Presentation on the theme of penguins. all about penguins. penguinarium. penguins. Emperor penguins Presentation on the theme of king penguins

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PENGUINS All about penguins Penguinarium Penguins

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The penguin is one of the most unusual and unique representatives of the bird world. Appearance and with their gait, penguins look like little people.

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The penguin is the symbol of Antarctica

Antarctica is a vast region of the Earth, the southern polar region globe, including the mainland of Antarctica and the southern parts of three oceans: the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific (this water body of the Earth is also called the Southern Arctic Ocean). Almost all of Antarctica is covered with a thick layer continental ice. Its average thickness is about 1500 m. Antarctica is the most severe region of the globe, it is always very cold here, long-lasting strong, often hurricane-force winds blow, and there are often snow storms and fogs. There is no permanent population in Antarctica. In the coastal part there are separate scientific stations and fishing bases with a small number of variable personnel.

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WHERE DO PENGUINS LIVE

There are only two species of penguins found in Antarctica - emperors and Adélie penguins. In general, scientists count from 16 to 18 living species of penguins. In addition, about 40 more fossil species are known to science. The remaining species inhabit the islands of the Southern Arctic, the Western and Southern coasts of South America, South coast Australia, New Zealand, A African penguin- South African coast.

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The homeland of both ancient and modern penguins is only Southern Hemisphere. Their origin is lost somewhere in the depths Cretaceous period Mesozoic era, perhaps at least 100 million years ago. The largest fossil penguin species is the Eocene Nordenskiöld penguin. He was almost as tall as a man and weighed about 120 kg. Some other ancient species of penguins reached almost the same size. Of the living birds, the closest to penguins are tubenoses, which include petrels and albatrosses, which have perfectly mastered the aquatic environment.

Penguin ancestors

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THIN-BILLED PETUREVESTLE

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HOW WERE THEM EVEN FOUND

The first Europeans to see real southern penguins, there were sailors of Vasco da Gama's expeditions - in 1497. at south coast Africa, and Magellan - in 1520. off the southeastern coast of South America. Penguins have not yet appeared in the descriptions of these voyages. modern name. Strange, but most often unusual birds compared to geese. Pin-wing, i.e. hairpin-wing - this, according to one version, is the origin of the name penguin.

Vasco da Gama

Fernando Magellan

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Penguins are super swimmers

Penguins have adapted better than any other bird to life in the water. They have reached the level of seals and dolphins in this. Penguins don't just swim underwater, they fly underwater, very quickly and dexterously. Their main propulsion mechanism when swimming is their wings-flippers. The swimming speed is about 20-25 km/h, but if penguins are in a hurry, they can reach a speed of 40 km/h. Penguins are fast swimmers, like dolphins or seals, jump out of the water. And in the Antarctic, penguins escaping from predators, picking up speed, easily jump onto the high fast ice.

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... and super divers

In their ability to dive, penguins are again not inferior to seals and dolphins and are undoubtedly superior to other birds.

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The penguin’s “clothes” are a “shell” of hard, durable, short, shiny feathers arranged like tiles on a roof. They prevent the wind from reaching the down padding between the body and the “shell”. But penguins have very little fluff under their feathers. Therefore, like seals, penguins have fat layer. The paws are not covered with feathers, but they are fat and black, which makes it possible to catch solar heat. Penguin bones are heavy. Heavy weight helps them dive to get food.

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PENGUIN SKELETON

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WHAT DO PENGUINS EAT

Penguins eat plankton, fish and cephalopods, mainly krill. They extract it only from the sea and never use waste. One of the smallest and most numerous inhabitants of the southern polar region is the tiny crustaceans Euphausia superba Dana, simply called krill. Their quantity is measured not in pieces, but in tons. But that’s too many tons! The area around the mainland where krill is found is 20 million square meters. km of ocean waters.

Euphausia superba Dana, simply called krill.

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Penguins are social birds.

They stay in groups and flocks at sea, and during reproduction they necessarily form colonies, sometimes reaching several hundred thousand and even millions of individuals.

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Adelie penguin surrounded by skuas. Penguins have many enemies, both on the shore and at sea. The most big losses They carry, of course, on the shore while hatching chicks. There are especially many hunters of eggs and chicks, and the first of them are skuas.

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DADDY HENS

The distribution of responsibilities in emperor penguin families is completely unusual. After the female mother lays one egg, which is quite large - weighing up to half a kilogram, the father penguin will incubate (more precisely, stand) the chick for sixty-five days. The egg is located under the fold of dad's belly, as if in a warm pocket (the temperature is always constant - 34 degrees). Dad is cold, and if you don’t run to warm up, there’s an egg on his paws. The female goes to the sea. She and her friends hurry to the feeding place.

The penguin is a courageous and wonderful bird. Clumsy on land and unable to fly through the air, penguins can “fly” underwater, they have “mastered” the harshest continent - Antarctica, they are able to raise offspring in the unimaginable conditions of the Antarctic winter...

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Goals:

• To know general characteristics Emperor penguins.
• Learn about penguin breeding.
• Find out what happens to the penguin throughout its life.
• Who is the most insidious enemy for the Emperor penguins?

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From eggs to emperors. In an egg.

May, June and July are months of pitch darkness and bitter cold. It is at this time that the female emperor penguin lays a single egg directly on the ice. She immediately puts her paws under him and covers him with a warm fold. After a couple of hours, the expectant mother carefully passes the egg to her husband.

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Hi baby!

While mom waddles to the sea to get some food, dad carefully stores the egg. Without food and water, losing up to half of his own weight, the father bravely endures both fierce storms and severe 60-degree frosts! After two months, the egg hatches into a tiny chick.

Father with baby

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Mommy is back!

When the mother returns to feed her baby, the father immediately gets ready to go fishing. During these days, the father penguin has already studied the cry of his baby so much that, upon returning, he will confidently find him. And for the next few months the chick will remain with its caring mother.

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Life in a nursery.

At the age of two months, the chick can already be left with peers in a kind of nursery - when the kids get together, it’s more fun to play and much warmer! And parents go to the sea and back to bring their children something tasty.

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Adolescence.

Antarctic summer begins in December, when the ice melts. By this time, the penguin will have shed its baby down coat and acquired real adult plumage. Now that he is six months old, he can say goodbye to his parents and start independent life. Together with his friends, the penguin hurries to the sea for the first swim in his life and the first independent hunt.

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A life-long journey.

So, in endless games with friends, the penguin will spend almost four years in coastal waters. Then, obeying the call of his ancestors, he set off on a long journey for the first time. To take your first and main step in your life. So that later he himself can become a caring father of a new family.

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Dance of love.

The time will come and each penguin will choose a girlfriend from hundreds of beauties who will one day gather at the right time and in in the right place. They will sniff each other and dance in love! After this, they will only have to wait for the appearance of a single egg.

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Black and white group.

During severe frosts penguins gather in a tight circle with their faces towards the center to keep warm and survive bad weather. Gradually, as if one by one, the penguins from the outer circle move to the center, where it is warmer. And vice versa: those who have warmed up go outside to freshen up a little. They live in groups - colonies - which sometimes number thousands of individuals. Each penguin makes its own sound, which is easily recognized by its relatives.

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Enemies! Leopard seals!

These seals are called so because they have a spotted color. In addition, like leopards, they are quite ferocious predators! Animals grow up to 3 meters and have sharp teeth. The monsters hide under the ice and grab penguins when they dive for food.

Emperor penguins The emperor penguin is the largest and heaviest of the modern species penguin family. The average height is about 122 cm, and weight ranges between 22 and 45 kg. The head and back of the body are black, the abdominal part is white, becoming yellow towards the top.

King penguins The king penguin is similar to the emperor penguin, but is slightly smaller in size and brighter color. The body length of the king penguin ranges from 91 cm to 1 m. Adult birds have a gray back, large bright ones on the sides of the black head and on the chest. orange spots. The belly is white. Chicks are brown in color.

Crested penguin The crested penguin is a bird of the penguin family. Lives on the islands of Subantantarctic and, on the island of Tasmania, on the coast South America. Body length 5562 cm. Forms very large colonies. It makes nests on rock ledges and coastal slopes, and often digs holes. There are 23 eggs in the clutch. It feeds on krill.

Gentoo penguins After the emperor and king penguins, the padua penguin is the largest. Males reach a weight of 9 kg, and females 7.5 kg, the height of adults is 7590 cm. Under water, Peruvian penguins reach a speed of 36 km/h, which makes them the fastest of all penguins. The diving depth can reach two hundred meters. Peruvian penguins feed on krill, less commonly small fish. Natural enemies species are killer whales and leopard seals. Seabirds do not pose a danger to adults, but threaten eggs and chicks.

Chinstrap penguins Adult Chinstrap penguins reach a height of 6070 cm and a weight of about 4.5 kg. The back of the body and head, as well as the beak of chinstrap penguins dark gray, almost black, the front side is white. Along the neck, from ear to ear, there is a thin black stripe. The chicks are covered with gray down (lighter in front). Penguins build nests among stones; the male and female alternately incubate 12 eggs for 35 days for 510 days.

Penguins are better adapted to life in water than any other bird. They have reached the level of seals and dolphins in this. The swimming speed is about km/h, but there are penguins reaching speeds of up to 40 km/h.

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Emperor penguins. The emperor penguin (lat. Aptenodytes forsteri) is the largest of the 18 species of the penguin family. The emperor penguin was discovered by the Bellingshausen expedition of 1819-1822. Average length The body of an adult animal is 120 cm, weight from 27 to 41 kg. Outwardly, these birds look as if they are wearing a tailcoat: their head is black with a bluish tint, their chest is white, their wings are black, their back is bluish-gray, and their beak is purple-pink at the base. There is a golden-yellow stripe on the cheeks that goes to the neck. There are no flight feathers on the wings, the span is 1.36 - 1.59 m. Small wings, unable to hold the heavy body of the bird in the air, are excellent fins. When diving, the penguin paddles them like flippers and is able to move very quickly in the water. Swimming underwater differs from flying in the air in that the same energy is expended in raising the wing as in lowering it, since water resistance is greater than air resistance, therefore the shoulder blades of penguins have a larger surface area on which the muscles are attached, compared to other birds. responsible for lifting the wing. The pectoral muscles are developed and sometimes account for up to 30% of body weight, which is several times greater than the muscles of the most powerful flying birds.

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Female emperor penguins Females reach 114 cm in height and 28-32 kg in weight. Well, in other respects they are similar to males, for example in coloring and body shape.

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How an emperor penguin family is created According to beliefs, penguins are monogamous, i.e., pairs are created almost for life. If peacocks attract females with their beauty, and deer with tournament victories, then penguins rely on their voice for everything. The male begins to scream and waits for the female to respond to his unique “serenade”. From this time on, the male and female stay together. The penguins' "flirting" continues for a month. First, the penguin waddles behind the “bride,” and they dance for hours in one place, opposite each other, bowing their heads in time with their movements. Then the lovers arch their bodies, raise their heads to the sky and take turns singing. And the most interesting thing: before copulation, the penguin and penguin exchange low bows. It takes 25 days before an egg is laid, the only one of the breeding season. Emperor penguin eggs are large: 12 cm long, 8-9 cm wide and weigh about 500 g. Their color is white. Egg laying occurs in May-early June.

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How a baby emperor penguin is born. The male and female greet the appearance of the egg with loud, as observers say, “jubilant” cries. The female holds the egg on her paws for some time, covering it with a special fold of skin on the underside of her abdomen. After a few hours, it is transferred to the male, while the female, having starved for 45-50 days, goes to the sea to feed. The dad carefully holds the egg on his paws, covering it on top with a fold of his belly, which is called the brood pouch. Even in the most severe frosts, the temperature in the egg does not drop below 33.6 degrees. So the father penguin stands, virtually motionless for 9 weeks. During this time, he eats nothing but snow, so by the time his wife returns, he can lose up to 40% of his mass. But this is not the most amazing thing! If the female suddenly, for some reason, does not keep up by the time the chick appears, the male finds the strength and means to feed the chick himself. Special glands begin to work, processing fat into a creamy mass. This is the “bird’s milk” that the male expresses to his chick using the mouth-to-mouth method! In mid-July the female returns. She recognizes her partner by his voice and takes over the baton of hatching the egg from him. And he, having lost almost half of his weight, goes to sea to regain his strength. Energy reserves and subcutaneous fat he will replenish himself by hunting squid, fish and krill. By this time, the chick is still covered with down and will be able to swim only after molting (about six months later). But he is already curious and begins to separate from the female at three to four weeks of age. Sometimes it ends badly. And it’s not just about “bandit skuas” or giant petrels. The trouble is that penguins are extremely child-loving. Therefore, a bachelor or a female who has lost a chick is constantly ready to snatch and “adopt” the unwary baby.

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The kidnapping of a baby penguin and how it could end! As soon as the baby starts to gape, several hooligans immediately attack him and try to capture him. When the parents discover the kidnapping, a real fight breaks out between them and the kidnappers. Scarlet blood stains appear on the blinding whiteness of the ice. The fate of the chicks depends on the outcome of these battles. If his parents save him, he will survive, even despite serious wounds and spilled blood. If he is forcibly adopted by a bachelor, his fate is sealed, he will die. In a few days, the stepfather will get hungry, he will have to go in search of food, there is no one to replace him, he has no girlfriend, and then he will leave his stepson, dooming him to certain death.

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Do the cubs look like their parents? The chicks are not similar in color to the adults; they are grayish, with a white “face” and a black cap. The first and second downy plumes differ in the length of the pubescence. After 5-6 months, the second downy outfit of the chicks is replaced by feathers. At the same time, adult birds begin molting, which lasts more than a month. The birds spend this period standing motionless in secluded places, eating nothing, and losing a lot of weight. Since January, adult and young penguins go to sea. The emperor penguin is under protection international community, the penguin population is declining as everything returns to Antarctica fewer birds from year to year.

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