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Decoding the markings of the Buk air defense missiles. Buk anti-aircraft missile system. History of the creation of the Buk air defense system

The multifunctional, highly mobile, medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) "Buk-M1-2" (the latest modernization of the "Buk" SAM system) is designed to destroy modern and promising strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aerial aerodynamic objects in their entire range practical application in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as to combat tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type, anti-radar missiles of the Kharm type, and other elements precision weapons air and ground-based in flight and destruction of surface and ground radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) when massive use air attack means, and also be a tactical missile defense module.
The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance section and semi-active homing in the final guidance section.
The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat weapons, technical support and educational and training facilities.
The combat equipment includes:
- command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;
- target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;
- up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;
- up to six launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39M1;
- anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.
The technical support includes:
- maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456;
- maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;
- repair and maintenance machines (workshops) (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;
- transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184;
- automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;
- 9T458 missile repair machine (workshop);
- unified compressor station UKS-400V;
- mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.
Educational and training tools include:
- operational training missile 9M317UD;
- 9M317UR training missile.
All combat assets of the complex are assembled on all-terrain tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power supply units, personnel protection and life support systems, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy during combat operations.
The 9S470M1-2 command post is designed for automated control via telecode (radio or wire) communication channels of the combat operations of the air defense system and works together with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six SOU 9A310M1-2 and ensures mutual work with the higher command post for the automated control of combat operations of the Buk air defense system -M1-2".
The control panel equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display tools, operational command communications and data transmission and other auxiliary systems, allows you to optimize the air defense missile system control process, automatically assign operating modes, provide processing of up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve target distribution and target designation problems, provide complex modes of paired operation of the SOU (“Radiation Regulation”, “Alien Illumination”, “Triangulation”, “Coordinate Support”, “Launcher”), which are used in conditions of the enemy’s use of strong anti-radar missiles radio countermeasures and in case of failure of the radar of one of the control systems, as well as documenting the processes of combat work, monitoring the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulating the air situation for conducting training of the command post crew.
SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the 9S470M1-2 command post of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other control points of the air defense forces.
The SOC is a three-dimensional radar of the centimeter wave range, built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic scanning of the beam pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.
The SOC implements two possibilities for viewing space:
- “regular” - in anti-aircraft defense mode;
- “sectoral” - in missile defense mode.
The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. According to its functional purpose, it is radar station detection, target tracking, target and missile illumination with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.
The SOU provides solutions to the following tasks:
- receiving target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;
- detection, identification of nationality, target acquisition and tracking, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;
- determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;
- guidance starting device in the direction of the anticipatory missile-target meeting point;
- issuing target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;
- missile launch;
- developing radio correction commands and transmitting them to flying missiles;
- transmitting to the 9A39M1 ROM the signals necessary to point the ROM launcher in the direction of the lead point, pointing the radar homing head of the missile defense system at the target and launching it;
- transmission to the command post of information about the target being tracked and about the process of combat work;
- combat crew training.
The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system during target designation with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. In this case, missiles can be launched either directly from the SDA or from the ROM launcher.
When operating as part of an air defense system and controlled from a command post, the self-propelled gun can be used as a launcher, in firing mode with “alien illumination” and take part in solving the coordinate support problem with the complex.
The 9A39M1 launcher is designed for:
- transportation and storage of missiles, with four missiles located on the launcher guides and ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles on transport supports;
- loading of self-propelled guns and self-loading of missiles located on transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground cradles or containers;
- monitoring the serviceability of ROM and missiles, both on command from the SOU and autonomously;
- pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to the SOU data.
To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power tracking drive and launch automatic equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog computer, a lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.
The 9M317 missiles are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with a low aspect ratio trapezoidal wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid propellant jet engine.
The missile is aimed at the target using a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.
To increase the accuracy of guidance, at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control is organized along the radio correction line - the flight mission in the on-board missile defense computer is adjusted depending on changes in the movement characteristics of the target being fired by radio commands transmitted in the target and missile illumination signals.
The missile is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal use and combat use missiles are provided at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions within ten years.
The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (ozrp) or anti-aircraft missile division (zrdn).
The unit includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two ROM 9A39M1 in each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.
A separate air defense missile system is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile system is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 air defense missile systems, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).
An anti-aircraft missile division (regiment), armed with the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, the division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides coverage of an area of about 800 - 1200 km2.
At the command post of the anti-aircraft missile brigade, the Polyana-D4M1 automation system is used.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant, consisting of the SOU 9A38 and the 9M38 missile defense system, was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1978.

The fully equipped Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code of the Buk M1 air defense system in 1983, and the Buk-M1-2 air defense system in 1998.
The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, CIS countries and have been supplied to a number of non-CIS countries.
In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, Russian industry has the ability to:
- supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar tracks of the complex’s combat vehicles, which ensure the movement of air defense systems on asphalt roads;
- install an objective control system (SOK) of the operation of air defense missile systems by registering, memorizing, storing and reproducing information exchange SOU-ZUR-PZU.

	"Beech"	"Buk-M1"	"Buk-M1-2"
Types of targets hit	aircraft	airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles	airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles, Lance-type TBRs, Kharm-type missile launchers, surface and ground targets
Damage zone for aerodynamic targets, km:
by range	3,5-25-30	3,0-35	3-42
in height	0,025-20	0,015-22	0,015-25
by exchange rate parameter	18	22	25
Damage zone of tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance-2" type, km:
far border	-	-	20
maximum height	-	-	16
parameter	-	-	12
Firing range at surface targets, km	-	-	3-18-25
Firing range at ground targets, km	-	-	3-12
Maximum speed of targets hit, m/s	800	800	1200
Number of simultaneously fired targets by one air defense system	until 6	until 6	until 6
Probability of being hit by one missile:
aerodynamic purposes	0,7-0,9	0,7-0,9	0,7-0,9
tactical ballistic missiles	-	-	0,5-0,7
Harm-type anti-radar missiles	-	-	0,6-0,8
cruise missiles	not lower than 0.4	not lower than 0.4	0,6-0,8
helicopters	0,3-0,7	0,3-0,7	0,7-0,8
Reaction time, s	15-18	15-18	15-18
Deployment time, min.	5	5	5
Time of transition from standby mode to combat mode, s	20	20	20
Loading time of the self-propelled gun, min.	12	12	12

The military anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (9K37) is designed to destroy, under radio countermeasure conditions, aerodynamic targets flying at speeds of up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units, and in the future - Lance ballistic missiles. Development began in accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972. it provided for the use of cooperation between manufacturers and developers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub anti-aircraft missile system. At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (Hurricane) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, integrated with the Buk air defense system.

The developer of the Buk complex as a whole was identified as NIIP (Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NKO (research and design association) Phazotron (general director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT). Chief designer complex 9K37 – Rastov A.A., CP (command post) 9S470 – Valaev G.N. (then - Sokiran V.I.), self-propelled firing system 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.

PZU (start-loading unit) 9A39 was created at the MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), headed by A.I. Yaskin.

The unified tracked chassis for the complex's vehicles was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (detection and target designation station) ("Dome") was developed at the NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of Vetoshko A.P. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.).

A set of technical tools was also developed for the complex. provision and maintenance on the automobile chassis.

Completion of the development of the anti-aircraft missile system was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

But to quickly strengthen air defense, the main impact force NE – tank divisions- with the increase in the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the target channel capacity (and, if possible, ensuring full autonomy of the channels during operation from target detection to its destruction), by the Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and The USSR Council of Ministers dated May 22, 1974 ordered the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. At first, it was proposed to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing system for the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, they were supposed to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) anti-aircraft missile system, and ensure its entry into joint testing in September 1974. At the same time, the previously prescribed deadlines and volumes of work on the Buk air defense system in its full prescribed composition were maintained.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was planned to include a Kub-M3 regiment in each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pieces), in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, to introduce a 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing system, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Kub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled firing system provided search in the designated sector, detected and captured targets for automatic tracking, solved pre-launch tasks, launched and homing 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, associated with it. The combat operation of the fire installation was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- Radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power servo drive;
- television-optical viewfinder;
- ground-based radar interrogator operating in the “Password” identification system;
- telecode communication equipment with SURN;
- wire communication equipment with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- navigation, topographical reference and orientation equipment;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled firing system, including the weight of the combat crew consisting of four people, was 34 thousand kg.

The progress that has been made in the creation of ultra-high-frequency devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, and digital computers has made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous mode of radiation or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (linear frequency modulation is used). The continuous radiation transmitter was used to illuminate targets and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search using the electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out using the monopulse method, and signal processing was carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector review time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's direction-finding and surveillance receivers is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m/s; ensure selection of moving targets. The maximum range error is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar station was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system was used to block the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile when accompanied by a helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system was equipped with a launcher with interchangeable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile used a dual-mode solid propellant engine (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in passive sections of the trajectory and instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in creating the Kub air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general design of an anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. Appearance The missiles resembled American-made naval anti-aircraft missiles of the Standard and Tartar families. This corresponded to strict restrictions on overall dimensions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal design and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active hydrodynamic pump, autopilot equipment, power supply and warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. The diameter of the rocket was 400 mm, the length was 5.5 m, and the span of the rudders was 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The missile was equipped with a new homing head with a combined control system. The complex implemented homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand m at a range of 3.5 to 32 km. The rocket's flight speed was 1000 m/s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units.

The weight of the rocket is 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

The design of the missile ensured its delivery to the troops in a fully equipped form in the 9YA266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system, consisting of the 1S91M3 SURN, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as the 9V881 MTO (maintenance vehicle) underwent state testing. tests at the Embensky test site (head of the test site Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Bimbash P.S.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft by a radar station of a self-propelled firing system operating in autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was obtained - from 65 to 77 km; at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range decreased to 32-41 kilometers. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a range of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range for aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and for targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of a self-propelled firing system (from the moment of target detection to the launch of a guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading/discharging time for three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the destruction of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, in terms of the heading parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex entered service in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name "Kub-M4" (2K12M4).

The 9A38 self-propelled firing systems were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles were produced by the Dolgoprudny Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

The Kub-M4 complexes, which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the tank divisions of the SV SA.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense system in its full set of assets took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky training ground (chief V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post installed on the GM-579 chassis provided the reception, display and processing of target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in automatic and manual modes, setting the sectors of their responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles at firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters for firing installations, about work on targets, about the operating mode of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in the event of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documentation of training and work of calculation of CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes of up to 20 thousand m in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand m per station review cycle and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing systems (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The weight of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is no more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate detection and target designation station "Dome" (9S18) of the centimeter range, which has electronic scanning of the beam according to the elevation angle in the sector (set to 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). The 9S18 station was intended to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of viewing the space during a circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when viewing in a 30-degree sector 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9S470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring target coordinates: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20", in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.

To ensure protection from targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals via the automatic recording channel, from asynchronous pulse interference - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of linear frequency modulation. The detection and target designation station with noise barrage of self-cover and external cover of specified levels ensured detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand m. The station ensured the tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a scheme for selecting moving targets with automatic wind speed compensation. The detection and target designation station was protected from proto-radar missiles by software tuning the carrier frequency in 1.3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signal or to flicker mode (intermittent radiation).

Station 9S18 consisted of an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile and a feed in the form of a waveguide ruler (providing electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane), a rotating device, and an antenna folding device; transmitting device (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise factor up to 8) and other systems.

All station equipment was placed on a modified self-propelled chassis "ob. 124" of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station was different from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar station was initially set for development outside anti-aircraft complex– as a means of detecting a divisional air defense unit of the Ground Forces.

The time it took to transfer the station between traveling and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from duty to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The weight of the station (including a crew of 3 people) is up to 28.5 tons.

In its design and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing system differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system in that, using a telecode line, it communicated not with SURN 1S91M3 and self-propelled PU 2P25M3, but with the command clause 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time it took to transfer the installation from traveling to combat position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. Loading the 9A310 firing system with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launch-loading installation took 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing system, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 meters, width - 3.25 meters (in working position - 9.03 meters), height - 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).

The 9A39 launch-loading installation installed on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed cradle - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading 8- yu missile launcher from a transport vehicle (charging time 26 minutes), from ground cradle and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing system with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-loading installation consisted of a starting device with a servo power drive, a crane, supports, a digital computer, equipment for topographical referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and energy supply units. The mass of the installation including a combat crew of 3 people is 35.5 tons.

Dimensions of the launch-loading installation: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.

The complex's command post received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (automated control system Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that carried out search and capture for automatic tracking targets. When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. To guide the missiles, the proportional navigation method was used, which provided high accuracy guidance When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a distance of 17 meters, upon command, the warhead was detonated. If the radio fuse failed to operate, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by a division, and if necessary, execution of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
- greater detection reliability thanks to the organization of a joint survey of the space by 6 self-propelled firing systems and a detection and target designation station;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency in hitting targets due to the increased power of the anti-aircraft guided missile warhead.

Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system can fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at speeds up to 800 m/s, at ranges from 3–25 km (at speeds up to 300 m /s - up to 30 km) with a heading parameter of up to 18 kilometers with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

Organizational anti-aircraft missile systems"Buk" were consolidated into missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (combat control post from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft rocket batteries(each has two 9A310 self-propelled firing installations and one 9A39 launch-loading installation), maintenance and support units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was controlled from the army air defense command post.

The Buk complex for use with air defense forces ground forces adopted in 1980. Serial production of combat weapons of the Buk complex was mastered in cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 air defense system. New equipment - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing systems 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, launch-loading installations 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant named after. Kalinina MAP.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities and the protection of the complex's electronic equipment from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests that were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky training ground (chief - V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev, it was found that the modernized "Buk-M1" compared to the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" provides a large area of destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of being hit by one guided missile of more than 0.4, "Hugh-Cobra" helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.

The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies instead of 36, which helps to increase protection from intentional and mutual interference. Recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control post of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training for crews of anti-aircraft missile systems.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing system, the 9A310M1 installation provides target detection and acquisition for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station "Kupol-M1" (9S18M1), which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation.

The detection and target designation station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures for protection against anti-radar missiles.

The combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense system are interchangeable with similar assets of the Buk complex without modifications. The standard organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - automated control and testing mobile station vehicles based on ZIL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9T229 – transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on the KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983 and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

In the same year, the Navy's M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system, unified with the Buk complex on 9M38 guided missiles, also entered service.

Complexes of the Buk family called "Gang" were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk family successfully fired at targets based on the R-17, Zvezda ballistic missiles and Smerch MLRS missiles.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on further modernization of the Buk air defense system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name "Ural".

In 1994-1997, a cooperation of enterprises led by Tikhonravov Research Institute carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision and surface ships at a range of up to 25 thousand meters and ground targets (large command points, launchers, aircraft at airfields) at a range of up to 15 thousand meters. The effectiveness of defeating cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The rocket had a launch mass of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead mass of 50-70 kilograms.

Externally new rocket The 9M317 differed from the 9M38 by its shorter wing chord length.

In addition to the use of an improved missile, it was planned to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the installation of an antenna at a height of up to 22 meters in the working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system to destroy low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex includes a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, including one modernized self-propelled firing installation each, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loading installation with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, capable of also providing simultaneous fire at four targets, and two launch-loading installations (each with eight guided missiles).

Two versions of the complex were developed - mobile on GM-569 tracked vehicles (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter option, the cost was reduced, but maneuverability deteriorated and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.

In particular, the Start MKB, during the modernization of the Buk-M air defense system (Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 complexes), developed the 9A316 launcher-loader and the 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of anti-aircraft missile systems as a whole provides an excellent example evolutionary development military equipment and weapons, ensuring a continuous increase in the capabilities of the air defense of the ground forces at relatively low costs. This path development, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for gradual technical behind. For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, the more reliable and safe scheme for continuous operation of missile defense systems in a transport and launch container, all-angle vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced in other second-generation air defense missile systems, have not been used. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the Buk and Kub family complexes is the correct one.

For the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system: Rastov A.A., Grishin V.K., Akopyan I.G., Zlatomrezhev I.I., Vetoshko A.P., Chukalovsky N.V. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this prize were Kozlov Yu.I., Ektov V.P., Shchekotov Yu.P., Chernov V.D., Solntsev S.V., Unuchko V.R. and etc.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of the BUK type anti-aircraft missile systems:
Name - "Buk"/"Buk-M1";
The affected area in range is from 3.5 to 25-30 km/from 3 to 32-35 km;
Damage zone in height – from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
Damage zone by parameter – up to 18/up to 22;
The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.8..0.9/0.8..0.95;
The probability of hitting a helicopter with one guided missile is 0.3..0.6/0.3..0.6;
Probability of hitting a cruise missile – 0.25..0.5/0.4..0.6;
The maximum speed of targets hit is 800 m/s;
Reaction time - 22 seconds;
Anti-aircraft guided missile flight speed - 850 m/s;
Rocket mass – 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel – 2;
SAM channel (per target) – up to 3;
Expansion/collapse time – 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle is 4;
Year of adoption: 1980/1983.

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The 9K37 Buk anti-aircraft missile system has been in service with the Soviet army since the late 70s, and now the Russian army, being one of the most popular air defense systems.

Despite its age, numerous modernizations of this weapon allow it to remain effective and relevant even today.

History of creation

On January 13, 1972, it was decided to replace the outdated 2K12 "Cube" air defense system with a new weapon using standardized missiles together with the M-22 "Uragan" naval system.

The development started at the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Making, the work was headed by A.A. Rastov. Due to the rush, they planned to put the complex into operation in parts. First came the 2K12M4 Kub-M4 self-propelled firing system, which used the recently created 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles. It was put into service in 1978. The main differences from its predecessor were 10 target channels and increased limits for the height and speed of air targets.

Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
9M38 anti-aircraft missiles;
command post 9С470;
charging installation 9A39.

The created anti-aircraft missile system was tested at the end of 1977, which ended in 1979 with its entry into service.

Peculiarities

The Buk turned out to be capable of destroying air targets flying at altitudes from 25 to 18,000 meters, located at a distance of 3 to 25 kilometers from the complex with a probability of 0.6.

Each part of the complex was located on a standardized tracked platform with high cross-country ability.

"Buk-M1"

After a short period of time, modernization of the complex began, culminating in the creation of the new Buk-M1 air defense system. It was distinguished by an increased area and probability of destruction, target recognition function and less vulnerability to anti-radar missiles.

Designed to combat enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and drones. Used to cover various types of troops or ground targets from massive enemy air raids. Capable of operating in conditions where the enemy widely uses electronic countermeasures and in any weather.

Device

A self-propelled firing system is capable of operating alone, but its capabilities are extremely limited. Therefore, it is customary to consider the complex as a whole, in a fully combat-ready state to cover the area from air threats.

The Buk-M1 complex consists of:

self-propelled firing system 9A310M1;
charging installation 9A39M1;
target detection station 9S18;
command post 9S470M1.

All anti-aircraft missile systems are built on the GM-569 tracked chassis, which was chosen due to such features as good maneuverability and maneuverability, which allows you to spend a minimum amount on deploying and putting the complex into combat condition.

After deployment, the highly noise-resistant target detection station 9S18 “Dome” radar begins to continuously scan airspace in the centimeter range at a distance of up to 120 and a range of up to 20 kilometers.

Also, each of the 9A310 self-propelled firing systems has its own radar station operating in the centimeter range, computing equipment and a communication device, which allows it to independently scan the airspace in search of a target and transmit information to the command post.

The signal about detected targets is sent to the 9S470 command post, which is capable of simultaneously receiving and processing data on 46 targets. Next, he transfers up to 6 tasks to each of the 9A310 firing installations.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

Development began in 1973, and in 1976 the missile entered service with the Soviet army as part of the Buk.

This is a solid fuel single stage anti-aircraft missile, designed for operating time up to 15 seconds. Its dimensions are strictly limited due to the fact that the development was carried out not only for land systems, but also for the M-22 “Hurricane” system for the Navy.

It has a semi-active homing head and carries a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 70 kg. The detonation is carried out by a charge weighing 34 kg at a distance of 16 meters from the target.

Designed to destroy highly maneuverable targets located at a distance from 3500 to 32000 m, at altitudes from 25 to 20000 m, and can withstand overloads of up to 19g.

After launch, the flight course is indicated by radio signals from the firing installation; when approaching the target, the homing head comes into play.

9K317 "Buk-M2"

By the end of the 1980s, a modification appeared using modern rockets 9M317. The use of this missile was supposed to significantly increase the range and altitude of the targets hit, and it was also planned to use improved equipment on all vehicles of the complex.

The 9M317 received smaller wings, the firing range reached 45,000 m at an altitude of 25,000. Its fuse received 2 modes, which made it possible to carry out detonations not only at a distance from the target, but also upon contact, making it possible to fight surface and ground enemies.

The 9A317 self-propelled firing system received new equipment, which made it possible to simultaneously detect 10 targets and attack 4 at once.

The updated 9S510 command post has the ability to track 60 targets at once and issue 36 target indications simultaneously. In this case, the time from receiving information to transmission to firing installations is no more than 2 seconds.

The 9S18M1-3 detection and target designation station is equipped with a phased array antenna, which allows it to detect air targets at a distance of up to 160,000 m. It is resistant to various types of enemy interference.

Additionally, a 9S36 missile illumination and guidance station was added to the complex. It is a phased array antenna raised by a retractable mast to a height of 22 meters, which improves performance and detects targets at a distance of 120 km. The 9S36 electronic equipment is capable of tracking 10 targets and issuing commands to fire at 4 of them.

Comprehensive improvements to the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex made it possible to increase the interception distance of aircraft and helicopters to 50,000 m, and the altitude to 25,000 m.

The missile interception range has increased to 20,000 m, and the altitude to 16,000. Use against ground and surface targets is also possible.

The country's deplorable economy in the early 90s did not allow the adoption of a new product; the army limited itself to the compromise Buk-M1-2 complex.

It was only in 2008 that the 9K317 Buk-M2 entered service with the Russian army, having been modified to suit our times.

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

As already mentioned, the most modern modification at that time was not adopted for service, so the army limited itself to a simplified version of the “Ural”. Development started in 1992 and ended in 1998 with the adoption of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system into service with our army.

The complex includes:

self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2;
target detection station 9S18M1;
command post 9С470;
charging installation 9A38M1.

To increase stealth and camouflage, as well as increase capabilities, the 9A310M1-2 was equipped with a television-optical sight and a laser rangefinder, which made passive direction finding of the target possible.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

Export modification of the Buk-M2, characterized by improved electronic digital equipment. Modern equipment operates not only in combat, but also in training mode, which allows for the training of soldiers.

It is possible to use a conventional tracked chassis or a wheeled MZKT-6922, which allows the customer to choose a more suitable option.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The development of a new modification of the air defense system became known not so long ago. It is planned to completely replace outdated electronics with modern digital equipment, and replace the missile with a modern 9M317M, launched from a container and with higher performance.

The exact characteristics are not known today, but approximate ones can be given. The self-propelled firing unit contains 6 containers with ready-to-launch missiles inside.

The estimated target engagement range is up to 75,000 m, the probability is 0.96.

Combat use

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system is in service with 9 countries, including Russia.

Except for the first one Chechen war, where the complexes were used by the Russian army, other episodes can hardly be called successful for Russia. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, the plane of the commander of the air defense of Abkhazia was mistakenly destroyed.

IN South Ossetia Russian Air Force lost 4 planes due to Buk-M1 fire, in addition, in 2014, a Boeing 777 was destroyed over Ukraine, and some sources link this event to the use of the Buk.

"Buk" (according to the GRAU index - 9K37, according to the codification of the NATO and US Defense Ministry - SA-11 Gadfly (translated as Gadfly) and its modifications) is a self-propelled air defense system designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at medium and low altitudes (from 30 meters 14-18 kilometers) in conditions of intense radio countermeasures.

Technical characteristics of the Buk-M1 air defense system:

Damage zone, km: - range - height - parameter	3,32..35 0,015..20-22 until 22
Probability of target hit - fighter type - helicopter type - cruise missile type	0,8..0,95 0,3..0,6 0,4..0,6
Maximum target speed m/s	800
Reaction time, s:	22
SAM flight speed, m/s	850
Rocket mass, kg	685
Weight of warhead, kg	70
Channel by target	2
SAM channel	3
Expansion (collapse) time, min	5
Number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Since the late 70s, one of the main means of military air defense has been the Buk series anti-aircraft missile systems. To date, several modifications of this technology have been developed and adopted into service by the Russian Federation. They have been successfully used to this day and occupy a worthy place in Russia’s arsenal.

3RK9K37 "Buk"

The creation of new Buk anti-aircraft systems began after a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 1972. The resolution identified the companies involved in the project, as well as the main requirements for it. The first technical specification stated that new air defense system was supposed to replace the existing 2K12 “Cube” complex in service. In addition, it is necessary to create a missile that could be used both in the Buk kit and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The new, more advanced anti-aircraft complex was intended to improve the equipment of military air defense, which could not but affect the requirements for its development. The specialists were required to mount all components of the complex on a self-propelled chassis, as well as ensure the ability to work together with tanks and other armored vehicles in the same combat formations. The complex must hit aerodynamic air targets moving at speeds of up to 800 meters per second at medium and low altitudes at ranges of up to 30 km. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the ability to hit a target using electronic countermeasures and maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units. In the future, the developers planned to “teach” the complex to resist operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

The main developer of the 3RK9K37 Buk air defense system is the Research Institute of Instrumentation. In addition, many other companies were involved in the project, including the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau and the NPO Fazotron of the Ministry of Radio Industry.

The chief designer of the anti-aircraft complex is A.A. Rastov.
G.N. Valaev is the head of development of the complex’s command post. Later his position was taken by V.I. Sokiran.
V.V. Matyashev was responsible for the development of a self-propelled firing system.
I.G. Hakobyan - led the process of creating a semi-active homing head.
Employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Devices, headed by A.P., were involved in the development of the detection and target designation station. Petoshko (after some time he was replaced by Yu.P. Shchetkov).

Work on the development of the 9K37 complex was going to be completed by mid-1975. But in the spring of 1974, the developers decided to divide all types of work into 2 separate areas. The development was to take place in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to bring the 3M38 missile, as well as a self-propelled firing system, to mass production. Moreover, the latter was supposed to use the existing 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 system and is being built using components of the existing system.

According to forecasts, the complex will begin testing in the fall of 1974, and the creation of a full-fledged 3RK 9K37 using new components will continue according to a pre-planned schedule. This approach to the development of new anti-aircraft systems should ensure the earliest possible start of deliveries and production of new equipment that would significantly increase the combat potential of the ground forces.

The composition of 3RK 9K37 included several main elements. To monitor the air situation, it was planned to use the 9S18 “Dome” detection and target designation station, and to launch missiles it was planned to use the 9A39 launcher-loader and 9A310 self-propelled firing system. Coordination of actions should be carried out using the 9S470 command post. The means of hitting targets is the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile.

SOC 9S18 "Dome" is a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-dimensional coherent-pulse radar, which is designed to monitor the situation in the air and transmit information about targets to the command post. On the surface of the base chassis there was a rotating antenna with an electric drive. The maximum target detection range is 115-120 km. In a situation with low-flying targets, this figure was significantly reduced. For example, a flying plane at an altitude of 30 meters was detected by the complex only from 45 kilometers away. The SOC equipment allowed automatic adjustment of the operating frequency in order to maintain operability when active interference was used by the enemy.

The main task of the “Kupil” station is to search for targets and transmit information to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 seconds, 75 marks were transmitted. The 9S470 command post was built on the basis of a self-propelled chassis, which is equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing data and issuing targets to launchers. The command post crew is 6 people. For this purpose, the command post was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process messages about 46 targets during 1 period of the SOC review. In this case, targets could be located at altitudes of up to 20 km and ranges of up to 100 km. Data on 6 targets was issued to the firing installations.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be fire self-propelled gun 9A310. It was a subsequent development of the SOU 9A38 of the Buk-1 complex. The tracked self-propelled chassis housed a rotating launcher with 4 guides for missiles, as well as a set of all the necessary electronic equipment. A tracking radar was installed in front of the launcher, which was also used for missile guidance.

To transport the loading of the self-propelled gun and additional ammunition, the Buk air defense system included a 9A39 launcher-loader. Such a vehicle on a tracked chassis was used to transport 8 missiles, as well as reload the SOU 9A310 launcher. The missiles were transported on 4 fixed supports and launcher special type. Depending on the situation, the crew of the vehicle could launch it independently or reload the missiles from the launcher to the launcher. But due to the lack of its own tracking radar, it was impossible to do without external target designation. A special crane was responsible for reloading the missiles.

The 9M38 rocket is made according to a single-stage design. It was distinguished by a cylindrical body of high aspect ratio and had an ogival head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of small aspect ratio, and in the tail there were rudders of exactly the same design. The rocket with a length of 5.5 meters and a launch weight of 690 kg was equipped with a dual-mode solid fuel engine, semi-active radar head homing and high-explosive fragmentation warhead. To prevent changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was specially placed in the central part of the housing and additionally equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

The new 9K37 Buk air defense system made it possible to hit targets at altitudes of up to 20 km and ranges of up to 30 km. Reaction time – 22 seconds. It took about 5 minutes to get ready for work. The probability of hitting a target with a missile that accelerates in flight to 850 meters per second is up to 0.9. The probability of hitting a helicopter with one missile is up to 0.6. The probability of hitting a cruise missile with the first missile defense system is up to 0.5.

Modern tests of this air defense system began at the Emba training ground in the fall of 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. During the tests it was possible to verify combat work complex in different conditions and for different conditional purposes. For example, standard equipment and other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was established that the new 3RK 9K37 has many important advantages compared to the equipment that was already in service. The composition of the electronic equipment of the SOU and SOC ensured high reliability of detection of air targets due to the presence of its own equipment for self-propelled combat units. The updated composition of the equipment of various components of the complex, including the missile, contributed to greater noise immunity. In addition, the missile carried a heavy warhead, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of hitting a target.

Based on the results of modifications and tests, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. New complexes began to be used as part of missile brigades. Each formation included 1 brigade control center from the Polyana-D4 automated control system and 4 divisions. The division had its own command post 9S470, three batteries with 2 SOU 9A310 and 1 ROM 9A39 in each, a detection and target designation station 9S18. In addition, the brigades had a communications, maintenance and support unit.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1"/"Kub-M4"

In 1974, due to the urgent need to re-equip the air defense units of the ground forces, it was decided to create a simplified modification of the 9K37 complex, developed using existing units and components. It was assumed that such air defense systems, designated 9K37-1 Buk-1, would complement the existing Kub-M3 systems in the troops. Thus, each of the 5 batteries of the regiment included a new SOU 9A38, which is part of the Buk-1 complex.

According to calculations, the cost of one 9A38 self-propelled gun will be about 1/3 of the cost of all other means of the battery, but in this case it will be possible to provide a significant increase in combat capabilities. Thus, the number of target channels of the regiment would double from 5 to 10, and the number of ready-to-use missiles would also increase from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units with new combat vehicles absolutely paid off.

The SOU 9A38 in its architecture was not much different from the 9A310. A rotating platform with a 9S35 detection, tracking and illumination radar station and a launcher was made on a tracked chassis. The 9A38 self-propelled gun launcher had replaceable guides designed for the use of 2 types of missiles. Depending on the situation, available resources and combat mission, the complex could use new 9M38 or 9M9M3 missiles already in service.

State tests of the air defense system began in August 1975 and took place at the Emba training ground. The new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types took part in the tests. The target was detected using the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, which was located in the Kub-M3 complex, and the missiles were launched from the 2P25M3 and 9438 SOUs. Missiles of various types (from all available) were used.

During the test, it turned out that the 9S35 SOU 9A38 radar can itself detect targets at distances of up to 65-75 kilometers (at altitudes of 3 kilometers). If the target height was no more than 100 meters, then maximum range detection range was up to 35-45 kilometers. Moreover, the actual target detection indicators directly depended on disabilities equipment from the Kub-M3. Combat characteristics such as target engagement altitude or range depended on the type of missile used.

In 1978, the new 9K371 air defense system entered service as part of the 9M38 missile and the 9A38 self-propelled firing system. As a result, the Buk-1 complex received a different designation. Since the missile and self-propelled gun were only an addition to the already existing means of the Kub-M3 complex, the air defense system using the 9A38 vehicle began to be designated 2K12M4 “Kub-M4”. Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, a simplified version of the Buk, was formally classified as part of the previous Kub family, although at that time it was the main air defense system of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

In the fall of 1979, another resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, according to which it was necessary to develop a new modification of the Buk air defense system. This time the task was to improve the combat characteristics of the air defense system, increasing the level of protection against anti-radar missiles and interference. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations participating in the project had completed the development of new, more advanced elements of the complex, thereby increasing the main indicators of the system.

Experts suggested modifying the on-board equipment of the vehicles in order to improve their performance. Wherein significant differences the complex did not have from its predecessor. Thereby different cars from the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" and "Buk-M1" were interchangeable and were part of the same unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex were finalized. The Buk-M1 air defense system was supposed to use the upgraded SOC 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 to detect the target. Now it was proposed to install a new radar station with a special phased array antenna on a tracked chassis. In order to increase the degree of unification of the complex's machines, it was decided to create the Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M, similar to that used in other components of the complex.

To process data received from the SOC, it was proposed to use an updated command post, namely 9S470M1 with a new set of equipment. An improved command post could ensure simultaneous reception of data from the division's air defense control center and from the complex's SOC. In addition, it was planned to introduce a training mode that would allow training in the calculations of all existing means of the complex.

SOU 9A310M1 SAM "Buk-M1" has now received an updated tracking and illumination radar. Thanks to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the acquisition range of an air target by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing ballistic and aerodynamic targets has been increased to 0.6. To increase noise immunity, the self-propelled firing system had 72 letter frequencies of illumination, which is 2 times more than that of the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations affected the combat effectiveness of the air defense system. While maintaining the general altitude and range of hitting the target and without using a new missile, the probability of hitting a fighter with one missile was increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, but the same indicator for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

From February to December 1982, tests of a new modernization of the 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system were carried out at the Emba training ground. Testing showed a significant increase in key indicators compared to existing systems, thanks to which the system was adopted for service. The official adoption of the air defense system took place in 1983. Mass serial production of improved equipment took place at enterprises that had previously participated in the creation of the Buk complexes of the first 2 models.

A new type of serial equipment was used in anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The components of the Buk-M1 air defense system were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual air defense systems, staff organization anti-aircraft units remained unchanged. In addition, if necessary, it was allowed to use two Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same units.

The Buk-M1 air defense system is the first system of its series that was offered to foreign customers. The air defense system was supplied to foreign armies and was called “Ganges”. For example, in 1997, several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the repayment of debt from Russia.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

At the end of the 80s, the creation of an updated anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family with a more advanced 9M317 missile was completed. Then it received the designation 9K317 Buk-M air defense system. Thanks to the new guided munition, it was expected to significantly increase the height and range of hitting the target. In addition, the performance of the system should be positively affected by the use of new equipment that was installed on various machines of the complex.

But the difficult economic situation that existed in the country at that time did not allow the new complex to be put into service. This did not happen either in the late eighties or early nineties. As a result, the issue of updating the equipment of air defense units was resolved due to the “transitional” air defense system “Buk-M1-2”. At the same time, improvements to the 9K317 system continued. Moreover, work on the updated Buk-M2 project, as well as its export modification Buk-M2E, did not stop until the mid-2000s.

The most important innovation of the Buk-M project is the new 9M317 guided missile. The main differences between the new missile and the 9M38: shorter wing length, starting weight of about 720 kg and a modified hull design. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the firing range, its maximum value being up to 45 kilometers. At the same time, the maximum flight altitude of the target increased to 25 kilometers. To expand the combat capabilities of the corps, another innovation was introduced - now the missile has the ability to turn off remote fuse with the detonation of the warhead at the command of the contact. This mode of operation is suitable for using the missile against surface and ground targets.

The air defense missile system received a modified 9A317 type self-propelled gun based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. Despite the fact that the general architecture of the firing installation has not changed, the new vehicle is built on the basis of new equipment and modern components. As before, the SOU can itself find and track an air target, launch a missile and track its trajectory, and, if necessary, make adjustments through the radio command system.

SOU 9A317 has a tracking radar and illumination with a special phased array antenna. The station can track targets in a sector at an elevation angle of up to 70° and a width of 90°. The target is detected at ranges of up to 20 kilometers. The target, while in tracking mode, can be within a sector with a width of -5° to +85° in elevation and 130° in azimuth. The station is capable of detecting up to ten targets simultaneously and provides simultaneous attacks on four of them.

To increase the characteristics of the complex and ensure normal operation in difficult conditions The self-propelled firing system is equipped with an optical-electronic system with night and day valves.

The Buk-M2 air defense system is equipped with 2 types of launcher-loading installation. The self-propelled vehicle was developed on the basis of the GM-577 chassis and is towed with a car tractor. At the same time, the general architecture is the same: 4 missiles are on the launcher and can be loaded onto the launcher or launched. Another 4 are transported on special transport cradles.

The new modification includes a new command post 9S510 on a towed semi-trailer or based on the GM-579 chassis. The automatic control unit can receive data from surveillance equipment and track up to sixty routes simultaneously. It is possible to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. As for the reaction time, it does not exceed 2 seconds.

The main target detection device in the Buk-M2 complex is the SOTs 9S18M1-3, which represents a subsequent development of the family’s systems. The new radar is equipped with a phased array antenna with electronic scanning and can detect targets at ranges of up to 160 kilometers. There are operating modes that ensure target detection when the enemy uses passive and active jamming.

It is proposed to include a missile guidance station and target illumination into the towed/self-propelled vehicles of the Buk-M2 complex. The new 9S36 vehicle is a towed semi-trailer or tracked chassis with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Thanks to such equipment, it is possible to raise the antenna to a height of up to 22 meters and thereby increase the characteristics of the RSL. Such a high altitude makes it possible to detect air targets at ranges of up to 120 kilometers. In terms of tracking and guidance characteristics, the station does not differ from the radar of self-propelled fire vehicles. It provides tracking of ten targets and allows simultaneous firing of four of them.

All changes and innovations in the composition of the complex made it possible to significantly improve its characteristics. The maximum altitude for intercepting an air target is 25 km, and the maximum range is 50 km. When attacking non-maneuvering aircraft, the greatest range is achieved. Interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles is carried out at altitudes up to 16 km and ranges up to 20 km. It is also possible to destroy helicopters, anti-radar and cruise missiles. If necessary, the air defense missile system crew can attack radio-contrast or surface ground targets.

The first version of the 9K317 project appeared back in the late 80s, then due to severe economic situation state, it was not adopted. The use of this complex in military operations began only in 2008. By that time, the air defense system had undergone many improvements, which made it possible to improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous political and economic problems did not allow the new 9K317 air defense system to be adopted and put into mass production. Therefore, in 1992, they decided to create a simplified, so-called “transitional” version of the complex that would not only use some components of the Buk-2, but would also be cheaper and simpler. And a solution was found - Buk-M1-2 and Ural.

The modernized Ural anti-aircraft missile system combined several improved vehicles that were represented by the further development of older technology. To launch missiles, as well as target illumination, it was necessary to use the 9A310M1-2 SOU, which works together with the 9A38M1 launch-loading machine. As for the SOC, it has not changed - Buk-M1-2 was supposed to use the 9S18M1 model station. There were no significant changes and aids complex.

In order to increase the secrecy of operation and survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks, the self-propelled fire installation received the ability to passively find a target. This meant the use of a laser rangefinder and a television-optical viewfinder. Such equipment should have been used when attacking surface or ground targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the development of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target firing zone. In addition, the probability of hitting a ballistic or aerodynamic target with one missile has increased. It became possible to fully operate the 9A310M1-2 SOU in the role of an independent air defense weapon that could detect and destroy air targets without outside help.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system entered service with the Russian Army in 1998. In the future, several contracts were concluded for the supply of this equipment to foreign and domestic customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

The export version of the Buk-M2E air defense system was presented in the second half of the 2000s. It received the designation 9K317E “Buk-M2E” and was an improved version of the basic system, which had some differences in the composition of the computing and electronic equipment. Thanks to the modifications made, it was possible to improve some characteristics of the system, primarily related to its operation.

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the basic one are the modernization of electronic equipment, carried out using modern digital computers. Thanks to its high performance, such equipment allows you not only to carry out combat missions, but also to work in training mode to prepare crews. Data on the air situation and the operation of steel systems is displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the teleoptical viewfinder that was previously available, a thermal imaging system was introduced into the surveillance equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets in any weather conditions and at any time of the day. The equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, communications equipment and many other systems were also updated.

The RZK 9K317E self-propelled fire vehicle can be built on a wheeled or tracked chassis. Several years ago, a version of such a vehicle was presented based on the wheeled chassis of the M3KT-6922 model. Thus, a potential customer will be able to choose the chassis option that would completely suit him.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk series was announced several years ago. The 9K37M3 Buk-M3 air defense system should become an impetus for the subsequent development of this family with increased combat capabilities and characteristics. It was proposed to fulfill the requirements for the system by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 air defense system with new digital equipment.

The complex's facilities will receive a set of new equipment with better characteristics. The combat qualities are going to be improved through the use of a new missile along with a modified self-propelled gun. Instead of the open launcher that existed before, the new self-propelled firing system should receive special lifting mechanisms with fastenings designed for transport and launch containers. The new 9M317M rocket will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Such changes to the air defense system will increase the amount of ready-to-use ammunition.

If you look at the photo of the Buk-M3 missile launcher, you will see a vehicle based on a tracked chassis that has a rotating platform, where 2 swinging packages with 6 missile containers are mounted on each of them. Thus, without radically reworking the design of the self-propelled gun, it was possible to double the ammunition load ready for firing.

Unfortunately, the detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 complex have not yet been disclosed. Domestic media, citing their sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile will be able to attack targets at ranges of up to 75 km and destroy them with one missile with a probability of no less than 0.95-0.97. In addition, it was reported that the experienced Buk-M3 air defense system will soon undergo a whole range of tests, after which it will be put into service.

There are rumors that the domestic defense industry plans to continue developing the Buk air defense system. The next air defense system of the family, according to unofficial data, may receive the designation “Buk-M4”. But it’s too early to talk about the characteristics of this system. At the moment, even the general requirements for it are unknown.

The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to NATO codification SA-17 "Grizzly"). Due to the use in this model of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets increased to 24. The introduction into the air defense complex of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, ensured an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in the fight against low flying targets.

The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system OJSC "Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant" performs. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat weapons and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is OJSC Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by NIIIP OJSC (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multi-purpose medium-range air defense system, which is characterized by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in conditions of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the air defense system is able to combat a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, and special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy naval surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. The complex is also able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

Automated control of the conduct of combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using a command post (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from a target acquisition station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is responsible for transmitting control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SOU) with 4 missiles and the 1st launch-loading unit (PZU) attached to it; the battery may also include 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN).

Firing of air targets accompanied by a complex is carried out using both single and salvo launches of missile defense systems. The Buk-M2E air defense system uses highly effective anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-fuel rocket engine, which have combat equipment that is flexibly adapted to various types of targets. The use of these missiles makes it possible to confidently hit air targets over the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in altitude. At the same time, the missile defense system is able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km and a flight range of up to 70 km.

The Buk-M2E air defense system uses the 9M317 missile defense system. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is complemented by a nose-mounted semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. Warhead The rocket is rod-based, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the fragment damage zone is 17 m. The maximum flight speed of the rocket is up to 1230 m/s, withstandable overloads are up to 24g. The total weight of the 9M317 missile defense system is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant rocket engine. Its wingspan is 860 mm. The missile has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments or checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

The complex uses modern phased array antennas (PAA), which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets, which can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their capabilities to carry out effective work against missiles. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such targets with an effective reflective surface (ERS) of up to 0.05 m2 with a probability of destruction of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the affected ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m/s.

The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult, rugged and wooded terrain, is ensured by the air defense system due to the presence in its composition of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN), equipped with an antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.

For him, air temperatures up to +50°C, wind gusts up to 25-27 m/s, and increased air dust are not a hindrance. The modern hardware and software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the complex's combat assets to operate confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W/MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out at both single and multiple targets simultaneously located in the affected area of the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. The tests became a real test of the maximum capabilities of the Russian air defense system and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.

Placing the combat assets of the Buk-M2E air defense system on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly roll up and deploy the complex, this standard is within 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex requires no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On highways, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds of up to 65 km/h, dirt roads- 45 km/h. The power reserve of the combat vehicles included in the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense system is a 24-hour air defense system. Basics weapon complex - SOU - operates in 24-hour mode through the use of an optical-electronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

The Buk-M2E air defense system can be operated in a wide variety of climatic zones; at the request of the customer, the vehicles are equipped with air conditioners. The combat vehicles of the complex can be transported without any restrictions (distance and speed) by all types of transport: rail, water, air.

The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer for this complex; the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at $1 billion. All systems under this contract have already been delivered.

Specifications

Range of destruction of aerodynamic targets, km:
maximum	45
minimum	3
Height of destruction of aerodynamic targets, km
maximum	25
minimum	0,015
Damage range, km:
	20
cruise missiles at an altitude of 100 m	20
Maximum speed of aerodynamic targets hit, m/s	830
Maximum speed of targeted ballistic missiles, m/s	1200
Number of simultaneously fired targets	up to 24
Probability of hitting targets with one missile:
tactical aircraft and helicopters	0,9–0.95
tactical ballistic missiles	0,6–0,7
Deployment (collapse) time, min	5
Continuous operation time (with refueling), hour.	24
Speed of movement of combat vehicles, km/h:
along the highway	65
on dirt roads	45
Cruising range of combat vehicles without refueling, km	500
Climatic operating conditions:
temperature, °C	±50
humidity at temperature +35°С, %	98
altitude above sea level, m	up to 3000
wind speed, m/s	up to 30

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Decoding the markings of the Buk air defense missiles. Buk anti-aircraft missile system. History of the creation of the Buk air defense system

History of creation

Peculiarities

"Buk-M1"

Device

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

9K317 "Buk-M2"

SAM "Buk-M1-2 Ural"

SAM "Buk-M2E"

SAM "Buk-M3"

Combat use

Technical characteristics of the Buk-M1 air defense system:

3RK9K37 "Buk"

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1"/"Kub-M4"

SAM "Buk-M1"

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

SAM "Buk-M2E"

SAM "Buk-M3"

Specifications

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