a born leader. No wonder the young ruler won love among his soldiers and respect among enemies at such a young age (he died at 32): he always kept himself simple, rejected luxury and preferred to endure the same inconvenience in numerous campaigns as his troops, did not attack at night, was honest in negotiations. These features are a combined image of the characters of books and films loved by all of us in childhood, heroes idealized in world culture.

“To Philip I owe that I live, and to Aristotle that I live with dignity”

Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821) - Emperor of France in 1804-1815, great commander and statesman, military theorist, thinker. He was the first to single out artillery as a separate branch of the armed forces, and began to use artillery preparation.

Individual battles won by Napoleon entered military textbooks as examples of the art of warfare. The emperor was far ahead of his contemporaries in his views on the tactics and strategy of war, and government. His very life is a testament to how you can develop a leader in yourself, making it a life task. Not being of high origin, not standing out among his peers in the military school with special talents, Napoleon became one of the few cult personalities in world history thanks to constant self-development, unprecedented diligence and extraordinary thinking.

"A leader is a merchant of hope"

Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855) - Russian naval commander, admiral. He circumnavigated the world in the team of MP Lazarev. He defeated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Sinop during the Crimean War. Recipient of many awards and orders.

The leadership qualities and skills of PS Nakhimov were most fully manifested during his leadership of the defense of Sevastopol. He personally traveled around the advanced positions, thanks to which he had the greatest moral influence on the soldiers and sailors, as well as the civilian population mobilized to defend the city. The talent of a leader, multiplied by energy and the ability to find an approach to everyone, made Nakhimov a "father-benefactor" for his subordinates.

"Of the three ways to act on subordinates: rewards, fear and example - the last one is the surest"

Reviews, comments and suggestions

The above list of outstanding leaders from various fields is only a small part of the material in this direction. You can express your opinion or write about a person who is an example for you using the form below.

Sergey Krutko

4brain.ru

Historical figures: politicians, scientists, military

The question that many writers, philosophers, and historians have thought about is: who makes history? Great personalities - historical figures? Or are the people historical masses? Probably both. Some historical figures of Russia and the world, who decided the fate of thousands and millions of people, will be described in the article.

History and personality

The theme of the role of an individual outstanding person in history has been worrying thinkers for several centuries, from the moment historical philosophy began to develop. The names of historical figures such as Napoleon, Columbus, Washington, Macedon are known throughout the world.
These people, who went down in history as great politicians, scientists, geographers, made a huge contribution to the development of mankind. They developed or completely broke traditional ideas about life. Their example illustrates the theoretical propositions that a person, strong and outstanding, is the driving force of history. There are even statements by philosophers that history is nothing more than a description of the lives of great personalities.

Foreign prominent figures

The historical figures of Europe are, first of all, those people in whose hands power was concentrated. These are individuals who aspired to conquer the world. One of the first world famous conquerors was Julius Caesar. Briefly describing his achievements, it is necessary to note his important role in expanding the boundaries of the Roman Empire (until Caesar of the Roman Republic), democratic reforms (for example, supporting old warriors, bringing common people to power), as well as managerial, military and writing abilities.

Macedonian, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Hitler are also well-known historical figures of Europe who aspired to world domination. All of them have left their mark on history.

Prominent figures of Russia

Ivan the Terrible, Alexander Nevsky, Peter I, Catherine II the Great, Nicholas I are individuals who had a great influence on the development of Russia. They were in power at turning points in history. These and some other prominent historical figures of Russia participated in liberation wars, defended the interests of the country, modernized the established foundations.

Great figures of Kievan Rus

A fighter for the inviolability of Russian lands, a true Orthodox man, a brave warrior was Alexander Nevsky. The Battle of the Neva, in which Alexander proved himself to be a great strategist, is an important event in the history of the country. She showed the strength and courage of the Russian people. Alexander Nevsky (the Battle of the Neva is proof of this) managed to unite the Novgorod and Ladoga squads to repel the onslaught of the Swedes in 1240, thereby preventing the expansion of Catholicism.

The leaders of the Second Militia against Western intervention during the Time of Troubles in Russia - Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin - also played an important role in the history of the country. They liberated Russia from foreigners, did not allow the destruction of the country and the overthrow of Orthodoxy.

Great figures of the Russian Empire

Peter and Catherine are considered outstanding political figures of Russia. Peter is known primarily as a reformer and conqueror. With him the Russian Empire became one of the world's leading powers. The borders of the state expanded: there was an exit to the Baltic, Pacific Ocean, Caspian. Domestic politics Petra is also fruitful. He changed the army, created navy. Peter (and after him Catherine II the Great) paid great attention to the enlightenment of the country.

Catherine contributed to the opening educational institutions, research bases, cultural centers. She continued Peter's policy of asserting Russia's position in the world. However, it was hard for the common people under the great rulers, when wars were fought, taxes increased, and enslavement intensified. Returning to the question of who creates history, we can answer that these were outstanding personalities who were in power and disposed of the masses to achieve economic and political goals.

Famous historical figures of the XX century

A turning point in the history of many countries of the world, a difficult and at the same time stellar century brought such politicians as Lenin, Thatcher, Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt, Hitler and others to the stage of world fame. Lenin, who was called the leader, destroyed an entire empire and built the first state of socialism on the planet. There is no single view of his personality and activities. What is the damage caused by his activities? Of course, some of his reforms and transformations had a beneficial effect on society and the country. This is, first of all, the eradication of the class division of society, the introduction of universally accessible education and medicine.

Joseph Stalin, for example, has long been considered the idol of the entire population of the Union. Stalin, under whose rule the country won the Great military victory, was a tough man. Only after the fall of the cult of personality did the archives that compromised him begin to open. Joseph Stalin pursued a harsh policy, did not take into account the opinions of other people, repressed them, carried out collectivization and five-year plans that exhausted the people, but brought the country to the level of a superpower.

Outstanding Russian commanders

In the history of Russia there were many difficult moments - dangerous and bloody wars. The fate of the country was many times in the hands of military commanders, their strategic skills and foresight. Significant pages of history are associated with the military activities of A. V. Suvorov, M. I. Kutuzov, P. S. Nakhimov, A. A. Brusilov, G. K. Zhukov and other commanders and heroes, to whom the population owes a peaceful sky, and the country - earned prestige.

Suvorov A.V. is considered the greatest commander, who brilliantly spent the Polish, Turkish, and at the end of his life Italian campaign. With his talent and new vision of war, he conquered many European and Asian cities. One of the most famous campaigns of Suvorov is the Swiss, where, faced with the irresponsibility of the Austrian army, adverse conditions and the plight of the soldiers, he was able to win a great victory.

Kutuzov M. I. participated in many military operations, but command of the army during the Patriotic War with France brought him worldwide fame. After not entirely successful battles with the French army, Kutuzov retreated, but his goal was to exhaust the French and drive them to the west. Kutuzov's strategic plan succeeded, and the empire won.

The personality of G.K. Zhukov is one of the most controversial among the iconic historical figures. Like many strong personalities, they like to criticize Zhukov, evaluate his actions, and refute his merits. It is unconditional that he is the greatest historical figure. During the Great Patriotic War, he was sent to the places of the greatest enemy onslaught. His fighting methods, tough and determined, worked. The first victory in the war was won by the troops near Yelnya, where Zhukov commanded. It is the first marshal who owns the plan for conducting the battle on the Kursk Bulge, according to which the troops must purposefully defend and retreat, and then suddenly attack. This strategic plan worked - a victory was won that influenced the further course of the war. It was obtained by the labors of brilliant commanders, the courage of officers and soldiers. Zhukov G.K. was distinguished by unique strategies, attention to soldiers, special requirements for intelligence, and careful planning of battles.

Outstanding Russian scientists

The most famous political figures in Russia are described above. However, the Russian land is rich not only with talented politicians and diplomats. The people who made the country move forward in science are scientists. The fruits of the intellectual labors of Russian scientists are used in many countries of the world. P. N. Yablochkov created an electric light bulb, V. K. Zworykin created an electron microscope, and also organized television broadcasting, S. P. Korolev designed the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft and the first artificial Earth satellite.

A whole scientific direction was created by A.P. Vinogradov - this is the geochemistry of isotopes. IV Kurchatov, who built the first nuclear power plant, worked for the good of the country. His team created the atomic bomb.

You can also note the works of prominent medical scientists. M. A. Novinsky became the founder of experimental oncology. S. S. Yudin was the first to talk about the possibility of blood transfusions of people who suddenly passed away. S. S. Bryukhonenko became the creator of the heart-lung machine. The outstanding Russian anatomist N. I. Pirogov was the first to compile an atlas of anatomy, and was the first in the country to use anesthesia.

Great cultural figures

Culture develops along with humanity, therefore, undoubtedly, representatives of education are also the creators of history. Russian artists, writers, poets, artists, directors and other cultural figures enjoy honor and respect. Of the artists, it is necessary to note the geniuses of Russian icon painting: Andrei Rublev, Theophan the Greek and Dionysius. The images in their works are majestic and truthful. Talented landscape painters were I. K. Aivazovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. K. Savrasov. Great portrait painters: S. S. Shchukin, V. A. Tropinin, A. P. Bryullov, V. A. Serov and others.

The formation of Russian and world ballet is associated with the names of great Russian primos: O. A. Spesivtseva, G. S. Ulanova, A. P. Pavlova, M. M. Plisetskaya. Entire epochs in the history of Russian culture are associated with them.

The works of Russian writers captivate people from all over the world. The masterpieces of A. S. Pushkin, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. V. Gogol, L. N. Tolstoy, M. A. Bulgakov and others amaze with their unique style, manner and tact, plots, characters, philosophy and truth of life.

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