Do wet wipes biodegrade? About the proper disposal of the most “repulsive” fractions of solid waste. Mask for the face

Incredible facts

The toilet is a part of our daily life.

Some of us use it for its intended purpose, while others use it as an additional trash can.

Of course, it is difficult to resist the temptation to flush something unnecessary down the toilet and forget about it forever.

However, the toilet and wastewater treatment system is not designed for anything other than toilet paper.

What items should not be flushed down the toilet, and what problems can this cause?

Can I flush this down the toilet?

© AdamRadosavljevic / Getty Images Pro

Wet wipes are a fairly popular hygiene item. Although some manufacturers claim that they can be flushed like toilet paper, these wipes create clogs and clog drains.

Many people don't want to quit wet wipes to the basket if they are used for hygienic purposes. However, the fibers in wet wipes are much thicker than toilet paper, and they do not dissolve in water.

© freie-kreation/Getty Images

They seem quite small and thin, but this latex product can contribute to the formation of so-called grease plugs in the drains. In addition, these products inflate easily, and if the condom is tied, it can fill with water and simply block the drain.

© Donny84/Getty Images

They are made of cotton, you think. In addition, they look very tiny and are unlikely to clog the pipes. Believe me, this is not true. Over time, they simply accumulate in the bends of the pipes, causing massive blockages.

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Do you need extra medications? Many people choose to protect themselves or their household by flushing medications down the toilet. However, this habit is very dangerous.

Difficult things happen in the sewer system biological processes breakdown of waste products, and medications interfere with these processes.

Antibacterial drugs create microbes that are resistant to antibiotics, enter reservoirs, lakes, rivers and seas and have a detrimental effect on the inhabitants of the water, and subsequently on humans.

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Paper towels are much stiffer than toilet paper and do not dissolve in water as easily as toilet paper. Some types of paper towels are so strong they can hold a bowling ball, and even biodegradable types can cause major clogs.

© Edward Olive

Not only do they look unsightly when they float in the toilet water, but they also contain many toxic chemicals, including tar and nicotine, which then end up in the plumbing and end up in our water.

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Adhesive plasters are made of plastic that does not biodegrade. environment.

They also have the property of sticking to other objects in the sewer, and small lumps immediately turn into huge clogs. Throw them in the trash, that's where they belong.

Is it okay to throw this down the toilet?

© tab1962

From the outside it seems that it is just a thin thread, but it does not decompose. In addition, it also has one bad property.

When you flush it, it gets wrapped around other items in the drain, resulting in you having to call a plumber because of the clump that forms.

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Almost every one of us has flushed the fat remaining after cooking down the toilet, but this is very bad habit. When the grease is hot, it looks like a liquid, but as soon as the greasy product enters the drain, it cools and solidifies, turning into a lump of fat that clogs the pipes.

Over time, the hole in the pipe will become narrower and narrower until there is nothing going through it at all.

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Although you may think that litter has a place in the toilet, it should not be flushed down the toilet.

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Just because your baby pooped in his diaper doesn't mean you can throw it in the toilet. Diapers contain toxic plastic that swells when exposed to water.

The chances of it slipping down the drain pipe are very low, and as a result, you will have to call a professional to remove the clog.

© Alina Indienko/Getty Images

There's a good reason why you often see warnings against throwing feminine hygiene products down the toilet.

These hygiene items have absorbent properties and can expand in size, making it difficult to pass through the pipe. In addition, the material from which they are made does not decompose.

© Buriy/Getty Images

Oddly enough, although hair seems natural to us, it can play a cruel joke on your pipes.

Not only do they clog the drain, but they also trap other items, leading to unpleasant odors and slow drainage.

It seems that a few hairs falling into the toilet should not cause serious problems, but they tend to accumulate.

Is it possible to flush toilet paper down the toilet?

© rustycanuck/Getty Images

Toilet paper can sometimes cause a clogged toilet. This applies primarily to older, harsher types of toilet paper. Modern toilet paper typically dissolves in water and can be thrown into the toilet.

When is it okay to throw away toilet paper?

If the toilet is connected to the central sewer system of an apartment building

If the toilet is connected to a local sewerage system that has a short route, where it is dissolved using active septic tanks.

When should you not throw toilet paper down the toilet?

The paper ends up in a storage tank and does not go straight down the drain.

The local sewer contains twists and turns on the way to the reservoir

The diameter of the sewer pipe is small (less than 10 cm) and the length of the pipe is more than 5 meters.

I'll start with wet wipes. Few people know that wet wipes practically do not decompose in nature and fly over the mountains. Their replacement, of course, is toilet paper. But not just any one, but the most common white. For those who will ask why white, the argument that color is the presence of a dye is not the only one.

There are a few more.

For those who go to the mountains, it is sometimes important to correctly diagnose what is happening to them in time. On colored paper, traces of blood in stool, or what color it is, are not always visible. Both factors were not taken out of thin air, but from personal practice. The blood incident was associated with serious illness person, and the second with the fact that the participant was poisoned with Salmanella.

It is also important that the paper was not scented. For those who do not understand this, there are also several examples from personal practice. Here's one of them. Bears live in the area of ​​the Sofia Lakes (Arkhyz). It was their den that I once found on the route. Found it in a specific way. I smelled the smell of an apple in the air and couldn’t figure out where it came from. I went towards it and came across a den in the stones. There was a roll of green toilet paper torn to shreds, which was what smelled. So the animal does not hesitate to try what a person wipes with. There was also a case where one of the participants held a roll in side pocket backpack and small rodents at night did not hesitate to gnaw through the mesh of the pocket and taste its strawberry-scented paper!

But practice has also shown that sometimes wet wipes are a necessity. The first example is the case of poisoning. The man ran into the bushes so often that he rubbed his sore spot with paper. Thus, napkins became his salvation. The second is an alternative to washing. Sometimes on the route you can’t wash yourself or wash yourself for several days. AND the only way don't earn something unpleasant, it's a wipe the right places wet wipes.

In the first case I was taught that napkins are buried if possible, and if this is not possible, then they are laid with stones. So they decompose faster and do not fly across the open spaces.

In the second - stored in a bag and then burned at the first opportunity.

To burn trash, I use a universal method that does not depend on where I am.

It is either gas or dry fuel. If it’s gas, then it’s a burner with a hose onto which a cylinder is screwed (my practice has shown that one small 250 gram cylinder is enough for a two-week hike). A specially made “mesh saucepan” with legs is placed above the burner, in which everything is burned. If it is dry fuel, then it is still the same “saucepan”, only under it there is dry fuel, which is made in the form of a kind of “comfort” on legs with four tablets. Here are examples of such products.

For those who like to calculate weight, as a frequent ecologist in groups, I will say right away that debris is heavier than fuel pellets or an additional cylinder, which, by the way, is sometimes not necessary, because you can use both the main cylinders and a reserve from the main ones. And the “saucepan” weighs about 90 grams.

Here I should probably say why did I come to burning garbage.

One day, when the hike was over and we were being taken from Arkhyz to the station, we had to follow a garbage truck all the way. And then I saw that he then takes all the collected garbage to a landfill, which is located on the outskirts of one of the villages relatively close to the mountains. Based on the size of the landfill, I realized that if garbage is disposed of, it is done extremely reluctantly and slowly, after which I decided that I'd rather deal with its destruction myself.

I would also like to say something about cigarette butts. Here, as a non-smoker, I can only tell you that those who smoke with me on hikes do it mainly in two ways. The first and most common is throw the cigarette butt to the side or, as a variation, trample it heavily, so as not to set anything on fire. Second - put the cigarette butt in the side pocket of your backpack, in a pack or somewhere else. Neither one nor the other method makes me particularly happy, because the garbage remains as it was (cigarette butts decompose in nature for about 10 years, and if they fall into a body of water, they contaminate it with cadmium, arsenic, nicotine and carcinogenic benzene). That's why I prefer to burn this thing.

Even if we return to hygiene issue, then it’s worth remembering what tourists take with them for it.

I, for example, I only use soap. But there are those who take with them not only it, but also shampoos, gels and other bath accessories. Shampoo and gel cold water It takes a long time to wash off, and the temperature from 3 to 7 degrees does not make everyone healthy if you pour it on your head for a long time. By itself it pollutes lakes and rivers. Therefore, I use only personally prepared soap in order to eliminate as much as possible of the excess chemicals that are in factory soap. Considering, by the way, how many allergy sufferers there are nowadays, this is even more relevant for them.

Everything that is created on earth from artificial objects was created by a person who thought a lot about his creation. But it often happens that this person did not think through or did not think through everything. By missing some important details, his creation may ultimately result in a disaster, as is the case, for example, with plastic bottles. A similar situation occurs with wet wipes...

Wet wipes have become so popular that many people start to panic if they are not on sale at the nearest kiosk. But are they good for the environment? In fact, these disposable wipes spread bacteria, clog city drains and clog the stomachs of hungry animals. Avoid them at all costs!

“Disposable wet wipes are the biggest evil of 2015,” says The Guardian. These wipes are essentially an instant soapy scourer that requires no rinsing, is designed to sanitize, and is simply thrown away after use. They became extremely popular - too popular, in fact.

Parents carry baby wipes in their strollers and use them whenever needed. Nursing staff and classroom teachers frequently wipe down surfaces with antibacterial wipes. Travelers stock up on wipes to wash their hands on the road.

They're everywhere, with wet wipes sales reaching £500 million a year in the UK alone.

And these small and so widely used super-convenient wipes create huge problems.

4 reasons why you should stop using wet wipes.

1. Ecological chaos

Just because wet wipes are technically "disposable" doesn't mean they magically disintegrate; instead, they simply disappear somewhere else, out of our sight, where they continue to wreak havoc on the environment.

Wet wipes contain plastic fibers that are not biodegradable. For example, when napkins end up in the ocean, they get eaten sea ​​creatures, such as turtles, who mistake them for jellyfish and end up dying. (The same thing happens with plastic bags.)

“Wild animals often eat the plastic that fills their stomachs and eventually starve to death,” says Charlotte Coombs from the Marine Conservation Society (MCS).

Wipes are washing off beaches around the world. MCS estimates that there were approximately 35 wipes per kilometer of beach in the UK in 2014 - up 50% on 2013.

2. Clogged toilets and sewers

Many users mistakenly throw wet wipes down the toilet, thereby clogging and clogging the drain. According to Guardians, residents of a small Kent town have buried 2,000 tons of wet wipes in the sewer.

When the drains are clogged with wet wipes, grease accumulates. In 2013, a piece of congealed fat the size of a bus was found in a London sewer.

3. Toxic chemicals

According to Reuters, the wipes can cause a rash in inconvenient places. The Mayo Clinic report cited the example of one man, a mail carrier, who "had a rash around his anus so painful that he could not walk for months... It turned out that he frequently used wet wipes, some of which contained methylchloroisothiazolinone."

Baby wipes contain preservatives and fragrances that should not come into contact with human skin, particularly the skin of infants and young children. Environmental report claims hidden dangers of antibacterial wipes.

4. Spread of bacteria

When hospital staff use wet wipes to wipe down surfaces, it essentially spreads the bacteria further. Researchers from Cardiff University have discovered that wet wipes give bacteria a second life. Looks like good old soap and water would be a much better alternative.

WET WIPES HARM YOUR SKIN

Researchers were able to find out that the napkins themselves contain a serious threat to the body, which in no case should be ignored. This statement applies to absolutely all napkins, and even those intended for babies, and should be completely safe.

This hygiene product has been studied very carefully by dermatologists. Based on the results, experts insist that wet wipes can be harmful. The cause is cases of severe allergic skin reaction, which in Lately began to happen more and more often. Moreover, medical statistics confirms that similar phenomena are reported by doctors from different countries.

The press has released data that is truly shocking. Most likely, they should not have become the property of the general public. However, journalists provided this information to the public for review.

In particular, it was reported that wet wipes were associated with more than eleven percent of serious skin reactions that were reported during the past year in three hundred and fifty patients. Previously this topic has been studied several times, but it should be noted that at that time the rates were lower. So, in 2012 the figure was eight and a half percent, and in 2011 there were even fewer reactions, only three and a half percent.

Doctors also raised concerns about the fact that the statistics also include those products that are intended for infants. After all, we are accustomed to thinking that they should a priori undergo a more thorough check so as not to become a source of harm. This information, unknown to anyone for a long time, was announced by the Sydney Morning Herald.

Allergists and dermatologists in the United States conducted a study on the safety of wet wipes that are used to care for the skin of children. To test sanitary napkins, the composition of their impregnation was studied. It turned out that chemicals - fragrances, preservatives and others - are harmful to a child’s delicate skin.

American pediatricians strongly recommend that parents eliminate or significantly limit the use of wet wipes to care not only for the skin of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, but also for school-age children, as well as adults prone to allergic reactions.

Chemicals for sensitive skin They turn out to be powerful irritants and very often doctors mistake irritation, contact dermatitis, and allergic rashes for psoriasis, impetigo, eczema, unaware of the real cause of skin reactions that are caused by wet wipes.

Scientists from the University of Connecticut have established a connection between dermatitis on the face, buttocks, and arms of children with methylisothiazoline.

This preservative is included in the impregnation of wet wipes with an antibacterial effect. It was noticed that after stopping the use of such napkins, skin manifestations in babies went away on their own within a week.

Pediatricians recommend replacing the use of wet wipes with regular, simple, standard water procedures. And use modern wet wipes only in extreme cases, when there is no other opportunity to carry out skin care (travel, trips, walks) by choosing high-quality, non-antibacterial wipes.

Even in these cases, a regular, dry, soft cloth moistened with plain water will be more effective and safe than dubious antibacterial wet wipes soaked in harmful substances. If irritation, redness, or rash occurs, use of these wipes should be discontinued.

Bacteria, fragrances, preservatives - what else are dangerous baby wipes?

What to look for in the composition? What substances in wet wipes can be harmful? Product-test.ru expert Elsa Akhtyamova will answer these questions:

“Not all components included in baby wipes may be safe for the baby’s health. For example, alcohols (such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol). In the composition you can see it under the names: alcohol, denatured alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol. If it is found in the baby wipes that you are planning to buy, then it is better to put this pack aside. In high concentrations, alcohols are known to be very drying and irritating to the skin, and can also damage the skin barrier. In addition, children very often experience irritation and diaper rash; wipes with alcohol will severely burn the skin.

Phthalates, phthalic acid - used to ensure that the napkin is as soft and elastic as possible. In tests on mice, phthalates accumulated in the liver and other organs and tissues, and also led to disruption of hormone production in the body. It has not yet been proven that they actually cause harm to humans, but it is still recommended to avoid these substances in children's hygiene.

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), otherwise known as sodium lauryl sulfate, is recognized as one of the most irritating detergents found in cosmetics and is often included in sanitary napkins. It can cause dryness, irritation, itching, and also increase the penetration of other substances. Many cosmetic companies are already abandoning its use, replacing it with softer betaines and other active ingredients.

Of course, it is advisable to avoid potentially allergenic fragrances such as limonen, linalol, menthol, mint, grapefruit oil, hexyl cinnamal, lemon, butylphenyl methylpropional, etc. It is better to give preference to unscented hygiene products, especially if the baby is prone to allergic reactions "

Now, we hope you understand that imaginary convenience and comfort can cause great harm to your skin and the skin of your children. After all, we somehow lived without these chemical wipes, and were healthier!

Wet wipes are convenient and make life easier. They are especially appreciated by travelers and parents of small children. But such napkins are not at all environmentally friendly - they are practically not recyclable.

Wet wipes, which appeared in the 70s of the last century as a means of hygiene for babies, certainly made life much easier for parents. Thanks to them, you don’t have to worry if your child gets dirty on a walk, throws a toy on the dirty ground, or wants to eat the fruit he just bought. Over time, their convenience was appreciated by people of different ages and occupations. They are used to remove makeup, when traveling, for antibacterial purposes and in the household.

Even astronauts on the ISS use wet wipes: with their help they protect themselves from radiation during solar flares. According to Russian cosmonaut Sergei Prokopyev, during magnetic storms, packs of wet wipes are placed along the walls of cabins - they, like any wet object, reduce the amount of absorbed radiation.

Maybe in the case of radiation, wipes really do save, but in most cases people use them even when they can simply wash their hands with soap.

According to the conservation society marine environment, there are around 27 wipes for every 100 meters of UK beach.

Some of them are washed into the sea and end up in the stomachs of marine animals, which mistake the tissue for jellyfish.

In this case, napkins are made from a mixture of synthetic cellulose and plastic fibers, impregnated with a solution of chemical ingredients, including softeners, fragrances, preservatives and antibacterial agents. With this composition, wipes do not biodegrade, so they cannot be flushed or composted. However, many people throw them down the toilet, which causes clogged drains.

When they end up in landfills, they dry out and become so light that they fly off at the slightest breath of wind. As a result, along with bags, wet wipes litter the entire space around the landfills.

In addition, artificial fragrances and antibacterial agents that impregnate the fabric poison the soil.

At the same time, wet wipes are very difficult to recycle, so even in countries with a developed system of separate waste collection, they are sent to general containers for non-recyclable waste.

However, there are exceptions: special technological lines capable of successfully recycling waste of used wet wipes.

For example, Textstream Group of Companies in Ivanovo declares its readiness to buy waste wet wipes and then process them into regenerated fiber.

If it is not possible to recycle napkins, you need to pay attention when purchasing that they are made from natural fibers. A number of manufacturers - including Natracare, CannyMum and others - have opted for a material that, when released into the natural environment, easily turns into compost.

In addition, they add a minimum of preservatives and fragrances to the wipes, which makes the products even safer for the environment. Such napkins even feel different from ordinary ones - they are more like wet paper than fabric, they tear more easily, but they also decompose more easily.

Another eco-friendly alternative could be a germicidal lotion or gel that is easy to wipe your hands with while walking.

You can even make your own reusable wet wipes. To do this, you will need pieces of soft fabric such as flannel, olive oil, Castile soap and essential oil.

Pour a tablespoon of oil and soap into a glass of warm boiled water and add a few drops of essential oil for aroma. Stir the mixture and pour into the fabric. After 10-15 minutes, drain the excess liquid and place the napkins in a storage container. Such pieces of fabric can easily replace wet wipes, and after use they can be washed and re-soaked in the solution. You can also make disposable napkins by replacing the fabric with a roll of paper towels.

Looking ahead. On the proper disposal of the most “repulsive” fractions of solid waste, problematic from an epidemiological and aesthetic point of view

Everything in a person should be beautiful: his face, his clothes, his soul, his thoughts...
A. P. Chekhov

Perhaps someone will accuse the author of an unhealthy interest in unearthing “all kinds of abominations,” of exaggerating a problem that is not so significant compared to other, more significant ones, of cleanliness and “an obsession with cleanliness and hygiene.” But I consider the problem of the “most vile” household waste to be very relevant in modern living conditions. In our poor rich industrial world, in search of physical and spiritual purity, aesthetics and harmony... However, look for yourself.

Introduction
Type 1. Waste hygiene and contraceptive products
Subtype 1.1. Toilet paper
Subtype 1.2. Used feminine hygiene products (pads and tampons)
Subtype 1.3. Baby diapers
Subtype 1.4. Used sanitary napkins (wet, non-woven)
Subtype 1.5. Used contraception (condoms)
Type 2: Used medical products (household medical waste)
Subtype 2.1. Used dressing materials (cotton wool, plaster)
Subtype 2.2. Used syringes (needles) for injections
Subtype 2.3. Other used medical products used on an outpatient basis for various diseases and pathologies
Type 3. Light industrial products and personal hygiene items that have lost their consumer properties
Subtype 3.1. Underwear
Subtype 3.2. Daily dental hygiene and skin care items
Summary

Introduction

Periodically, in publications of Greenpeace and other environmental public organizations There are discussions about how carelessly most city residents spend natural resources on their hygiene procedures and level of comfort: long washing in the shower or regular soaking in the bathroom; brushing teeth and shaving with an unforgivably large volume of water leaking out in vain; flushing a full toilet tank when “a little bit could have been done”; wasteful consumption of gas and electricity to achieve room temperatures above standard and much more. Calls to limit consumption in everyday life, sometimes resulting in such extremes as agitation for a “zero” haircut in order to save resources on washing your hair, or refusal of hair removal for women for the same purpose, in my opinion, are rather one-sided. After all, each person not only consumes resources for hygiene and aesthetics, but also produces various biological waste, about future fate which it is not customary to worry about, but which, if handled improperly, can pose quite a serious environmental, sanitary and epidemiological hazard and a negative aesthetic impact.
And what is the “aesthetic pleasure” for those involved in the conveyor sorting of waste, which is still carried out at some enterprises? You can often hear that the people working there are degraded, asocial, accustomed to everything and ready to do dirty, low-skilled work for pennies, which they immediately rush to spend on booze. But is it permissible, no matter what the contingent of workers, to create conditions under which the work of processing useful recyclable materials is inextricably linked with the obvious impurities that pollute it? And since a significant part of solid waste can be mixed with extremely unsightly components, the idea is strengthened in people’s minds that “this dirt and infection” should be buried somewhere far away (at a landfill or in a regular landfill), or burned (despite the danger air pollution from combustion products). The presence of used toilet paper alone in the general composition of household garbage is enough for a garbage container to be perceived as something disgustingly dirty and foul-smelling, and not as a container for 80% recyclable secondary raw materials.
The reader, perhaps accusing me of preoccupation with “toilet problems,” will certainly object that spoiled food products can also have a disgusting smell and appearance and pose a sanitary and epidemiological danger. Of course, the problem of organic fractions of solid waste is comprehensively important (in the EU there is a ban on dumping organic waste in landfills (solid waste landfills), in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is enshrined in law - Directive of the European Parliament and Council 2006/12/EC of April 5, 2006 on Waste), but the same fecal pollution initially carries a much greater sanitary and epidemiological danger than ordinary food waste, not to mention aesthetic aspects. For example, those few conscientious dog owners who pick up excrement from their pets while walking generally throw this organic “treasure” in a plastic bag into a general trash container or trash can.
Within the framework of the identified problem, I would like to present a classification of the most unpleasant elements of household waste (the problem of which is not only not solved, but, as a rule, is not even highlighted in the framework of consideration of the issue of introducing waste sorting), an analysis of the accepted in Russia and the best possible practices for their neutralization and disposal , a review of foreign practices for handling such problematic waste.
The text turned out to be quite long, therefore, for easier comprehension, it is divided into separate series.

Type 1. Waste hygiene and contraceptive products

Things, or rather, hygienic Consumables, everyone uses this section to one degree or another, regardless of gender and age. And try to give them up by switching to burdock leaf, lint and sphagnum!

Subtype 1.1. Toilet paper

In Russia...

This “unaesthetic” waste of consumption is perhaps the most widespread of its kind. In the introduction, in order to prepare the reader for the fact that we will not be talking about the most beautiful, but very necessary, I have already given an example of the obvious unaestheticness and sanitary and epidemiological problems of this waste.
In most households with plumbing, used toilet paper goes down the drain and eventually ends up as sludge at a wastewater treatment plant. Perhaps on this moment This is the most civilized way to dispose of this waste. In St. Petersburg, sludge from wastewater treatment plants is burned using modern equipment. And, although the environmental safety of most combustion technologies today is not at its best high level, for waste containing large amounts of pathogenic microflora, thermal neutralization is often the only acceptable method.
In gardens and dacha lands, as a rule, such waste is openly burned. Of course, this practice introduces a certain amount of pollutants into the atmosphere (nitrogen dioxide, soot and other impurities). But compared to the operation of traditional stove heating systems, as well as the burning of dry leaves and garden trimmings, emissions from burning toilet paper do not seem to be so significant.
In many public non-residential buildings, due to the large number of toilet users (for fear of clogging the sewer line), it is practiced to throw used toilet paper into the trash bin. I believe that I am not alone in my disgust when, entering a public restroom, I see the inscription “Do not throw toilet paper in the toilet!”, and next to this very plumbing device is a trash can filled to the brim with used pipifax. Where will the contents of this bucket go after the “cleaning” staff takes care of maintaining order in the booth? It's not hard to guess what's in the nearby trash container. From where it will most likely be poured into a landfill along with the rest of the “morphological composition of solid waste” and rolled on top by a bulldozer. And then, perhaps, monitoring soil samples will show that the soils in the immediate vicinity of the landfill are contaminated with E. coli and other pathogenic microflora. And the point here is not only and not so much about rats and seagulls, but about people.

But international hygiene product magnate Procter & Gamble is making clear its long-term vision to reduce its environmental impact by using only reusable or recyclable materials in its products and packaging, achieving zero indicator of the amount of consumer waste disposed of by landfilling, reaching a zero quantity indicator industrial waste, disposed of by disposal at landfills, etc. At the same time, today the lion's share of this company's products in many countries ends up not only in landfills, but also in unauthorized landfills, mixed with large volumes of unclaimed secondary resources.

Subtype 1.3. Baby diapers

In Russia...

Probably, the current amount of such waste in Russia is quite comparable to the American situation 25 years ago (see below). And this percentage at the source of waste generation (in a container or garbage chute) is quite enough to complicate manual sorting of waste and make some potentially useful raw materials from other fractions unsuitable for processing.
Some especially child-loving people will object that this type waste is not so terrible, since it is produced by the “flowers of life”, which are “pure and infallible by definition.” Yes, possible risk of spread dangerous infections in such materials is slightly lower than in waste from the previous and subsequent paragraphs. But this does not mean that it does not exist at all. And this whole thing doesn’t “smell” of roses. I had to be convinced of this for certain and repeatedly at volunteer eco-cleaning days, cleaning up “picnic” sites for some uncultured young parents.
And, by the way, diapers are not only for children - if we remember the sad thing - for bedridden patients they are an indispensable means of hygiene.
This type of waste is disposed of in the same way as the previous one (1.2).

Abroad...

American researchers-garbologists (from the English garbage - garbage), who, since the early 80s of the 20th century, have conducted studies of large city landfills in order to study the morphological composition of waste and their impact on the environment, found that this type of waste, in combination with plastic packaging from fast food and foam packaging, constitutes no more than 3% of the total morphological composition of landfills.
The modern handling of baby diapers is similar to the handling of adult hygiene products. It is estimated that in the first 2.5 years of life a child developed countries Ah, on average, uses a number of diapers, which, in terms of environmental impact, is comparable to covering 2100-3500 km in a gasoline-powered car.
Some manufacturers' websites also offer biodegradable (2/3 biodegradable - where the remaining 1/3 goes remains unclear) diapers, touting their dermatological and environmental benefits.

Subtype 1.4. Used sanitary napkins (wet, non-woven)

In Russia...

In the last few years, this product has been represented on the domestic market quite widely. On the shelves of household and hygiene departments of stores there are many colored packages: “wet wipes, refreshing”, “antibacterial”, “make-up remover”, “for intimate hygiene”, etc.
We have to admit that in many cases, when there is no way to properly wash your hands or something else, such consumables can be very convenient (the word “antibacterial” especially warms the soul; for example, after the same eco cleanup, even though you’re wearing gloves, you never know What). But. At every cleaning recreational areas Quite often these vile pieces of paper and rags are found, smeared with everything.
Being brought to the general trash container, they will add to the overall morphological composition of solid waste a certain proportion, as a rule, of a polymer composition contaminated organically and/or bacteriologically.
On the website of domestic manufacturers of such products, only manufacturing details for the customer are indicated and the packaging material is described in some detail: multilayer roll materials such as alumina laminate (paper, aluminum, polyethylene) and combined triplex (PET, aluminum, polyethylene). To make the napkins themselves, two types of material are used: crepe paper or non-woven material, impregnated with an unscented or fragrance-added cleansing lotion.
Obviously, such a composite can be classified as practically non-recyclable waste, taking into account its polycomponent nature, organic and possible bacteriological contamination. Special methods There is no provision for processing and neutralization of this waste.

Abroad...

Not much foreign information could be found about wet wipes. It can only be noted that some manufacturers of wet wipes pay special attention to the biodegradability and environmental safety of their product.

Subtype 1.5. Used contraception (condoms)

In Russia...

This “good” is thrown away, perhaps not as much as a percentage, but on a regular basis. And I am not at all advocating that they should not be used for the sake of reducing the amount of unpleasant waste in the common container. Quite the contrary, it is precisely because of the neglect of basic means of contraception that our society acquires many additional problems. But this study is not about that.
Let's look at the most common and easy-to-use barrier contraceptives - condoms. Most of them are made from latex - natural material, which contains the juice of Hevea (a genus of evergreen trees of the Euphorbiaceae family), in other words, natural rubber. There are modifications made from artificial polymers, as well as rubber-based ones (remember “ rubber product No. 2").
Repeatedly discovering these used products at cleanup days in the forest and on the picturesque shores of the lake, in the bushes (obviously, romance in fresh air attractive, but for some reason many people are unable to clean up such piquant garbage), I wondered about their biodegradability. In the vastness of the Runet, information was found only about the environmental friendliness of balloons made of natural latex: “Careful studies have shown that a latex balloon is completely biodegradable in natural conditions in the same time that it takes for the decomposition of an oak leaf.” One blogger spoke in support of these words in a discussion of the component composition of the garbage collected at the cleanup. He said that once, during his student days, he was on duty to maintain cleanliness in the dormitory courtyard. Careless students threw used condoms right out of the windows there. And the one who was authorized to maintain cleanliness, not wanting to get dirty, raked it all into a pile with a fan rake and sprinkled it autumn leaves. After winter, the unaesthetic garbage disappeared, mixed with rotted leaves.
However, this type of waste, due to its biological content, also falls under the definition of “ medical waste class B" specified in SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10.
In addition, when throwing away such waste in a summer recreation area, packaging made of difficult-to-degrade or practically non-degradable materials adds to the “unaesthetic” quality of this garbage, which clearly indicates the intimate leisure of uncultured fellow citizens present.

Abroad...

Regarding environmentally sound handling of used condoms, some recommendations are given in the English-language article “Common Sense: Condoms and the Environment.” It is strictly not recommended to flush used contraceptives down the drain due to the risk of blockage. Even if clogging does not occur, the used remediate will end up on waste treatment plant screens or in sludge. That is, it will end up in the same composition of solid waste, delivering additional unpleasant emotions to the employees of the water treatment plant, or, having overcome the water outlet, it will pollute the reservoir. Attention is also drawn to the fact that condoms can be biodegradable (latex or calfskin, although, it seems to me, the latter is some kind of archaic exotic) and non-biodegradable (polyurethane and other polymer compositions). The author of the article does not recommend trying to compost biodegradable contraceptives on your own in open spaces, due to the attractiveness of this kind of “treasure” for various animals that will begin to dig up intimate waste. It is considered optimal to wrap the used contraceptive in a piece of toilet paper or paper towel and throw it in the general trash. It is also noted that the packaging of these products is made of plastic and foil, which does not decompose.
Information about how careful the approach to such problematic waste in developed countries is in practice is quite limited. general character. In Germany, for example, such waste ends up in the so-called. “other waste”, collected in black bins, the contents of which are removed every 2-4 weeks. Apparently, the management of such waste consists of its thermal destruction or burial in specially equipped landfills, depending on the adopted management scheme in a particular area. That is, separately collected recyclable materials in Germany and a number of other developed countries are largely separated from such unsavory waste already at the stage of their formation.
And only in one English-language article devoted to the communal problems of the Indian city of Pune (the city is located 150 km east of Mumbai and has approximately 5 million inhabitants), it was possible to find information about “unsightly” waste as a significant communal problem requiring a special solution. Thus, nine city sludge treatment plants report the problem of large quantities of used condoms entering wastewater treatment plants, especially on weekends and holidays. On average, the number of condoms collected at all water treatment plants per week is about 20,000, which have to be separated from the sludge and sent to a landfill. Representatives of the Pune government's environmental and sanitation departments have announced their intention to formulate a policy for the management of used condoms and sanitary absorbents, which are biomedical waste and should be disposed of separately from other types of household waste.

Type 2: Used medical products (household medical waste)

In Russia...

The rules for handling them are prescribed in the above-mentioned SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10. These rules are quite general, universal in nature, and also do not take into account the need to implement the best available technologies in this area. But even the basic requirements for the disposal of hazardous medical waste from medical institutions given in SanPiN are often met unsatisfactorily: according to different estimates, only 1-3% of health care facilities in the Russian Federation have special installations for waste disinfection; other institutions neutralize infected waste using artisanal methods. Often total weight medical waste of various hazard classes, without sufficient pre-treatment, is buried in solid waste landfills or landfills under the guise of low-hazard household waste.

Subtype 2.1. Used dressing materials (cotton wool, plaster)

It should be borne in mind that hazardous medical waste is generated not only in medical institutions. Obviously, even minor household injuries in absolutely or relatively healthy people cause the appearance of class “B” medical waste in a mixed trash bin: cotton wool, bandages, plasters soaked in blood and medicinal and disinfectant ointments. It seems like little things, but it’s unpleasant to find them in the volume of valuable recyclable materials. And if this slightly injured person is sick, say, with hepatitis B, then it’s still not safe.

Subtype 2.2. Used syringes (needles) for injections

There is also a significant contingent of people who constantly have to perform various medical procedures at home, and sometimes outside the home. These are not necessarily elderly bedridden patients. Often these are young people energetic people, teenagers, children, by appearance whom one can hardly guess that they are “awarded” with baggage chronic diseases, live only thanks to replacement therapy with medications and various medical procedures carried out so routinely and regularly, as “relatively healthy man»has the habit of brushing his teeth and taking a shower.
For example, in some diseases (insulin dependent diabetes, multiple sclerosis, various severe pain syndromes, etc.) people are forced to constantly inject themselves with vital medications. Obviously the most hazardous waste In the everyday life of persons requiring such therapy, there will be injection devices with needles contaminated with blood. There is no need to believe in such a deep consciousness of people, exhausted by their own health problems, which will prompt them to take used materials that fall under the definition of “class B medical waste” for disposal at the nearest or attached health facility. And in almost no health care facility, even if they want to, this opportunity is not provided (remember: only 1-3 (!)% of health care facilities in Russia have the opportunity to safely dispose of highly hazardous and potentially hazardous medical waste on their territory, in accordance with SanPiN).
There is also another, asocial, contingent of people with whom the layman, illiterate in medical matters, primarily associates self-injections. These are, of course, injection drug addicts. It should be noted that waste from drug injections poses a much greater danger than waste from injections of drugs used for various non-communicable diseases (of course, there are also combined forms of diseases), since people who use intravenous drugs are a reservoir of pathogens of hepatitis B, C, D and HIV infections.
How many of you have never seen thin syringes with green rods scattered in the park, on the playground, in the front door...? Sometimes they show up in the mailbox. Never fumble around in a darkened drawer in search of a letter or receipt lying around: you may well stumble upon the needle of a contaminated drug syringe! True, infectious disease researchers have long established the fact that HIV is poorly resistant to environmental conditions and quickly dies outside the human body. However, for the purpose of preventing injection transmission of HIV, it should be assumed that a used syringe or hollow needle (unsterilized) may contain live virus for several days. Other dangerous viruses, such as hepatitis B, are much more resistant to the external environment than HIV. In the external environment at room temperature, the hepatitis B virus can persist for up to several weeks: even in a dried and invisible blood stain, on a razor blade, or the end of a needle.
It is obvious that with possible manual sorting of solid household waste, such inclusions not only cause extremely unpleasant emotions, but can also be very dangerous to health.

Subtype 2.3. Other used medical products used on an outpatient basis various diseases and pathologies

In this group of waste one can recall many unpleasant and even shocking objects for a relatively healthy average person. For example, fragments of an IV system, elements of dialysis units used at home, used test strips for determining the level of glucose and other substances in blood and other biological fluids, etc.
At the same time, even the simplest and most common devices, for example, for the treatment of ENT organs (pipettes, spray bottles) can be a source of foreign pathogenic flora.
What about disposable handkerchiefs thrown into the general trash? There you can probably find hosts of unpleasant living creatures from the microcosm: from the simplest ARVI to highly pathogenic influenza and even tuberculosis.
Or, for example, such small-scale waste as contact lenses who have reached the recommended wearing period? Seems like a negligible waste polymer material(is there negligible waste from regularly produced products?), but at the same time in contact with the mucous membrane and lacrimal secretion of a person.
Perhaps, highlighting such waste against the background of other, global, problems with the same waste is “catching fleas” for modern stage technological development of the sphere of household waste management. But, on the other hand, it is impossible to deny the sanitary and epidemiological problems of the masses of solid household waste.

Abroad...

About materials on foreign experience I will tell you briefly how to solve this type of waste problem.
For example, the report "Municipal Solid Waste in the United States" categorizes medical waste generated by households as "other mixed nondurable waste." In 2005, the amount of such waste in the USA was about 4.3 million tons or 1.7% total number Solid waste.
The Colorado Department of Environment and Public Health issued a bulletin in 2005 regarding the management of healthcare waste (including used injection materials) generated in the home. It strongly recommends not throwing such waste into general garbage, but contacting specialized organizations for their disposal (however, it does not say how expensive the disposal of such waste is for citizens and what percentage of the population uses such services). This document also states that, if it is not possible to contact one of the specialized organizations, medical waste (especially those containing sharps, contaminated with blood or other biological materials) should be packaged in some tightly closed container made of thick plastic or tin. At the same time, it is not recommended to use a container made of recyclable material (it is likely that it may be mistakenly sorted at the station), and, if such containers are used, they should be clearly marked with information about the contents with a potential infectious hazard.

Type 3. Light industrial products and personal hygiene items that have lost their consumer properties

Subtype 3.1. Underwear

In Russia...

Such a common element women's wardrobe, like nylon tights and other hosiery, as a rule, very quickly loses its consumer properties, simply torn. Sometimes such a product is generally disposable. If you are a woman who at least sometimes wears a skirt outside summer season, then you probably remember how sometimes with frustration you throw new tights or stockings into the trash bin, which accidentally got caught on the furniture the day you removed them from the plastic-cardboard packaging. IN Soviet time nylon products were in short supply and were worn more carefully, and holes and “arrows” were sometimes sewn up repeatedly. In everyday life, their recycling product “reuse” was also popular - knitted dishwashers and door mats made from old tights and stockings cut into strips (Fig. 3.1).

Rice. 3.1. Rug made of nylon tights (