Tolai hare's favorite food crossword puzzle 3 letters. Tolai (sandstone) hare and Manchurian hare. Number and significance for humans

Order - Lagomorpha / Family - Lagoraceae / Genus - Hares

History of the study

Hare-tolay, or talai, or tulai, or sandstone (lat. Lepus tolai) - a mammal of the genus of hares of the order Lagomorpha. Sometimes included is the Cape hare (Lepus capensis).

Appearance

A small hare appearance resembling a small hare: body length 39-55 cm, weight 1.5-2.8 kg. The ears and legs are long, in relative size even longer than those of the hare. The length of the wedge-shaped tail is 7.5-11.6 cm, the length of the ear is 8.3-11.9 cm. The feet of the hind legs are quite narrow; this hare is not adapted to walking in deep snow. The color of the fur, in general, resembles the color of a light brown hare, but the fur does not have the characteristic wavy nature. Summer fur is gray with a brownish or ocher tinge; alternation of dark and light guard hairs creates pronounced fine shading. The head is dark, the throat and belly are white; the tail is dark on top, with a brush of coarse white hair at the end. The ears have dark tips. Winter fur is slightly lighter than summer fur, with pronounced streaks. Tolay sheds in spring and autumn. Spring molting begins in February-March and continues until May-June; autumn in different parts The range lasts from September to December. Due to the significant scattering of habitats, the timing of molting can be greatly extended. There are 48 chromosomes in the karyotype.

Spreading

The tolai hare lives in cold and hot deserts, common in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China, Russia, northwestern India, northeastern Iran, Afghanistan, northeastern Africa and Arabia.

Reproduction

Tolai breed three times a year. The rut begins in early January. From three to five males fight for one female, whose fights are accompanied by a piercing cry. Pregnant bunnies behave extremely carefully and do not go far to feed. Their pregnancy lasts about 45 days. Hares are born covered in wool and sighted, their weight ranges from 65 to 95 grams. The smallest is the first litter, in which no more than two hares are often born. In the next two litters, the number of rabbits born can range from three to eight. The hares spend the first days after birth together, but soon disperse. At the age of six to eight months, the rabbits become adults and leave the mother hare forever.

Lifestyle

The most typical habitats are deserts and semi-deserts. It settles both on the plains and in the mountains, where it rises to 3000 m above sea level. m. (central Tien Shan, Pamir). Prefers sheltered places with shrubby and tall herbaceous vegetation, including hilly sands with thickets of saxaul, sand acacia and tamarisk, inter-hillock ravines, river and lake valleys, and tugai forests. Found on irrigated lands. In the mountains it lives along river valleys, in mountain steppes, and along the edges of forests. In the mountain forest belt, the most favorable conditions for it are in juniper and walnut-fruit forests. It gravitates towards bodies of water, although it can go without water for a long time. Rare in clayey deserts, salt marshes and barren takyrs. On the territory of Russia, the tolai hare is found in dry steppes overgrown with shrubs (karagana, chii), with rock outcrops or scatterings of stones. It is very typical for river valleys and lake basins, where it lives along the outskirts of bush thickets. In some places it inhabits the edges of dry larch forests. In the Altai and Sayan Mountains it rises in the mountains to the alpine belt, where it also stays close to boulder screes.

Tolay leads sedentary image life, making only short migrations associated with the search for food, reproduction, pressure from predators or unfavorable weather conditions. For example, snowy winters he moves to places with shallow snow cover, closer to populated areas. After the establishment of deep snow cover in the mountains, tolai move down the slopes or make daily migrations to the valleys, where they feed in snow-free areas. In favorable conditions, the tolai constantly lives in the same area, within which it has several bedding areas and feeding (fattening) areas. The area of ​​the individual plot is about 2 hectares. Lonely; It forms temporary groups of up to 30 individuals only during the rutting season and sometimes in winter in convenient habitats. It is active mainly at dusk and at night, but during periods of rutting and dispersal of young, it is also active during daylight hours. Sometimes it can feed during the day cloudy weather, especially in high mountain areas where it is less likely to be disturbed. The nests are arranged in holes 5-15 cm deep (less often up to 60), dug under the cover of bushes and stones; they are similar to the hare's beds, but slightly smaller in size. Sometimes it rests in abandoned holes of marmots, gophers, foxes, and turtles. Young animals often hide in rodent burrows. Tolai itself, as a rule, does not dig holes; exceptions are found in sandy deserts, where it digs shallow burrows about 50 cm long. Feeding places are sometimes located at a considerable distance from the bedding areas, and when going to feed, hares sometimes trample down clearly visible paths. Returning to its resting place, the tolai, like all hares, confuses its tracks.

Nutrition

In the summer, they eat various herbaceous plants, preferring sedges and cereals; the roots of herbs and plant bulbs, and sometimes wormwood, are also often eaten by tolai. In autumn, the tolay's diet is dominated by branches and bark of bushes and trees. Most often these are chingil and comb. That is why when mass reproduction tolaev, one of the ways to combat it is to destroy these plants within fairly large areas. Hares completely eat branches whose thickness does not exceed 1 centimeter, and only gnaw off the bark of the rest. In winter, the main food of the tolai hare is wormwood and flowers of shrubs.

Typically, tolai feed at night and spend the day lying down. But in high mountain areas you can see hares feeding during daylight hours or at dusk.

Number

Tolai hare and man

Tolay is a hunting and commercial species. Previously, it was mined not only for its meat, but also for its fur, which was mainly used in the felt industry. In a number of places it damages cereal crops, melons and sand-protecting plantings. In Transbaikalia it is under protection.

Appearance

A small hare, resembling a small hare in appearance: body length 39-55 cm, weight 1.5-2.8 kg. The ears and legs are long, in relative size even longer than those of the hare. The length of the wedge-shaped tail is 7.5-11.6 cm, the length of the ear is 8.3-11.9 cm. The feet of the hind legs are quite narrow; this hare is not adapted to walking in deep snow. The color of the fur, in general, resembles the color of a light brown hare, but the fur does not have the characteristic waviness. Summer fur is gray with a brownish or ocher tinge; alternation of dark and light guard hairs creates pronounced fine shading. The head is dark, the throat and belly are white; the tail is dark on top, with a brush of coarse white hair at the end. The ears have dark tips. Winter fur is slightly lighter than summer fur, with pronounced streaks. Tolay sheds in spring and autumn. Spring molting begins in February-March and continues until May-June; autumn in different parts of the range lasts from September to December. Due to the significant scattering of habitats, the timing of molting can be greatly extended. There are 48 chromosomes in the karyotype.

Spreading

It lives in deserts, semi-deserts and mountains of Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan), Kazakhstan, Southern Siberia and Transbaikalia, Mongolia and Northeast China. The northern border of the range runs approximately 48° N. w. In Russia, the range consists of several isolated areas in the dry steppes and mountains of Southern Siberia from Altai, Chuya steppe, southern Buryatia and Chita region to the upper Amur basin. In addition, it is occasionally found in the northeastern Caspian region, in the south of the Astrakhan region.

Lifestyle

The most typical habitats are deserts and semi-deserts. It settles both on the plains and in the mountains, where it rises to 3000 m above sea level. m. (central Tien Shan, Pamir). Prefers protected places with shrubby and tall herbaceous vegetation, including hilly sands with thickets of saxaul, sand acacia and tamarisk, inter-hillock ravines, river and lake valleys, tugai forests. Found on irrigated lands. In the mountains it lives along river valleys, in mountain steppes, and along the edges of forests. In the mountain forest belt, the most favorable conditions for it are in juniper and walnut-fruit forests. It gravitates towards bodies of water, although it can go without water for a long time. Rare in clayey deserts, salt marshes and barren takyrs. On the territory of Russia, the tolai hare is found in dry steppes overgrown with shrubs (karagana, chii), with rock outcrops or scatterings of stones. It is very typical for river valleys and lake basins, where it lives along the outskirts of bush thickets. In some places it inhabits the edges of dry larch forests. In the Altai and Sayan Mountains it rises in the mountains to the alpine belt, where it also stays close to boulder screes.

Tolai leads a sedentary lifestyle, making only short migrations associated with the search for food, reproduction, pressure from predators or unfavorable weather conditions. For example, in snowy winters it moves to places with shallow snow cover, closer to populated areas. After the establishment of deep snow cover in the mountains, tolai move down the slopes or make daily migrations to the valleys, where they feed in snow-free areas. In favorable conditions, the tolai constantly lives in the same area, within which it has several bedding areas and feeding (fattening) areas. The area of ​​the individual plot is about 2 hectares. Lonely; It forms temporary groups of up to 30 individuals only during the rutting season and sometimes in winter in convenient habitats. It is active mainly at dusk and at night, but during periods of rutting and dispersal of young, it is also active during daylight hours. Sometimes it can feed during the day in cloudy weather, especially in high mountain areas, where it is less likely to be disturbed. The nests are arranged in holes 5-15 cm deep (less often up to 60), dug under the cover of bushes and stones; they are similar to hare's beds, but slightly smaller in size. Sometimes it rests in abandoned burrows of marmots, gophers, foxes, and turtles. Young animals often hide in rodent burrows. The tolai itself, as a rule, does not dig holes; exceptions are found in sandy deserts, where it digs shallow holes about 50 cm long. Feeding places are sometimes located at a considerable distance from the bedding areas, and when going to feed, hares sometimes trample down clearly visible paths. Returning to its resting place, the tolai, like all hares, confuses its tracks.

Nutrition

In terms of its feeding habits, the tolai is similar to the white hare. Its main food is the green parts of plants, as well as roots and bulbs. In spring it feeds on the roots and tubers of herbaceous plants and young grass; in deserts - succulent vegetative parts of ephemerals. In summer it feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants, preferring cereals and sedges, and less often eats wormwood. At the end of summer and autumn, seeds begin to play a noticeable role in nutrition; eats corn, barley and wheat in the fields. By winter it moves to young shoots and bark of various trees and shrubs. The tamarisk, chingil, is especially readily eaten, whose branches, with a high number of tolai, are completely eaten over large areas. Less willing to eat branches of saxaul and sand acacia. In places where snow cover not tall, the tolai continues to feed on herbaceous plants, digging them out from under the snow.

Reproduction

Young tolai hare

The rut occurs in different parts of the range in different time: in deserts, valleys and foothills - in January - February and lasts until July, in mountainous and highland areas - from March to August. During the rut, 3-5 males run after the female, between whom there are fights, often accompanied by a piercing cry. On the territory of Russia, in the north of the range, tolays reproduce 1-2 times a year. The first rut here takes place at the end of February - March. Hares are born after 45-50 days, in April - early May, after which the second rut begins immediately. In Central Asia, the number of litters reaches 4 per year, and breeding ends in September. The number of hares in a litter is 1-9, in Russia it is usually 4-6; like other hares, the size of the litter depends on weather conditions, habitat, age of the female, etc. During the first lambing there are often 1-2 little hares, during the second and third - 3-5. Hares are born in a hole or shallow burrow; Females often occupy marmot burrows under their brood burrows. Newborns (weighing 85-110 g) are sighted, covered with thick fur and a dark stripe on the back. The growth and development of tolay cubs is similar to the development of brown hares cubs. Tolai hares become sexually mature the following year, at the age of 6-8 months.

Number and significance for humans

Tolay is a hunting and commercial species. Previously, it was mined not only for its meat, but also for its fur, which was mainly used in the felt industry. In a number of places it damages cereal crops, melons and sand-protecting plantings. In Transbaikalia it is under protection.

Notes

Links

• Mammals of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories: Cape hare

Categories:

• Animals in alphabetical order
• Species out of danger
• Hares
• Animals described in 1778
• Invasive animal species
• Mammals of Asia

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A hare is an animal that belongs to the class Mammals, order Lagomorpha, family Lagoraceae, genus Hares ( Lepus). Contrary to popular belief, they are not rodents and are far from harmless. In case of danger, they show aggressiveness and resist the attacker. Since ancient times, the hare has been a desirable trophy for hunters because of its delicious meat and warm fur.

Hare - description, characteristics, appearance. What does a hare look like?

hare body slender, slightly compressed from the sides, its length in some species reaches 68-70 cm. The weight of a hare can exceed 7 kg. Characteristic feature lagomorphs are wedge-shaped ears, reaching a length of 9 to 15 cm. Thanks to the ears, the hare’s hearing is much better developed than the sense of smell and vision. The hind limbs of these mammals have long feet and are more developed than the forelimbs. When a threat arises, the hare's speed can reach 80 km/h. And the ability to suddenly change the direction of running and jump sharply to the side allows these animals to get rid of the pursuit of enemies:, etc. Hares run well up slopes, but they have to go downhill head over heels.

Hare color depends on the season. In summer, the animal's fur has a reddish-gray, brown or brown tint. Due to the dark color of the undercoat, the color is uneven with large and small “speckles”. The fur on the belly is white. Hares change color in winter, their fur becomes lighter, but only the mountain hare becomes completely snow-white. The tips of the ears of all representatives of the genus remain black all year round.

How long does a hare live?

The average lifespan of males does not exceed 5 years, females - 9 years, however, there are recorded cases of a longer lifespan of a hare - about 12-14 years.

Types of hares, names and photos

The genus of hares is diverse and includes 10 subgenera, divided into several species. Below are several types of hares:

• Hare– hare(Lepus timidus )

The most common representative of the genus of hares, living almost throughout the entire territory of Russia, in Northern Europe, Ireland, Mongolia, South America and in many other countries of the world. This species of hares is distinguished by characteristic seasonal dimorphism - in areas with stable snow cover, the color of the fur becomes purely White color except for the tips of the ears. In summer the hare is gray.

• Brown hare(Lepus europaeus )

A large species of hares, some individuals of which grow up to 68 cm in length and weigh up to 7 kg. The hare's fur is shiny, silky, with a characteristic waviness, in different shades Brown, there are white rings around the eyes. The hare's habitat covers European forest-steppes, Turkey, Iran, the north African continent and Kazakhstan.

• Antelope hare(Lepus alleni )

Representatives of the species are distinguished by very large and long ears, growing up to 20 cm. The auricles are designed in such a way that they allow the animal to regulate heat exchange when too high temperature habitats. The antelope hare lives in the state of Arizona in the USA and 4 Mexican states.

• Chinese hare(Lepus sinensis )

The species is characterized by small body size (up to 45 cm) and weight up to 2 kg. The color of the short, coarse fur consists of many shades of brown: from chestnut to brick. A characteristic black triangular pattern stands out at the tips of the ears. This type Hares are found in the hilly areas of China, Vietnam and Taiwan.

• Tolai hare(Lepus tolai )

The medium-sized individuals resemble the hare in appearance, but are distinguished by longer ears and legs, as well as the absence of curled fur. This hare is a typical representative of deserts and semi-deserts, lives in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and in the Russian steppes - from Altai Territory to the south Astrakhan region.

• Yellowish hare(Lepus flavigularis )

The only population of yellowish hares inhabits meadows and coastal dunes Gulf of Mexico Tehuantepec, hence its second name - Tehuantepec hare. Large individuals, up to 60 cm long and weighing 3.5-4 kg, are difficult to confuse with other species of hares due to two black stripes running from the ears to the back of the head and along the white sides.

• Broom hare(Lepus castroviejoi )

The habitat of this species of hares is limited to the scrubby heaths of the northwestern Cantabrian Mountains of Spain. In appearance and habits there is a similarity with the brown hare. Due to extermination, predation and disruption of the natural ecosystem, the species is on the verge of extinction and is listed in the Red Book of Spain.

• Black-tailed(California) hare (Lepus californicus )

The species is characterized by long ears, powerful hind limbs, dark stripe, running along the back, and the black color of the tail. It is considered the most common species of hares in Mexico and the United States.

• Manchurian hare(Lepus mandshuricus )

Small representatives of this species of hares grow up to 55 cm and weigh no more than 2.5 kg. The ears, tail and hind legs are quite short, due to which there is a clear resemblance to wild rabbit. The fur is hard and short, brown in color with black ripples. Typical representative deciduous forests and shrubby plains can be found in the Far East, Primorye, as well as in Northeast China and Korea.

• Curly-haired hare (Tibetan curly-haired hare)(Lepus oiostolus )

The species is distinguished by its small size (40 – 58 cm) and weight of just over 2 kg. Characteristic feature yellowish wavy fur on the back is considered. It lives in India, Nepal and China, including the mountain steppes of the Tibetan Plateau, from where it received its second name - the Tibetan curly hare.

Varieties of hares living in the territory former USSR. The tolai hare (sandstone) lives in the steppes of Transbaikalia, in the steppes, semi-deserts and deserts of Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan.

Distinctive features of the tolai hare (sandstone)

Externally tolai hare (sandstone) very similar, but much smaller in size. Its weight does not exceed 1.5 - 2.5 kilograms. The color is plain yellowish-gray. The coat is relatively short, sparse and does not have the characteristic waviness of a hare. Color does not change with the seasons.

Habitats of the Tolai hare (sandstone)

Habitats of the Tolai hare (sandstone) There are tugai thickets, completely open deserts, low-lying river valleys, and mountain meadows at an altitude of up to 3000m above sea level. But the most favorable for its life are floodplain shrubs and tall grasses in the valleys of rivers and lakes. Here, with an abundance of food and shelter, near water, the tolai feels especially at ease and its numbers are greatest. Sandstone doesn't like it very much deep snow and in winter it descends from the mountainous regions to the foothills, where there is less snow. The footprint of a tolai is similar in outline to a fair-haired one, but much smaller.

Distinctive features of the Manchurian hare

Externally Manchurian hare very similar to, but in size it is close to tolai. Its color does not change with the seasons, rusty brown with lighter chest, sides and almost white belly.

Habitats of the Manchurian hare

Habitats of the Manchurian hare- south Far East along the valleys of the Amur and Ussuri. Like the hare - this is a typical forest dweller, but does not neglect continuous tracts of bushes. He loves deciduous and mixed forests with undergrowth, undergrowth and rich grass stand. In clean vast coniferous forests he avoids going in. Due to its very limited habitat, this hare is incomparably less important for sport hunting than the brown hare, white hare and tolai hare.

A medium-sized hare, in appearance reminiscent of a reduced hare. Body length 39-55 cm, weight 1.5-2.5 kg. The color of the fur varies among animals living in different territories, but in general it resembles the color of a light hare. However, the thick fur does not have the waviness characteristic of the hare. The tail is dark on top. The ears and legs are long, relative to their size, even longer than those of the hare. The outer edge of the ear does not have a black border. Colored slightly lighter in winter than in summer
On the territory of Russia, the range of the tolay consists of several isolated areas occupying the dry steppes and mountains of southern Siberia from Altai to the Upper Amur basin. In addition, it can be found in the northern Caspian region, in the south of the Astrakhan region.
The distribution of this hare among habitats largely depends on the availability of shelters in them. On the territory of Russia, the tolai hare lives mainly in dry steppes, usually in places where shrub vegetation (caragana, chii) is present, there are rock outcrops or scatterings of stones. It is very typical for river valleys and lake basins overgrown with dense bushes, where it lives mainly along the outskirts of the thickets. In some places it inhabits the edges of dry larch forests. In the mountains of Altai and the Sayan Mountains it rises to the alpine belt; here the tolai also lives near boulder screes, near lakes and in the valleys of rivers and streams.
Under suitable conditions, the tolai constantly lives in the same area, within which there are several bedding areas and fattening areas. But when feeding conditions worsen, for example, during heavy snowfalls, local movements may occur to places with shallow snow, to settlements etc.
Tolai are active mainly at dusk and at night, but during the rutting season they are also active during daylight hours. They may also feed during the day in cloudy weather, especially in areas where they are not disturbed. For lying down, it usually digs a small hole or shallow hole near a bush, on a slope or under a stone. Such beds are similar to hare beds, but slightly smaller in size. In the habitats of marmots, it often rests in their abandoned burrows, and occasionally in pre-expanded gopher burrows. Feeding places are sometimes located at a considerable distance from shelters, and in such cases, when going to feed, hares trample down clearly visible paths. Returning to their resting place, tolai, like other species of hares, confuse their tracks. When raised from its rest, it, however, does not circle, but runs in a straight line and again hides in a suitable shelter. On the territory of Russia, the basis of the tolai’s diet both in summer and winter are herbaceous plants, since there is usually no snow cover in its habitat high. Often digs roots, rhizomes and bulbs out of the ground. At the end of summer and autumn, seeds play a significant role in nutrition. Branches and bark of bushes and trees are eaten only when there is a lack of basic food.
Sexual maturity occurs the following year after birth. On the territory of Russia, at the northern limits of their distribution, tolai breed 1-2 times a year. The first rut takes place at the end of February - March. Its duration is usually extended due to the fact that females enter into reproduction at different times. of different ages. Hares are born after 45-50 days, in April - early May, and in May the second rut is usually observed. The number of hares in a litter is 1-9, in Russia it is usually 4-6. Like other hares, the size of the Tolai brood depends on weather conditions, the age of the female, etc. The young hares are born in a shelter specially arranged by the hare - a hole or a shallow burrow with a bedding of grass. Often “nests” are made in old marmot burrows. Newborn tolai are sighted, their body is covered with hair, a dark stripe is noticeable on the back. Their growth and development is similar to the development of brown hares.
As a rule, tolai molt in spring from March to May, and in autumn from September to November. However, due to the significant scattering of habitats by height, the timing of molting can be greatly extended. The sequence of fur changes is generally the same as that of other hares.
The tracks of the tolay are similar to the tracks of the hare, but noticeably smaller in size. Their droppings are also similar, differing only in size. When feeding on underground parts of plants, it leaves characteristic digs.