Main natural sources of hydrocarbons. Abstract: Natural sources of hydrocarbons. Associated petroleum gas

Hydrocarbons are of great economic importance, since they serve as the most important type of raw material for the production of almost all products of the modern organic synthesis industry and are widely used for energy purposes. They seem to have accumulated solar heat and energy that are released when burned. Peat, coal, oil shale, oil, natural and associated petroleum gases contain carbon, the combination of which with oxygen during combustion is accompanied by the release of heat.

coal	peat	oil	natural gas
solid	solid	liquid	gas
without smell	without smell	Strong smell	without smell
homogeneous composition	homogeneous composition	mixture of substances	mixture of substances
a dark-colored rock with a high content of flammable substances resulting from the burial of accumulations of various plants in sedimentary strata	accumulation of half-rotted plant mass, accumulated at the bottom of swamps and overgrown lakes	natural flammable oily liquid, consisting of a mixture of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons	a mixture of gases formed in the bowels of the Earth during the anaerobic decomposition of organic substances, the gas belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks
Calorific value - the number of calories released when burning 1 kg of fuel
7 000 - 9 000	500 - 2 000	10000 - 15000	?

Coal.

Coal has always been a promising raw material for producing energy and many chemical products.

The first major consumer of coal since the 19th century was transport, then coal began to be used for the production of electricity, metallurgical coke, the production of various products through chemical processing, carbon-graphite structural materials, plastics, rock wax, synthetic, liquid and gaseous high-calorie fuels, high-nitrous acids for the production fertilizers

Coal is a complex mixture of high-molecular compounds, which include the following elements: C, H, N, O, S. Coal, like oil, contains a large number of various organic substances, as well as organic matter, such as water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and, of course, carbon itself - coal.

Coal processing occurs in three main directions: coking, hydrogenation and incomplete combustion. One of the main methods of processing coal is coking– calcination without air access in coke ovens at a temperature of 1000–1200°C. At this temperature, without access to oxygen, coal undergoes complex chemical transformations, resulting in the formation of coke and volatile products:

1. coke oven gas (hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, admixtures of ammonia, nitrogen and other gases);

2. coal tar (several hundred different organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds);

3. tar, or ammonia, water (dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances);

4. coke (solid coking residue, almost pure carbon).

The cooled coke is sent to metallurgical plants.

When volatile products (coke oven gas) are cooled, coal tar and ammonia water condense.

By passing non-condensed products (ammonia, benzene, hydrogen, methane, CO 2, nitrogen, ethylene, etc.) through a solution of sulfuric acid, ammonium sulfate is released, which is used as a mineral fertilizer. Benzene is absorbed into the solvent and distilled from the solution. After this, the coke oven gas is used as fuel or as a chemical raw material. Coal tar is obtained in small quantities (3%). But, given the scale of production, coal tar is considered as a raw material for the production of a number of organic substances. If you remove products boiling at 350°C from the resin, what remains is a solid mass - pitch. It is used to make varnishes.

Hydrogenation of coal is carried out at a temperature of 400–600°C under a hydrogen pressure of up to 25 MPa in the presence of a catalyst. This produces a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, which can be used as motor fuel. Production of liquid fuel from coal. Liquid synthetic fuel is high-octane gasoline, diesel and boiler fuel. To obtain liquid fuel from coal, it is necessary to increase its hydrogen content through hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is carried out using multiple circulation, which allows you to convert the entire organic mass of coal into liquid and gases. The advantage of this method is the possibility of hydrogenating low-grade brown coal.

Coal gasification will make it possible to use low-quality brown and hard coal in thermal power plants without polluting the environment with sulfur compounds. This is the only method for producing concentrated carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) CO. Incomplete combustion of coal produces carbon (II) monoxide. Using a catalyst (nickel, cobalt) at normal or increased pressure, gasoline containing saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons can be obtained from hydrogen and CO:

nCO + (2n+1)H 2 → C n H 2n+2 + nH 2 O;

nCO + 2nH 2 → C n H 2n + nH 2 O.

If dry distillation of coal is carried out at 500–550°C, then tar is obtained, which, along with bitumen, is used in the construction industry as a binding material in the manufacture of roofing and waterproofing coatings (roofing felt, roofing felt, etc.).

In nature, hard coal is found in the following regions: Moscow region, South Yakutsk basin, Kuzbass, Donbass, Pechora basin, Tunguska basin, Lena basin.

Natural gas.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases, the main component of which is methane CH 4 (from 75 to 98% depending on the field), the rest is ethane, propane, butane and a small amount of impurities - nitrogen, carbon monoxide (IV), hydrogen sulfide and vapors water, and, almost always, hydrogen sulfide and organic petroleum compounds - mercaptans. They are the ones who give the gas its specific bad smell, and when burned lead to the formation of toxic sulfur dioxide SO 2.

Typically, the higher the molecular weight of a hydrocarbon, the less of it is found in natural gas. Compound natural gas different deposits is not the same. Its average composition in percentage by volume is as follows:

CH 4	C 2 H 6	C 3 H 8	C 4 H 10	N 2 and other gases
75-98	0,5 - 4	0,2 – 1,5	0,1 – 1	1-12

Methane is formed during anaerobic (without access to air) fermentation of plant and animal residues, therefore it is formed in bottom sediments and is called “swamp” gas.

Deposits of methane in hydrated crystalline form, the so-called methane hydrate found under the layer permafrost and at great depths of the oceans. At low temperatures (−800ºC) and high pressures Methane molecules are located in the voids of the crystal lattice of water ice. In the ice voids of one cubic meter of methane hydrate, 164 cubic meters of gas are “canned.”

Chunks of methane hydrate look like dirty ice, but in air they burn with a yellow-blue flame. It is estimated that the planet stores between 10,000 and 15,000 gigatons of carbon in the form of methane hydrate (“giga” equals 1 billion). Such volumes are many times greater than all currently known natural gas reserves.

Natural gas is a renewable natural resource, as it is synthesized in nature continuously. It is also called "biogas". Therefore, many environmental scientists today associate the prospects for the prosperous existence of mankind with the use of gas as an alternative fuel.

As a fuel, natural gas has great advantages over solid and liquid fuels. Its heat of combustion is much higher, when burned it leaves no ash, combustion products are much cleaner in environmentally. Therefore, about 90% of the total volume of extracted natural gas is burned as fuel in thermal power plants and boiler houses, in thermal processes in industrial enterprises and in everyday life. About 10% of natural gas is used as a valuable raw material for the chemical industry: for the production of hydrogen, acetylene, soot, various plastics, and medicines. Methane, ethane, propane and butane are separated from natural gas. Products that can be obtained from methane have an important industrial value. Methane is used for the synthesis of many organic substances - synthesis gas and further synthesis of alcohols based on it; solvents (carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, etc.); formaldehyde; acetylene and soot.

Natural gas forms independent deposits. The main deposits of natural combustible gases are located in Northern and Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural basin, the North Caucasus (Stavropol), the Komi Republic, Astrakhan region, Barencevo sea.

NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons are all so different -
Liquid and solid and gaseous.
Why are there so many of them in nature?
It's about insatiable carbon.

Indeed, this element, like no other, is “insatiable”: it strives to form chains, straight and branched, rings, or networks from its many atoms. Hence there are many compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons are both natural gas - methane, and another household flammable gas that is used to fill cylinders - propane C 3 H 8. Hydrocarbons include oil, gasoline, and kerosene. And also - organic solvent C 6 H 6, paraffin, from which New Year's candles are made, Vaseline from the pharmacy, and even plastic bag for packaging products...

The most important natural sources of hydrocarbons are minerals - coal, oil, gas.

COAL

More is known on the globe 36 thousand coal basins and deposits, which together occupy 15% territories globe. Coal Pools can stretch for thousands of kilometers. The total geological reserves of coal on the globe are 5 trillion 500 billion tons, including explored deposits - 1 trillion 750 billion tons.

There are three main types of fossil coals. When brown coal and anthracite burn, the flame is invisible and the combustion is smokeless, while hard coal produces a loud cracking sound when burning.

Anthracite- the oldest of fossil coals. It is distinguished by high density and shine. Contains up to 95% carbon.

Coal– contains up to 99% carbon. Of all fossil coals, it has the widest application.

Brown coal– contains up to 72% carbon. Has a brown color. As the youngest of fossil coals, it often retains traces of the structure of the wood from which it was formed. It is characterized by high hygroscopicity and high ash content ( from 7% to 38%), therefore it is used only as local fuel and as raw material for chemical processing. In particular, by hydrogenation, valuable types of liquid fuel are obtained: gasoline and kerosene.

Carbon is the main component of coal ( 99% ), brown coal ( up to 72%). The origin of the name carbon, that is, “giving birth to coal.” Likewise Latin name“Carboneum” contains carbon-coal root as its base.

Like oil, coal contains large amounts of organic matter. In addition to organic substances, it also contains inorganic substances, such as water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and, of course, carbon itself - coal. One of the main methods of processing coal is coking - calcination without air access. As a result of coking, which is carried out at a temperature of 1000 0 C, the following is formed:

Coke gas– it contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide, admixtures of ammonia, nitrogen and other gases.

Coal tar – contains several hundred different organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds.

Resin or ammonia water – containing, as the name implies, dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances.

Coke– solid coking residue, practically pure carbon.

Coke is used in the production of iron and steel, ammonia is used in the production of nitrogen and combined fertilizers, and the importance of organic coking products can hardly be overestimated. What is the geography of distribution of this mineral?

The bulk of coal resources are located in the northern hemisphere - Asia, North America, Eurasia. Which countries stand out in terms of coal reserves and production?

China, USA, India, Australia, Russia.

The main exporters of coal are countries.

USA, Australia, Russia, South Africa.

Main import centers.

Japan, Foreign Europe.

This is a very environmentally polluting fuel. When mining coal, explosions and methane fires occur, and certain environmental problems arise.

Pollution environment is any undesirable change in the state of this environment as a result of human economic activity. This also happens during mining. Let's imagine the situation in a coal mining area. Together with the coal, a huge amount of waste rock rises to the surface, which is simply sent to dumps as unnecessary. Gradually formed waste heaps- huge, tens of meters high, cone-shaped mountains of waste rock that distort the appearance of the natural landscape. Will all the coal raised to the surface be transported to the consumer? Of course not. After all, the process is not airtight. A huge amount of coal dust settles on the surface of the earth. As a result, the composition of soils and groundwater changes, which will inevitably affect the flora and fauna of the area.

Coal contains radioactive carbon - C, but after burning the fuel, the dangerous substance, along with the smoke, enters the air, water, soil, and is sintered into slag or ash, which is used for the production of building materials. As a result, walls and ceilings in residential buildings “sink” and pose a threat to human health.

OIL

Oil has been known to mankind since ancient times. It was mined on the banks of the Euphrates

6-7 thousand years BC uh . It was used for lighting homes, for preparing mortars, as medicines and ointments, and for embalming. Oil in the ancient world was a formidable weapon: rivers of fire poured onto the heads of those storming fortress walls, burning arrows dipped in oil flew into besieged cities. Oil was an integral part of the incendiary agent, which went down in history under the name "Greek fire" In the Middle Ages it was used mainly for street lighting.

More than 600 oil and gas basins have been explored, 450 are being developed , A total number oil fields reach 50 thousand.

There are light and heavy oils. Light oil is extracted from the subsoil using pumps or the fountain method. This oil is mainly used to make gasoline and kerosene. Heavy grades of oil are sometimes even extracted using a mine method (in the Komi Republic), and bitumen, fuel oil, and various oils are prepared from it.

Oil is the most versatile fuel, high in calories. Its extraction is relatively simple and cheap, because when extracting oil there is no need to put people underground. Transporting oil through pipelines is not a big problem. The main disadvantage of this type of fuel is its low resource availability (about 50 years ) . General geological reserves are equal to 500 billion tons, including explored 140 billion tons .

IN 2007 year, Russian scientists proved to the world community that the underwater Lomonosov and Mendeleev ridges, which are located in the Arctic Ocean, are a continental shelf zone, and therefore belong to the Russian Federation. A chemistry teacher will tell you about the composition of oil and its properties.

Oil is a “clump of energy”. With just 1 ml of it, you can heat a whole bucket of water by one degree, and in order to boil a bucket samovar, you need less than half a glass of oil. In terms of energy concentration per unit volume, oil ranks first among natural substances. Even radioactive ores cannot compete with it in this regard, since the content of radioactive substances in them is so small that 1 mg can be extracted. nuclear fuel tons of rocks need to be processed.

Oil is not only the basis of the fuel and energy complex of any state.

This is where it belongs famous words D. I. Mendeleev “burning oil is the same as lighting a furnace banknotes". Each drop of oil contains more than 900 various chemical compounds, more than half of the chemical elements of the Periodic Table. This is truly a miracle of nature, the basis of the petrochemical industry. Approximately 90% of all oil produced is used as fuel. Despite “ your 10%” , petrochemical synthesis provides the production of many thousands of organic compounds that satisfy the urgent needs of modern society. It is not for nothing that people respectfully call oil “black gold”, “the blood of the Earth”.

Oil is an oily dark brown liquid with a reddish or greenish tint, sometimes black, red, blue or light and even transparent with a characteristic pungent odor. There is oil that is white or colorless, like water (for example, in the Surukhan field in Azerbaijan, in some fields in Algeria).

The composition of oil is not the same. But they all usually contain three types of hydrocarbons - alkanes (mostly of normal structure), cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The ratio of these hydrocarbons in oil from different fields is different: for example, Mangyshlak oil is rich in alkanes, and oil in the Baku region is rich in cycloalkanes.

The main oil reserves are located in the northern hemisphere. Total 75 Countries in the world produce oil, but 90% of its production comes from just 10 countries. Near ? world oil reserves account for developing countries. (The teacher names and shows on the map).

Main producing countries:

Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico.

At the same time more 4/5 Oil consumption accounts for the share of economically developed countries, which are the main importing countries:

Japan, Foreign Europe, USA.

Crude oil is not used anywhere, but petroleum products are used.

Oil refining

A modern installation consists of a furnace for heating oil and a distillation column, where the oil is separated into factions – separate mixtures of hydrocarbons in accordance with their boiling points: gasoline, naphtha, kerosene. The furnace has a long pipe rolled into a coil. The furnace is heated by combustion products of fuel oil or gas. Oil is continuously fed into the coil: there it is heated to 320 - 350 0 C in the form of a mixture of liquid and vapor and enters the distillation column. The distillation column is a steel cylindrical apparatus about 40 m high. It has several dozen horizontal partitions with holes inside - the so-called plates. Oil vapor entering the column rises up and passes through holes in the plates. Gradually cooling as they move upward, they partially liquefy. Less volatile hydrocarbons are liquefied already on the first plates, forming a gas oil fraction; more volatile hydrocarbons collect higher and form the kerosene fraction; even higher – naphtha fraction. The most volatile hydrocarbons exit the column as vapors and, after condensation, form gasoline. Part of the gasoline is fed back into the column for “irrigation,” which contributes to better operating conditions. (Write in notebook). Gasoline – contains hydrocarbons C5 – C11, boiling in the range from 40 0 ​​C to 200 0 C; naphtha – contains C8 - C14 hydrocarbons with a boiling point from 120 0 C to 240 0 C; kerosene - contains C12 – C18 hydrocarbons, boiling at a temperature from 180 0 C to 300 0 C; gas oil - contains C13 – C15 hydrocarbons, distilled at temperatures from 230 0 C to 360 0 C; lubricating oils - C16 - C28, boil at a temperature of 350 0 C and above.

After distilling light products from oil, a viscous black liquid remains - fuel oil. It is a valuable mixture of hydrocarbons. Lubricating oils are obtained from fuel oil through additional distillation. The non-distillable part of the fuel oil is called tar, which is used in construction and for paving roads. (Demonstration of a video fragment). The most valuable fraction of direct distillation of oil is gasoline. However, the yield of this fraction does not exceed 17-20% by weight of crude oil. A problem arises: how to satisfy the ever-increasing needs of society for automobile and aviation fuel? The solution was found at the end of the 19th century by a Russian engineer Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov. IN 1891 year he first carried out an industrial cracking kerosene fraction of oil, which made it possible to increase the yield of gasoline to 65-70% (based on crude oil). Only for the development of the process of thermal cracking of petroleum products, grateful humanity inscribed the name of this unique person in the history of civilization in golden letters.

The products obtained as a result of oil rectification are subjected to chemical processing, which includes a number of complex processes. One of them is cracking of petroleum products (from the English “Cracking” - splitting). There are several types of cracking: thermal, catalytic, high-pressure cracking, and reduction cracking. Thermal cracking involves the splitting of hydrocarbon molecules from long chain for shorter periods under high temperature (470-550 0 C). During this cleavage, alkenes are formed along with alkanes:

Currently, catalytic cracking is the most common. It is carried out at a temperature of 450-500 0 C, but with higher speed and allows you to obtain higher quality gasoline. Under catalytic cracking conditions, along with splitting reactions, isomerization reactions occur, that is, the conversion of hydrocarbons of normal structure into branched hydrocarbons.

Isomerization affects the quality of gasoline, since the presence of branched hydrocarbons greatly increases its octane number. Cracking is classified as a so-called secondary oil refining process. A number of other catalytic processes, such as reforming, are also classified as secondary. Reforming- This is the aromatization of gasoline by heating it in the presence of a catalyst, for example, platinum. Under these conditions, alkanes and cycloalkanes are converted into aromatic hydrocarbons, as a result of which the octane number of gasoline also increases significantly.

Ecology and oil field

For petrochemical production, the environmental problem is especially pressing. Oil production involves energy costs and environmental pollution. A dangerous source of pollution of the World Ocean is offshore oil production, and the World Ocean is also polluted during oil transportation. Each of us has seen on television the consequences of oil tanker accidents. Black shores covered with a layer of fuel oil, black surf, gasping dolphins, Birds whose wings are covered in viscous fuel oil, people in protective suits collecting oil with shovels and buckets. I want to provide serious data environmental disaster which occurred in the Kerch Strait in November 2007. 2 thousand tons of petroleum products and about 7 thousand tons of sulfur got into the water. The most affected by the disaster were the Tuzla spit, which is located at the junction of the Black and Azov seas, and the Chushka spit. After the accident, the fuel oil settled to the bottom, causing the death of the small heart-shaped shell, the main food of the sea inhabitants. It will take 10 years to restore the ecosystem. More than 15 thousand birds died. A liter of oil, once in the water, spreads over its surface in spots with an area of ​​100 sq.m. The oil film, although very thin, forms an insurmountable barrier to the path of oxygen from the atmosphere to the water column. As a result, the oxygen regime and the ocean are disrupted “suffocating.” Plankton, which is the basis, dies the food chain ocean. Currently, about 20% of the area of ​​the World Ocean is already covered with oil spills, and the area affected by oil pollution is growing. In addition to the fact that the World Ocean is covered with an oil film, we can also observe it on land. For example, on oil fields In Western Siberia, more oil is spilled per year than a tanker can hold - up to 20 million tons. About half of this oil ends up on the ground as a result of accidents, the rest is “planned” gushers and leaks during the startup of wells, exploratory drilling, and pipeline repairs. The largest area of ​​oil-contaminated land, according to the Environmental Committee of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is in the Purovsky district.

NATURAL AND ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS

Natural gas contains hydrocarbons with low molecular weight, the main components are methane. Its content in gas from various fields ranges from 80% to 97%. In addition to methane - ethane, propane, butane. Inorganic: nitrogen – 2%; CO2; H2O; H2S, noble gases. When natural gas burns, it produces a lot of heat.

In terms of its properties, natural gas as a fuel is superior even to oil; it is more caloric. This is the youngest branch of the fuel industry. Gas is even easier to extract and transport. This is the most economical of all types of fuel. There are, however, some disadvantages: complicated intercontinental gas transportation. Methane tankers transporting gas in a liquefied state are extremely complex and expensive structures.

Used as: effective fuel, raw materials in the chemical industry, in the production of acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, plastics, acetic acid, dyes, medicines, etc. Associated (petroleum gases) are natural gases that dissolve in oil and are released during its mining Petroleum gas contains less methane, but more propane, butane and other higher hydrocarbons. Where is the gas produced?

More than 70 countries around the world have industrial gas reserves. Moreover, as in the case of oil, developing countries have very large reserves. But gas production is mainly carried out the developed countries. They have the ability to use it or a way to sell gas to other countries on the same continent. International gas trade is less active than oil trade. About 15% of the world's gas is supplied to the international market. Almost 2/3 of world gas production comes from Russia and the USA. Undoubtedly, the leading gas production region not only in our country, but also in the world is the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region, where this industry has been developing for 30 years. Our city of Novy Urengoy is rightfully recognized as the gas capital. The largest deposits include Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, Zapolyarnoye. The Urengoy deposit is included in the Guinness Book of Records. The deposit's reserves and production are unique. Explored reserves exceed 10 trillion. m 3, since operation, 6 trillion have already been produced. m 3. In 2008, OJSC Gazprom plans to extract 598 billion m 3 of “blue gold” from the Urengoy deposit.

Gas and ecology

The imperfection of oil and gas production technology and their transportation causes constant combustion of gas volumes in heating units of compressor stations and in flares. Compressor stations account for about 30% of these emissions. About 450 thousand tons of natural and associated gas are burned annually in flares, while more than 60 thousand tons of pollutants are released into the atmosphere.

Oil, gas, coal are valuable raw materials for the chemical industry. In the near future, a replacement will be found for them in the fuel and energy complex of our country. Currently, scientists are searching for ways to use solar and wind energy and nuclear fuel to completely replace oil. The most promising type of fuel of the future is hydrogen. Reducing the use of oil in thermal power engineering is the path not only to its more rational use, but also to the preservation of this raw material for future generations. Hydrocarbon raw materials should be used only in the processing industry to obtain a variety of products. Unfortunately, the situation has not yet changed, and up to 94% of produced oil serves as fuel. D.I. Mendeleev wisely said: “Burning oil is the same as heating a furnace with banknotes.”

The main sources of hydrocarbons are oil, natural and associated petroleum gas oh, coal. Their reserves are not unlimited. According to scientists, at current rates of production and consumption they will last: oil for 30-90 years, gas for 50 years, coal for 300 years.

Oil and its composition:

Oil is an oily liquid from light brown to dark brown, almost black in color with a characteristic odor, does not dissolve in water, forms a film on the surface of the water that does not allow air to pass through. Oil is an oily liquid of light brown to dark brown, almost black color, with a characteristic odor, does not dissolve in water, forms a film on the surface of the water that does not allow air to pass through. Oil is a complex mixture of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, cycloparaffin, as well as some organic compounds containing heteroatoms - oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, etc. People gave so many enthusiastic names to oil: “Black Gold” and “Blood of the Earth”. Oil truly deserves our admiration and nobility.

In terms of composition, oil can be: paraffin - consists of straight and branched chain alkanes; naphthenic - contains saturated cyclic hydrocarbons; aromatic - includes aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and its homologues). Despite the complex component composition, the elemental composition of oils is more or less the same: on average 82-87% hydrocarbons, 11-14% hydrogen, 2-6% other elements (oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen).

A little history .

In 1859, in the USA, in the state of Pennsylvania, 40-year-old Edwin Drake, with the help of his own perseverance, money from an oil company and an old steam engine, drilled a well 22 meters deep and extracted the first oil from it.

Drake's priority as a pioneer in oil drilling is disputed, but his name is still associated with the beginning of the oil era. Oil has been discovered in many parts of the world. Humanity has finally acquired in large quantities an excellent source of artificial lighting….

What is the origin of oil?

Two main concepts dominated among scientists: organic and inorganic. According to the first concept, organic remains buried in sediments decompose over time, turning into oil, coal and natural gas; more mobile oil and gas then accumulate in the upper layers of sedimentary rocks that have pores. Other scientists argue that oil forms at "great depths in the Earth's mantle."

The Russian scientist - chemist D.I. Mendeleev was a supporter of the inorganic concept. In 1877, He proposed the mineral (carbide) hypothesis, according to which the emergence of oil is associated with the penetration of water into the depths of the Earth along faults, where, under its influence on “carbon metals,” hydrocarbons are obtained.

If there was a hypothesis of the cosmic origin of oil - from hydrocarbons contained in the gaseous shell of the Earth during its stellar state.

Natural gas is “blue gold”.

Our country ranks first in the world in natural gas reserves. The most important deposits of this valuable fuel are located in Western Siberia (Urengoyskoye, Zapolyarnoye), in the Volga-Ural basin (Vuktylskoye, Orenburgskoye), and in the North Caucasus (Stavropolskoye).

For natural gas production, the flowing method is usually used. For gas to begin flowing to the surface, it is enough to open a well drilled in a gas-bearing formation.

Natural gas is used without prior separation because it is purified before transportation. In particular, mechanical impurities, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and other aggressive components are removed from it.....And also most propane, butane and heavier hydrocarbons. The remaining practically pure methane is consumed, firstly, as fuel: high calorific value; environmentally friendly; convenient to mine, transport, burn, because state of aggregation- gas.

Secondly, methane becomes a raw material for the production of acetylene, soot and hydrogen; for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons, primarily ethylene and propylene; for organic synthesis: methyl alcohol, formaldehyde, acetone, acetic acid and much more.

Associated petroleum gas

Associated petroleum gas is also natural gas in origin. It received a special name because it is located in deposits along with oil - it is dissolved in it. When oil is extracted to the surface, it is separated from it due to a sharp drop in pressure. Russia occupies one of the first places in terms of associated gas reserves and its production.

The composition of associated petroleum gas differs from natural gas; it contains much more ethane, propane, butane and other hydrocarbons. In addition, it contains such rare gases on Earth as argon and helium.

Associated petroleum gas is a valuable chemical raw material; more substances can be obtained from it than from natural gas. Individual hydrocarbons are also extracted for chemical processing: ethane, propane, butane, etc. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are obtained from them by dehydrogenation reaction.

Coal

The reserves of coal in nature significantly exceed the reserves of oil and gas. Coal is a complex mixture of substances consisting of various compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The composition of coal includes such mineral substances containing compounds of many other elements.

Hard coals have the composition: carbon - up to 98%, hydrogen - up to 6%, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen - up to 10%. But in nature there are also brown coals. Their composition: carbon - up to 75%, hydrogen - up to 6%, nitrogen, oxygen - up to 30%.

The main method of processing coal is pyrolysis (coconuting) - the decomposition of organic substances without air access at high temperatures (about 1000 C). In this case it turns out following products: coke (high-strength artificial solid fuel, widely used in metallurgy); coal tar (used in the chemical industry); coconut gas (used in the chemical industry and as a fuel.)

Coke gas

Volatile compounds (coke oven gas) formed during the thermal decomposition of coal enter a common collection tank. Here the coke oven gas is cooled and passed through electric precipitators to separate the coal tar. In the gas collector, simultaneously with the resin, water is condensed, in which ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, phenol and other substances are dissolved. Hydrogen is isolated from uncondensed coke oven gas for various syntheses.

After distillation of coal tar remains solid– pitch, which is used for the preparation of electrodes and roofing felt.

Oil refining

Oil refining, or rectification, is the process of thermal separation of oil and oil products into fractions based on boiling point.

Distillation is a physical process.

There are two methods of oil refining: physical ( primary processing) and chemical (recycling).

Primary oil refining is carried out in a distillation column - an apparatus for separating liquid mixtures of substances that differ in boiling point.

Oil fractions and main areas of their use:

Gasoline - automobile fuel;

Kerosene - aviation fuel;

Naphtha - production of plastics, raw materials for recycling;

Gasoil - diesel and boiler fuel, raw materials for recycling;

Fuel oil - factory fuel, paraffins, lubricating oils, bitumen.

Methods for cleaning up oil spills :

1) Absorption - You all know straw and peat. They absorb oil, after which they can be carefully collected and removed, followed by destruction. This method is only suitable in calm conditions and only for small spots. The method has been very popular lately due to its low cost and high efficiency.

Result: The method is cheap, depending on external conditions.

2) Self-liquidation: - this method is used if the oil is spilled far from the shores and the stain is small (in this case it is better not to touch the stain at all). Gradually it will dissolve in water and partially evaporate. Sometimes the oil does not disappear even after several years; small spots reach the coast in the form of pieces of slippery resin.

Bottom line: no chemicals are used; Oil stays on the surface for a long time.

3) Biological: Technology based on the use of microorganisms capable of oxidizing hydrocarbons.

Result: minimal damage; removing oil from the surface, but the method is labor-intensive and time-consuming.

Message on the topic: “Natural sources of hydrocarbons”

Prepared

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocarbons are divided into cyclic (carbocyclic compounds) and acyclic.

Cyclic (carbocyclic) are compounds that contain one or more cycles consisting only of carbon atoms (in contrast to heterocyclic compounds containing heteroatoms - nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, etc.).

d.). Carbocyclic compounds, in turn, are divided into aromatic and non-aromatic (alicyclic) compounds.

Acyclic hydrocarbons include organic compounds whose carbon skeleton molecules are open chains.

These chains can be formed by single bonds (alkanes СnН2n+2), contain one double bond (alkenes СnН2n), two or more double bonds (dienes or polyenes), one triple bond (alkynes СnН2n-2).

As you know, carbon chains are part of most organic matter. Thus, the study of hydrocarbons acquires special meaning, since these compounds are the structural basis of other classes of organic compounds.

In addition, hydrocarbons, especially alkanes, are the main natural sources of organic compounds and the basis of the most important industrial and laboratory syntheses.

Hydrocarbons are the most important type of raw material for the chemical industry. In turn, hydrocarbons are quite widespread in nature and can be isolated from various natural sources: oil, associated petroleum and natural gas, coal.

Let's take a closer look at them.

Oil is a natural complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly linear and branched alkanes, containing from 5 to 50 carbon atoms in molecules, with other organic substances.

Its composition significantly depends on the place of its extraction (deposit); in addition to alkanes, it may contain cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Gaseous and solid components of oil are dissolved in its liquid components, which determines its state of aggregation. Oil is an oily liquid of a dark (brown to black) color with a characteristic odor, insoluble in water. Its density is less than that of water, therefore, when oil gets into it, it spreads over the surface, preventing the dissolution of oxygen and other air gases in the water.

It is obvious that, when oil enters natural bodies of water, it causes the death of microorganisms and animals, leading to environmental disasters and even catastrophes. There are bacteria that can use oil components as food, converting it into harmless products of their vital activity. It is clear that the use of cultures of these bacteria is the most environmentally safe and promising way to combat environmental pollution with oil during its production, transportation and refining.

In nature, oil and associated petroleum gas, which will be discussed below, fill the cavities of the earth's interior. Being a mixture of various substances, oil has no constant temperature boiling. It is clear that each of its components retains its individual physical properties in the mixture, which makes it possible to separate the oil into its components. To do this, it is purified from mechanical impurities and sulfur-containing compounds and subjected to so-called fractional distillation, or rectification.

Fractional distillation - physical method separating a mixture of components with different boiling points.

During the rectification process, oil is divided into the following fractions:

Rectifying gases are a mixture of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, mainly propane and butane, with a boiling point of up to 40 ° C;

Gasoline fraction (gasoline) - hydrocarbons of composition from C5H12 to C11H24 (boiling point 40-200 ° C); with a finer separation of this fraction, gasoline (petroleum ether, 40-70 °C) and gasoline (70-120 °C) are obtained;

Naphtha fraction - hydrocarbons of composition from C8H18 to C14H30 (boiling point 150-250 °C);

Kerosene fraction - hydrocarbons of composition from C12H26 to C18H38 (boiling point 180-300 °C);

Diesel fuel - hydrocarbons of composition from C13H28 to C19H36 (boiling point 200-350 ° C).

The residue from oil distillation - fuel oil - contains hydrocarbons with the number of carbon atoms from 18 to 50. By distillation under reduced pressure, diesel oil (C18H28-C25H52), lubricating oils (C28H58-C38H78), petroleum jelly and paraffin are obtained from fuel oil - low-melting mixtures of solid hydrocarbons.

The solid residue from the distillation of fuel oil - tar and the products of its processing - bitumen and asphalt are used for the manufacture of road surfaces.

Associated petroleum gas

Oil fields contain, as a rule, large accumulations of so-called associated petroleum gas, which collects above the oil in earth's crust and partially dissolves in it under the pressure of overlying rocks.

Like oil, associated petroleum gas is a valuable natural source of hydrocarbons. It contains mainly alkanes, whose molecules contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. It is obvious that the composition of associated petroleum gas is much poorer than oil. However, despite this, it is also widely used both as a fuel and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Just a few decades ago, in most oil fields, associated petroleum gas was burned as a useless supplement to oil.

Currently, for example, in Surgut, the richest oil reserve in Russia, the cheapest electricity in the world is generated using associated petroleum gas as fuel.

Associated petroleum gas, compared to natural gas, is richer in composition in various hydrocarbons. Dividing them into fractions, we get:

Gas gasoline is a highly volatile mixture consisting mainly of lenthane and hexane;

A propane-butane mixture, consisting, as the name implies, of propane and butane and easily turning into a liquid state when the pressure increases;

Dry gas is a mixture containing mainly methane and ethane.

Gasoline, being a mixture of volatile components with a small molecular weight, evaporates well even at low temperatures. This makes it possible to use gas gasoline as fuel for internal combustion engines in the Far North and as an additive to motor fuel, making it easier to start engines in winter conditions.

Propane-butane mixture in the form of liquefied gas is used as household fuel (familiar to you gas cylinders at the dacha) and for filling lighters.

The gradual transition of road transport to liquefied gas is one of the main ways to overcome the global fuel crisis and solve environmental problems.

Dry gas, close in composition to natural gas, is also widely used as fuel.

However, the use of associated petroleum gas and its components as fuel is far from the most promising way to use it.

It is much more efficient to use the components of associated petroleum gas as raw materials for chemical production. Hydrogen, acetylene, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives are obtained from alkanes that make up associated petroleum gas.

Gaseous hydrocarbons can not only accompany oil in the earth's crust, but also form independent accumulations - natural gas deposits.

Natural gas

Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous saturated hydrocarbons with a low molecular weight. The main component of natural gas is methane, the share of which, depending on the field, ranges from 75 to 99% by volume.

In addition to methane, natural gas includes ethane, propane, butane and isobutane, as well as nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

Like associated petroleum, natural gas is used both as a fuel and as a raw material for the production of a variety of organic and inorganic substances.

You already know that hydrogen, acetylene and methyl alcohol, formaldehyde and formic acid, and many other organic substances are obtained from methane, the main component of natural gas. Natural gas is used as fuel in power plants, in boiler systems for water heating of residential and industrial buildings, in blast furnace and open-hearth industries.

Strike a match and light the gas in the kitchen gas stove city ​​house, you “trigger” a chain reaction of oxidation of alkanes that make up natural gas.

Coal

In addition to oil, natural and associated petroleum gases, coal is a natural source of hydrocarbons.

0n forms thick layers in the bowels of the earth, its proven reserves significantly exceed oil reserves. Like oil, coal contains a large amount of various organic substances.

In addition to organic substances, it also contains inorganic substances, such as water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and, of course, carbon itself - coal. One of the main methods of processing coal is coking - calcination without air access. As a result of coking, which is carried out at a temperature of about 1000 °C, the following are formed:

Coke oven gas, which contains hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide, admixtures of ammonia, nitrogen and other gases;
coal tar containing several hundred times-personal organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds;
suprasin, or ammonia water, containing, as the name implies, dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances;
coke is a solid residue from coking, almost pure carbon.

Coke is used in the production of iron and steel, ammonia is used in the production of nitrogen and combined fertilizers, and the importance of organic coking products can hardly be overestimated.

Conclusion: thus, oil, associated petroleum and natural gases, coal are not only the most valuable sources of hydrocarbons, but also part of a unique storehouse of irreplaceable natural resources, the careful and reasonable use of which - necessary condition progressive development human society.

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels. Most organic substances are obtained from natural sources. In the process of synthesis of organic compounds, natural and accompanying gases, hard and brown coal, oil, oil shale, peat, and products of animal and plant origin are used as raw materials.

What is the composition of natural gas

The qualitative composition of natural gas consists of two groups of components: organic and inorganic.

Organic components include: methane - CH4; propane - C3H8; butane - C4H10; ethane - C2H4; heavier hydrocarbons with more than five carbon atoms. Inorganic components include the following compounds: hydrogen (in small quantities) - H2; carbon dioxide - CO2; helium - He; nitrogen - N2; hydrogen sulfide - H2S.

What exactly the composition of a particular mixture will be depends on the source, that is, the deposit. The same reasons explain the various physicochemical characteristics natural gas.

Chemical composition
The main part of natural gas is methane (CH4) - up to 98%. Natural gas may also contain heavier hydrocarbons:
* ethane (C2H6),
* propane (C3H8),
* butane (C4H10)
- methane homologues, as well as other non-hydrocarbon substances:
* hydrogen (H2),
* hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
* carbon dioxide (CO2),
* nitrogen (N2),
* helium (He).

Natural gas is colorless and odorless.

To identify a leak by smell, a small amount of mercaptans, which have a strong unpleasant odor, is added to the gas.

What are the advantages of natural gas over other types of fuel?

1. simplified extraction (does not require artificial pumping)

2. ready for use without intermediate processing (distillation)

transportation in both gaseous and liquid states.

4. minimal emissions of harmful substances during combustion.

5. convenience of supplying fuel in an already gaseous state during its combustion (lower cost of equipment using this type fuel)

reserves are more extensive than other fuels (lower market value)

7. Use in large industries National economy than other types of fuel.

a sufficient amount in the depths of Russia.

9. Emissions of the fuel itself during accidents are less toxic to the environment.

10.High combustion temperature for use in technological schemes national economy, etc., etc.

Application in the chemical industry

It is used to produce plastics, alcohol, rubber, and organic acids. Only with the use of natural gas can one synthesize chemicals that simply cannot be found in nature, for example, polyethylene.

methane is used as a raw material for the production of acetylene, ammonia, methanol and hydrogen cyanide. At the same time, natural gas is the main raw material base for the production of ammonia. Almost three quarters of all ammonia is used to produce nitrogen fertilizers.

Hydrogen cyanide, obtained from ammonia, together with acetylene serves as the initial raw material for the production of various synthetic fibers. Acetylene can be used to produce various sheet metals, which are widely used in industry and everyday life.

It is also used to produce acetate silk.

Natural gas is one of the best views fuels that are used for industrial and domestic needs. Its value as a fuel also lies in the fact that this mineral fuel is quite environmentally friendly. When it burns, much less harmful substances appear when compared with other types of fuel.

The most important petroleum products

During the refining process, petroleum is used to produce fuel (liquid and gaseous), lubricating oils and greases, solvents, individual hydrocarbons - ethylene, propylene, methane, acetylene, benzene, toluene, xylo, etc., solid and semi-solid mixtures of hydrocarbons (paraffin, petroleum jelly , ceresin), petroleum bitumen, carbon black (soot), petroleum acids and their derivatives.

Liquid fuel obtained from oil refining is divided into motor fuel and boiler fuel.

Gaseous fuels include hydrocarbon liquefied fuel gases used for municipal services. These are mixtures of propane and butane in different ratios.

Lubricating oils designed to provide liquid lubrication in various machines and mechanisms are divided depending on the application into industrial, turbine, compressor, transmission, insulating, and motor oils.

Greases are petroleum oils thickened with soaps, solid hydrocarbons and other thickeners.

Individual hydrocarbons obtained from the processing of oil and petroleum gases serve as raw materials for the production of polymers and organic synthesis products.

Of these, the most important are the limiting ones - methane, ethane, propane, butane; unsaturated – ethylene, propylene; aromatic - benzene, toluene, xylenes. Also products of petroleum refining are saturated hydrocarbons with a high molecular weight (C16 and higher) - paraffins, ceresins, used in the perfume industry and as thickeners for greases.

Petroleum bitumen, obtained from heavy oil residues by oxidation, is used for road construction, for the production of roofing materials, for the preparation of asphalt varnishes and printing inks, etc.

One of the main products of oil refining is motor fuel, which includes aviation and motor gasoline.

What are the main natural sources of hydrocarbons that you know?

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels.

Most organic substances are obtained from natural sources. In the process of synthesis of organic compounds, natural and accompanying gases, hard and brown coal, oil, oil shale, peat, and products of animal and plant origin are used as raw materials.

12Next ⇒

Answers to paragraph 19

1. What are the main natural sources of hydrocarbons that you know?
Oil, natural gas, shale, coal.

What is the composition of natural gas? Point to geographical map the most important deposits: a) natural gas; b) oil; c) coal.

3. What advantages does natural gas have over other types of fuel? For what purposes is natural gas used in the chemical industry?
Natural gas, compared to other sources of hydrocarbons, is the easiest to produce, transport and process.

In the chemical industry, natural gas is used as a source of low molecular weight hydrocarbons.

4. Write the reaction equations for the production of: a) acetylene from methane; b) chloroprene rubber from acetylene; c) carbon tetrachloride from methane.

5. How do associated petroleum gases differ from natural gas?
Associated gases are volatile hydrocarbons dissolved in oil.

Their isolation occurs by distillation. Unlike natural gas, it can be isolated at any stage of oil field development.

6. Describe the main products obtained from associated petroleum gases.
Main products: methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, pentane, isobutane, isopentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, hexane and heptane isomers.

Name the most important petroleum products, indicate their composition and areas of their application.

8. What lubricating oils are used in production?
Motor oils, transmission, industrial, lubricating and cooling emulsions for metal-cutting machines, etc.

How is oil distilled?

10. What is petroleum cracking? Write an equation for the reactions of hydrocarbon splitting And in this process.

Why is it possible to obtain no more than 20% of gasoline during direct distillation of oil?
Because the content of gasoline fraction in oil is limited.

12. How does thermal cracking differ from catalytic cracking? Give characteristics of thermal and catalytic cracking gasolines.
During thermal cracking, it is necessary to heat the reactants to high temperatures, with catalytic - the introduction of a catalyst reduces the activation energy of the reaction, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the reaction temperature.

How can you practically distinguish cracked gasoline from straight distilled gasoline?
Cracking gasoline has a higher octane number compared to straight distilled gasoline, i.e. is more detonation resistant and is recommended for use in internal combustion engines.

14. What is oil aromatization? Write reaction equations that explain this process.

What are the main products obtained from coking coal?
Naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, phenols and coal oils.

16. How is coke obtained and where is it used?
Coke is a solid porous product gray, obtained by coconut coal at temperatures of 950-1100 without access to oxygen.

It is used for smelting cast iron, as a smokeless fuel, a reducing agent iron ore, disintegrant for batch materials.

17. What are the main products received:
a) from coal tar; b) from tar water; c) from coke oven gas? Where are they used? What organic substances can be obtained from coke oven gas?
a) benzene, toluene, naphthalene – chemical industry
b) ammonia, phenols, organic acids – chemical industry
c) hydrogen, methane, ethylene - fuel.

Remember all the main methods for producing aromatic hydrocarbons. What are the differences between the methods for producing aromatic hydrocarbons from the products of coking coal and oil? Write the equations for the corresponding reactions.
They differ in the methods of production: primary oil refining is based on differences in physical properties various fractions, and coking is based purely on the chemical properties of coal.

Explain how in the solution process energy problems The country will improve ways of processing and using natural hydrocarbon resources.
Search for new energy sources, optimization of oil production and refining processes, development of new catalysts to reduce the cost of entire production, etc.

20. What are the prospects for producing liquid fuel from coal?
In the future, producing liquid fuel from coal is possible, provided that the costs of its production are reduced.

Task 1.

It is known that the gas contains in volume fractions 0.9 methane, 0.05 ethane, 0.03 propane, 0.02 nitrogen. What volume of air will be required to burn 1 m3 of this gas under normal conditions?

Task 2.

What volume of air (no.s.) is needed to burn 1 kg of heptane?

Task 3. Calculate what volume (in l) and what mass (in kg) of carbon monoxide (IV) will be obtained upon combustion of 5 mol of octane (no.).

The main sources of hydrocarbons on our planet are natural gas, oil And coal. The most stable of hydrocarbons, saturated and aromatic, have survived millions of years of preservation in the bowels of the earth.

Natural gas consists mainly of methane with admixtures of other gaseous alkanes, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and some other gases; coal contains mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oil, unlike natural gas and coal, contains a whole range of components:

Other substances are also present in oil: heteroatomic organic compounds (contain sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and other elements), water with salts dissolved in it, solid particles of other rocks and other impurities.

Interesting to know! Hydrocarbons are also found in space, including on other planets.

For example, methane makes up a significant part of Uranus's atmosphere and is responsible for its light turquoise color observed through a telescope. The atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon, consists mainly of nitrogen, but also contains the hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propyne, butadiine and their derivatives; sometimes methane rains there, and hydrocarbon rivers flow into hydrocarbon lakes on the surface of Titan.

The presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons, along with saturated and molecular hydrogen, is due to the effects of solar radiation.

Mendeleev owns the phrase: “Burning oil is the same as heating a furnace with banknotes.” Thanks to the emergence and development of oil refining technologies, in the 20th century it turned from a common fuel into the most valuable source of raw materials for the chemical industry.

Petroleum products are currently used in almost all industries.

Primary oil refining is preparation, that is, purification of oil from inorganic impurities and petroleum gas dissolved in it, and distillation, that is, physical division into factions depending on the boiling point:

From the fuel oil remaining after oil distillation at atmospheric pressure, under the influence of vacuum, components of high molecular weight are isolated, suitable for processing into mineral oils, motor fuels and other products, and the remainder - tar- used for the production of bitumen.

In the process of secondary oil refining, individual fractions are subjected to chemical transformations.

These are cracking, reforming, isomerization and many other processes that make it possible to obtain unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, branched alkanes and other valuable petroleum products. Some of them are spent on the production of high-quality fuel and various solvents, and some are raw materials for the production of new organic compounds and materials for a wide variety of industries.

But it should be remembered that hydrocarbon reserves in nature are replenished much more slowly than humanity consumes them, and the process of refining and burning petroleum products itself introduces strong deviations into the chemical balance of nature.

Of course, sooner or later nature will restore balance, but this may turn out to be serious problems for a person. Therefore it is necessary new technologies to eliminate the use of hydrocarbons as fuel in the future.

To solve such global problems it is necessary development fundamental science and a deep understanding of the world around us.