Enrichment of tin and tungsten ores and placers. Methods for processing tungsten concentrates Technology for processing tungsten ores
IRKUTSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
As a manuscript
Artemova Olesya Stanislavovna
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR EXTRACTING TUNGSTEN FROM STANDING TAILS OF THE DZHIDINSK VMK
Specialty 25.00.13- Mineral processing
dissertations for competition scientific degree candidate of technical sciences
Irkutsk 2004
The work was carried out at Irkutsk State Technical University.
Scientific supervisor: Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Professor K.V. Fedotov
Official opponents: Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Professor Yu.P. Morozov
Candidate of Technical Sciences A.Ya. Mashovich
Leading organization: St. Petersburg State
Mining Institute (Technical University)
The defense will take place on December 22, 2004 at /O* hours at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212.073.02 of the Irkutsk State technical university at the address: 664074, Irkutsk, st. Lermontova, 83, room. K-301
Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, professor
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
Relevance of the work. Tungsten alloys are widely used in mechanical engineering, mining, metalworking industry, and in the production of electric lighting equipment. The main consumer of tungsten is metallurgy.
An increase in tungsten production is possible due to the involvement in processing of ores that are complex in composition, difficult to enrich, poor in the content of valuable components and off-balance ores, through the widespread use of gravity enrichment methods.
Involvement in recycling stale tails ore processing at the Dzhida VMC will solve current problem raw material base, increase the production of in-demand tungsten concentrate and improve the environmental situation in the Trans-Baikal region.
Purpose of the work: to scientifically substantiate, develop and test rational technological methods and modes of enrichment of stale tungsten-containing tailings from the Dzhidinsky VMC.
The idea of the work: to study the relationship between the structural, material and phase compositions of the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC with their technological properties, which makes it possible to create a technology for processing technogenic raw materials.
The following tasks were solved in the work: to assess the distribution of tungsten throughout the entire space of the main technogenic formation of the Dzhida VMC; study the material composition of the stale tailings of the Dzhizhinsky VMC; study the contrast of stale tailings in the original size in terms of W and 8 (II) content; to study the gravitational enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC in various sizes; determine the feasibility of using magnetic enrichment to improve the quality of crude tungsten-containing concentrates; to optimize the technological scheme for the enrichment of technogenic raw materials of the general waste treatment plant of the Dzhida VMC; conduct pilot tests of the developed scheme for extracting W from the stale tailings of the DVMK.
Research methods: spectral, optical, optical-geometric, chemical, mineralogical, phase, gravitational and magnetic methods for analyzing the material composition and technological properties of initial mineral raw materials and enrichment products.
The reliability and validity of scientific statements and conclusions are ensured by a representative volume of laboratory research; confirmed by satisfactory convergence of calculated and experimentally obtained enrichment results, compliance with the results of laboratory and pilot tests.
NATIONAL I LIBRARY I SPEC gLYL!
Scientific novelty:
1. It has been established that technogenic tungsten-containing raw materials of the Dzhida VMC in any size are effectively enriched by the gravitational method.
2. Using generalized gravity concentration curves, the limiting technological indicators for processing stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC of various sizes using the gravity method were determined and the conditions for obtaining waste tailings with minimal tungsten losses were identified.
3. New patterns of separation processes have been established that determine the gravitational enrichment of tungsten-containing technogenic raw materials in a particle size of +0.1 mm.
4. For the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC, a reliable and significant correlation between the contents of WO3 and S(II) was revealed.
Practical significance: a technology has been developed for the enrichment of stale tailings from the Dzhidinsky VMC, which ensures the effective extraction of tungsten and makes it possible to obtain a standard tungsten concentrate.
Approbation of the work: the main content of the dissertation work and its individual provisions were presented at the annual scientific and technical conferences of the Irkutsk State Technical University (Irkutsk, 2001-2004), the All-Russian school-seminar of young scientists “Leonov Readings - 2004” (Irkutsk , 2004), scientific symposium “Miner’s Week - 2001” (Moscow, 2001), All-Russian scientific and practical conference “New technologies in metallurgy, chemistry, enrichment and ecology” (St. Petersburg, 2004 .), Plaksinsky readings - 2004. The dissertation work was presented in full at the Department of Mineral Processing and Environmental Engineering at ISTU, 2004 and at the Department of Mineral Processing at SPGGI (TU), 2004.
Publications. 8 printed publications have been published on the topic of the dissertation work.
Structure and scope of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion, 104 bibliographic sources and contains 139 pages, including 14 figures, 27 tables and 3 appendices.
The author expresses deep gratitude to the scientific supervisor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Prof. K.V. Fedotov for professional and friendly leadership; prof. HE. Belkova - for valuable advice and useful critical comments expressed during the discussion of the dissertation work; G.A. Badenikova - for advice on calculations technological scheme. The author sincerely thanks the department staff for their comprehensive assistance and support provided during the preparation of the dissertation.
The objective prerequisites for the involvement of man-made formations in production turnover are:
The inevitability of preserving natural resource potential. This is achieved by reducing the extraction of primary mineral resources and reducing the amount of damage caused to the environment;
The need to replace primary resources with secondary ones. Determined by the needs of production for material and raw materials, including those industries whose natural resource base is practically exhausted;
The possibility of using technogenic waste is ensured by the introduction of scientific and technological progress.
Production of products from technogenic deposits, as a rule, is several times cheaper than from raw materials specially mined for this purpose, and is characterized by a quick return on investment.
Ore processing waste storage facilities are objects of increased environmental hazard because of them negative impact on the air basin, ground and surface waters, soil cover over vast areas.
Payments for pollution are a form of compensation for economic damage from emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment natural environment, as well as for the disposal of waste on the territory of the Russian Federation.
The Dzhida ore field belongs to the high-temperature deep hydrothermal quartz-wolframite (or quartz-gübnerite) type of deposits, playing vital role in tungsten mining. The main ore mineral is wolframite, the composition of which ranges from ferberite to pobnerite with all intermediate members of the series. Scheelite is a less common tungstate.
Wolframite ores are enriched mainly by gravity; Gravity methods of wet enrichment are usually used on jigging machines, hydrocyclones and concentration tables. To obtain quality concentrates, magnetic separation is used.
Until 1976, ores at the Dzhida VMC factory were processed according to a two-stage gravity scheme, including heavy-medium concentration in hydrocyclones, two-stage concentration of narrowly classified ore materials on three-deck tables of the SK-22 type, additional grinding and enrichment of industrial products in a separate cycle. The sludge was enriched according to a separate gravitational scheme using domestic and foreign sludge concentration tables.
From 1974 to 1996 enrichment tailings were stored only tungsten ores. In 1985-86, ores were processed using a gravity-flotation technological scheme. Therefore, gravity enrichment tailings and sulfide flotogravity product were dumped into the main tailings pond. Since the mid-80s, due to the increased flow of ore supplied from the Inkursky mine, the share of large waste has increased
classes, up to 1-3 mm. After the Dzhidinsky GOK was shut down in 1996, the settling pond self-destructed due to evaporation and filtration.
In 2000, the “emergency discharge tailings storage facility” (EDT) was identified as an independent object due to its rather significant difference from the main tailings storage facility in terms of the conditions of occurrence, the scale of reserves, the quality and degree of safety of technogenic sands. Another secondary tailings storage facility is alluvial technogenic sediments (ATS), which include redeposited molybdenum ore flotation tailings in the area of the river valley. Modoncul.
The basic standards for payment for waste disposal within the established limits for the Dzhida VMC are 90,620,000 rubles. Annual environmental damage from land degradation due to the disposal of stale ore processing tailings is estimated at 20,990,200 rubles.
Thus, the involvement of stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhida VMC in the processing will allow: 1) to solve the problem of the enterprise’s raw material base; 2) increase the production of the sought-after "-concentrate" and 3) improve the environmental situation in the Trans-Baikal region.
Material composition and technological properties of technogenic mineral formation of the Dzhida VMC
Geological sampling of the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC was carried out. During the inspection of the secondary tailings dump (emergency discharge tailings dump (EDT)), 13 samples were taken. 5 samples were taken from the ATO deposit area. The sampling area of the main tailings dump (MTD) was 1015 thousand m2 (101.5 hectares), 385 private samples were taken. The weight of the selected samples is 5 tons. All selected samples were analyzed for the content of "03 and 8 (I).
OTO, CHAT and ATO were statistically compared in terms of "03" content using the Student's t test. With a confidence level of 95%, it was established: 1) the absence of a significant statistical difference in "03" content between private samples of side tailings; 2) the average results of testing the general waste dumps in terms of content "03 in 1999 and 2000 refer to the same general population; 3) the average results of testing the main and side tailings dumps in terms of content "03 significantly differ from each other and the mineral raw materials of all tailings dumps cannot be processed according to the same technology.
The subject of our research is general relativity.
The material composition of the mineral raw materials of the OTO of the Dzhida VMC was established based on the analysis of ordinary and group technological samples, as well as the products of their processing. Random samples were analyzed for the content of "03 and 8(11). Group samples were used for mineralogical, chemical, phase and sieve analyses.
According to the spectral semi-quantitative analysis of a representative analytical sample, the main useful component - "and minor ones - Pb, Iu, Cu, Au and Content "03 in the form of scheelite were identified
quite stable in all size classes of various sand varieties and averages 0.042-0.044%. The content of WO3 in the form of hübnerite varies in various classes size. High contents of WO3 in the form of hübnerite were observed in particles of +1 mm size (from 0.067 to 0.145%) and especially in the -0.08+0 mm class (from 0.210 to 0.273%). This feature is typical for light and dark sands and is preserved for the average sample.
The results of spectral, chemical, mineralogical and phase analyzes confirm that the properties of hübnerite, as the main mineral form of \UOz, will determine the technology of enrichment of mineral raw materials of the OTO of the Dzhida VMC.
The granulometric characteristics of OTO raw materials with the distribution of tungsten by size class are shown in Fig. 1.2.
It can be seen that the bulk of the OTO sample material (~58%) has a particle size of -1+0.25 mm, 17% each falls on the large (-3+1 mm) and small (-0.25+0.1 mm) classes . The share of material with a particle size of -0.1 mm is about 8%, of which half (4.13%) is of the slurry class -0.044+0 mm.
Tungsten is characterized by a slight fluctuation (0.04-0.05%) in the content in size classes from -3 +1 mm to -0.25+0.1 mm and a sharp increase (up to 0.38%) in the size class -0 .1+0.044 mm. In the slurry class -0.044+0 mm, the tungsten content is reduced to 0.19%. That is, 25.28% of tungsten is concentrated in the -0.1+0.044 mm class with an output of this class of about 4% and 37.58% in the -0.1+0 mm class with an output of this class of 8.37%.
As a result of the analysis of data on the dissemination of hübnerite and scheelite in the OTO mineral raw material of the original size and crushed to - 0.5 mm (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Distribution of grains and intergrowths of pobnerite and scheelite by size class of initial and crushed mineral raw materials _
Size classes, mm Distribution, %
Huebnerite Scheelite
Free grains | Splices Free grains | Splices
OTO material in original size (- 5 +0 mm)
3+1 36,1 63,9 37,2 62,8
1+0,5 53,6 46,4 56,8 43,2
0,5+0,25 79,2 20,8 79,2 20,8
0,25+0,125 88,1 11,9 90,1 9,9
0,125+0,063 93,6 6,4 93,0 7,0
0,063+0 96,0 4,0 97,0 3,0
Amount 62.8 37.2 64.5 35.5
OTO material, crushed to - 0.5 +0 mm
0,5+0,25 71,5 28,5 67,1 32,9
0,25+0,125 75,3 24,7 77,9 22,1
0,125+0,063 89,8 10,2 86,1 13,9
0,063+0 90,4 9,6 99,3 6,7
Amount 80.1 19.9 78.5 21.5
It was concluded that it is necessary to classify deslimed mineral raw materials OTO according to a particle size of 0.1 mm and separate enrichment of the resulting classes. From large class should: 1) separate the free grains into a rough concentrate, 2) tailings containing intergrowths should be subjected to additional grinding, desliming, combining with the desliming class -0.1+0 mm of the initial mineral raw material and gravity enrichment to extract fine grains of scheelite and pobnerite into the middling product.
To assess the contrast of OTO mineral raw materials, a technological sample was used, which is a combination of 385 individual samples. The results of fractionation of individual samples according to the content of WO3 and sulfide sulfur are shown in Fig. 3, 4.
0 Y OS 0.2 "l M o l O 2 SS * _ " 8
S(kk|Yupytetr "oknsmm" fr**m.% Contained gulfkshoy
Rice. 3 Conditional contrast curves of the original Fig. 4 Conditional contrast curves of the original
mineral raw materials OTO by content Ch/O) mineral raw materials OTO by content 8 (II)
It was found that the contrast indices for the content of WO3 and S (II) are equal to 0.44 and 0.48, respectively. Taking into account the classification of ores by contrast, the studied mineral raw materials in terms of WO3 and S (II) content belong to the category of non-contrast ores. Radiometric enrichment is not
suitable for extracting tungsten from small-sized stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC.
The results of the correlation analysis, with the help of which a mathematical relationship was revealed between the concentrations of \\Sos and 8 (II) (Stoz = 0»0232 + 0.038C5(u)And r = 0.827; the correlation is valid and reliable), confirm the conclusions about the inappropriateness of using radiometric separation.
The results of the analysis of the separation of OTO mineral grains in heavy liquids prepared on the basis of selenium bromide were used to calculate and construct gravity enrichment curves (Fig. 5), from the form of which, especially the curve, it follows that the OTO of the Dzhida VMC in any size is suitable for mineral raw materials gravity enrichment method.
Taking into account the shortcomings in the use of gravity concentration curves, especially the curve for determining the metal content in floating fractions with a given yield or recovery, generalized gravity concentration curves were constructed (Figure 6), the results of the analysis of which are given in Table. 2.
Table 2 - Forecast technological indicators of enrichment different classes size of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC using the gravity method_
g Size class, mm Maximum losses \U with tailings, % Tailings yield, % XV content, %
in the tails at the end
3+1 0,0400 25 82,5 0,207 0,1
3+0,5 0,0400 25 84 0,19 0,18
3+0,25 0,0440 25 90 0,15 0,28
3+0,1 0,0416 25 84,5 0,07 0,175
3+0,044 0,0483 25 87 0,064 0,27
1+0,5 0,04 25 84,5 0,16 0,2
1+0,044 0,0500 25 87 0,038 0,29
0,5+0,25 0,05 25 92,5 0,04 0,45
0,5+0,044 0,0552 25 88 0,025 0,365
0,25+0,1 0,03 25 79 0,0108 0,1
0,25+0,044 0,0633 15 78 0,02 0,3
0,1+0,044 0,193 7 82,5 0,018 1,017
In terms of gravity washability, the classes -0.25+0.044 and -0.1+0.044 mm are significantly different from materials of other sizes. The best technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of mineral raw materials are predicted for the size class -0.1+0.044 mm: ^ |*0M4=82.5%, =0.018% and e* =7%.
The results of electromagnetic fractionation of heavy fractions (HF), gravitational analysis using the Sochnev S-5 universal magnet and magnetic separation of HF showed that the total yield of highly magnetic and non-magnetic fractions is 21.47% and the losses in them are 4.5%. Minimum losses "with a non-magnetic fraction and the maximum content" in the combined weakly magnetic product are predicted provided that the separation power in a strong magnetic field has a particle size of -0.1+0 mm.
Rice. 5 Gravity enrichment curves for stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC
e) class -0.1+0.044 mm
Rice. 6 Generalized gravity concentration curves for various size classes of mineral raw materials GTO
Development of a technological scheme for the enrichment of stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhidinsky VM K
Technological testing results in various ways gravitational enrichment of stale tailings from the OTO of the Dzhida VMC are presented in Table. 3.
Table 3 - Results of testing gravity devices
Comparable technological indicators were obtained for the extraction of WO3 into rough concentrate during the enrichment of unclassified stale tailings using both screw separation and centrifugal separation. Minimal losses of WO3 with tailings were detected during enrichment in a centrifugal concentrator of class -0.1+0 mm.
In table Figure 4 shows the granulometric composition of the rough W-concentrate with a particle size of -0.1+0 mm.
Table 4 - Granulometric composition of rough W-concentrate
Size class, mm Yield of classes, % Content Distribution of AUOz
Absolute Relative, %
1+0,071 13,97 0,11 1,5345 2,046
0,071+0,044 33,64 0,13 4,332 5,831
0,044+0,020 29,26 2,14 62,6164 83,488
0,020+0 23,13 0,28 6,4764 8,635
Total 100.00 0.75 75.0005 100.0
In the concentrate, the main amount of WO3 is in the class -0.044+0.020 mm.
According to mineralogical analysis, compared to the source material, the concentrate contains a higher mass fraction of pobnerite (1.7%) and ore sulfide minerals, especially pyrite (16.33%). The content of rock-forming materials is 76.9%. The quality of rough W-concentrate can be increased by the sequential use of magnetic and centrifugal separation.
The results of testing gravitational devices for extracting >V03 from the tailings of the primary gravitational enrichment of mineral raw materials OTO in a particle size of +0.1 mm (Table 5) have proven that the most effective device is the KKEL80No concentrator
Table 5 - Results of testing gravity devices
Product G,% ßwo>, % rßwo> st">, %
screw separator
Concentrate 19.25 0.12 2.3345 29.55
Tails 80.75 0.07 5.5656 70.45
Initial sample 100.00 0.079 7.9001 100.00
wing gateway
Concentrate 15.75 0.17 2.6750 33.90
Tails 84.25 0.06 5.2880 66.10
Initial sample 100.00 0.08 7.9630 100.00
concentration table
Concentrate 23.73 0.15 3.56 44.50
Tails 76.27 0.06 4.44 55.50
Initial sample 100.00 0.08 8.00 100.00
centrifugal concentrator KC-MD3
Concentrate 39.25 0.175 6.885 85.00
Tails 60.75 0.020 1.215 15.00
Initial sample 100.00 0.081 8.100 100.00
When optimizing the technological scheme for the enrichment of mineral raw materials, the OTO of the Dzhida VMC took into account: 1) technological schemes for processing finely disseminated wolframite ores of domestic and foreign origin processing plants; 2) technical characteristics of the modern equipment used and its dimensions; 3) the possibility of using the same equipment for simultaneous implementation of two operations, for example, separation of minerals by size and dehydration; 4) economic costs for the hardware design of the technological scheme; 5) the results presented in Chapter 2; 6) GOST requirements for the quality of tungsten concentrates.
During semi-industrial testing of the developed technology (Figure 7-8 and Table 6), 15 tons of initial mineral raw materials were processed in 24 hours.
The results of spectral analysis of a representative sample of the obtained concentrate confirm that the W-concentrate III of magnetic separation is standard and corresponds to the KVG (T) grade of GOST 213-73.
Fig. 8 Results of technological testing of the scheme for finishing rough concentrates and middling products from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC
Table 6 - Results of testing the technological scheme
Product
Conditioned concentrate 0.14 62.700 8.778 49.875
Dump tailings 99.86 0.088 8.822 50.125
Initial ore 100.00 0.176 17.600 100.000
CONCLUSION
The work provides a solution to a pressing scientific and production problem: scientifically substantiated, developed and, to a certain extent, implemented effective technological methods for extracting tungsten from the stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhida VMC.
The main results of the research, development and their practical implementation are as follows:
The main useful component is tungsten, the content of which stale tailings are a non-contrasting ore, represented mainly by hübnerite, which determines the technological properties of technogenic raw materials. Tungsten is unevenly distributed among size classes and its main amount is concentrated in the size
It has been proven that the only effective method for enriching W-containing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC is gravity. Based on the analysis of generalized gravity concentration curves of stale W-containing tailings, it was established that dump tailings with minimal tungsten losses are hallmark enrichment of technogenic raw materials in a particle size of -0.1+Ohm. New patterns of separation processes have been established that determine the technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC in a size of +0.1 mm.
It has been proven that among the gravitational devices used in the mining industry for the beneficiation of W-containing ores, the screw separator and the centrifugal concentrator KKEL80N are suitable for maximum extraction of tungsten from the technogenic raw materials of the Dzhida VMC into rough W-concentrates. The effectiveness of using the KKEL80K concentrator has also been confirmed for additional extraction of tungsten from tailings of primary enrichment of technogenic W-containing raw materials in size - 0.1 mm.
3. An optimized technological scheme for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the ore processing plant of the Dzhida VMC made it possible to obtain a standard W-concentrate and solve the problem of depletion mineral resources Dzhidinsky VMC and reduce the negative impact production activities enterprises on the environment.
Preferred use of gravity equipment. During semi-industrial testing of the developed technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC, a standard “-concentrate” was obtained with a “03 content of 62.7% with an extraction of 49.9%. The payback period for the processing plant for processing stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC in order to extract tungsten was 0.55 years.
The main provisions of the dissertation work were published in the following works:
1. Fedotov K.V., Artemova O.S., Polinskina I.V. Assessment of the possibility of processing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC, Ore dressing: Sat. scientific works - Irkutsk: ISTU Publishing House, 2002. - 204 pp., pp. 74-78.
2. Fedotov K.V., Senchenko A.E., Artemova O.S., Polinkina I.V. The use of a centrifugal separator with continuous unloading of concentrate for the extraction of tungsten and gold from the tailings of the Dzhida VMC, Environmental problems and new technologies for complex processing of mineral raw materials: Proceedings of the International Meeting “Plaksin Readings - 2002”. - M.: P99, Publishing House PKTs "Altex", 2002 - 130 p., P.96-97.
3. Zelinskaya E.V., Artemova O.S. The possibility of regulating the selectivity of the action of the collector during the flotation of tungsten-containing ores from stale tailings, Directed changes in the physico-chemical properties of minerals in mineral processing processes (Plaksin Readings), materials of the international meeting. - M.: Altex, 2003. -145 p., pp. 67-68.
4. Fedotov K.V., Artemova O.S. Problems of processing stale tungsten-containing products Modern methods of processing mineral raw materials: Conference materials. Irkutsk: Irk. State Those. Univ., 2004 - 86 s.
5. Artemova O. S., Gaiduk A. A. Extraction of tungsten from stale tailings of the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant. Prospects for the development of technology, ecology and automation of chemical, food and metallurgical industries: Materials of a scientific and practical conference. - Irkutsk: ISTU Publishing House. - 2004 - 100 p.
6. Artemova O.S. Assessment of the uneven distribution of tungsten in the Dzhida tailings dump. Modern methods for assessing the technological properties of mineral raw materials of precious metals and diamonds and advanced technologies for their processing (Plaksin Readings): Proceedings of the international meeting. Irkutsk, September 13-17, 2004 - M.: Altex, 2004. - 232 s.
7. Artemova O.S., Fedotov K.V., Belkova O.N. Prospects for the use of the technogenic deposit of the Dzhidinsky VMC. All-Russian scientific and practical conference “New technologies in metallurgy, chemistry, enrichment and ecology”, St. Petersburg, 2004.
Signed for publication on November 12, 2004. Format 60x84 1/16. Printing paper. Offset printing. Conditional oven l. Academician-ed.l. 125. Circulation 400 copies. Law 460.
ID No. 06506 dated December 26, 2001 Irkutsk State Technical University 664074, Irkutsk, st. Lermontova, 83
RNB Russian Fund
1. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOGENIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS
1.1. Mineral resources of the ore industry in the Russian Federation and the tungsten sub-industry
1.2. Technogenic mineral formations. Classification. Need for use
1.3. Technogenic mineral formation of the Dzhida VMC
1.4. Goals and objectives of the study. Research methods. Provisions for defense
2. RESEARCH OF THE SUBSTANTIAL COMPOSITION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF STELLED TAILINGS OF THE DZHIDINSK VMK
2.1. Geological testing and evaluation of tungsten distribution
2.2. Material composition of mineral raw materials
2.3. Technological properties of mineral raw materials
2.3.1. Grading
2.3.2. Study of the possibility of radiometric separation of mineral raw materials in the original size
2.3.3. Gravity analysis
2.3.4. Magnetic analysis
3. DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME FOR THE EXTRACTION OF TUNGSTEN FROM STANDING TAILS OF THE DZHIDINSK VMK
3.1. Technological testing of various gravity devices for the enrichment of stale tailings of various sizes
3.2. Optimization of the general waste processing scheme
3.3. Pilot testing of the developed technological scheme for the enrichment of general waste and an industrial plant
Introduction Dissertation on geosciences, on the topic "Development of technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC"
The sciences of mineral processing are, first of all, aimed at developing the theoretical foundations of mineral separation processes and the creation of processing apparatus, at revealing the relationship between the distribution patterns of components and separation conditions in processing products in order to increase the selectivity and speed of separation, its efficiency and economy, and environmental safety.
Despite significant mineral reserves and a decline in last years resource consumption, depletion of mineral resources is one of the most important problems in Russia. Poor use of resource-saving technologies contributes to large losses of minerals during the extraction and enrichment of raw materials.
An analysis of the development of technology and technology for mineral processing over the past 10-15 years indicates significant achievements of domestic fundamental science in the field of knowledge of the basic phenomena and patterns in the separation of mineral complexes, which makes it possible to create highly efficient processes and technologies for primary processing ores of complex material composition and, as a result, provide the metallurgical industry with the necessary range and quality of concentrates. At the same time, in our country, in comparison with developed foreign countries, there is still a significant lag in the development of the machine-building base for the production of main and auxiliary enrichment equipment, in its quality, metal intensity, energy intensity and wear resistance.
In addition, due to the departmental affiliation of mining and processing enterprises, complex raw materials were processed only taking into account the necessary industry needs for a specific metal, which led to the irrational use of natural mineral resources and increased costs for waste storage. Currently, more than 12 billion tons of waste have been accumulated, the content of valuable components in which in some cases exceeds their content in natural deposits.
In addition to the above negative trends, since the 90s, the environmental situation at mining and processing enterprises has sharply worsened (in a number of regions, threatening the existence of not only biota, but also humans), there has been a progressive decline in the production of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, mining and chemical raw materials, deterioration in the quality of processed ores and, as a consequence, the involvement in the processing of difficult-to-process ores of complex material composition, characterized by a low content of valuable components, fine dissemination and similar technological properties of minerals. Thus, over the past 20 years, the content of non-ferrous metals in ores has decreased by 1.3-1.5 times, iron by 1.25 times, gold by 1.2 times, the share of difficult ores and coal has increased from 15% to 40% of total mass raw materials supplied for enrichment.
The human impact on the natural environment in the process of economic activity is now becoming global in nature. In terms of the scale of extracted and transported rocks, transformation of relief, impact on the redistribution and dynamics of surface and groundwater, activation of geochemical transfer, etc. this activity is comparable to geological processes.
The unprecedented scale of extracted mineral resources leads to their rapid depletion, the accumulation of large amounts of waste on the Earth’s surface, in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, the gradual degradation of natural landscapes, a reduction in biodiversity, and a decrease in the natural potential of territories and their life-supporting functions.
Ore processing waste storage facilities are objects of increased environmental hazard due to their negative impact on the air basin, ground and surface water, and soil cover over vast areas. Along with this, tailings dumps are little-studied technogenic deposits, the use of which will make it possible to obtain additional sources of ore and mineral raw materials while significantly reducing the scale of disturbance of the geological environment in the region.
Production of products from technogenic deposits, as a rule, is several times cheaper than from raw materials specially mined for this purpose, and is characterized by a quick return on investment. However, the complex chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition of tailings, as well as the wide range of minerals they contain (from main and associated components to the simplest building materials) make it difficult to calculate the total economic effect of their processing and determine an individual approach to the assessment of each tailings.
Consequently, at the moment a number of insoluble contradictions have emerged between the change in the nature of the mineral resource base, i.e. the need to involve difficult-to-process ores and technogenic deposits in the processing, the environmentally aggravated situation in mining regions and the state of technology, technology and organization of primary processing of mineral raw materials.
The issues of using waste from the enrichment of polymetallic, gold-containing and rare metals have both economic and environmental aspects.
In achieving the current level of development of the theory and practice of processing tailings from the enrichment of non-ferrous, rare and precious metal ores, V.A. made a great contribution. Chanturia, V.Z. Kozin, V.M. Avdokhin, S.B. Leonov, J.I.A. Barsky, A.A. Abramov, V.I. Karmazin, S.I. Mitrofanov and others.
An important component of the overall strategy of the ore industry, incl. tungsten, is the increased use of ore processing waste as additional sources of ore and mineral raw materials, with a significant reduction in the scale of disturbance of the geological environment in the region and the negative impact on all components environment.
In the field of using ore processing waste, the most important thing is a detailed mineralogical and technological study of each specific, individual technogenic deposit, the results of which will make it possible to develop an effective and environmentally friendly technology for the industrial development of an additional source of ore and mineral raw materials.
The problems considered in the dissertation work were solved in accordance with the scientific direction of the Department of Mineral Processing and Environmental Engineering of Irkutsk State Technical University on the topic “Fundamental and technological research in the field of processing of mineral and technogenic raw materials for the purpose of their integrated use, taking into account environmental problems in complex industrial systems " and paper topic No. 118 "Study on the enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC."
The purpose of the work is to scientifically substantiate, develop and test rational technological methods for the enrichment of stale tungsten-containing tailings from the Dzhida VMC.
The following tasks were solved in the work:
Assess the distribution of tungsten throughout the entire space of the main technogenic formation of the Dzhida VMC;
To study the material composition of the stale tailings of the Dzhizhinsky MMC;
Investigate the contrast of stale tailings in the original size according to the content of W and S (II); to study the gravitational enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC in various sizes;
To determine the feasibility of using magnetic enrichment to improve the quality of rough tungsten-containing concentrates;
Optimize the technological scheme for the enrichment of technogenic raw materials of the OTO of the Dzhida VMC; conduct pilot tests of the developed scheme for extracting W from the stale tailings of DVMC;
Develop a circuit diagram of devices for industrial processing stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC.
To carry out the research, a representative technological sample of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC was used.
When solving the formulated problems, the following research methods were used: spectral, optical, chemical, mineralogical, phase, gravitational and magnetic methods for analyzing the material composition and technological properties of the initial mineral raw materials and enrichment products.
The following basic scientific provisions are submitted for defense: The patterns of distribution of initial technogenic mineral raw materials and tungsten by size classes have been established. The need for primary (preliminary) classification by size of 3 mm has been proven.
The quantitative characteristics of the stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhidinsky VMC in terms of WO3 and sulfide sulfur content have been established. It has been proven that the initial mineral raw materials belong to the category of non-contrasting ores. A reliable and reliable correlation between the contents of WO3 and S (II) was revealed.
Quantitative patterns of gravitational enrichment of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC have been established. It has been proven that for source material of any size, an effective method for extracting W is gravitational enrichment. Forecast technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of initial mineral raw materials in various sizes have been determined.
Quantitative patterns of distribution of stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhida VMC into fractions of different specific magnetic susceptibility have been established. The effectiveness of the sequential use of magnetic and centrifugal separation has been proven to improve the quality of rough W-containing products. The technological modes of magnetic separation have been optimized.
Conclusion Dissertation on the topic "Beneficiation of mineral resources", Artemova, Olesya Stanislavovna
The main results of the research, development and their practical implementation are as follows:
1. An analysis of the current situation in the Russian Federation with mineral resources of the ore industry, in particular tungsten, was carried out. Using the example of the Dzhidinsky VMC, it is shown that the problem of involving stale ore dressing tailings in the processing is relevant, having technological, economic and environmental significance.
2. The material composition and technological properties of the main W-containing technogenic formation of the Dzhida VMC have been established.
The main useful component is tungsten, the content of which stale tailings are a non-contrasting ore, represented mainly by hübnerite, which determines the technological properties of technogenic raw materials. Tungsten is unevenly distributed across size classes and its main amount is concentrated in sizes -0.5+0.1 and -0.1+0.02 mm.
It has been proven that the only effective method for enriching W-containing stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC is gravity. Based on the analysis of generalized gravity enrichment curves of stale W-containing tailings, it was established that dump tailings with minimal tungsten losses are a distinctive feature of the enrichment of technogenic raw materials in a size of -0.1+0 mm. New patterns of separation processes have been established that determine the technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC in a size of +0.1 mm.
It has been proven that among the gravitational devices used in the mining industry for the enrichment of W-containing ores, a screw separator and a KNELSON centrifugal concentrator are suitable for maximum extraction of tungsten from the technogenic raw materials of the Dzhida VMC into rough W-concentrates. The effectiveness of using the KNELSON concentrator has also been confirmed for the additional extraction of tungsten from the tailings of the primary enrichment of technogenic W-containing raw materials in a particle size of 0.1 mm.
3. An optimized technological scheme for extracting tungsten from the stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhidinsky VMC made it possible to obtain a standard W-concentrate, solve the problem of depletion of mineral resources of the Dzhidinsky VMC and reduce the negative impact of the enterprise’s production activities on the environment.
The essential features of the developed technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC are:
Narrow classification by feed size of primary enrichment operations;
Preferred use of gravity equipment.
During semi-industrial testing of the developed technology for extracting tungsten from the stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC, a standard W-concentrate was obtained with a WO3 content of 62.7% with an extraction of 49.9%. The payback period for the processing plant for processing stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC in order to extract tungsten was 0.55 years.
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The invention relates to a method for complex processing of tailings from the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores. The method includes their classification into small and large fractions, screw separation of the fine fraction to obtain a tungsten product and its cleaning. In this case, re-cleaning is carried out on a screw separator to obtain a rough tungsten concentrate, which is refined on concentration tables to obtain a gravity tungsten concentrate, which is subjected to flotation to obtain a high-grade conditioned tungsten concentrate and a sulfide-containing product. The tailings of the screw separator and the concentration table are combined and subjected to thickening. In this case, the waste obtained after thickening is fed to the classification of tailings for the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores, and the thickened product is subjected to enrichment in a screw separator to obtain secondary waste tailings and a tungsten product, which is sent for cleaning. The technical result is to increase the depth of processing of tungsten-containing ore tailings. 1 salary files, 1 table, 1 ill.
The invention relates to the beneficiation of minerals and can be used in the processing of tailings from the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores.
When processing tungsten-containing ores, as well as their tailings, gravitational, flotation, magnetic, as well as electrostatic, hydrometallurgical and other methods are used (see, for example, Bert P.O., with the participation of K. Mills. Gravity enrichment technology. Translated from English. - M.: Nedra, 1990). Thus, for the preliminary concentration of useful components (mineral raw materials), photometric and lumometric sorting (for example, the Mount Carbine and King Island concentration plants), enrichment in heavy environments (for example, the Portuguese Panasquera factory and the English Hemerdan factory) are used. ), jigging (especially of poor raw materials), magnetic separation in a weak magnetic field (for example, to separate pyrite, pyrrhotite) or high-intensity magnetic separation (to separate wolframite and cassiterite).
For the processing of tungsten-containing sludge, the use of flotation is known, in particular wolframite in China and at the Canadian Mount Pleasade factory, and in some factories flotation has completely replaced gravity enrichment (for example, the Jokberg factories, Sweden and Mittersil, Austria).
It is also known to use screw separators and screw sluices for the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores, old dumps, stale tailings, and sludge.
For example, when processing old dumps of tungsten ore at the Cherdoyak factory (Kazakhstan), the initial dump material, after crushing and grinding to a size of 3 mm, was subjected to enrichment on jiggers, the under-sieve product of which was then cleaned on a concentration table. The technological scheme also included enrichment in screw separators, in which 75-77% of WO 3 was recovered with a yield of enrichment products of 25-30%. Screw separation made it possible to increase the extraction of WO 3 by 3-4% (see, for example, Anikin M.F., Ivanov V.D., Pevzner M.L. “Screw separators for ore dressing”, Moscow, Nedra publishing house ", 1970, 132 pp.).
The disadvantages of the technological scheme for processing old dumps are the high load at the head of the process for the jigging operation, insufficiently high WO 3 extraction and a significant yield of enrichment products.
There is a known method for the associated production of tungsten concentrate by processing molybdenite flotation tailings (Climax Molybdenum factory, Canada). Tailings containing tungsten are separated using screw separation into tungsten waste sludge (light fraction), primary wolframite - cassiterite concentrate. The latter is subjected to hydrocyclonation and the sludge discharge is sent to the waste tailings, and the sand fraction is sent to the flotation separation of pyrite concentrate containing 50% S (sulfides) and discharged into the waste tailings. The chamber product of sulfide flotation is purified using screw separation and/or cones to obtain waste pyrite-containing tailings and wolframite-cassiterite concentrate, which is processed on concentration tables. In this case, wolframite-cassiterite concentrate and waste tailings are obtained. After dehydration, the crude concentrate is cleaned sequentially by purifying it from iron using magnetic separation, removing monazite from it by flotation (phosphate flotation) and then dewatering, drying, classifying and separating using stage magnetic separation into a concentrate containing 65% WO 3 after stage I and 68% WO 3 after stage II. A non-magnetic product is also obtained - tin (cassiterite) concentrate containing ~35% tin.
This processing method has disadvantages - complexity and multi-stage nature, as well as high energy intensity.
There is a known method for additional extraction of tungsten from gravity enrichment tailings (Boulder plant, USA). Gravity enrichment tailings are further crushed and deslimed in a classifier, the sands of which are separated using hydraulic classifiers. The resulting classes are enriched separately on concentration tables. Coarse tailings are returned to the grinding cycle, and fine tailings are thickened and re-enriched on slurry tables to produce a finished concentrate, middlings sent to regrinding, and tailings sent to flotation. The main flotation concentrate is subjected to one cleaning. The original ore contains 0.3-0.5% WO 3; Tungsten recovery reaches 97%, with about 70% of tungsten recovered by flotation. However, the tungsten content in the flotation concentrate is low (about 10% WO 3) (see, Polkin S.I., Adamov E.V. Enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores. Textbook for universities. M., Nedra, 1983, 213 pp.)
The disadvantages of the technological scheme for processing tailings of gravity enrichment are the high load at the head of the process on the enrichment operation on concentration tables, multi-operation, low quality the resulting concentrate.
There is a known method for processing scheelite-containing tailings in order to remove hazardous materials from them and process non-hazardous and ore minerals using an improved separation process (KR 20030089109, CHAE et al., 11/21/2003). The method includes the stages of homogenizing mixing of scheelite-containing tailings, introduction of the pulp into the reactor, “filtration” of the pulp using a screen to remove various foreign materials, subsequent separation of the pulp by screw separation, thickening and dehydration of non-metallic minerals to produce a cake, drying the cake in a rotary dryer, crushing the dry cake using a hammer crusher operating in a closed cycle with a screen, separation of crushed minerals using a “micron” separator into fractions of fine and coarse grains (granules), as well as magnetic separation of the coarse-grained fraction to obtain magnetic minerals and a non-magnetic fraction containing scheelite. The disadvantage of this method is the multi-operation nature and the use of energy-intensive drying of the wet cake.
There is a known method for additional extraction of tungsten from the waste tailings of the concentrating plant of the Ingichki mine (see A.B. Ezhkov, Kh.T. Sharipov, K.L. Belkov “Involvement in the processing of stale tungsten-containing tailings of the Ingichki mine.” Abstracts of reports of the III Congress of concentrators of the CIS countries, vol.1, MISiS, M., 2001). The method includes preparing the pulp and desliming it in a hydrocyclone (removal class - 0.05 mm), subsequent separation of the deslimed pulp on a cone separator, two-stage re-cleaning of the cone separator concentrate on concentration tables to obtain a concentrate containing 20.6% WO 3 with an average recovery 29.06%. The disadvantages of this method are the low quality of the resulting concentrate and insufficiently high WO 3 extraction.
The results of research on the gravitational enrichment of tailings from the Ingichkinsky enrichment plant are described (see S.V. Rudnev, V.A. Potapov, N.V. Salikhova, A.A. Kanzel “Research on the selection of the optimal technological scheme for the gravitational enrichment of man-made formations at the Ingichkinsky enrichment plant "//Mining Bulletin of Uzbekistan, 2008, No. 3).
Closest to the patented technical solution is a method for extracting tungsten from stale tailings of the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores (Artemova O.S. Development of a technology for extracting tungsten from stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC. Abstract of the dissertation of a candidate of technical sciences, Irkutsk State Technical University, Irkutsk, 2004 - prototype).
The technology for extracting tungsten from stale tailings using this method includes the operations of obtaining rough tungsten-containing concentrate and middling product, gold-bearing product and secondary waste tailings using gravitational methods of wet enrichment - screw and centrifugal separation - and subsequent finishing of the resulting rough concentrate and middling product using gravitational (centrifugal) enrichment and magnetic separation to obtain a conditioned tungsten concentrate containing 62.7% WO 3 with a recovery of 49.9% WO 3 .
According to this method, stale tailings are subjected to primary classification with the release of 44.5% of the mass. into secondary tailings in the form of a +3 mm fraction. The tailings fraction with a particle size of -3 mm is divided into classes -0.5 and +0.5 mm, and from the latter, coarse concentrate and tailings are obtained using screw separation. The -0.5 mm fraction is divided into classes -0.1 and +0.1 mm. From the +0.1 mm class, a coarse concentrate is separated using centrifugal separation, which, like the coarse concentrate of screw separation, is subjected to centrifugal separation to obtain rough tungsten concentrate and a gold-containing product. The tailings of screw and centrifugal separation are further crushed to -0.1 mm in a closed cycle with classification and then divided into classes -0.1+0.02 and -0.02 mm. The -0.02 mm grade is removed from the process as secondary tailings. Class -0.1+0.02 mm is enriched by centrifugal separation to produce secondary tailings and tungsten middlings, sent for finishing by magnetic separation along with the centrifugal separation concentrate, ground to a size of -0.1 mm. In this case, tungsten concentrate (magnetic fraction) and middling product (non-magnetic fraction) are obtained. The latter is subjected to magnetic separation II with the release of a non-magnetic fraction into secondary tailings and tungsten concentrate (magnetic fraction), which is enriched sequentially by centrifugal, magnetic and again centrifugal separation to obtain standard tungsten concentrate containing 62.7% WO 3 with a yield of 0.14 % and recovery 49.9%. In this case, the tailings of centrifugal separations and the non-magnetic fraction are sent to secondary tailings, the total yield of which at the stage of finishing the rough tungsten concentrate is 3.28% with a content of 2.1% WO 3.
The disadvantages of this method are multi-operation technological process, including 6 classification operations, 2 additional grinding operations, as well as 5 centrifugal and 3 magnetic separation operations using relatively expensive devices. At the same time, finishing the crude tungsten concentrate to the required standard is associated with the production of secondary waste tailings with a relatively high tungsten content (2.1% WO 3).
The objective of the present invention is to improve the method of processing enrichment tailings, including stale tailings from the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores, to obtain high-grade tungsten concentrate and an associated sulfide-containing product while reducing the tungsten content in the secondary waste tailings.
The patented method for complex processing of tailings from the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores includes classification of tailings into small and large fractions, screw separation of the fine fraction to obtain a tungsten product, re-cleaning of the tungsten product, and finishing to obtain high-grade tungsten concentrate, sulfide-containing product and secondary waste tailings.
The method differs in that the resulting tungsten product is subjected to re-cleaning on a screw separator to obtain rough concentrate and tailings, the rough concentrate is subjected to finishing on concentration tables to obtain gravitational tungsten concentrate and tailings. The tailings of the concentration table and the cleaning screw separator are combined and subjected to thickening, then the thickening discharge is fed to the classification stage at the head of the technological scheme, and the thickened product is subjected to enrichment on a screw separator to obtain secondary tailings and a tungsten product, which is sent for cleaning. The gravity tungsten concentrate is subjected to flotation to obtain a high-grade tungsten concentrate (62% WO 3) and a sulfide-containing product, which is processed by known methods.
The method can be characterized by the fact that the tailings are classified into fractions, mainly with a size of +8 mm and -8 mm.
The technical result of the patented method is to increase the depth of processing while reducing the number of technological operations and the load on them due to the separation at the head of the process of the bulk of the initial tailings (more than 90%) into secondary waste tailings, using energy-saving screw separation technology that is simpler in design and operation. This allows you to dramatically reduce the load on subsequent enrichment operations, as well as capital expenditures and operating costs, which ensures optimization of the enrichment process.
The effectiveness of the patented method is shown using the example of complex processing of tailings from the Ingichkinsky enrichment plant (see drawing).
Processing begins with the classification of tailings into small and large fractions with the separation of secondary waste tailings in the form of a large fraction. The fine fraction of the tailings is subjected to screw separation with the separation of the bulk of the original tailings (more than 90%) at the head of the technological process into secondary waste tailings. This allows for a correspondingly dramatic reduction in downstream workload, capital costs and operating costs.
The resulting tungsten product is subjected to re-cleaning using a screw separator to obtain rough concentrate and tailings. The rough concentrate is subjected to finishing on concentration tables to obtain gravity tungsten concentrate and tailings.
The tailings of the concentration table and the cleaning screw separator are combined and subjected to thickening, for example, in a thickener, mechanical classifier, hydrocyclone and other devices. The condensation discharge is fed to the classification stage at the head of the technological scheme, and the condensed product is subjected to enrichment in a screw separator to obtain secondary tailings and a tungsten product, which is sent for cleaning.
The gravity tungsten concentrate is brought by flotation to a high-grade tungsten concentrate (62% WO 3) to obtain a sulfide-containing product.
Thus, high-grade (62% WO 3 ) conditioned tungsten concentrate is isolated from tungsten-containing tailings upon achieving a relatively high WO 3 extraction of ~49% and a relatively low tungsten content (0.04% WO 3 ) in the secondary waste tailings.
The resulting sulfide-containing product is processed in a known way, for example, is used to produce sulfuric acid and sulfur, and is also used as a corrective additive in the production of cements.
High-grade tungsten concentrate is a highly liquid commercial product.
As follows from the results of implementing the patented method using the example of stale tailings from the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores from the Ingichkinsky concentrating plant, its effectiveness is shown in comparison with the prototype method (see table). Provided additional receipt sulfide-containing product, reducing the volume of fresh water consumed by creating a water cycle. It creates the possibility of processing significantly poorer tailings (0.09% WO 3), a significant reduction in the tungsten content in secondary waste tailings (up to 0.04% WO 3). In addition, the number of technological operations has been reduced and the load on most of them has been reduced due to the separation at the head of the technological process of the bulk of the initial tailings (more than 90%) into secondary waste tailings, using a simpler and less energy-intensive screw separation technology, which reduces capital costs for the purchase of equipment and operating costs.
1. A method for complex processing of tailings from the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores, including their classification into small and large fractions, screw separation of the fine fraction to produce a tungsten product, its re-cleaning and finishing to produce high-grade tungsten concentrate, sulfide-containing product and secondary waste tailings, characterized in that the resulting after screw separation, the tungsten product is subjected to re-cleaning on a screw separator to obtain rough tungsten concentrate, the resulting rough tungsten concentrate is subjected to finishing on concentration tables to obtain gravity tungsten concentrate, which is subjected to flotation to obtain high-grade conditioned tungsten concentrate and sulfide-containing product, tailings of the screw separator and concentration table are combined and subjected to thickening, the resulting waste after thickening is fed to the classification of tailings for the enrichment of tungsten-containing ores, and the thickened product is subjected to enrichment in a screw separator to obtain secondary waste tailings and a tungsten product, which is sent for cleaning.
Cassiterite SnO 2– the main industrial mineral of tin, which is present in tin-bearing placers and bedrock ores. The tin content in it is 78.8%. Cassiterite has a density of 6900...7100 kg/t and a hardness of 6...7. The main impurities in cassiterite are iron, tantalum, niobium, as well as titanium, manganese, pigs, silicon, tungsten, etc. physicochemical characteristics cassiterite, for example, magnetic susceptibility, and its flotation activity.
Stannin Cu 2 S FeS SnS 4- tin sulfide mineral, although it is the most common mineral after cassiterite, has no industrial significance, firstly, because it has a low tin content (27...29.5%), and secondly, the presence of copper and iron sulfides in it complicates the metallurgical processing of concentrates and, thirdly, the proximity of the flotation properties of the bed to sulfides makes separation during flotation difficult. The composition of tin concentrates obtained at concentration plants is different. From rich tin placers, gravity concentrates containing about 60% tin are isolated, and slurry concentrates obtained by both gravity and flotation methods can contain from 15 to 5% tin.
Tin deposits are divided into placer and bedrock deposits. Alluvial Tin deposits are the main source of world tin production. Placers contain about 75% of the world's tin reserves. Indigenous Tin deposits have a complex material composition, depending on which they are divided into quartz-cassiterite, sulfide-quartz-cassiterite and sulfide-cassiterite.
Quartz-cassiterite ores are usually complex tin-tungsten ores. Cassiterite in these ores is represented by large-, medium- and finely disseminated crystals in quartz (from 0.1 to 1 mm m more). In addition to quartz and cassiterite, these ores typically contain feldspar, tourmaline, micas, wolframite or scheelite, and sulfides. Sulfide-cassiterite ores are dominated by sulfides - pyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite and stanine. Also contains iron minerals, chlorite and tourmaline.
Tin placers and ores are enriched mainly by gravity methods using jigging machines, concentration tables, screw separators and sluices. Placers are usually much easier to enrich by gravity methods than ores from primary deposits, because they do not require expensive crushing and grinding processes. Finishing of rough gravity concentrates is carried out using magnetic, electrical and other methods.
Enrichment on sluices is used when the cassiterite grain size is more than 0.2 mm, because smaller grains are poorly captured on the sluices and their extraction does not exceed 50...60%. More efficient devices are jigging machines, which are installed for primary enrichment and allow the extraction of up to 90% of cassiterite. Finishing of coarse concentrates is carried out on concentration tables (Fig. 217).
Fig. 217. Scheme of enrichment of tin placers
Primary enrichment of placers is also carried out on dredges, including sea dredges, where drum screens with holes of 6...25 mm in size are installed to wash sand, depending on the distribution of cassiterite according to the classes of sand size and washability. To enrich the under-sieve product of screens, jigging machines of various designs are used, usually with an artificial bed. Gateways are also installed. Primary concentrates are subjected to cleaning operations on jigging machines. Finishing is usually carried out at onshore finishing installations. The recovery of cassiterite from placers is usually 90...95%.
The enrichment of primary tin ores, characterized by the complexity of their material composition and uneven dissemination of cassiterite, is carried out according to more complex multi-stage schemes using not only gravitational methods, but also flotation gravity, flotation, and magnetic separation.
When preparing tin ores for beneficiation, it is necessary to take into account the ability of cassiterite to sludge due to its size. More than 70% of tin losses during enrichment are due to sludged cassiterite, which is carried away with the drains of gravity devices. Therefore, the grinding of tin ores is carried out in rod mills, which operate in a closed cycle with screens. At some factories, enrichment in heavy suspensions is used at the head of the process, which makes it possible to separate up to 30...35% of the host rock minerals into the tailings, reduce grinding costs and increase tin extraction.
To isolate coarse-grained cossiterite at the head of the process, jigging is used with a feed size ranging from 2...3 to 15...20 mm. Sometimes, instead of jigging machines, when the material size is minus 3+ 0.1 mm, screw separators are installed, and when enriching material with a size of 2...0.1 mm, concentration tables are used.
For ores with uneven dissemination of cassiterite, multi-stage schemes are used with sequential grinding of not only tailings, but also poor concentrates and middlings. IN tin ore, which is enriched according to the scheme presented in Fig. 218, cassiterite has a particle size from 0.01 to 3 mm.
Rice. 218. Scheme of gravity enrichment of primary tin ores
The ore also contains iron oxides, sulfides (arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, stanine, galena), and wolframite. The nonmetallic part is represented by quartz, tourmaline, chlorite, sericite and fluorite.
The first stage of enrichment is carried out in jigging machines at an ore size of 90% minus 10 mm with the release of coarse tin concentrate. Then, after additional grinding of the tailings of the first stage of enrichment and hydraulic classification according to equal incidence, enrichment is carried out on concentration tables. The tin concentrate obtained according to this scheme contains 19...20% tin with an extraction of 70...85% and is sent for finishing.
During finishing, sulfide minerals and host rock minerals are removed from coarse tin concentrates, which makes it possible to increase the tin content to standard levels.
Coarsely disseminated sulfide minerals with a particle size of 2...4 mm are removed by flotogravity on concentration tables, before which the concentrates are treated with sulfuric acid (1.2...1.5 kg/t), xanthate (0.5 kg/t) and kerosene (1...2 kg/t). T).
Cassiterite is extracted from gravity enrichment sludge by flotation using selective collecting reagents and depressants. For ores of complex mineral composition containing significant amounts of tourmaline and iron hydroxides, the use of fatty acid collectors makes it possible to obtain poor tin concentrates containing no more than 2...3% tin. Therefore, when flotating cassiterite, selective collectors such as Asparal-F or aerosol -22 (succinamates), phosphonic acids and the IM-50 reagent (alkylhydroxamic acids and their salts) are used. Liquid glass and oxalic acid are used to depress minerals in host rocks.
Before cassiterite flotation, material with a particle size of minus 10...15 microns is removed from the sludge, then sulfide flotation is carried out, from the tails of which at pH 5 with the supply of oxalic acid, liquid glass and the Asparal-F reagent (140...150 g/t), supplied to cassiterite floats as a collector (Fig. 219). The resulting flotation concentrate contains up to 12% tin with extraction from the operation up to 70...75% tin.
Sometimes Bartles-Moseley orbital locks and Bartles-Crosbelt concentrators are used to extract cassiterite from slurries. The rough concentrates obtained on these devices, containing 1...2.5% tin, are sent for finishing to slurry concentration tables to obtain commercial slurry tin concentrates.
Tungsten in ores it is represented by a wider range of minerals of industrial importance than tin. Of the 22 tungsten minerals currently known, four are the main ones: wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO 4(density 6700...7500 kg/m 3), hübnerite MnWO 4(density 7100 kg/m 3), ferberite FeWO 4(density 7500 kg/m 3) and sheelite CAWO 4(density 5800...6200 kg/m3). In addition to these minerals, molybdoscheelite, which is scheelite and an isomorphic admixture of molybdenum (6...16%), is of practical importance. Wolframite, hübnerite and ferberite are weakly magnetic minerals; they contain magnesium, calcium, tantalum and niobium as impurities. Wolframite is often found in ores together with cassiterite, molybdenite and sulfide minerals.
TO industrial types tungsten-containing ores are veined quartz-wolframite and quartz-cassiterite-wolframite, stockwork, skarn and placer. In the deposits vein type contains wolframite, hübnerite and scheelite, as well as molybdenum minerals, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tin, arsenic, bismuth and gold minerals. IN stockwork In deposits, the tungsten content is 5...10 times lower than in vein deposits, but they have large reserves. IN skarn The ores, along with tungsten, represented mainly by scheelite, contain molybdenum and tin. Alluvial tungsten deposits have small reserves, but play a significant role in tungsten mining. The industrial content of tungsten trioxide in placers (0.03...0.1%) is significantly lower than in bedrock ores, but their development is much simpler and more economically profitable. These placers, along with wolframite and scheelite, also contain cassiterite.
The quality of tungsten concentrates depends on the material composition of the ore being processed and the requirements that are placed on them when used in various industries. So, to produce ferrotungsten, the concentrate must contain at least 63% WO 3, wolframite-huebnerite concentrate for the production of hard alloys must contain at least 60% WO 3. Scheelite concentrates typically contain 55% WO 3. The main harmful impurities in tungsten concentrates are silica, phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, tin, copper, lead, antimony and bismuth.
Tungsten placers and ores are enriched, like tin ones, in two stages - primary gravity enrichment and finishing of rough concentrates using various methods. With a low content of tungsten trioxide in the ore (0.1...0.8%) and high requirements for the quality of concentrates, the total degree of enrichment ranges from 300 to 600. This degree of enrichment can only be achieved by combining various methods, from gravity to flotation.
In addition, wolframite placers and bedrock ores usually contain other heavy minerals (cassiterite, tantalite-columbite, magnetite, sulfides), therefore, during primary gravity enrichment, a collective concentrate containing from 5 to 20% WO 3 is released. When finishing these collective concentrates, conditioned monomineral concentrates are obtained, for which flotogravity and sulfide flotation, magnetic separation of magnetite and wolframite are used. It is also possible to use electrical separation, enrichment on concentration tables, and even flotation of minerals from displacement rocks.
The high density of tungsten minerals makes it possible to effectively use gravitational enrichment methods for their extraction: in heavy suspensions, on jigging machines, concentration tables, screw and jet separators. During enrichment and especially during finishing of collective gravity concentrates, magnetic separation is widely used. Wolframite has magnetic properties and therefore separates in a strong magnetic field, for example, from non-magnetic cassiterite.
The original tungsten ore, like tin ore, is crushed to a size of minus 12+ 6 mm and enriched by jigging, where coarse wolframite and part of the tailings with a waste content of tungsten trioxide are isolated. After jigging, the ore is crushed into rod mills, in which it is crushed to a particle size of minus 2+ 0.5 mm. To avoid excessive sludge formation, grinding is carried out in two stages. After grinding, the ore is subjected to hydraulic classification with the separation of sludge and enrichment of sand fractions on concentration tables. The industrial products and tailings obtained on the tables are further crushed and sent to the concentration tables. The tailings are also successively further crushed and enriched on concentration tables. Enrichment practice shows that the extraction of wolframite, hübnerite and ferberite by gravitational methods reaches 85%, while scheelite, inclined to sludge, is extracted by gravitational methods only by 55...70%.
When enriching finely disseminated wolframite ores containing only 0.05...0.1% tungsten trioxide, flotation is used.
Flotation is especially widely used to extract scheelite from skarn ores, which contain calcite, dolomite, fluorite and barite, floated by the same collectors as scheelite.
Collectors during flotation of scheelite ores are fatty acids such as oleic, which are used at a temperature of at least 18...20°C in the form of an emulsion prepared in soft water. Often, before entering the process, oleic acid is saponified in a hot solution of soda ash at a ratio of 1:2. Instead of oleic acid, tall oil, naphthenic acids, etc. are also used.
It is very difficult to separate scheelite from alkaline earth metal minerals containing calcium, barium and iron oxides by flotation. Scheelite, fluorite, apatite and calcite contain calcium cations in the crystal lattice, which provide chemical sorption of the fatty acid collector. Therefore, selective flotation of these minerals from scheelite is possible within narrow pH limits using depressants such as liquid glass, sodium fluorosilicone, soda, sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid.
The depressive effect of liquid glass during flotation of calcium-containing minerals with oleic acid is the desorption of calcium soaps formed on the surface of the minerals. In this case, the floatability of scheelite does not change, but the floatability of other calcium-containing minerals sharply deteriorates. Increasing the temperature to 80...85°C reduces the contact time of the pulp with the liquid glass solution from 16 hours to 30...60 minutes. Liquid glass consumption is about 0.7 kg/t. The process of selective scheelite flotation, shown in Fig. 220, using a steaming process with liquid glass, is called the Petrov method.
Rice. 220. Scheme of flotation of scheelite from tungsten-molybdenum ores using
finishing according to Petrov's method
The concentrate of the main scheelite flotation, which is carried out at a temperature of 20°C in the presence of oleic acid, contains 4...6% tungsten trioxide and 38...45% calcium oxide in the form of calcite, fluorite and apatite. Before steaming, the concentrate is thickened to 50...60% solid. Steaming is carried out sequentially in two vats in a 3% solution of liquid glass at a temperature of 80...85°C for 30...60 minutes. After steaming, cleaning operations are carried out at a temperature of 20...25°C. The resulting scheelite concentrate can contain up to 63...66% tungsten trioxide with its recovery being 82...83%.
Introduction
1 . The importance of technogenic mineral raw materials
1.1. Mineral resources of the ore industry in the Russian Federation and the tungsten sub-industry
1.2. Technogenic mineral formations. Classification. Need for use
1.3. Technogenic mineral formation of the Dzhida VMC
1.4. Goals and objectives of the study. Research methods. Provisions for defense
2. Study of the material composition and technological properties of stale tailings from the Dzhidinsky MMC
2.1. Geological testing and evaluation of tungsten distribution
2.2. Material composition of mineral raw materials
2.3. Technological properties of mineral raw materials
2.3.1. Grading
2.3.2. Study of the possibility of radiometric separation of mineral raw materials in the original size
2.3.3. Gravity analysis
2.3.4. Magnetic analysis
3. Development of a technological scheme
3.1. Technological testing of various gravity devices for the enrichment of stale tailings of various sizes
3.2. Optimization of the general waste processing scheme
3.3. Pilot testing of the developed technological scheme for the enrichment of general waste and an industrial plant
Introduction to the work
The sciences of mineral processing are, first of all, aimed at developing the theoretical foundations of mineral separation processes and the creation of processing apparatus, at revealing the relationship between the distribution patterns of components and separation conditions in processing products in order to increase the selectivity and speed of separation, its efficiency and economy, and environmental safety.
Despite significant mineral reserves and a reduction in resource consumption in recent years, the depletion of mineral resources is one of the most important problems in Russia. Poor use of resource-saving technologies contributes to large losses of minerals during the extraction and enrichment of raw materials.
An analysis of the development of equipment and technology for mineral processing over the past 10-15 years indicates significant achievements of domestic fundamental science in the field of knowledge of the basic phenomena and patterns in the separation of mineral complexes, which makes it possible to create highly efficient processes and technologies for the primary processing of ores of complex composition and, as Consequently, to provide the metallurgical industry with the necessary range and quality of concentrates. At the same time, in our country, in comparison with developed foreign countries, there is still a significant lag in the development of the machine-building base for the production of main and auxiliary enrichment equipment, in its quality, metal intensity, energy intensity and wear resistance.
In addition, due to the departmental affiliation of mining and processing enterprises, complex raw materials were processed only taking into account the necessary industry needs for a specific metal, which led to the irrational use of natural mineral resources and increased costs for waste storage. Currently accumulated
more than 12 billion tons of waste, the content of valuable components in which in some cases exceeds their content in natural deposits.
In addition to the above negative trends, since the 90s, the environmental situation at mining and processing enterprises has sharply worsened (in a number of regions, threatening the existence of not only biota, but also humans), there has been a progressive decline in the production of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores, mining and chemical raw materials, deterioration in the quality of processed ores and, as a consequence, the involvement in the processing of difficult-to-process ores of complex material composition, characterized by a low content of valuable components, fine dissemination and similar technological properties of minerals. Thus, over the past 20 years, the content of non-ferrous metals in ores has decreased by 1.3-1.5 times, iron by 1.25 times, gold by 1.2 times, the share of difficult ores and coal has increased from 15% to 40% of the total mass of raw materials supplied for enrichment.
The human impact on the natural environment in the process of economic activity is now becoming global in nature. In terms of the scale of extracted and transported rocks, transformation of relief, impact on the redistribution and dynamics of surface and groundwater, activation of geochemical transfer, etc. this activity is comparable to geological processes.
The unprecedented scale of extracted mineral resources leads to their rapid depletion, the accumulation of large amounts of waste on the Earth’s surface, in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, the gradual degradation of natural landscapes, a reduction in biodiversity, and a decrease in the natural potential of territories and their life-supporting functions.
Ore processing waste storage facilities are objects of increased environmental hazard due to their negative impact on the air basin, ground and surface water, and soil cover over vast areas. Along with this, tailings dumps are little-studied technogenic deposits, the use of which will make it possible to obtain additional
sources of ore and mineral raw materials with a significant reduction in the scale of disturbance of the geological environment in the region.
Production of products from technogenic deposits, as a rule, is several times cheaper than from raw materials specially mined for this purpose, and is characterized by a quick return on investment. However, the complex chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition of tailings, as well as the wide range of minerals they contain (from main and associated components to the simplest building materials) make it difficult to calculate the total economic effect of their processing and determine an individual approach to the assessment of each tailings.
Consequently, at the moment a number of insoluble contradictions have emerged between the change in the nature of the mineral resource base, i.e. the need to involve difficult-to-process ores and technogenic deposits in the processing, the environmentally aggravated situation in mining regions and the state of technology, technology and organization of primary processing of mineral raw materials.
The issues of using waste from the enrichment of polymetallic, gold-containing and rare metals have both economic and environmental aspects.
In achieving the current level of development of the theory and practice of processing tailings from the enrichment of non-ferrous, rare and precious metal ores, V.A. made a great contribution. Chanturia, V.Z. Kozin, V.M. Avdokhin, SB. Leonov, L.A. Barsky, A.A. Abramov, V.I. Karmazin, SI. Mitrofanov and others.
An important component of the overall strategy of the ore industry, incl. tungsten, is the increased use of ore processing waste as additional sources of ore and mineral raw materials, with a significant reduction in the scale of disturbance of the geological environment in the region and the negative impact on all components of the environment.
In the field of using ore processing waste, the most important thing is a detailed mineralogical and technological study of each specific
an individual technogenic deposit, the results of which will allow the development of an effective and environmentally friendly technology for the industrial development of an additional source of ore and mineral raw materials.
The problems considered in the dissertation work were solved in accordance with the scientific direction of the Department of Mineral Processing and Environmental Engineering of Irkutsk State Technical University on the topic “Fundamental and technological research in the field of processing of mineral and technogenic raw materials for the purpose of their integrated use, taking into account environmental problems in complex industrial systems " and paper topic No. 118 "Study on the enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC."
Goal of the work- scientifically substantiate, develop and test
rational technological methods for enriching stale
The following tasks were solved in the work:
Evaluate the distribution of tungsten throughout the entire space of the main
technogenic education of the Dzhida VMC;
study the material composition of the stale tailings of the Dzhizhinsky VMC;
study the contrast of stale tailings in the original size in terms of the content of W and S (II);
to study the gravitational enrichment of stale tailings of the Dzhida VMC in various sizes;
determine the feasibility of using magnetic enrichment to improve the quality of crude tungsten-containing concentrates;
to optimize the technological scheme for the enrichment of technogenic raw materials of the general waste treatment plant of the Dzhida VMC;
conduct pilot tests of the developed scheme for extracting W from the stale tailings of DVMC;
To develop a circuit diagram of devices for the industrial processing of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC.
To carry out the research, a representative technological sample of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC was used.
When solving the formulated problems, the following were used research methods: spectral, optical, chemical, mineralogical, phase, gravitational and magnetic methods for analyzing the material composition and technological properties of initial mineral raw materials and enrichment products.
The following are submitted for defense: basic scientific principles:
The patterns of distribution of initial technogenic mineral raw materials and tungsten by size classes have been established. The need for primary (preliminary) classification by size of 3 mm has been proven.
The quantitative characteristics of the stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhidinsky VMC in terms of WO3 and sulfide sulfur content have been established. It has been proven that the initial mineral raw materials belong to the category of non-contrasting ores. A reliable and reliable correlation between the contents of WO3 and S (II) was revealed.
Quantitative patterns of gravitational enrichment of stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC have been established. It has been proven that for source material of any size, an effective method for extracting W is gravitational enrichment. Forecast technological indicators of gravitational enrichment of initial mineral raw materials have been determined V of various sizes.
Quantitative patterns of distribution of stale ore dressing tailings of the Dzhida VMC into fractions of different specific magnetic susceptibility have been established. The effectiveness of the sequential use of magnetic and centrifugal separation has been proven to improve the quality of rough W-containing products. The technological modes of magnetic separation have been optimized.
Material composition of mineral raw materials
When examining a secondary tailings dump (emergency discharge tailings dump (EDT)), 35 furrow samples were taken from pits and clearings along the slopes of the dumps; the total length of the furrows is 46 m. The pits and clearings are located in 6 exploration lines, spaced 40-100 m from each other; the distance between pits (clearings) in exploration lines is from 30-40 to 100-150 m. All lithological varieties of sands were tested. Samples were analyzed for W03 and S(II) content. In this area, 13 samples were taken from pits with a depth of 1.0 m. The distance between the lines is about 200 m, between the workings - from 40 to 100 m (depending on the distribution of the same type of lithological layer). The results of sample analyzes for WO3 and sulfur content are given in table. 2.1. Table 2.1 - Content of WO3 and sulfide sulfur in private samples of CAS It can be seen that the content of WO3 ranges from 0.05-0.09%, with the exception of sample M-16, selected from medium-grained gray sands. In the same sample, high concentrations of S (II) were found - 4.23% and 3.67%. For individual samples (M-8, M-18), a high content of S sulfate was noted (20-30% of the total sulfur content). In the upper part of the emergency discharge tailings dump, 11 samples of various lithological varieties were taken. The content of WO3 and S (II), depending on the origin of the sands, varies over a wide range: from 0.09 to 0.29% and from 0.78 to 5.8%, respectively. Elevated WO3 contents are typical for medium-to-coarse-grained sand varieties. The S(VI) content is 80 - 82% of the total S content, but in individual samples, predominantly with low contents of tungsten trioxide and total sulfur, it decreases to 30%.
The deposit's reserves can be assessed as Pj category resources (see Table 2.2). Along the upper part, the length of the pit varies in a wide range: from 0.7 to 9.0 m, therefore the average content of controlled components is calculated taking into account the parameters of the pits. In our opinion, based on the given characteristics, taking into account the composition of stale tailings, their preservation, burial conditions, contamination with household waste, WO3 content in them and the degree of sulfur oxidation, industrial interest can only be top part emergency discharge tailings with resources of 1.0 million tons of sand and 1330 tons of WO3 with a WO3 content of 0.126%. Their location in close proximity to the designed enrichment plant (250-300 m) is favorable for their transportation. The lower part of the emergency discharge tailings dump is subject to disposal as part of the environmental rehabilitation program for the city of Zakamensk.
5 samples were taken from the deposit area. The interval between sampling points is 1000-1250 m. Samples were taken over the entire thickness of the layer and analyzed for the content of WO3, Btot and S (II) (see Table 2.3). Table 2.3 - Content of WO3 and sulfur in private ATO samples From the analysis results it is clear that the content of WO3 is low, varying from 0.04 to 0.10%. The average S(II) content is 0.12% and is of no practical interest. The work carried out does not allow us to consider the by-product alluvial tailings dump as a potential industrial facility. However, as a source of environmental pollution, these formations must be disposed of. The main tailings dump (MTD) was explored along parallel exploration lines oriented at azimuth 120 and located 160 - 180 m from each other. The exploration lines are oriented across the strike of the dam and the slurry pipeline, through which the ore tailings were discharged, deposited subparallel to the dam crest. Thus, the exploration lines were also oriented across the bedding of technogenic deposits. Along the exploration lines, a bulldozer drove trenches to a depth of 3-5 m, from which pits were drilled to a depth of 1 to 4 m. The depth of the trenches and pits was limited by the stability of the walls of the workings. The pits in the trenches were made through 20 - 50 m in the central part of the deposit and through 100 m - on the south-eastern flank, on the area of the former settling pond (now dried up), from which water was supplied to the processing plants during the operation of the plant.
The area of the OTO along the distribution boundary is 1015 thousand m (101.5 hectares); along the long axis (along the valley of the Barun-Naryn river) it extends for 1580 m, in the transverse direction (near the dam) its width is 1050 m. In this area, 78 pits were made from pre-created trenches in five main exploration lines. Consequently, one pit illuminates an area of 12,850 m, which is equivalent to an average network of 130x100 m. In the central part of the field, represented by sands of different grains, in the area where slurry lines are located on an area of 530 thousand m (52% of the TMO area), 58 pits and one well (75% all workings); The exploration network area averaged 90x100 m2. On the extreme south-eastern flank, on the site of a former settling pond in the area of development of fine-grained sediments - silts, 12 pits (15% of the total number) were drilled, characterizing an area of about 370 thousand m (37% of the total area of the technogenic deposit); the average network area here was 310x100 m2. In the area of transition from heterogeneous sands to silts, composed of silty sands, on an area of about 115 thousand m (11% of the area of the technogenic deposit), 8 pits were drilled (10% of the number of workings in the technogenic deposit) and the average area of the exploration network was 145x100 m. The average length the sampled section at the technogenic deposit is 4.3 m, including for different-grained sands - 5.2 m, silty sands - 2.1 m, silts - 1.3 m. Absolute marks The modern topography of the surface of the technogenic deposit in the tested sections varies from 1110-1115 m near the upper part of the dam, to 1146-148 m in the central part and 1130-1135 m on the southeastern flank. In total, 60 - 65% of the capacity of the technogenic deposit has been tested. Trenches, pits, strippings and burials were documented in M 1:50 -1:100 and tested with a furrow with a cross section of 0.1x0.05 m2 (1999) and 0.05x0.05 m2 (2000). The length of the furrow samples was 1 m, the weight was 10 - 12 kg in 1999. and 4 - 6 kg in 2000. The total length of the tested intervals in the exploration lines was 338 m, in general, taking into account the areas of detailing and individual sections outside the network - 459 m. The weight of the samples taken was 5 tons.
The samples, together with a passport (characteristics of the rock, sample number, production and performer) were packaged in plastic and then fabric bags and sent to the RAC of the Republic of Buryatia, where they were weighed, dried, analyzed for the content of W03, and S (II) according to NS AM methods. The accuracy of the analyzes is confirmed by the comparability of the results of ordinary, group (RAC analyses) and technological (TsNIGRI and VIMS analyses) samples. The results of the analysis of private technological samples taken at the OTO are given in Appendix 1. The main (OTO) and two secondary tailings dumps (KhAT and ATO) of the Dzhida VMC were statistically compared in terms of WO3 content using the Student's t test (see Appendix 2). With a confidence probability of 95% it was established: - no significant statistical difference in WO3 content between private samples of side tailings; - average results of OTO testing for WO3 content in 1999 and 2000. belong to the same general population. Consequently, the chemical composition of the main tailings pond changes insignificantly over time under the influence of external influences. All general waste reserves can be processed using a single technology.; - average sampling results of the main and side tailings dumps in terms of WO3 content differ significantly from each other. Consequently, to involve mineral raw materials from side tailings, the development of local enrichment technology is required.
Technological properties of mineral raw materials
Based on their granular composition, sediments are divided into three types of sediments: heterogeneous sands; silty sands (silty); silts There are gradual transitions between these types of sediments. Clearer boundaries are observed in the thickness of the section. They are caused by the alternation of sediments of different grain compositions, different color(from dark green to light yellow and gray) and different material composition (quartz-feldspathic nonmetallic part and sulfide with magnetite, hematite, hydroxides of iron and manganese). The entire thickness is layered - from fine to coarsely layered; the latter is more typical for coarse-grained varieties of sediments or layers of significant sulfide mineralization. Fine-grained (silty, silt fractions, or layers composed of dark-colored materials - amphibole, hematite, goethite) usually form thin (a few cm - mm) layers. The occurrence of the entire thickness of sediments is subhorizontal with a predominant fall of 1-5 in the northern directions. Sands of different grains are located in the northwestern and central parts of the OTO, which is due to their sedimentation near the source of discharge - the pulp pipeline. The width of the strip of different-grained sands is 400-500 m; along the strike they occupy the entire width of the valley - 900-1000 m. The color of the sands is gray-yellow, yellow-green. The granular composition is variable - from fine-grained to coarse-grained varieties up to lenses of gravelstones 5-20 cm thick and up to 10-15 m long. Silty (silty) sands stand out in the form of a layer 7-10 m thick (horizontal thickness, outcrop 110-120 m ). They lie under heterogeneous sands. In cross-section they represent a layered formation of gray, greenish-gray color with alternation of fine-grained sands with layers of silt. The volume of silts in the section of silty sands increases in the southeast direction, where silts make up the main part of the section.
Silts make up the southeastern part of the OTO and are represented by finer particles of enrichment waste of dark gray, dark green, bluish-green color with layers of grayish-yellow sand. The main feature of their structure is a more uniform, more massive texture with less frequent and less clearly defined layering. The silts are underlain by silty sands and lie on the base of the bed - alluvial-deluvial deposits. The granulometric characteristics of OTO mineral raw materials with the distribution of gold, tungsten, lead, zinc, copper, fluorite (calcium and fluorine) by size class are given in Table. 2.8. According to granulometric analysis, the bulk of the OTO sample material (about 58%) has a particle size of -1 + 0.25 mm, 17% each is coarse (-3 + 1 mm) and small (-0.25 + 0.1) mm classes. The share of material with a particle size of less than 0.1 mm is about 8%, of which half (4.13%) is of the slurry class - 0.044 + 0 mm. Tungsten is characterized by a slight fluctuation in content in size classes from -3 +1 mm to -0.25+0.1 mm (0.04-0.05%) and a sharp increase (up to 0.38%) in size class -0 .1+0.044 mm. In the slurry class -0.044+0 mm, the tungsten content is reduced to 0.19%. The accumulation of hübnerite occurs only in small-sized material, that is, in the class -0.1 + 0.044 mm. Thus, 25.28% of tungsten is concentrated in the -0.1+0.044 mm class with an output of this class of about 4% and 37.58% in the -0.1+0 mm class with an output of this class of 8.37%. Differential and integral histograms of the distribution of particles of GTO mineral raw materials by size class and histograms of the absolute and relative distribution of W by size class of GTO mineral raw materials are presented in Fig. 2.2. and 2.3. In table Table 2.9 shows data on the dissemination of hübnerite and scheelite in the OTO mineral raw material of the original size and crushed to - 0.5 mm.
In the -5+3 mm class of initial mineral raw materials there are no pobnerite and scheelite grains, as well as intergrowths. In the -3+1 mm class, the content of free scheelite and hübnerite grains is quite large (37.2% and 36.1%, respectively). In the -1+0.5 mm class, both mineral forms of tungsten are present in almost equal quantities, both in the form of free grains and in the form of intergrowths. In thin classes -0.5+0.25, -0.25+0.125, -0.125+0.063, -0.063+0 mm, the content of free grains of scheelite and hübnerite is significantly higher than the content of intergrowths (the content of intergrowths varies from 11.9 to 3. 0%) The size class -1+0.5 mm is limiting and in it the content of free grains of scheelite and hübnerite and their intergrowths is almost the same. Based on the data in table. 2.9, we can conclude that it is necessary to classify delimed mineral raw materials OTO according to a particle size of 0.1 mm and separate enrichment of the resulting classes. From the large class, it is necessary to separate the free grains into a concentrate, and the tailings containing splices must be subjected to further grinding. The crushed and deslimed tailings should be combined with the deslimed class -0.1+0.044 of the initial mineral raw materials and sent to gravity operation II in order to extract fine grains of scheelite and pobnerite into the middling product.
2.3.2 Study of the possibility of radiometric separation of mineral raw materials in the original size Radiometric separation is the process of large-piece separation of ores according to the content of valuable components, based on selective influence various types radiation on the properties of minerals and chemical elements. Over twenty methods of radiometric enrichment are known; the most promising of them are X-ray radiometric, X-ray luminescence, radio resonance, photometric, autoradiometric and neutron absorption. Using radiometric methods, the following technological problems are solved: preliminary enrichment with the removal of waste rock from ore; selection of technological varieties, varieties with subsequent enrichment according to separate schemes; selection of products suitable for chemical and metallurgical processing. Assessment of radiometric enrichment includes two stages: studying the properties of ores and experimental determination technological indicators enrichment. At the first stage, the following basic properties are studied: the content of valuable and harmful components, particle size distribution, single- and multi-component contrast of ore. At this stage, the fundamental possibility of using radiometric enrichment is established, the maximum separation indices are determined (at the stage of studying contrast), separation methods and characteristics are selected, their effectiveness is assessed, theoretical separation indices are determined, and a basic diagram of radiometric enrichment is developed, taking into account the features of subsequent processing technology. At the second stage, the modes and practical results of separation are determined, large-scale laboratory tests of the radiometric enrichment scheme are carried out, a rational version of the scheme is selected based on a technical and economic comparison of the combined technology (with radiometric separation at the beginning of the process) with the basic (traditional) technology.
In each specific case, the mass, size and number of technological samples are determined depending on the properties of the ore, the structural features of the deposit and methods of its exploration. The content of valuable components and the uniformity of their distribution in the ore mass are the determining factors in the use of radiometric enrichment. The choice of radiometric enrichment method is influenced by the presence of impurity elements isomorphically associated with useful minerals and in some cases playing the role of indicators, as well as the content of harmful impurities, which can also be used for these purposes.
Optimization of the general waste processing scheme
In connection with the involvement in industrial exploitation of low-grade ores with a tungsten content of 0.3-0.4%, in recent years multi-stage combined enrichment schemes based on a combination of gravity, flotation, magnetic and electrical separation, chemical finishing of low-grade flotation concentrates, etc. have become widespread. . A special International Congress in 1982 from San Francisco. An analysis of the technological schemes of existing enterprises showed that during ore preparation, various methods of preliminary concentration have become widespread: photometric sorting, preliminary jigging, enrichment in heavy environments, wet and dry magnetic separation. In particular, photometric sorting is effectively used at one of the largest suppliers of tungsten products - at the Mount Corbijn plant in Australia, which processes ores with a tungsten content of 0.09% at large factories in China - Taishan and Xihuashan.
For the preliminary concentration of ore components in heavy media, highly efficient Dinavirpul devices from Sala (Sweden) are used. Using this technology, the material is classified and the +0.5 mm class is enriched in a heavy environment represented by a ferrosilicon mixture. Some factories use dry and wet magnetic separation as pre-concentration. Thus, at the Emerson plant in the USA, wet magnetic separation is used to separate the pyrrhotite and magnetite contained in the ore, and at the Uyudag plant in Turkey, class - 10 mm is subjected to dry grinding and magnetic separation in separators with low magnetic intensity to isolate magnetite, and then enriched in high tension separators to separate the garnet. Further enrichment includes table concentration, flotogravity and scheelite flotation. An example of the use of multi-stage combined schemes for the enrichment of low-grade tungsten ores, ensuring the production of high-quality concentrates, are the technological schemes used in Chinese factories. Thus, at the Taishan factory with a capacity of 3000 tons/day of ore, wolframite-scheelite material with a tungsten content of 0.25% is processed. The original ore is subjected to manual and photometric sorting with 55% of waste rock removed to the dump. Further enrichment is carried out on jigging machines and concentration tables. The resulting rough gravity concentrates are finished using flotogravity and flotation methods. Xihuashan, which processes ore with a 10:1 ratio of wolframite to scheelite, uses a similar gravity cycle. The crude gravity concentrate is sent to flotogravity and flotation, through which sulfides are removed. Next, wet magnetic separation of the chamber product is carried out to isolate wolframite and rare earth minerals. The magnetic fraction is sent to electrostatic separation and then flotation of wolframite. The non-magnetic fraction is fed to sulfide flotation, and the flotation tailings are subjected to magnetic separation to produce scheelite and cassiterite-wolframite concentrates. The total WO3 content is 65% with a recovery of 85%.
There has been an increase in the use of the flotation process in combination with chemical finishing of the resulting poor concentrates. In Canada, at the Mount Pleasant plant, flotation technology has been adopted for the beneficiation of complex tungsten-molybdenum ores, including the flotation of sulfides, molybdenite and wolframite. In the main sulfide flotation, copper, molybdenum, lead, and zinc are recovered. The concentrate is cleaned, further crushed, steamed and conditioned with sodium sulfide. The molybdenum concentrate is purified and subjected to acid leaching. Sulfide flotation tailings are treated with sodium fluoride to depress gangue minerals and wolframite is floated with organophosphorus acid, followed by leaching of the resulting wolframite concentrate with sulfuric acid. At the Kantung factory (Canada), the scheelite flotation process is complicated by the presence of talc in the ore, so a primary talc flotation cycle was introduced, then copper minerals and pyrrhotite are floated. The flotation tailings are subjected to gravity enrichment to produce two tungsten concentrates. The gravity tailings are sent to the scheelite flotation cycle, and the resulting flotation concentrate is treated with hydrochloric acid. At the Ixsjöberg factory (Sweden), replacing the gravity-flotation scheme with a purely flotation scheme made it possible to obtain scheelite concentrate containing 68-70% WO3 with a recovery of 90% (according to the gravity-flotation scheme, the recovery was 50%). Much attention has recently been paid to improving the technology for extracting tungsten minerals from sludge in two main areas: gravitational enrichment of sludge in modern multi-deck concentrators (similar to the enrichment of tin-containing sludge) with subsequent finishing of the concentrate by flotation and enrichment in wet magnetic separators with high magnetic field strength (for wolframite sludge).
An example of the use of combined technology is factories in China. The technology includes sludge thickening to 25-30% solids, sulfide flotation, tailings enrichment in centrifugal separators. The resulting rough concentrate (WO3 content 24.3% with recovery 55.8%) is sent to wolframite flotation using organophosphorus acid as a collector. Flotation concentrate containing 45% WO3 is subjected to wet magnetic separation to obtain wolframite and tin concentrates. Using this technology, wolframite concentrate containing 61.3% WO3 with a recovery of 61.6% is obtained from sludge containing 0.3-0.4% WO3. Thus, technological schemes for the enrichment of tungsten ores are aimed at increasing the complexity of the use of raw materials and separating all associated valuable components into independent types of products. Thus, at the Kuda factory (Japan), when enriching complex ores, 6 commercial products are obtained. In order to determine the possibility of additional extraction of useful components from stale enrichment tailings in the mid-90s. TsNIGRI studied a technological sample containing 0.1% tungsten trioxide. It has been established that the main valuable component in the tailings is tungsten. The content of non-ferrous metals is quite low: copper 0.01-0.03; lead - 0.09-0.2; zinc -0.06-0.15%, gold and silver were not found in the sample. Studies have shown that successful extraction of tungsten trioxide will require significant costs for regrinding the tailings and at this stage their involvement in processing is not promising.
A technological scheme for the enrichment of minerals, including two or more devices, embodies all the characteristic features of a complex object, and optimization of the technological scheme can apparently constitute the main task of system analysis. Almost all previously discussed modeling and optimization methods can be used to solve this problem. However, the structure of concentrator plant circuits is so complex that it is necessary to consider additional methods optimization. Indeed, for a circuit consisting of at least 10-12 devices, it is difficult to implement a conventional factorial experiment or carry out multiple nonlinear statistical processing. Currently, several ways to optimize circuits are being outlined - an evolutionary path to generalize the accumulated experience and take a step in the successful direction of changing the circuit.
Pilot testing of the developed technological scheme for the enrichment of general waste and an industrial plant
The tests were carried out in October-November 2003. During the tests, 15 tons of initial mineral raw materials were processed in 24 hours. The results of testing the developed technological scheme are presented in Fig. 3.4 and 3.5 and in table. 3.6. It can be seen that the yield of the standard concentrate is 0.14%, the content is 62.7% with a WO3 recovery of 49.875%. The results of spectral analysis of a representative sample of the obtained concentrate are given in table. 3.7, confirm that W-concentrate III of magnetic separation is standard and complies with the KVG (T) grade of GOST 213-73 “Technical requirements (composition,%) for tungsten concentrates obtained from tungsten-containing ores.” Consequently, the developed technological scheme for the extraction of W from the stale tailings of the ore processing of the Dzhidinsky VMC can be recommended for industrial use and the stale tailings are converted into additional industrial mineral raw materials of the Dzhidinsky VMC.
For the industrial processing of stale tailings using the developed technology at Q = 400 t/h, a list of equipment has been developed, given in To carry out an enrichment operation with a particle size of +0.1 mm, it is recommended to install a KNELSON centrifugal separator with continuous unloading of the concentrate, while for centrifugal enrichment class -0.1 mm must be carried out on a KNELSON centrifugal separator with periodic unloading of the concentrate. Thus, it has been established that the most effective way extraction of WO3 from general waste with a particle size of -3+0.5 mm is carried out by screw separation; from size classes -0.5+0.1 and -0.1+0 mm and primary enrichment tailings crushed to -0.1 mm - centrifugal separation. The essential features of the technology for processing stale tailings from the Dzhida VMC are as follows: 1. A narrow classification of the feed directed to primary enrichment and finishing is necessary; 2. An individual approach is required when choosing a method for primary enrichment of classes of different sizes; 3. Obtaining waste tailings is possible with the primary enrichment of the finest feed (-0.1+0.02mm); 4. Use of hydrocycloning operations to combine dewatering and size separation operations. The drain contains particles with a particle size of -0.02 mm; 5. Compact arrangement of equipment. 6. Profitability of the technological scheme (APPENDIX 4), the final product is a standard concentrate that meets the requirements of GOST 213-73.
Kiselev, Mikhail Yurievich
The main tungsten minerals are scheelite, hübnerite and wolframite. Depending on the type of minerals, ores can be divided into two types; scheelite and wolframite (huebnerite).Scheelite ores in Russia, as well as in some cases abroad, are enriched by flotation. In Russia, the process of flotation of scheelite ores on an industrial scale was carried out before the Second World War at the Tyrn-Auz factory. This plant processes very complex molybdenum-scheelite ores containing a number of calcium minerals (calcite, fluorite, apatite). Calcium minerals, like scheelite, float with oleic acid; the depression of calcite and fluorite is produced by stirring in a liquid glass solution without heating (long-term contact) or with heating, as at the Tyrn-Auz factory. Instead of oleic acid, fractions of tall oil are used, as well as acids from vegetable oils (reagents 708, 710, etc.) alone or in a mixture with oleic acid.
A typical flotation scheme for scheelite ore is shown in Fig. 38. Using this scheme, it is possible to remove calcite and fluorite and obtain tungsten trioxide-standard concentrates. However, apatite still remains in such quantity that the phosphorus content in the concentrate is higher than standard. Excess phosphorus is removed by dissolving apatite in weak hydrochloric acid. Acid consumption depends on the calcium carbonate content in the concentrate and is 0.5-5 g of acid per ton of WO3.
When leaching with acid, part of the scheelite, as well as powellite, is dissolved and then precipitated out of solution in the form of CaWO4 + CaMoO4 and other impurities. The resulting dirty sludge is then processed according to the I.N. method. Maslenitsky.
Due to the difficulty of obtaining quality tungsten concentrate, many factories abroad produce two products: a rich concentrate and a poor one for hydrometallurgical processing into calcium tungstate using the method developed in Mekhanobra I.N. Maslenitsky, - leaching with soda in an autoclave under pressure with transfer into solution in the form of CaWO4, followed by purification of the solution and precipitation of CaWO4. In some cases, with coarsely disseminated scheelite, finishing of flotation concentrates is carried out on tables.
From ores containing a significant amount of CaF2, extraction of scheelite by flotation has not been developed abroad. Such ores, for example in Sweden, are enriched on tables. Scheelite, entrained with fluorite in the flotation concentrate, is then separated from this concentrate on the table.
In Russian factories, scheelite ores are enriched by flotation, obtaining quality concentrates.
At the Tyrn-Auz plant, concentrates containing 6% WO3 are produced from ore containing 0.2% WO3 with a recovery of 82%. At the Chorukh-Dairon plant, with ore of the same VVO3 content, 72% WO3 is obtained in concentrates with an extraction of 78.4%; at the Koytash plant, with ore with 0.46% WO3 in concentrate, 72.6% WO3 is obtained with a WO3 recovery of 85.2%; at the Lyangarsky plant in ore 0.124%, in concentrates - 72% with extraction of 81.3% WO3. Additional recovery of poor products is possible by reducing losses in tailings. In all cases, if sulfides are present in the ore, they are separated before scheelite flotation.
The consumption of materials and energy is illustrated by the data below, kg/t:
Wolframite (Hübnerite) ores are enriched exclusively by gravity methods. Some ores with uneven and coarse-grained dissemination, such as Bukuki ore (Transbaikalia), can be pre-enriched in heavy suspensions, releasing about 60% waste rock with a particle size of 26+3 MM with a content of no more than 0.03% WO3.
However, with a relatively low productivity of factories (no more than 1000 tons/day), the first stage of enrichment is carried out in jigging machines, usually starting with a particle size of about 10 mm for coarsely disseminated ores. In new modern schemes, in addition to jiggers and tables, Humphrey screw separators are used, replacing part of the tables with them.
A progressive scheme for the enrichment of tungsten ores is shown in Fig. 39.
The finishing of tungsten concentrates depends on their composition.
Sulfides from concentrates thinner than 2 mm are separated by flotogravity: the concentrates, after mixing with acid and flotation reagents (xanthate, oils), are sent to a concentration table; The resulting CO2 concentrate is dried and subjected to magnetic separation. The coarse concentrate is pre-crushed. Sulfides are separated from fine concentrates from slurry tables by foam flotation.
If there are a lot of sulfides, it is advisable to separate them from the discharge of hydrocyclones (or classifier) before enrichment on the tables. This will improve the conditions for the release of wolframite on tables and during concentrate finishing operations.
Typically, rough concentrates before finishing contain about 30% WO3 with recovery up to 85%. For illustration in table. 86 shows some data on factories.
During the gravitational enrichment of wolframite ores (Hübnerite, ferberite) from slurries thinner than 50 microns, the recovery is very low and the losses in the slurry part are significant (10-15% of the content in the ore).
From sludge by flotation with fatty acids at pH=10 it is possible to further extract WO3 into lean products containing 7-15% WO3. These products are suitable for hydrometallurgical processing.
Wolframite (Hübnerite) ores contain a certain amount of non-ferrous, rare and noble metals. Some of them pass during gravity enrichment into gravity concentrates and are transferred to finishing tailings. From sulfide finishing tailings, as well as from sludge, molybdenum, bismuth-lead, lead-copper-silver, zinc (they contain cadmium, indium) and pyrite concentrates can be isolated by selective flotation, and the tungsten product can also be isolated.
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