The appeal is not part of the offer. Proposals with appeals. Stylistic functions of addresses

Appeal is a combination of word forms that express the name and title of the subject, to which the speech is directed.

They are, as a rule, nouns in the nominative cases. They can be paired with a dependent word, or they can be without them. Appeals can be anything. As emphasized in writing, and other aspects will be clarified further.

There are no specific, defined positions for these literary structures. They can be located anywhere in a sentence.

Examples

Start of sentence:

• Ivanov, Doesn't it bother you that you have such a standard surname?
• Teacher, can I ask your colleague for help?
• Mr Jones, do you know how a revolver differs from a pistol?

Appeal in the middle offers:

• It confuses me my dear friend, communicate with those who care about surnames.
• Let's read a little more Darling, because we don’t need to get up early tomorrow.
• To be honest, in my opinion, Doctor Stavropolsky, black lemonade cannot be tasty...
• If you were a bird dog, would you miss the owners?

At the end offers:

• I was reading the letter, and what, do you think I didn’t notice how you blushed? Smirnov?!
• I won’t repeat it three times, march to the board, double student!

Appeals and subjects

What part of the sentence can the word form in be?

You can often hear the statement that the address is subject.

In fact, this is a misconception, although there are reasons to think so. The subject is also expressed in the same form, so it seems quite logical to confuse them. Nevertheless should be remembered:

• When the subject is a noun, the predicate must be in the third person. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich knows important things about all the residents of the house. Marinochka leaves after seven o'clock in the direction of the second tram.
• When there are appeals in sentences, it is, as a rule, one-part, and it contains a predicate verb in the second person form. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich, do you know important things about all the residents of the house? Marinochka, are you leaving after seven o’clock in the direction of the second tram?
• When addresses are pronounced with special vocative intonations, for example, there are increased stresses or pauses. Examples: Children, come here immediately! I won’t repeat it twice, Tolya, correct the mistake!

What part of the sentence are the presented word forms? They are not members of the proposal!

What words can be addresses

Most often, common sentences contain personal names(not to be confused with names, although names are included) or nicknames of animals. Moreover, it is not always the nickname that is applicable to them; often even the name of the species itself is a title. Examples:

• What can you tell me new, Penkov? When, Vanya, are you going to get married?
• Well, Sharik, here we are left alone...
• Oh, you dog, you can't be a normal dog!

However, in speeches with appeals from fiction, Appeals to inanimate objects are allowed:

• Well, Universe, I didn’t expect such a gift from you.
• I love you, life, do you hear?

Also possible geographical names:

• Eh, Russia, how glad I am to see you again!
• Well hello Germany, here we are seeing you again...

Important! Addresses and interjection-type phrases are two different things. Even if we take into account the seemingly obvious appeal to an animated personality. For example: God save, God have mercy, thank God, thank God.

"You" and "you", despite all their similarities, almost never used as address. They are the subject parts of a sentence.

For example:

Hello, dear lands and endless fields, and you, birds of the air, and you, mighty winds!

However, in some cases these pronouns may be requests. These cases are the following:

1) When pronouns are used on their own. Examples:

• Hey you! Come on as quickly as possible!
• - Louder, you! – the general shouted to the pianist and smiled imperiously.

2) When pronouns are combinations of adjectives with words that are defined if there are second persons between these words that are not separated by commas. Examples:

• Why do you look so stupid, my beautiful darling?
• You've let us all down, you hear, you're our smart guy.

3) When the appeal contains a pronoun preceded by the particle “o” and followed by a subordinate clause definitive sentence. Examples:

• Can you hear me, oh you fools in Senate togas...
• O you, best of the best, goddess of goddesses, queen of queens, can I love you?

How does the appeal stand out?

If the appeal is in the middle of a sentence, then it highlight commas on both sides. If it is at the beginning of a sentence or at the end, it is separated by a comma on one side.

• Thirty-five, are you ready to go to another camp or would you like to have some more coffee?
• One day, son, you will learn to be a father yourself.
• Was it not for nothing that I was who I was all my life, tell me, not for nothing, Lavrenty?

I would like to point out one extremely common mistake, used in the placement of punctuation marks in addresses.

Most often, in texts, the address is used in one or two words, for example, “Hello, Pasha, how are you?”

The frequent use of just such short addresses leads to the fact that many consider the address to be a priori a short part of the sentence.

Let's give erroneous proposals with an appeal (attention, there is an intentional mistake in the sentences):

1) Our brothers, at the table next to you you got burnt by the summer sun.

2) Our brothers, at the table next to you, you got burnt by the summer sun.

In the first sentence, the comma is placed with the expectation that the address is the phrase “Our brothers.” However, it is obvious that the part “you got sunburnt in the summer sun” is subordinate clause and must be separated by a comma.

That's exactly what they did in the second sentence. Nevertheless both are spelled incorrectly. The whole point is that the comma after the words “Our brothers” should not appear at all, since the address is: “Our brothers are at the next table.” Despite longer length, this is precisely what constitutes a whole and non-breaking appeal. It would be correct to write:

Our brothers at the table next to you, you got sunburnt under the summer sun.

A similar example, only using an address at the end of the sentence:

“All the best to you, my dear and highly cultured comrade!”

If the address is at the very beginning and it is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then you should remember that it is not set off with commas, but is highlighted with an exclamation mark, after which a new sentence comes, as expected, with a capital letter. Example:

My dear! Forget about past problems...

Attention! No matter how integral and inseparable the addresses may seem, there are situations when they can be separated by commas.

This happens if the conjunction “and” is repeated in a homogeneous address, for example:

All the best to both Marina and Elena.

In addition, when contacting several times in one sentence, they should all separate. Example:

Stepan Semenovich, tell the guys, dear, how you spent the night at the front under the stars.

It also happens that one address is interrupted by another word form. This is done to emphasize the action. In this case, both parts must be separated by commas. Example:

Tighter, horse, hit, hoof, minting a step!

The sentence diagram with the word form being studied can be compiled by the student independently.

How is appeal highlighted in sentences?

Learning Russian - sentences with addresses

According to etiquette, in our country it is customary to distinguish between two main and most common forms of addressing a person.

Official appeal

In modern Russian there is no generally accepted address for a man or a woman, as in the West or in the East (Mr., Miss, Madam, Khanym Efendi, etc.).

• If we know the initials, That official uniform- this is the name and patronymic of a person (sometimes it can be observed with the addition of a surname). The pronoun is also used in the dialogue plural"YOU":

- Ivan Sergeevich, have you already prepared documents for our December conference? - Ivan Sergeyevich, have you already prepared documents for our December conference?

! This applies to both people we know and people we don’t know:

Our lecturer on the history of Russia of the 20th century will be Professor Maria Petrovna Ivanova. - Our lecturer of Russian history of 20 th century will be Ivanova Maria Petrovna.

• Semi-formal form allows first name only:

- Nikita, do you think Chekhov’s play “Three Sisters” will have the same success this season? - Nikita, how do you think, the play “Three sisters” by Chekhov is waiting for the same success in this season?

• If we don't know the person , then the most commonly used words at the beginning of a conversation are:

« man"(middle aged and older), " young man or guy"(young years), " boy" (child);

« woman"(middle aged and older), " young woman"(young years), " girl" (child).

Young man, do you know if there is a post office nearby? - Fellow, do you know whether there is a post office nearby?

! An anonymous address is also acceptable, when we don’t know in advance who the communication will be with ( for example, messages in instant messengers, calls to a call center or letters to support services on websites). In this case, it is enough to politely say hello and immediately move on to the reason for your request:

Good afternoon Please tell me if this smartphone model is available? I can't find it in the search on your site. - Good afternoon! Could you, please, say the availability of this smartphone model? I can't find it in search on your website.

Unofficial appeal

If we talk about the unofficial form of address, then it is necessary to divide it into live dialogue and communication on the Internet and instant messengers. In all the examples below, the singular personal pronoun “YOU” is mainly used, in more rare cases “YOU”.

• In a personal conversation it is possible to start a conversation with a person immediately by name or with the addition of family ties to the name, or without a name at all. The last option is possible if two people are participating in the conversation or it is clear to whom the question is addressed:

- Aunt Anya, we will come to visit you on school holidays. - Aunt Anya, we are going to visit you on school holidays.

Uncle Sasha, do you want some more coffee? - Uncle Sasha, would you like more coffee?

Maybe we can celebrate two birthdays on one day? Raise your hands if you like this idea. - Maybe will celebrate birthday party at the same day? Raise your hands who likes this idea.

• When corresponding to social networks or messengers , as a rule, an abbreviated form is used, without addressing by name and going straight to the topic of conversation. The pronoun “YOU” is also more common here:

- Hello! How about meeting this weekend? - Hi! How about meeting this weekend?

An address is a word or combination of words that in direct speech refers to the person to whom the speech is addressed. For example, Sasha go get some bread; Young friend, always be young; And you, Dasha, will you go to the cinema?

Addresses are similar to introductory words in the sense that they, like introductory words, are set off in writing by commas, but are not members of a sentence, so they are not emphasized during syntactic parsing. The appeal can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. At the beginning of the sentence: Yuri, have you done your homework? In the middle of the sentence: Can you play the violin, Klava? At the end of the sentence: Why do you need a broken bicycle, Pavel?

At the beginning of a sentence, the address may be separated by a comma or an exclamation mark if the address is pronounced with a raised exclamation. You can say: Kolya, go take out the trash. But you can also say this: Kolya! go take out the trash. Unlike introductory words, addresses are not distinguished by dashes, but only by commas. After the calls there is a pause.

The appeal is not always easy to find in the text. For example, And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. An inexperienced student can highlight the address in a sentence like this: And you, dear friends, come tomorrow. Therefore, it is important to be careful when highlighting the appeal.

Thus, appeals can consist of one single word (Vladimir, put a hat on your head, otherwise it’s cold outside) and common when two or more words are used: And you, snowstorms, where are you rushing?

It should also be noted that there are also such appeals that can be scattered throughout the sentence, that is, one part can be, for example, at the beginning of the sentence, and the second at the end of the sentence. For example, Where are you going, darling, girl. Such appeals are typical colloquial speech.

Sometimes the particle “o” is used together with addresses. For example, O my youth, where have you gone? In such cases, the particle “o” is not separated by a comma from the address, but represents a single address.

The main thing to remember

• appeals can be common and not common;
• not emphasized;
• addresses and introductory words are not the same thing;
• separated by commas.

An address is a word or phrase that names the person to whom we are speaking.

In the example: Moscow! How I love you! the address is the word Moscow.

Features of using proposals with appeals

The address is often expressed in the nominative case by a noun:

Are you very thoughtful, Alexander?

Less commonly, addresses are adjectives that have the meaning of a noun:

Take me back, beautiful, to the wide open space

The nominative case of address differs mainly from the nominative case of the subject in its intonation, where someone's name is used or a rise or fall in tone or tempo.

Let's compare: Petya will bring me a toy. - Petya, bring me a toy.

The appeal may be accompanied by words of explanation:

I will not forget your works, my dear.

When we address speech not to one person, but to several, then usually between the names of these persons we put exclamation mark or a comma and they are connected by a coordinating conjunction, for example:

Ivan and Peter, I will write letters to you.

Mother! Father! Run here quickly!

When speech has an intonation of excitement, the address may be repeated:

Oh, Vasya, Vasya, I miss you

The interjection particle o can also be used:

But I cannot, O enemies, I die.

Appeal is not part of the offer!

The address is never connected by any grammatical connections with any of the members of the sentence and therefore will never be its members.

Let's compare examples where in one of them the word mother is an address, and in the other it is a subject:

I love you, mother! - Mother speaks to me in a whisper.

Addresses in our speech have a special role, different from the role of sentence members: all sentence members always serve to express a certain thought, the most common task of address is often to force the interlocutor to listen to the speech. That is why addresses are very often names, nicknames, and so on:

Really, Svetlana Nikolaevna, do you want to leave us too?

Expressing feelings and emotions through messages

The address is also sometimes accompanied by an expression of affection, rage, love, etc. This attitude of the speaker towards the interlocutor is expressed mainly through intonation, suffixes, definitions and applications, for example:

Ivanushka, dear, don’t give it away, dear!

Neighbor, my dear, please eat!

Sometimes appeals can be expanded into often lengthy characteristics. In these cases, the address is repeated or changed and there may be several definitions with it. For example:

Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove, alone in the wilderness of the pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long time.

The address is not always used only to certain individuals; sometimes it can be used to inanimate objects V poetic speech: then it is one of the techniques of personification.

Thank you, dear beauty, for your healing space! Friend of idle thoughts, my inkwell, I have adorned my monotonous age with you.

Note. We often express rage, regret, love or indignation at a person with a nickname, name, title, etc. in an appropriate tone. This is how sentences called vocative are obtained. They should not be confused with appeals.

Let's give an example:

Voinitsky. He [Serebryakov] has no business. He writes nonsense, grumbles, is jealous, nothing else.

S o n i (in a tone of rage). Uncle!

A little test of attentiveness. In which of these sentences will the word handsome be used as an address?

In the grammar of the Russian language there are various characteristics offers. One of them is an indication of complicating elements. Thus, sentences with common appeals are sentences with complications.

Offer characteristics

When carrying out syntactic analysis, it is necessary to determine the part of speech of all words in a sentence, to identify which members of the sentence they are.

At the final stage of analysis, it is necessary to characterize the proposal:

1. Emotional coloring.
2. Grammar basics (one or more).
3. Minor members (present or absent).
4. Availability of necessary members.
5. Presence of complicating elements.

Complicating structures

Completing point 6 requires knowledge of complicating structures.

These are isolated members, introductory words, homogeneous members, clarifying members, appeals. Example sentences with appeals and introductory words: Yuri, when do you think the broadcast of sports competitions will begin? It seems to me, Valya, that you shouldn’t stay here. Ivan, apparently you were on holiday in Cyprus?

More details about how a proposal can be complicated are in the table below.

Sentence complicators

Complicator	Example
Separate members	Plant, grown in the south, may die in harsh climate north. Opening the window, she smelled the cherry blossoms from the garden.
Introductory words and expressions	In the spring, perhaps, we'll go hiking. According to researchers, the discovered artifact is more than 5 thousand years old.
Homogeneous members	The children collected plums, apples and cherries. On seashore schoolchildren played into the ball swam on a banana sunbathed in the sun.
Comparative turnover	Breeze, like a warm mother's scarf, enveloped her shoulders. Like the prickly needles of a hedgehog, the grass was pricking in the field.
Clarifying members	In the north, V national park"Arctic", polar bears live. Last year, in April, they brought him a motorcycle.
Appeals	Kolya Where does the narwhal live? Nikitin, go to the post office.

Appeal is part of a complex sentence: intonation

Proposals that contain appeals have a number of differences. They are pronounced with a special vocative, ascending-descending intonation. If the address is a part, then the main semantic load is divided between the address and the verb. If the appeal is included in interrogative sentence, then the emphasis falls on the appeal. Example sentences with requests: Klim, bring documents about the sale of equipment. Son, let's not play around during recess. Where are my sketches, Nadya? Daughter, how to get to the library? There are motivating-interrogative sentences, where there are two main logical stresses: Tell us, Dmitry, how did you manage to achieve success?

Appeal - part of a complex sentence: grammatical features

In a sentence, the address is introduced in the nominative case. Sometimes, especially in colloquial speech, addresses may not be in the nominative case. For example: Wearing your uniform, did you pay for your fare? Hey, straw hat, did you ask permission?

Addresses are usually nouns (often proper nouns): Mom, take me with you. Evgeniy, be more reasonable!

Sometimes addresses are adjectives, pronouns, numerals, participles. An example of sentences with appeals expressed not as a noun, but as one: Young people, go to the registrar. Eh, you've done a lot of things! Sixth, go to battle! Dancing, pay attention to the rhythm.

Being a construction that complicates a sentence, the address is highlighted with the help of commas. If the address begins a sentence, then a comma must be placed after it: Uncle, where did you serve?

If it is in the middle of a sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides: Tell me, Volga, which way the winds blow.

If the address ends a sentence, then a comma is needed before it: Repeat everything word for word, Lisa.

In cases where particularly strong emphatic intonation is needed, an exclamation mark may appear after the address: Friends! Let's meet more often.

If the address is accompanied by an intonation of understatement, then an ellipsis is placed after the address: Kat... Look at me! Taking into account the peculiarities of the use of addresses, it is possible to use the address without any difficulties.

Common appeal

If next to the noun address there is a definition expressed by a participle, an adjective, or a possessive pronoun, then the address will be common. The common sentences that are given below are also complicated. Laughing child, how are you? Dear brother, tell me a story. My friend, we haven't seen each other for a long time. These are complex sentences with common appeals. There are cases when a whole separate structure is in circulation. Example of sentences with addresses complicated by isolated constructions: Comrades waiting for the train, be careful. A friend who has always understood me, you are dear to me.

The use of appeals in fiction

IN fiction addresses are introduced not only for the purpose of naming this or that character, but also in order to express the feeling with which the hero is addressed.

For example, sentences with appeals from literature, from the stories of I.A. Bunina: Thank you gentlemen, I feel too tired. Go ahead, brother, go ahead boldly! Barchuks, look at the ships! Mitya, they are hungry! Kohl, ah Kohl!

Examples of sentences with common appeals from literature: So what is it, dear little gentleman? No letters, Ivan Filimonovich? Sergey Lvovich, please play! Nikolai Nilych, how many pieces of sugar do you need? Farewell, Mrs. Leshchinskaya. Goodbye sisters, angels, thank you for chatting with me.

Address and etiquette

In many states, there are generally accepted, gendered and socially marked addresses. This Mr, Mrs, Miss, Madam, Ma'am, Sir, Lady- in English-speaking countries, senor, senora- V Latin countries, monsieur, mademoiselle, madame- in France. There is no generally accepted address in Russia. in Russia allows you to apply sir And madam. In colloquial speech the impersonal form is often used, for example, sorry, sorry. There are, mainly in oral speech, gender differentiated addresses: woman, young man, girl, man and others.